Declension of collective numerals. How are compound cardinal numbers declined?
Such a part of speech as the numeral often causes difficulties even for native speakers, let alone those who study Russian as a foreign language. Particular problems arise when declension of ordinal numbers denoting three- or four-digit complex numbers: even very educated people who have no problems with spelling and word formation can get confused here. Imagine a phrase like: “We went camping with two thousand three hundred and twenty-eight pairs of socks” - it’s difficult to even say out loud, let alone quickly and competently select the necessary word forms!
Numerals as part of speech
A numeral is an independent part of speech that can play the role of the main or minor member offers. Answers the questions “How much?” “Which?”, and in the case of cognate adjectives such as “eight-story”, “four-stroke” the question is asked “Which?”
May refer to:
- quantity;
- number of items;
- order of objects when counting.
This part of speech is characterized by the category of case: in a sentence it always appears in the form of one of them. The main difficulty in declension of numerals is that there is no single model for the formation of case word forms. You must either know by heart all types of declension (namely, inflections, conjugations of verbs!) and be able to apply them in practice, or decline numerals by case online, which many sites can now help with.
Since there are many types and word forms, many begin to get confused, cannot correctly determine the case ending, use the wrong case form, try to decline the cardinal number as an ordinal number and vice versa.
General theory of declension of numerals
From the introductory part of the article it is clear that there is no single model for the formation of word forms. If you turn to the 1990 edition of the Russian Grammar, you can find two types of declension of the numeral name: the substantive type of declension (it is similar to the case declension of nouns) and the adjective type of declension (inherent in adjectives).
According to the first (substantive) model, we incline:
Use of the second(adjective) model is used to change:
- The cardinal numbers are one, two, three, four;
- Ordinal numbers;
- Collective (including “both” and “both”) and indefinite cardinal numbers.
Selected declination models
It is necessary to separately consider the formation of word forms of ordinal, quantitative, collective and fractional numerals. In mastering the rules for declension of numerals by case, tables in textbooks can only help to a certain extent, since there are a lot of options for forming case word forms.
Numeral one has three variations of the genus: one, one, one; its declension form is similar to the paradigm of the adjective singular. numbers like “beloved (oh, oh) - beloved (oh, wow).”
Numeral two has the shape female“two” (the neuter form is equal to the masculine form) and is declined like an adjective in the plural (two blacks - two blacks, etc.), exactly the same principle is used to form case word forms of numerals three and four.
Important! In the accusative case of cardinal numerals from one to four, the ending often depends on the inanimateness or animateness of the object to which the numeral is attached. In the case of animacy, the accusative case is formed according to the genitive case model, in the case of inanimateness - according to the nominative case model. Example: “I see two cups”, but “I see two cats”; “I see the four directions of the world,” but “I see four horsemen.”
Numerals from five to ten, as well as on -twenty And -ten have the same form of declension as nouns such as power, rags (3rd declension of the noun).
Formation of word forms:
- them. and c. p.: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- gender, date, sentence p.: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- tv.p.; six, ten, thirteen, thirty.
The instrumental case of the word “eight” has the form “eight” and not “eight”, which often causes confusion among foreign students.
Important! Cardinal numerals, denoting two-digit numbers and ending in -ten, have two endings in the word form: in a compound word, both parts change. Example: sixtyI, sixtyU.
For words with a special form of declension - one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred- only two ending options:
- them. and c. p.: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred;
- gen., dat., tv., prev. p.: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred.
Formation of case word forms in numerals two hundred-four hundred, five hundred-nine hundred based on the two-part nature of these words. Conventionally, they can be divided into two parts (three-hundred, five-hundred), and each of these parts is inclined in its own way (three-hundred, three-hundred; five-hundred, five-hundred).
Understand the formation of word paradigms thousand and million it is not difficult - it occurs by analogy with the formation of case word forms of nouns of the first (feminine on -a) and second (masculine on a consonant) declension, respectively.
In complex cardinal numbers Each word changes according to declination. For example: two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven, two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven). Knowing this rule is very important because it will help you cope, for example, with writing amounts on a receipt in words.
Important! The formation of the accusative case of numerals starting from five is not affected by the category of animate/inanimate. Example: I see forty (one hundred) cups, I see forty (one hundred) cats. In the atypical numeral one and a half, the case declension takes into account the gender of the main noun in the phrase: one and a half glasses, BUT one and a half cups.
Declension of fractional numbers
A fractional numeral consists of three conditional parts - the integer part (which is omitted for numbers denoting proper fractions less than one and improper fractions), a numerator and a denominator. When changing by case, all parts are declined: eight point nine, eight point nine. The words one and two are used exclusively in the feminine gender both in the integer part and in the numerator: one point two tenths, two point two tenths.
Ordinal and collective
The formation of case word forms of ordinal numbers (types first, third, eighth) occurs according to the same principle as for adjectives in the plural form (first-first = bold-brave). In this case, do not forget about the category of gender, which also has meaning for words of this type (eighth - eighth - eighth). When forming compound and complex ordinal numbers, only the last word, the last root (one hundred and twenty-second, eightieth).
Formation occurs according to the same adjectival type case endings at collective numerals(two, three, seven - two, three, seven) and in words both And both.
Despite the above set of rules, the declension of this part of speech has been and remains one of the most difficult topics in Russian grammar - even literate native speakers sometimes cannot name some of the forms. It is noteworthy that paradigms differ not only depending on the words, but also depending on the type of speech (written or oral). It is all the more important to always be able to check yourself either in a dictionary or on the Internet.
Numerals are used in the language to lexically designate the number, quantity or order of counted objects. They can be simple (with one stem - two, five), complex (with two stems - twelve, sixty) and compound (represented by several words - one hundred forty-seven, four thousand three hundred twenty-nine). Depending on their grammatical meaning and lexical use, numerals are divided into cardinal, ordinal, collective and fractional.
Compound cardinal numbers answer the question “how many?” and consist of several words written separately, corresponding to the number of significant figures, with the exception of zeros, but with the addition of “thousands”, “millions” and other words denoting numbers. Cardinal numbers change according to cases. Change by number and gender is available only for ordinal (seventh, twentieth, thirty-first) numerals.
When declension of compound cardinal numerals by case, all parts change:
I.p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
R.p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
D.p. four thousand three hundred twenty-five
V.p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
Tv.p. four thousand three hundred twenty five
Pr.p. (about) four thousand three hundred twenty-five
For the correct declension of compound cardinal numerals, you need to know how their constituent numerals (both simple and complex) change by case.
The declension of cardinal numerals does not have a common pattern for all. The numerals “two”, “three”, “four” are declined according to the type of mixed declension of adjectives:
I.p. two three four
R.p. two, three, four
D.p. two, three, four
V.p. two three four
Tv.p. two, three, four
Pr.p. (0) two, three, four
Numerals from “five” to “ten” and all ending in “-twenty” and “-ten” are declined in the same way as third declension nouns.
I.p. seven, seventeen, seventy
R.p. seven, seventeen, seventy
D.p. seven, seventeen, seventy
V.p. seven, seventeen, seventy
Tv.p. seven, seventeen, seventy
Pr.p. (o) seven, seventeen, seventy
Complex cardinal numerals ending in “-ten” change according to cases at the level of both stems (seventy).
When the numeral “eight” is declined in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, it loses the fluent vowel “e” (it changes to soft sign– eight).
The numerals “eight” and all ending in “-ten” can have two forms of declension: literary (see above) and colloquial (colloquial) - “eight”, “fifty”, “eighty”.
Numerals indicating hundreds (“two hundred”, “three hundred”, “four hundred” and all ending in “-hundred”) change by case in the same way as first declension plural nouns:
I.p. two hundred, six hundred
R.p. two hundred, six hundred
D.p. two hundred, six hundred
V.p. two hundred, six hundred
Tv.p. two hundred, six hundred
Pr.p. (o) two hundred, six hundred
Complex cardinal numbers ending in “-hundred” change by case at the level of both stems (six hundred). IN colloquial speech they can be used in a more simplified form - six hundred.
Compound cardinal numerals in colloquial speech tend to have a simplified case change. One often hears how their internal foundations cease to change (“three thousand three hundred and twenty-five” - instead of the prescribed “three thousand three hundred and twenty-five”). It also happens that only the last element of a compound cardinal number is declined: (c) “three thousand three hundred twenty-five” instead of (c) “three thousand three hundred twenty-five.”
In colloquial speech, simplified declension of numerals is considered acceptable, but in written speech it is not. In order not to make mistakes, it is best to immediately correctly change each component of a compound numeral by case. This is difficult, it requires some language practice, but there is nothing impossible about it. Practice on the proposed tables, and you will be able to use compound cardinal numerals in the desired declension without any problems.
Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.
1. The norm of literary language is the declension of each word and each part in compound and complex cardinal numerals. In oral speech, there is a regular loss of declension in all parts except the last.
Wed: the norm is the form: with five hundred sixty three rubles, V oral speech typical - with five hundred and sixty-three rubles.
Note, that the loss of declension of each part, except the last, is not allowed by literary norm!
In addition, it should be remembered that the majority of numerals are declined according to the third declension.
The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension (in common parlance its illegal declension of the third type is often found: with a thousand instead of normative with a thousand).
The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in oblique cases - forty, one hundred, but as part of complex numerals one hundred Declined according to the archaic declension: about three hundred, with three hundred.
2. When declension compound ordinal numbers only their last part changes. It is this part that has the form of an ordinal number, which coincides with the form of full adjectives. The remaining parts have the form of cardinal numbers, but do not change!
Wed: one thousand nine hundred and forty-one - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three - until two thousand and three.
3. Collective numbers ( two, three etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting young animals or having only a plural form:
two men, two guys, two kittens, two scissors.
In other cases, the use of collective numerals in literary language is unacceptable.
Also, remember that collective numbers only express numbers from two to ten! Therefore, when indicating a number of more than ten males or young animals, quantitative numerals should be used:
twelve friends, forty-five cubs.
Particular attention should be paid to indicate a quantity of more than ten for those nouns that do not have a singular form.
Combinations of compound numerals ending in two three four, with nouns that do not have a singular form ( 22 days - twenty two days), are unacceptable in literary speech. Only combinations of the type twenty-one days, twenty-five days. If it is necessary to indicate the corresponding number, a noun that does not have a singular form must be replaced with a synonymous one that has both number forms ( twenty two days). With nouns scissors, forceps etc. you can use words like thing and etc. ( twenty three pieces of scissors).
4. The numeral pronoun both has two gender forms: both(Not wallpaper!) - masculine and neuter, both- feminine gender: in both states, in both countries. The same applies to the numeral one and a half ( one and a half rubles, one and a half thousand). In addition, in indirect cases this numeral has the form one and a half(about one and a half thousand rubles). The numeral one and a half hundred has a similar form in indirect cases ( about one and a half hundred rubles).
5. Collocations "numeral plus noun" behave differently in the nominative and oblique cases.
In the nominative case, the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun (to give fifty-five rubles).
In oblique cases, the main word becomes the noun, and the numeral agrees with it ( about fifty-five rubles). In common parlance, a common mistake is when in indirect cases the noun is placed in genitive case (about fifty-five rubles). Such control is unacceptable in a literary language!
Numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases they retain control of the dependent noun in the genitive case: a million rubles, about a million rubles.
6. The use of singular or plural forms of a noun depends on the following conditions.
With numerals one two three four the singular form is used ( two days, four apples), with numerals from five onwards, the noun is put in the plural form ( five days).
The numeral one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases governs the singular noun, and in the remaining cases the noun is in the plural form ( an hour and a half - about an hour and a half). The same applies to the numeral one and a half hundred.
For schoolchildren it happens in the sixth grade. This part of speech is necessary in order to communicate in literal terms the number or order of objects when counting.
To determine the case y, ask a question about it. You probably know that there are six cases in the language. They are determined using auxiliary questions: - nominative case - who? What?
- genitive case - whom? what?
- - to whom? what?
- accusative case - whom? What?
- - by whom? how?
- prepositional case - about whom? about what?
Depending on the case, they change their shape. For example, the numerals “two”, “three”, “four” are modified as adjectives. For example, in the genitive case there will be “two”, and in the instrumental case - “two”, in the prepositional case - “about two”.
Try to decline the numeral “fifty” and you will see that in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases it will end in “and”.
Know that in compound cardinal numbers all words change form, but in ordinal numbers only the last word changes form. Moreover, it changes like an adjective.
You must remember that in the numerals from two hundred to four hundred, denoting round hundreds, the same endings will be observed in different cases as in nouns belonging to the first declension. This can be seen by using the numeral " " in different cases: - nominative case - four hundred;
- genitive case - four hundred;
- dative case - four hundred;
- accusative case - four hundred;
- instrumental case - four hundred;
- prepositional case - about four hundred.
If you decline the numerals "forty", "ninety" and "one hundred", you will see that they will either have the ending "o" in the nominative and accusative cases, or the ending "a" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.
The masculine numerals "both" and the feminine "both" are inflected in the same way as adjectives. So in the genitive, accusative and prepositional cases there will be “both”, in the dative - “both”, and in the instrumental - “both”.
Learn to determine the case of numerals. This will allow you to avoid mistakes in writing.
Sources:
- how to change numerals by case
Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases may be the same, so to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question about the word being checked.
Instructions
To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it appears. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - that’s why words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase “I love dogs,” and you need to determine the case of the noun “dogs.” The word “dogs” in this sentence is subordinate to the word “love”. Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”
Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case they answer the question “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “is” can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?). The question of the genitive case is “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “no” can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question “to whom?/what?” and is combined with the auxiliary word “to give”. The question of the accusative case is “who?” or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame.” Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?/what?” and are combined with the words “created” and “pleased.” Finally,
Declension of cardinal numbers
Examples of cardinal numbers: two, eighteen, one hundred forty-one.
The declension of the numeral one depends on the number and gender.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine | All kinds | |
| AND. | one | one | one | alone |
| R. | one | one | alone | |
| D. | alone | one | one | |
| IN. | one, one | one | one | alone, alone |
| T. | one | one(s) | alone | |
| P. | (about) one | (about) one | (about) alone | |
The numeral two is masculine and neuter, the numeral two is feminine. The numerals two, two, three, four when applied to inanimate objects in the accusative case have the form of the nominative case, when applied to animate objects - the form of the genitive case. Examples: I see three horses, I see three chairs, I see two cats, I see two telephones, I see two cars. The numeral four has the letter ь in the instrumental case - four b me. Let's summarize the rules in a table.
| Case | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | two, two | three | four |
| R. | two | three | four |
| D. | two | three | four |
| IN. | two, two | three, three | four, four |
| T. | two | three | four |
| P. | about two | about three | about four |
Cardinal numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the 3rd declension: in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases the ending is -i, in the instrumental case the ending is -yu.
| Cases | 5-20 | 30 |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | five | thirty |
| R., D., P. | five | thirty |
| T. | five | thirty |
It should be remembered that the cardinal numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one hundred and fifty have only two forms.
| Cases | 40 | 90 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I., V. | fourty | ninety | one hundred | one and a half hundred |
| R., D., T., P. | magpie | ninety | hundred | half toast |
The numerals from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred have both parts declined. We list them in the table below.
| Case | 50-80 | 200-400 | 500-900 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| R. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| D. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| IN. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| T. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| P. | about five ten | about two hundred | about five hundred |
In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined according to case.
Example: 2,537
I.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
R.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
D.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
V.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
etc. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
P.p. about two thousand five hundred thirty-seven
Declension of ordinal numbers
Examples of ordinal numbers: second, eighteenth, one hundred and forty-first.
Ordinal numbers vary by number and gender. This should be taken into account when declension by case. For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. The ending is formed according to the same principle as that of relative adjectives.
| Case | 1 | ... | 10 | ... | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| avg. | male | female | ... | avg. | male | female | ... | ||||
| AND. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | ... | tenth | tenth | tenth | ... |
| R. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| D. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| IN. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| T. | first | 1m | first | 1m | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| P. | about the first | about 1st | about the first | about 1st | about the first | o 1st | about the tenth | about the tenth | about tenth | ||
Example: 2 325th
I.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-five
R.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-fifth
...
P.p. about two thousand three hundred twenty-five
For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined:
|
Nominative |
|
|
Genitive |
one thousand nine hundred eighty six Wow |
|
Dative |
one thousand nine hundred eighty six wow |
|
Accusative |
one thousand nine hundred eighty six Wow(animate) one thousand nine hundred eighty six Ouch(inanimate) |
|
Instrumental case |
one thousand nine hundred eighty six th |
|
Prepositional |
o one thousand nine hundred eighty six ohm |
If we write the date with one thousand in words, then we do not write the word one:
A.S. Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
Declension of collective numerals
Example of collective numerals: both, both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, how many.
Collective numbers are declined according to the same principle as plural adjectives.
Examples:
I.p. four, how many
...
etc. four, how many
P.p. about four, about how many
The collective numerals “both” and “both” are declined differently.
| Case | Male and neuter gender |
Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| AND. | both | both |
| R. | both | both |
| D. | both | both |
| IN. | both, both | both, both |
| T. | both | both |
| P. | about both | about both |
Declension of fractional numbers
Examples of fractional numbers: one second, seven hundredths, one and a half.
A fractional number has two parts: the numerator of the fraction (the cardinal number that represents a whole number) and the denominator of the fraction (the ordinal number). Both parts change in cases in accordance with the declension of cardinal and ordinal numbers. The second part is declined like an ordinal number in the plural: to three-fifths (d.p.), with two-fifths (tv.p.). When denoting quantity, the noun with a fractional numeral is used in the genitive case: from one-seventh of the area, to two-sevenths of the area of the rectangle.
It should be remembered that the numeral one and a half is declined according to a special rule.
| Case | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | one and a half | one and a half |
| R., D., T., P. | one and a half | one and a half |
