Morphological forms of the verb. Constant and inconstant signs of a verb
Verb
1. The concept of a verb. Morphological features of verbs. Aspect, reflexivity, transitivity of verbs
2. Mood, tense, verb conjugation
3. Spelling verbs
4. Morphological analysis of verbs
The concept of a verb. Morphological features of verbs. Aspect, reflexivity, transitivity of verbs
1. Verb– an independent part of speech that denotes action and answers questions what to do? what to do?
Basic features of a verb
2. The initial form of the verb is infinitive(infinitive). A verb in the infinitive form answers questions what to do? what to do? This is an unchangeable form.
· The infinitive has endings -t, -t ;
-whose at the same time is both the ending and part of the root, where they alternate g/h, k/h .
Lie down - I'll lie down, whip - whip.
· The infinitive has the following morphological features:
aspect (perfect – imperfect), reflexivity – irrevocability, transitivity – intransitivity.
· In a sentence, the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, but most often the infinitive is the predicate or part of it and the subject.
Wed: Live - to serve the homeland; I wantenroll to the conservatory; I have a burning desirelook back ; She asked meread letter; She sat downrelax .
3. View verbs - verbs come in perfect and imperfect form.
· Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?
· Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do?
· In Russian there is a small number two-type verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then the imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).
Execute, marry, marry, order, explore, examine, arrest, attack, etc.
For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing? – imperfect species) their enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) more than fifty rebels.
4. Returnability– in Russian they are contrasted:
· irreflexive verbs(do not have a postfix -xia );
Wash, solve, protect.
· reflexive verbs(have postfix -xia ).
Wash, decide, take care.
5. Transitivity– in the Russian language there are transitive and intransitive verbs.
· Transitive verbs capable of combining with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.
· Intransitive verbs are not able to combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition (you cannot: argue - whom? What?; fly - whom? What?).
All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
Wash, decide, take care.
Exercise No. 1 for consolidation. Determine the aspect (perfect / imperfect), irrevocability / reflexivity, transitivity / intransitivity of the following verbs.
Freeze, rush, write, talk, sleep, spend the night, calculate, pay off, count, ask, beg, ask, dine, sunbathe, sunbathe, catch fire, take, take, take, take, speak, speak, conspire, say, captivate, captivate, captivate, captivate, investigate, marry, wed, explore, arrest, command, attack, ask, order, order.
§1. general characteristics verb as part of speech
A verb is an independent significant part of speech. Verb word unites different shapes. Which ones exactly depend on the interpretation of some important concepts.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
The most significant differences concern the interpretation of what participles and gerunds are. Some authors believe that participles and gerunds are special forms verb, while others believe that these are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that the verb word includes the forms:
- the initial form - the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
- conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
- inflected form - participle,
- unchangeable form - gerund.
And supporters of the second point of view exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected to the verb by broken lines.
All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable characteristics, if any, may be different.
1. Grammatical meaning:"action".
Verbs include words that answer questions: what to do?, what to do?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - type: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, reflexivity, type of conjugation;
- changeable
- for conjugated forms: number, mood, tense, person (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
- for inflected forms (participles): gender, number, case;
- for unchangeable forms (infinitive verbs and gerunds) - no.
Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms do not consider the signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicate.
I love St. Petersburg.
It's getting light.
The indefinite form of the verb is the predicate or part of it, as well as the subject and, somewhat less frequently, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, an object, a modifier and a circumstance.
I love walking around St. Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Let it rain!
The children asked us to go to St. Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to St. Petersburg.
I went for a walk around evening Petersburg.
Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and gerunds is considered only by those authors who classify them as verb forms.
Participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.
Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.
Petersburg was founded by Peter I.
Participles are adverbial in a sentence.
Having founded St. Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.
§2. Types of verb
Aspect is a constant morphological feature of a verb. All verbs are either perfect or imperfect. The generally accepted designation is:
- SV - for perfective verbs,
- NSV - for imperfective verbs.
Questions for the verb as a part of speech: what to do? what to do?- reflect the division of verbs by type.
Formation of species
Most non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, with the help of prefixes and suffixes, SV verbs are formed, for example:
eat → eat, finish eating, overeat,
live → live, survive, survive,
love → love,
jump → jump,
scream → scream.
Also in the Russian language, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is common. In this case, the suffixes NSV are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:
rewrite → rewrite,
knock down → knock down,
decide → solve.
Some verbs SV and NSV form aspectual pairs, for example:
do - do,
write - write,
jump - jump,
paint - paint.
The meaning of the verbs that make up the species pair differs only in one component: process - result, multiple - single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered an aspectual pair, because In addition to the type value, they also differ in some additional value, for example:
- write (NSV)
- finish (SV, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
- rewrite (SV, additional meaning: performing an action again),
- write off (SV, additional meaning: performing an action according to a model, copying),
- scribble (SV, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with writing), etc.
Verbs SV and NSV have different forms:
- NSV verbs in the indicative mood have three forms of tense, For example:
- present time: love, love, loves, love, love, love,
- Future tense: will love, will love, will love, will love, will love, will love(a form of the future tense formed using a verb be, called compound form),
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
- SV verbs have only two forms in the indicative mood: future and past tense. The present tense is impossible for SV verbs, because this contradicts their species significance. The future tense form of SV verbs is not compound, like that of NSV verbs, but simple: will love, look, find out etc.
- Future tense: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
Attention:
In Russian there is bi-aspect verbs. These are verbs whose meaning can only be determined in context. In some contexts they act as SV verbs, and in others as NSV verbs, for example:
In the end the criminals executed(SV).
Criminals executed whole month (NSV).
Yesterday he promised(SV) that he will visit us today.
Every day he promised(NSV) to stop by, but every time he postponed his visit.
Do not be surprised:
If a verb has different lexical meanings, then the aspect pairs may be different.
For example:
Teach (NSV) - learn(SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something yourself.
Teach (NSV) - teach(SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.
§3. Transitivity
Transitivity is the property of a verb to control nouns expressing the meaning of the object of action, for example:
be in love(who? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
look film, magazines, photographs
read book, report, note, congratulation
There is ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice
Remember: most often given value expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without pretext.
In the event that the verb has a negative particle Not, the noun is more often found in R.p. The value of the object does not change. For example:
Not loving (who? what?) brother, animals, books, chocolate.
If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If verbs are followed by nouns in other forms, and the accusative case is impossible without a preposition, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice at luck etc. The use of such verbs with nouns in V.p. impossible, for example, in Russian it is impossible to say: walk the city, jump in the water, grow a house, enjoy your luck.
Attention:
It is important that passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
§4. Repayment
Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s) at the end of the word. If the form of the reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -sya follows it, for example:
dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.
Attention:
- The suffix -sya occurs after consonants, for example: swam, bathes,
- suffix -sya - after vowels: bathed, swam.
The meanings of reflexive verbs can be different, for example:
- Wash, dress, put on shoes(the action of the subject is directed towards himself),
- meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions aimed at each other: you can’t meet, hug, kiss yourself),
- be surprised, rejoice, get angry(state of the subject),
- the fabric wrinkles, the dog bites, the cat scratches(a sign characterizing the properties of the subject),
- it's getting dark- impersonality.
Remember:
Reflexive verbs are intransitive.
§5. Conjugation
Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the present tense form in persons and numbers. There are two conjugations; assignment to one of the two types is made based on the set of endings. This means that verbs do not change according to conjugations, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a constant morphological feature of verbs.
Conjugation patterns
Attention:
If the endings are stressed, then determining the conjugation does not cause problems. There is no need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not make mistakes either in writing or in parsing.
The problem can only arise with verbs that have unstressed endings.
In order to determine the endings or type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form. If the verb is -it
, then this is a verb of 2 conjugations.
Exception: shave, lay and an outdated word rest on. Also included in the 2nd conjugation are
- 7 exception verbs -there are : twist, endure, offend, depend, hate, And see, And look,
- 4 exception verbs per -at : drive, hold, hear, breathe.
The remaining verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Attention:
Verbs want, run And honor special. Them and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run across, run across, run away, jog etc., refer to heterogeneously conjugated verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. Let’s conjugate these verbs:
want - want, want, wants, want, want, want (in the singular ending of 1 reference, in the plural - 2).
run - run, run, runs, run, run, run (in all forms except 3rd plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd plural - ending 2nd sp.)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms except 3 literal plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd pl. ending - ending 2nd sprite)
Attention:
Verbs There is And give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.
Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give.
Verbs that are derivatives of eat and give also change, for example: eat, finish eating, eat, hand over, submit and so on.
It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, as well as the suffixes of active and passive present participles. The ability to determine verb conjugations is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.
§6. Mood
Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative
- imperative,
- conditional (the term “subjunctive” is also common).
Indicative
Verbs in the indicative mood express actual actions and change tenses.
There are three tenses in the Russian language: present, past and future. The forms of the present and future tenses can coincide. In the present and future tenses, verbs are conjugated, i.e. change according to persons and numbers. The endings thus serve not only as indicators of person and number, but also of tense and mood. In the past tense, verbs change. The endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -l - as an indicator of tense and mood.
Imperative mood
Verbs in the imperative mood express motivation. Verbs in the imperative mood have singular and plural forms in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons. Examples:
- let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express the impulse to joint action;
- go, go - 2nd person forms express the impulse to action;
- let (let) go, are coming, long live- the impulse refers to the 3rd person.
Imperative forms with words Let's, Let's, let, let him, Yes are called analytical forms. These words participate in the formation of the 1st and 3rd person forms and are indicators of the imperative mood along with the verbs with which they are used.
Conditional mood
Verbs in the conditional mood can express:
- condition,
- an action that is possible under certain conditions.
If would You called, We would like to meet b. If would We met, I I would return it a book for you.
The form of verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood*, but with the particle would. If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -l and the particle would.
* Opinions regarding the form of the verb in the conditional mood vary. Some authors believe that it is a past tense form, while others consider it to be homonymous to the past tense form of the verb.
§7. Time
Time is a variable attribute. Tense, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the relationship between the time of action and the moment of speech. The tense forms differ only in the indicative mood. There are three times:
- past,
- the present,
- future.
Not all verbs have forms of all three tenses. Perfective verbs do not have a present tense form.
Real tense and grammatical tense may not be the same. For example:
Yesterday he comes And speaks: - Today I came on time
(action in the past is expressed in present tense forms).
The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: a verb be in the required form and an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, for example:
Perfective verbs form only the simple future tense, for example: I'll leave, write, We'll see.
In Russian you cannot say: If you write, we'll see. This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.
§8. Face
Person is an inflected sign for verbs of the present and future tense of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The face represents the producer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the 1st person form.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the 2nd person form.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the 3rd person form.
I like oranges.(1 l., unit)
We love oranges.(1 l., plural)
You love oranges.(2 l., units)
You love oranges.(2 l., plural)
He loves oranges.(3 l., units)
They love oranges.(3 l., plural)
In the Russian language, verbs are possible that denote an action that does not have a producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not considered as producers of action.
It's getting dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm not feeling well.
Verb forms in the impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-part impersonal sentences.
§9. Genus
Gender is a variable morphological feature of a verb. Verbs have singular gender forms. past indicative tense and singular form. conditional mood.
Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings took place (in the past tense, the indicative gender differs only in singular parts).
If only a lesson passed(lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in the conditional terms, gender differs only in units).
§10. Number
Number is a morphological feature common to all verbal forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerund.
Verb forms
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to think that a verb is a significant part of speech?
What morphological features unite all verb forms?
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs
What kind of verbs are there more among Russian derived verbs?
What tense form do SV verbs not have?
- Real
- past
- of the future
Can intransitive verbs control nouns in V.p.?
Is it correct to assume that transitive verbs are irreflexive?
What are verbs called that have 1st conjugation endings in some forms and 2nd conjugation endings in others?
- Impersonal
- Transitional
- Heterogeneous conjugates
How do verbs change in the present tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and genders
Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?
Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of a verb?
How do verbs change in the past tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
Are verbs of the same root with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - add?
Right answers:
- Permanent (unchangeable) characteristics
- Real
- Heterogeneous conjugates
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
In contact with
The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function
Verb - is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, want, be wealthy. All forms verb have morphological characteristics of type (they can be perfect or imperfect) and transitivity (they can be transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are differences conjugated(change according to moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and unconjugated(initial form verb, participles and gerunds).
In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms predicates - forms of mood and tense), non-conjugated verbal forms can also be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought a young rake, flying in the dust on postage... (A. Pushkin).
Infinitive
The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from Latin infiniti - vus - “uncertain”). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, tense, person, number, that is, without its connection with the actor (subject).
The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, reflexivity/nonreflexivity, type of conjugation. (If the conjugated verb forms have an unstressed ending, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)
The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -t, -t(at school they are usually considered as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (watch, think, sing), A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: bake, protect, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive indicator -ti and the final root sound [G] or [To]: shape type “bake”, “take care” as a result of phonetic changes transformed into "oven", "preserve" and so on.
In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love for others - a heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders captain put on!_ (B. Okudzhava).
Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, come in etc.) or stopping movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes he stopped in the sands(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).
Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object) other than the one named as the subject.
Verb Basics
The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.
To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.
To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person plural form is taken): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.
To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.
There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.
Verb forms that are formed from the infinitive stem | Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense |
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew. | 1. Forms of the present and simple future tense of the indicative mood: I'm carrying it, I'll write it, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - reading), pucyj- y(I draw). |
2. Forms of conditional mood: would carry, write, speak, read, draw. | 2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), rice) (draw). |
3. Active past participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 3. Active present participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading j-ush-y (reader),pucyj-ush-y (drawing). |
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp. | 4. Present passive participles: nes-ohm-y, talk-i.ch-y, chitauem-y (readable), pucyj-um-y (drawn). |
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 5. Imperfect participles: I'm not saying, I read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing). |
Verb type
Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.
Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect Verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its boundary, limit (play, sing), one-time action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action without instructions
to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (teach, draw, play, shout).
Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair consists of imperfective verb and a perfective verb, having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning type: read- read, write - write, build- build.
Imperfect verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:
1) -iva-, -yva-: consider- examine, question- ask, sign- sign;
2) -va: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;
3) -a-(-s): save- save, grow up- grow up.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:
1) using view attachments on-, with-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, bake- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in the lexical meaning; such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read- reread, recount, read out etc.);
2) using a suffix -well-: get used to it- get used to it, nod- nod, jump- jump.
Some verbs that make up an aspectual pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, chop- slice.
Separate aspect pairs are made up of verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.
Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect form (to find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (prevail, be present, sit, be).
There are also bispecies verbs that combine meaning with perfect and imperfect forms. Their appearance is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph etc. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).
Verb type influences the formation of its forms (primarily forms of time): in imperfect verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (and in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of tense forms of participles; at perfective verbs There are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and present participles.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Vary verbs transitive and intransitive.
Transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question who?"/what?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.
Instead of the accusative case, the object of a transitive verb can also appear in genitive case without preposition:
1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the problem- did not understand the task; read the novel- haven't read the novel; Waste time- don't waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: drank water(all the water in question) - drank water(Part), bring firewood- bring firewood.
When determining transitivity/intransitivity of verbs It is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered(intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream (A. Fet).
Verbs that cannot have a direct object are intransitive: to engage(how?) sports, understand(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.
Note. Transitivity/intransitivity closely related to lexical meaning verb: in one meaning verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling- “I express” is a transitive verb). The child is already speaking (speaking- “talks” - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).
Reflexive verbs
TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -sya. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed both from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitives (knock- knock, blacken- turn black). From ordinary derivational suffixes -xia differs in that it is attached to verb forms after endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -xia is added after consonants, and -s- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels it is added -sya, and not -s: differing - differing.
When joining transitive verbs, the suffix -xia turns them into intransitive: dresses whom?/what?- gets dressed. By joining intransitive verbs, -xia enhances the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.
Suffix -xia also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.
Among verbs with suffix -xia there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.
Verb conjugations
Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)
Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent
I conjugation | II conjugation |
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If the ending is stressed, conjugation determined by the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, you're burning, you're sleeping- II conjugation.
But most verbs conjugation has no emphasis on personal endings. In such cases conjugation is determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).
Ko II conjugation These include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs rest on(“to be founded, to be built”) and be ruffled(“to waver, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs rest on And be ruffled are used only in the 3rd person unit form. and plural numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-th (drive, hold, hear, breathe).
All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.
It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from unprefixed verbs belong to the same type conjugations, as without prefixes (drive- catch up- overtake- kick out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive- chase- II conjugation).
In the Russian language there are also differently conjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular it changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (we want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms like verbs of II conjugation (running- you're running- runs- let's run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - are running(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- varies according to II conjugation (honor- honors- we honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (honor) although there is a form honor which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) disdain(“dawn, glow a little”) - used only in the 3rd person singular form (it's dawning- II conjugation) and plural (they are dawning- I conjugation): Dawn is just breaking; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.
Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, bother, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).
eat f-e-e eats | I'll give you give you give |
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eat eat eat eat | give it, they'll give it to them |
Verb be also unique. From him, rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have been preserved in modern Russian. and plural numbers of the present tense - There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- there will be.
It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons).
Verb mood
Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time) was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).
Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).
IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.
Verbs in imperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, see, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).
2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.
Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants of the Orthodox land of their native land have suffered a past fate (A. Pushkin).
1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their own direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).
The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Daddy, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).
Verb tense
In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. Forms of time express the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In the Russian language there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two forms of tense (they do not have a present tense), the future form is simple.
Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: Full steam ahead rushes train, wheels twirls steam locomotive... (B. Pasternak); Oh how murderous we are we love you How V in the violent blindness of passions we are most likely we're ruining whatever is dearer to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).
Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the base of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only the time, but also the person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.
Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned a little something and somehow... (A. Pushkin).
Past tense forms are formed from the infinitive stem using a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the meaning of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.
Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: drove, rubbed, grew, shored, froze and etc.
Past verb tense go is formed from another base, different from the base of an indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.
Form future tense indicates that the action will occur after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the leaves will fall off- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).
Both imperfective and perfective verbs have future tense forms, but they are formed differently.
Shapes of the future verb tenses perfective forms are formed from the base of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present verb tenses imperfect form (this form is called form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.
Shapes of the future verb tenses imperfections are formed by joining forms will, will, will, will, will, will to the infinitive of an imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.
Forms of tense can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning characteristic of forms of other tenses.
Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called present historical): Only, you understand, I'm going out from the world, look- my horses are worth quietly near Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).
Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (future tense meaning): I'm all ready, I'm after lunch I'm sending things. The Baron and I tomorrow let's get married tomorrow we're leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I’m already at school, begins new life (A. Chekhov).
Past tense forms can be used to mean future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I died (K. Fedin).
Future tense forms can have past tense meaning: Gerasim looked and looked, and suddenly he laughed (I. Turgenev).
Person, number and gender of the verb
Forms verb faces express the relationship of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.
There are three different verb faces: first, second and third.
Form first faces the only one numbers denotes the speaker's action: I'll sing, I'll come in.
Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the speaker: Let's eat, let's go.
Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: eat, come in.
Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.
Forms third faces singular and plural denote the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sings, comes in, sings, comes in.
Category faces And numbers Verbs They have only the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood have no category faces, but vary according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led\ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led\a\- female genus, (me, you, it) vel-\o\- average genus, (we you they) vel-\and\- plural number.
Not all Russian verbs have a full set of personal forms.
In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.
Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have a 1st form faces units numbers, since they are difficult for pronunciations:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1st form the faces of these verbs, resort to a descriptive method; I have to win, I want to convince, I can find myself.
A number of verbs do not use the 1st and 2nd forms faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs name processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): calve, whelp, rust, dawn, turn white, brighten, resound(about sound) flare up and so on.
In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also occurs, when some verbs form forms faces present (or simple future) tense is two different ways: splash- splashes / splashes, drips- drips/drips, splash- splashes/splashes, poke- pokes/pokes, wave- waves/waves and etc.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get cold, to evening, to get dark etc. They denote the states of man or nature.
These verbs do not change for persons and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject is impossible with them.
Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), form coinciding with the 3rd person singular form (it’s dawning, it’s chilling), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, it was chilly).
Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: I can’t read, I can’t sleep, I can’t believe it, easily breathe, live etc.
Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And Smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.
Morphological analysis of the verb includes the identification of four constant features (aspect, reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation) and five unstable ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent verb features can be increased by including features such as verb class and stem type.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) repayment; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) face (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. Syntactic function. Listen carefully, standing in the forest or among an awakened flowering field... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) | Sample morphological analysis of a verb. I. Listen- verb, denotes action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect form; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. |
Verb parsing plan
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form (infinitive). Morphological characteristics: | ||
| A | Constant morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | view(perfect, imperfect); | ||
| 2 | repayment(non-refundable, returnable); | ||
| 3 | transitivity(transitive, intransitive); | ||
| 4 | conjugation; | ||
| B | Variable morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | mood; | ||
| 2 | time(in the indicative mood); | ||
| 3 | number; | ||
| 4 | face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood); | ||
| 5 | genus(in the singular past tense and subjunctive mood). | ||
| III | Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the verb in this sentence). | ||
Verb parsing examples
If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(proverb).
Do you love
- What are you doing?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) non-refundable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
2) present tense;
3) singular;
4) 2nd person.
Ride
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what to do?
- N. f. - ride. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the infinitive form (unchangeable form). - In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.
Love
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what are you doing?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) non-refundable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
1) imperative mood;
2) singular;
3) 2nd person. - In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.
Plowing has begun(Prishvin).
Started
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what did you do?
- N. f. - start. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) perfect form;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
1) indicative mood;
2) past tense;
3) singular;
4) feminine. - It is a predicate in a sentence.
Verb parsing plan
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form (infinitive). Morphological characteristics: | ||
| A | Constant morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | view(perfect, imperfect); | ||
| 2 | repayment(non-refundable, returnable); | ||
| 3 | transitivity(transitive, intransitive); | ||
| 4 | conjugation; | ||
| B | Variable morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | mood; | ||
| 2 | time(in the indicative mood); | ||
| 3 | number; | ||
| 4 | face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood); | ||
| 5 | genus(in the singular past tense and subjunctive mood). | ||
| III | Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the verb in this sentence). | ||
Verb parsing examples
If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(proverb).
Do you love
- What are you doing?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) non-refundable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
2) present tense;
3) singular;
4) 2nd person.
Ride
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what to do?
- N. f. - ride. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the infinitive form (unchangeable form). - In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.
Love
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what are you doing?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) imperfect appearance;
2) non-refundable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
1) imperative mood;
2) singular;
3) 2nd person. - In a sentence it is part of a compound verb predicate.
Plowing has begun(Prishvin).
Started
- Verb; denotes action; answers the question what did you do?
- N. f. - start. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) perfect form;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characteristics. Used in the form:
1) indicative mood;
2) past tense;
3) singular;
4) feminine. - It is a predicate in a sentence.
