Who was the first to go into outer space? All astronauts who died in space
In the twentieth century, the world gave us brave and fearless people. They were able to provide the world with the opportunity to see the beauty of space with their own eyes.
Man's first footprint on the moon
Apollo 11 was the first American spacecraft to take humans to the surface of the Moon. The flight itself took place on July 16 and ended on July 24, 1969.
Neil Armstrong And Edwing Aldrin spent almost a day on the surface of the Moon. The exact time they were there was 21 hours 36 minutes 21 seconds. The module was controlled all the time Michael Collins.
The very first person to travel into outer space
It happened in 1965, Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov March 18, together with his partner Pavel Belyaev on the Voskhod-2 ship, set off on that important flight for all of us. Leonov spent 12 minutes 9 seconds outside his ship. An interesting fact is that when Leonov returned, he could not fit into the airlock chamber and then Alexey vented the excess oxygen, he was very worried, but still managed to get into the chamber. It is also interesting that during landing these two heroes ended up not where they had planned, namely 180 kilometers from Perm, somewhere in the taiga.
First legendary man who has been in space
Probably everyone knows this man - Yuri Gagarin. His unforgettable flight, which conquered the whole world, took place on April 12, 1961. Let us remind you that this date is called “Cosmonautics Day”. Yuri made his flight on the Vostok-1 spacecraft; the flight itself lasted 108 minutes, and the cosmonaut spent only 89 minutes in orbit; the remaining time was spent on takeoff and landing.
The first woman astronaut
Valentina Tereshkova- the first brave woman who was able to go into space. Her flight was carried out alone - this is a unique case. She made a flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft, which ended up in Earth orbit on June 16, 1963. The flight lasted only 22 hours 41 minutes.
Legendary Cosmonaut
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Leonov.. 
March 18, 1965 USSR pilot-cosmonaut
Alexey Leonov made an exit for the first time in history
V open space from the Voskhod-2 ship
piloted by Pavel Belyaev.
Leonov Alexey Arkhipovich 
Serial number 15 - (11)
Number of flights - 2
Flight duration is 7 days 00 hours 33 minutes 08 seconds.
Spacewalk 1 - the first person to walk in outer space.
The duration of the release is 23 minutes 41 seconds.
Born on May 30, 1934 in the village of Listvyanka
Tisulsky district Kemerovo region, RSFSR.
In 1955 he graduated from the 10th Military Aviation School
initial training of pilots in the city of Kremenchug
entered the Komsomol recruitment.. Since September 1961
until January 1968 he studied at Air Force
Engineering Academy (VVIA) named after N.E. Zhukovsky, specialty
"Design and operation of aerospace
devices and engines for them." Upon its completion
received the qualification "Pilot-Engineer-Cosmonaut."
Leonov became the first person in the history of astronautics to
Entered Outer Space.
From 18 to 19 March 1965 as the second
pilot of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, together with Pavel Belyaev. 
During the flight, he made the world's first outing
outer space lasting 23 minutes 41 seconds..
of which 12 minutes 09 seconds were outside the ship, moving away from the ship by 5.35 meters..
During the exit, dangerous situations arose when the astronaut
could not get back on board the ship and several
minutes his life hung by a thread, because in
He could have died any minute... 
The flight of Alexei Leonov forever entered the history of exploration of near-Earth space; the Soviet cosmonaut became the first to travel into outer space. It was initially planned that Leonov would be sent into orbit as part of the Vostok-11 mission, but the fateful launch was postponed for 18 months, and as a result, Alexey flew on March 18, 1965 on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft together with his partner Pavel Belyaev . 
When the cosmonauts reached orbit, preparations began: Leonov put on a specially designed spacesuit with a supply of oxygen for 45 minutes, and Belyaev began installing a flexible airlock through which Alexey would go into space.
After everything necessary measures precautions were taken, Leonov left the ship and spent a total of 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside of it. When it was time to return, an unexpected problem arose - the astronaut's spacesuit, under vacuum conditions, became greatly inflated and did not fit into the airlock chamber. 
At first, Leonov wanted to report an emergency situation to Earth, but he realized that they would not help him with advice, because he was the only person who had ever encountered something similar. The first prisoner of outer space in history quickly found a way out of the situation: in order to get inside the ship, it was necessary to reduce the size of the spacesuit, and this could only be done by bleeding off excess oxygen. 
Leonov decided to take this step, realizing that every additional minute spent in thought could be his last. He began to release oxygen from the suit, squeezing into the airlock centimeter by centimeter. The cosmonaut prefers not to tell what he had to endure in those few minutes, but the impressions were probably not pleasant. 
Leonov gently pushed off and felt that the ship trembled from his push. The first thing he saw was the black sky. Belyaev’s voice was immediately heard:
"Almaz-2" has begun its exit... Is the movie camera on? The commander addressed this question to his comrade.
Got it... I'm Almaz-2. I take off the lid... I throw it away... Caucasus! Caucasus! I see the Caucasus below me! Started to move away from the ship...
Before throwing the lid away, Leonov thought for a second where to point it - into the satellite orbit or down towards the Earth... He threw it towards the Earth... The cosmonaut's pulse was 164 beats per minute, the moment of exit was very tense...
Belyaev transmitted to Earth:
Attention! Man has entered outer space! 
When the episode with the stuck Leonov was safely resolved, it turned out that the orientation system had failed - the cosmonauts had to land, controlling the device manually, and after the capsule with Belyaev and Leonov entered the Earth’s atmosphere, it began to rotate quickly due to the fact that the orbital module did not separate from the landing plane, as calculations suggested. 
On this “carousel,” the astronauts experienced overloads of up to 10G, but when the cable that prevented the landing and orbital modules from disconnecting burned out, the capsule was stabilized. Because of all these troubles, the landing did not take place at all where expected - the astronauts found themselves in a dense forest approximately 180 km north of Perm... 
Belyaev and Leonov spent two nights in the taiga, the temperature sometimes dropped to -30 °C, and the landing module became unusable, so the cosmonauts could not use it to warm up. When they were discovered, the rescuers first built a huge fire to warm up the heroes, and later the whole company skied another 9 km to get to the helicopter.
The feat of Pavel Belyaev and Alexey Leonov is
a convincing example of what strong-willed people are capable of
and courageous people even in open conditions
space or under overloads of 10G.
For the successful implementation of the flight to its participants
awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union!
The first cosmonaut on the planet was a citizen of the USSR, Yuri Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, he launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Vostok-1 spacecraft. During the flight, which lasted 1 hour 48 minutes (108 minutes), Gagarin made one orbit around the Earth.
After Gagarin, American astronauts Alan Shepard Jr. made suborbital flights on spaceships. - 15 minutes 22 seconds (May 5, 1961 in a Mercury MR-3) and Virgil Grissom - 15 minutes 37 seconds (July 21, 1961 in a Mercury MR-4).
First woman astronaut
The first woman in the world to fly into space was Valentina Tereshkova (USSR) - on June 16-19, 1963, she flew on the Vostok-6 spacecraft (2 days 22 hours 51 minutes).
During this time, the ship made 48 orbits around the Earth, flying a total distance of approximately 1.97 million km.
Tereshkova is not only the first female cosmonaut, but also the only woman to complete a solo space flight.
The youngest and oldest cosmonaut at the time of launch
The youngest is German Titov (USSR). He took off on his first flight at the age of 25 years 10 months 26 days. The flight took place on August 6-7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 ship.
The oldest astronaut is John Glenn Jr. (USA). At the time of the Discovery shuttle launch on October 29, 1998 (the flight continued until November 7, 1998), he was 77 years, 3 months, 11 days.
Among the women, the youngest is Valentina Tereshkova (USSR). At the time of launch into space on June 16, 1963, she was 26 years, 3 months, 11 days.
The oldest is US astronaut Barbara Morgan. She took off on August 8, 2007 at the age of 55 years, 8 months, 12 days. She was a member of the crew of the shuttle Endeavor, the flight continued until August 21.
The first multi-seat spacecraft
The first multi-seat spacecraft was Voskhod (USSR), on which a crew of three cosmonauts - Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov, Boris Egorov - flew on October 12-13, 1964 (24 hours 17 minutes).
Records in outer space
The first ever spacewalk was made on March 18, 1965 by USSR pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who was flying on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft together with Pavel Belyaev. Spent 12 minutes 9 seconds outside the ship.
The first woman to go into outer space was Svetlana Savitskaya (USSR). The exit was made on July 25, 1984 from the Salyut-7 station and took 3 hours 34 minutes.
The longest spacewalk in the history of world cosmonautics - 8 hours 56 minutes - was performed on March 1, 2001 by American astronauts James Voss and Susan Helms from the International space station.
The largest number of exits - 16 - belongs to Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov. In total, he spent 78 hours and 48 minutes in outer space.
Among women, Sunita Williams (USA) performed the most spacewalks - she made 7 spacewalks (50 hours 40 minutes).
First docking of manned spacecraft
On January 16, 1969, the first docking of two manned spacecraft was carried out (carried out manually) - the Soviet Soyuz-4 (launched on January 14, 1969; pilot - Vladimir Shatalov) and Soyuz-5 (January 15, 1969; crew - Boris Volynov, Evgeny Khrunov, Alexey Eliseev). The ships were docked for 4 hours and 35 minutes.
Lunar records
The first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969 was American astronaut Neil Armstrong. After 15-20 minutes, Edwin Aldrin emerged from the landing module after him.
Armstrong spent about 2.5 hours on the surface of the Moon, Edwin Aldrin - about 1.5 hours. Each astronaut walked a distance of about 1 km, the greatest distance from the lunar module was 60 m.
The landing on the Moon was carried out during the American lunar expedition on July 16-24, 1969; the crew, in addition to Armstrong and Aldrin, included Michael Collins.
The longest walk on the surface of the Moon (7 hours 36 minutes 56 seconds) was made on December 12, 1972 by US astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt. They were part of the crew of Apollo 17 (“Apollo 17”), the flight took place on December 7-19, 1972.
First space station in orbit
On April 19, 1971, the first space station, the Soviet Salyut 1, was launched into orbit. The launch was carried out from the Baikonur cosmodrome using a Proton-K launch vehicle.
The station was in orbit at an altitude of 200-222 km for 174 days - until October 11, 1971 (it was deorbited, most of it burned up in dense layers atmosphere, some of the debris fell into the Pacific Ocean).
The International Space Station is the longest-lived among space orbital projects; it has been in orbit since November 20, 1998, that is, more than 17 years.
The largest crew
The largest crew of a spacecraft was the 9th flight of the Challenger shuttle with a crew of 8 astronauts in October-November 1985.
Longest flights
The longest flight (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes 17 seconds) in the history of cosmonautics was carried out by Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov in January 1994 - March 1995, working at the Russian Mir station.
The longest flight among women (199 days 16 hours 42 minutes 48 seconds) belongs to Samantha Cristoforetti (Italy), who worked on the International Space Station from November 2014 to June 2015.
Largest number of people in orbit
The largest number of people simultaneously in orbit - 13 - was recorded on March 14, 1995. Among them are three people from the Russian Mir station (at that time the manned Soyuz TM-20 spacecraft was docked to it), seven from the American Endeavor (Endeavour, 8th shuttle flight March 2-18, 1995) and three from the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft (launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on March 14, 1995).
Record holders for the number of flights
The world record for the total duration of a person's stay in orbit belongs to Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka - 878 days 11 hours 29 minutes 36 seconds (for 5 flights). It was registered by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) in September 2015.
By maximum number flights - 7 - the record holders are American astronauts Franklin Chang-Diaz (total duration - 66 days 18 hours 24 minutes) and Jerry Ross (58 days 54 minutes 22 seconds).
Among women in space greatest number Peggy Whitson (USA) spent 376 days 17 hours 28 minutes 57 seconds (over two flights).
The maximum for women is 5 flights. Several representatives of the United States flew into space that long, including Shannon Lucid (total flight time - 223 days 2 hours 57 minutes 22 seconds), Susan Helms (210 days 23 hours 10 minutes 42 seconds), Tamara Jernigan (63 days 1 hour 30 minutes 56 seconds ), Marsha Ivins (55 days 21 hours 52 minutes 48 seconds), Bonnie Dunbar (50 days 8 hours 24 minutes 41 seconds), Janice Voss (49 days 3 hours 54 minutes 26 seconds).
Leading countries by number of flights
More flew into space American astronauts- 335, in second place is Russia (including the USSR) - 118 cosmonauts (this number does not include Alexey Ovchinin, who is still in flight).
In total, since the beginning of manned flights, 542 people (including 59 women) have been in space - representatives of 37 states (36 currently existing ones and Czechoslovakia). Two more people are currently making their first flights: Englishman Timothy Peake has been on the ISS since December 2015, Russian Alexey Ovchinin has been on the ISS since March 19, 2016.
TASS-Dossier/Inna Klimacheva
50 years ago, Alexei Leonov was the first in history to enter airless space.
Half a century ago, on March 18, 1965, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made the first human spacewalk in history.
The experiment was planned as part of the expedition of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, which launched on the same Thursday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. The ship's crew consisted of commander Pavel Belyaev and pilot Alexey Leonov. On the occasion of the anniversary of "360 Moscow Region" I prepared five interesting facts about this significant event.
Too much radiation
Even as the spacecraft (SC) entered orbit, problems began. The fact is that Voskhod-2, due to a technical error, moved away from the Earth by 495 kilometers instead of 350 kilometers, as planned. At the same time, the radiation layer, harmful to humans, is located at a distance of 500 kilometers from the Planet.
The dose of radiation received by the astronauts was 70 billion rads, which is almost twice as high as during the Voskhod-1 spacecraft expedition. If at this moment streams of solar wind of increased intensity passed near the Earth, the astronauts could have died.
The main thing is that the suit fits
To enter airless space, OKB-1 employees developed the Berkut spacesuit, which, unlike modern extravehicular suits, did not allow the air exhaled by the astronaut to be regenerated. In the Berkut, designed for a 30-minute stay in outer space, Alexey Leonov moved away from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft five times at a distance of up to 5.35 meters.
However, when the astronaut wanted to return to the airlock chamber, he realized that due to the pressure difference the suit was inflated. Leonov had to risk his life to reduce the pressure inside the Berkut and, violating safety rules, get into the airlock head first. As a result, the astronaut still managed to return to the spacecraft.
CCTV
Leonov spent 23 minutes and 41 seconds in airless space. The historical event was observed by video cameras installed on the outer surface of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. The image from them was transmitted to Earth, in addition, the astronaut himself recorded video using the S-97 camera. 
Rough landing
During the spacecraft's return to the Planet on March 19, the ship's automatic landing system failed, so the cosmonauts had to land Voskhod-2 manually. The landing took place in an unplanned place - in the taiga, 180 kilometers from Perm. Pavel Belyaev and Alexey Leonov were discovered only four hours later, and the heroes were evacuated only two days later, and the cosmonauts had to use skis to get to the helicopter landing pad.
Space Race
Domestic cosmonauts managed to overtake the American astronauts at this checkpoint of the space race. US Representative Edward White performed the first spacewalk only on June 3, 1965. Apparently because of this, in Soviet postage stamps, dedicated to the feat of Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov, the phrase “Triumph of the Land of the Soviets” was printed.
Since man's first spacewalk, 729 walks through airless outer space have been completed, with a total duration of more than four thousand hours. Soviet cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya stepped outside her spacecraft on July 25, 1984, becoming the first woman in outer space. In total, 210 people visited airless space. The record holder for the number of spacewalks is Anatoly Solovyov - he has 16 of them with a total duration of more than 78 hours.
The twentieth century gave us the world's first person in space, the first woman astronaut and the first person to walk in outer space. During the same period of time, man took his first steps on the Moon.
First man on the moon
First spaceship The American manned research spacecraft Apollo 11 was the one that brought people to the surface of the Moon. The flight began on July 16 and ended on July 24, 1969.The pilot and crew commander: Edwin Aldrin and Neil Armstrong spent almost a day on the surface of the Moon. The time they spent there was twenty-one hours, thirty-six minutes and twenty-one seconds. All this time, the command module was controlled by Michael Collins, who, while in orbit, was waiting for a signal.
Astronauts made one exit to the surface of the Moon. Its duration is almost two and a half hours. The first step onto the surface of this planet was taken by crew commander Armstrong. Fifteen minutes later, Aldrin joined him. During the surface exit, the astronauts planted a US flag on the Moon, took several kilograms of soil for further research, and also installed research instruments. They took the first photographs of the landscape. Thanks to the installed equipment, it became possible to determine with maximum accuracy the distance between the Moon and the Earth. This significant event took place on July 20, 1969.
Thus, America won the lunar race, being the first to land on the surface of the earth's satellite, and the national goal set by John Kennedy was considered fulfilled.
It should be noted that some researchers call the landing of American astronauts on natural satellite Earth is the biggest hoax of the twentieth century. They also provide a number of evidence that the above-described landing did not take place at all.
First man in outer space
Man first went into outer space in 1965. We are talking about the Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov. He set off on that significant flight on March 18 together with his partner Pavel Belyaev on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. 
Having reached orbit, Leonov donned a spacesuit designed for spacewalks. The oxygen supply in it was enough for forty-five minutes. Belyaev at this time began to install a flexible airlock chamber, through which Leonov was supposed to enter space. Having taken all necessary precautions, Leonov left the ship. In total, the astronaut spent 12 minutes 9 seconds outside of it. At this time, Leonov’s partner sent a message to Earth that the man had gone into outer space. An image of an astronaut hovering against the background of the Earth was broadcast on television.
During the return, I had to worry, because in the vacuum conditions the suit was greatly inflated, which is why Leonov did not fit into the airlock chamber. Finding himself a prisoner of outer space, he independently found a way out of this situation, realizing that in this case, advice from Earth would not help him. To reduce the size of the spacesuit, the astronaut vented excess oxygen. He did this gradually, at the same time trying to squeeze into the cell. Every minute counted. Leonov prefers not to tell anyone about his experiences at that moment.
Difficulties with the spacesuit were not the last troubles of that significant flight. It turned out that the orientation system did not work, and the astronauts were forced to switch to manual control to land. The result of such a landing was that Belyaev and Leonov landed in a different place than expected. The capsule ended up in the taiga, 180 kilometers from Perm. Two days later, the astronauts were discovered. This successful flight was marked by awarding Leonov and Belyaev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
First woman astronaut
The first woman to go into space was Valentina Tereshkova. She carried out her flight alone, which in itself is an unprecedented case. Tereshkova for this flight was selected from large number paratroopers 
The Vostok-6 spacecraft found itself in Earth orbit on June 16, 1963. Soviet Union became not only the first country to send an astronaut into space, but also the first country to send a woman into space. This step was politically motivated.
It is surprising that the relatives of the world's first female astronaut learned about her flight into space from radio messages only after she made a successful landing. Knowing that the flight could very well end in tragedy, the girl chose to keep the upcoming event a secret.
Tereshkova's flight lasted 22 hours and 41 minutes. During this time, the first female cosmonaut made forty-eight orbits around our planet. Her call sign is “Seagull”.
The first person to go into space
As you know, the first person to go into space is Yuri Gagarin. His historic flight, which thundered throughout the world, took place on April 12, 1961. This date is called “Cosmonautics Day”. During the time spent in orbit, Gagarin completed the entire planned program. According to his recollections, he carefully recorded all his observations, examined the Earth and even ate.Well, not a single astronaut will go to the largest star in the universe, the radius of which is one and a half thousand times greater than the radius of the sun. According to the website, there are no plans to send people outside yet. solar system.
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