Geography presentation on the topic "natural conditions of the Urals". Presentation "Natural features of the Middle Urals" Flora of the Middle Urals
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Natural conditions largely determine the direct impact on the resettlement of people, their lives, occupations, health, and the location of production. Due to its large meridional extent, the Urals are distinguished by contrasting natural conditions. The degree of favorable natural conditions
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Element Hurricane winds Return of frosts Avalanches and landslides The contrasting nature of the Urals contributes to the emergence of various natural disasters on its territory. Fires Severe frosts Stormy floods Drought Exit 1. Happen annually in summer in forests and steppes 2. Happen almost everywhere in winter 3. Spring element on rivers 4. Often in summer in the Southern steppe Urals 5. This element blows roofs and breaks trees 6. Can happen in summer when no one is waiting 7. Possible in the highlands of the Urals Determine natural phenomena in the Urals by prompts: Students are asked to determine what natural phenomena are possible in different regions of the Urals. To do this, alternately click on the hint rectangles. Pictures and clues will open
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exit Resources http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/UralOb.png - map of the Ural Mountains http://www.gazetairkutsk.ru/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/holodno.jpg - photo of severe frost http://foto-runeta.ucoz.ru/_ph/22/113260687.jpg - photo of fire http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGC/StaticFiles/Images/Show/25xx/254x/ 2540_Most_Extreme_Jobs-2_04700300.jpg - avalanche photo http://lib.a-grande.ru/navig/inzer1/in9.jpg - Ural mountain photo http://www.alpclub.ur.ru/alp/uvk/2009/tag /gg.jpg - photo of climbers at the top http://www.photocity.ru/Album147/00006.jpg - photo of Ural Mountain http://www.contreinfo.info/IMG/arton1662.jpg - photo of drought http:// wroom.ru/userimg/forum/1278273100.jpg - photo squally wind http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3006/tatianatr.b/0_2496c_1a045047_XL - photo return of frosts http://zstore.zman.com/ images/2008/03/16/9fd827703845db588e70e4f0e9e6c4fc.jpg - flood photo http://selhozpostavka.com.ua/pic/catalog/catalog_info_3_473.jpg - harvester photo http://geo-ural.narod.ru/IMG_4. JPG - photo mountain river http://www.naftan.by/img2/gallery/15.jpg - photo of the Ural plant http://pregions.od.ua/upload/images/img_1238494807.jpg - photo in the mine http://www.southural. ru/photos/photos/3549.jpg - photo of the meander of the river http://img-2006-12.photosight.ru/01/1794666.jpg - photo of the southern Urals http://www.polarural.narod.ru/ural/ mount/m15.jpg - photo of Cis-Urals http://festival.1september.ru/files/articles/55/5598/559823/f_clip_image002.jpg - photo of Trans-Urals http://img-2003-10.photosight.ru/06/ 316340.jpg - photo northern Ural Atlas Physiography Russia 8th grade. - M .: "AST-Press", 2001
Geographical position The territory of the Urals is located between the great rivers Volga-Kama and Ob-Irtysh. From west to east, the Urals are conditionally divided into three parts. The first part is the Western Urals, or Cis-Urals, Cis-Urals. Here the western foothills of the Ural Mountains gradually pass into the Russian Plain. The second part is the Ural Range, or the Ural Mountains. The Ural Range from north to south is divided into Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern. The third part is the Trans-Urals. The eastern slope of the Ural Range breaks off with a ledge into the West Siberian Lowland.
Relief In the relief of the Urals, two bands of foothills (western and eastern) and a system of mountain ranges located between them, elongated parallel to each other in a submeridional direction, corresponding to the strike of tectonic zones, are clearly distinguished. There may be two or three such ridges, but in some places their number increases, up to six or eight. The ridges are separated from each other by vast depressions along which rivers flow. As a rule, ridges correspond to anticlinal folds composed of older and more durable rocks, while depressions correspond to synclinal ones.
The Ural Mountains are located in the north-west of Russia. They lie between the East European and West Siberian plains. The length of the Ural Range is more than 2000 kilometers, the width is from 40 to 150 km. The highest point of the Urals is Mount Narodnaya (1895 m.). The Ural Mountains were formed in the late Paleozoic during the era of intensive mountain building (Hercynian folding). The formation of the Ural mountain system began in the late Devonian (about 350 million years ago) and ended in the Triassic (about 200 million years ago). In ancient sources, the Ural Mountains are called the Riphean or Hyperborean mountains. Russian pioneers called it Stone, under the name Ural these mountains were first mentioned in Russian sources at the end of the 17th century.
Climate The climate of the Urals is typical mountainous; Precipitation is unevenly distributed not only over the regions, but also within each region. The West Siberian Plain is a territory with severe continental climate; in the meridional direction, its continentality increases much less sharply than on the Russian Plain. Mountain climate Western Siberia less continental than the climate of the West Siberian Plain. Interestingly, within the same zone on the plains of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals natural conditions noticeably different. This is explained by the fact that the Ural Mountains serve as a kind of climatic barrier. To the west of them, more precipitation falls, the climate is more humid and mild; to the east, that is, beyond the Urals, there is less precipitation, the climate is drier, with pronounced continental features. The climate of the Urals is varied. The mountains are stretched for 2000 km in the meridional direction, and the northern part of the Urals is located in the Arctic and receives solar radiation much less than South part Ural, located south of 55 degrees north latitude.
Northern Ural This area is wider and higher than Middle Ural(up to 1600 m). The area is located in mountain zone covered with forests. The climate is more severe. The area is sparsely populated. The Pechoro-Ilychsky and Vishera (the fourth largest in Europe) reserves are located in the Northern Urals. There are a lot of berries and mushrooms in the forests, fish is well caught in the rivers. Tourist routes pass through uninhabited areas in full autonomy.
Central Urals This is the narrowest and lowest (up to 1000 m) part of the Urals. The area is in the zone coniferous forests(spruce, pine, larch). The Middle Urals is densely populated, the transport network and industry are developed, and business tourism is widely developed.
South Ural This is the most wide part Ural. The eastern slopes are characterized by forest-steppe with numerous lakes, the western slopes up to a height of 1200 m are covered with forest, in the southern part - the steppe. In July and August, the clearest and warm weather. Karst phenomena are developed on the western slope. The area is densely populated, with well-developed rail and road communications.
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Nature of the Urals
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Ural
The Urals is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia and is the border between these regions. The stone belt of the Urals and the adjacent elevated plains of the Cis-Urals stretch from the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the north to the semi-desert regions of Kazakhstan in the south: for more than 2500 km they separate the East European and West Siberian plains.
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It is customary to distinguish five regions
Southern Urals Middle Urals Northern Urals Subpolar Urals Polar Urals
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Region boundaries
The Polar Urals is located on the border of Europe and Asia, on the territory belonging to the Komi Republic and the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The conditional border of the parts of the world coincides with the border of the regions and runs mainly along the main watershed of the ridge separating the Pechora (in the west) and Ob (in the east) basins. Part of the runoff of the northern slopes falls directly on the Baidaratskaya Bay of the Arctic Ocean. The prevailing heights of the ranges are 800-1200 meters with individual peaks up to 1500 meters (Mount Payer).
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Polar Ural
The Polar Urals has a very severe, sharply continental climate. Located on the border of the Siberian anticyclone and European cyclonic activity, the region is famous for its cold and at the same time exceptional snowy winters And strong wind. Since wet cyclones usually move towards the mountains from the west, the western slopes usually receive 2-3 times more precipitation than the eastern slopes. In winter, the air temperature can drop to -55 degrees. In clear, frosty weather, sometimes observed temperature inversion when the air temperature in the plains is 5-10 degrees lower than in the mountains. Spring and autumn are short, summer is also short, with unstable weather. Snow in the mountains mostly disappears by the end of June, and already in early September it falls again. Several days of hot weather (up to +30) can suddenly change into a sharp cold snap, accompanied by strong winds, heavy rains and hail.
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Polar Ural
The Sob river valley divides the Polar Urals into two parts, different in their own way. geological structure. To the north, the width of the mountainous region reaches 125 km, at the same time, it is more intensively dissected by transverse valleys with pass heights of 200-250 meters above sea level. The western slope is steeper than the eastern one and descends more sharply to foothill depressions. South of the ridge sharply narrows (up to 25-30 km), the heights of the passes reach 500 m, and individual peaks almost 1500 m (Payer - 1499 m, Lemva-Iz - 1473 m).
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Hydrography
There are many lakes in the Polar Urals, most of which are concentrated in cirque valleys or are of thermokarst origin. As a rule, such lakes have a small area and - due to the shallow occurrence permafrost- small depth. Most large lakes in the northern part of the region - Big and Small Khadata-Yugan-Lor, as well as Big and Small Shchuchye. Big Shchuchye, located in a tectonic basin, has an unprecedented depth of 136 meters for the region.
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Lake Khadata-Yugan-Lor
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Bolshoe Shchuchye is a lake in the Polar Urals in the upper reaches of the Bolshaya Shchuchya River. It is the largest lake in the region in terms of area and depth.
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Since 1997, the Pike lakes, as well as the entire territory adjacent to them, have been assigned to the territory of the Gornokhadytinsky biological reserve.
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In the polar Urals, traces of the descent of the glacier have been preserved
"Lamb foreheads"
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glacial shading
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Often there are snowfields - accumulations of snow below the snow line
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Typical landforms - karts and troughs
car
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Car with a lake
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The highest peak of the Polar Urals is Mount Payer. It is a mountain range consisting of several peaks: Western (South) Payer (1330 m), Payer (1499 m) and Eastern Payer (1217 m).
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The name comes from the Nenets words pe, pay - "stone, rock" and erv - "master". On this occasion, it is worth quoting the words of E. Hoffmann, a researcher of the Ural Mountains: “This mountain, due to its height, received from the Samoyeds the magnificent name Pai-Er “Lord of the Mountains”. Indeed, Payer in this part of the Urals visually stands out among other mountains.
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Payer reaches a height of 1499 meters above sea level
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The mountain is unusual for its plateau-like peak, from which sharp ridges extend to the side. On the slopes there are several glaciers and snowfields that do not have time to melt during the short and cold polar summer.
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Pre-existing animals are introduced and acclimatized in the Polar Urals
musk ox
Buffalo
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The inhabitants of the polar Urals
The vegetation of the Polar Urals is scarce. Taiga forests are found only in the southern part, where they grow: in the Trans-Urals - spruce and larch, in the Cis-Urals - fir and birch. In the valleys of the rivers Synya, Voikar and their tributaries, deadwood is found. Rare birch and deciduous forests can be found in the northern part of the region on the eastern slope along the river valleys. The banks of the rivers of the western slope - Pechora, Kara and their tributaries are overgrown mainly with willow bushes, polar birch, grasses and flowers. Often there are blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, as well as mushrooms. The only relatively common animal of the Polar Urals is the reindeer. Most of the local deer are a domestic form, which is the main wealth of the local population and overgrazing local pastures as a result of excessive breeding and overgrazing. wild reindeer in the Polar Urals today are almost exterminated. Today there are also hares and partridges. A number of brown bears have survived.
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Subpolar Urals
Subpolar Urals - the most elevated part of the Ural Mountains with sharp peaks and ridges
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The border of the Subpolar Urals - Maksimovsky Stone
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Most of the Subpolar Urals - Reserve
National Park "Yugyd va" (in the first place with the Komi " pure water”) was established on April 23, 1994 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 377. It is located in the Northern and Subpolar Urals in the southeast of the Komi Republic. The total area of the park is 1,891,701 ha, including the water area of 21,421 ha. As of 2006, it is the largest national park in Russia. The territory of the park is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests". On South national park Yugyd va borders on the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve
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The northern border of the Yugyd-va Park is the Kozhim River
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Yugyd-va in autumn
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Northern Ural
Northern Ural - part of the Ural Mountains, extends from Kosvinsky Stone and neighboring Konzhakovsky Stone (59 ° N) in the south to the northern slopes of the Telposis massif, or rather, to the banks of the Shchuger River, enveloping it from the north. The Ural Range here runs strictly from south to north in several parallel ridges and ridges with a total width of up to 50-60 km. The relief is mid-mountain, with flat tops - the result of the uplift of ancient leveled mountains and the impact of subsequent glaciations and modern frosty weathering.
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Northern Ural
The Northern Urals is one of the most remote and inaccessible regions of the Urals. Bear Corner - this is the name of one of its peaks. There are almost no north of Ivdel, Vizhay and Ushma settlements and therefore expensive. Impenetrable forests and swamps approach the mountains from the east and west. The climate here is already quite severe. There are many snowfields in the mountains that do not have time to melt over the summer. There are also spots of permafrost, and up to the latitude of Konzhakovsky Stone. And although there are no glaciers in these areas, two small glaciers were found in the Telposiz mountains - the highest massif of the Northern Urals. The Northern Urals is rich in minerals.
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Peaks of the Northern Urals
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Telposiz - the highest mountain range
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On the slopes of Telposiz - the tarn lake of the same name
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The infamous Dyatlov Pass, where nine tourists from the Ural Polytechnic Institute died for unknown reasons in 1959
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Mount Mooningtamp (Stone City)
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Unique monuments of nature - weathering pillars - one of the seven wonders of the world in Russia
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Man-pupu-ner
Weathering pillars (Mansi blockheads) - a geological monument in Russia in the Troitsko-Pechora region of the Komi Republic on the territory of the Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve on Mount Man-Pupu-ner (which in the Mansi language means "Small Mountain of Idols"), in the interfluve of the river. Ichotlyaga and Pechory. Ostantsev 7, height from 30 to 42 m. Numerous legends are associated with it, before the Pillars of Weathering were objects of the Mansi cult.
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The history of the formation of the remnants
About 200 million years ago, there were high mountains in the place of stone pillars. Millennia passed. Rain, snow, wind, frost and heat gradually destroyed the mountains, and first of all the weak rocks. Hard sericite-quartzite shales, of which the remnants are composed, were destroyed less and survived to this day, while soft rocks were destroyed by weathering and carried by water and wind into relief depressions. One pillar, 34 m high, stands somewhat apart from the others; it resembles a huge bottle turned upside down. Six others lined up at the edge of the cliff. The pillars have bizarre outlines and, depending on the place of inspection, either resemble the figure of a huge man, or the head of a horse or a ram. In the past, the Mansi deified the grandiose stone sculptures, worshiped them, but climbing the Manpupuner was the greatest sin.
Ural mountains - mountains medium height(m) The highest point is the city of Narodnaya, 1895 m. The Urals is divided into 5 natural regions by height: Polar Urals - m. Max. height - Mt. Payer - 1472 m Subpolar Urals - m. m Northern Urals - m. Max. height - Telpoziz - 1617 m Middle Urals - m. Max. height - Mt. Kachkanar - 878 m South Urals - m. Max. height - Mt. Yamantau - 1638 m
Relief of the Ural Economic Region Russian Plain West Siberian plain Ural mountains 1. Russian plain: -Verkhnekamskaya upland -Bugulma-Belebeevskaya hill. -Common Syrt 3. West Siberian Plain: -Kondinskaya lowland -Ishimskaya plain 2. Ural Mountains: -Northern Urals -Middle Urals -Southern Urals
Relief of the Ural Economic Region Russian Plain West Siberian Plain Ural Mountains Russian Platform Hercynian folding area West Siberian Platform Minerals occur in the platform cover Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals lie in the platform cover
Resources 1. Mineral: Fuel and energy (oil, gas, peat, coal) Ore (iron rolls, copper-nickel, aluminum), but they are depleted. 2. Hydropower - Kama, Ural, Chusovaya, Sosva and others (there are many rivers, but most of them are the upper reaches of the rivers) 3. Forest resources of the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions 4. Soil resources of Boshkortostan, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions 5. Recreational resources ( mineral water, nature, archaeological sites, etc.)
Climate of Cis-Urals Urals-Zurals Moderate-continental with excessive moisture Altitudinal zone Continental with insufficient moisture 1. Changes from north to south: subarctic temperate-continental with excessive moisture Continental with insufficient moisture 2. Barrier role of mountains CLIMATE
Homework 1.Paragraph 2. Analyze the thematic maps of the atlas on the population of the region (p.10-19). 3. Write out information in a notebook: Features of natural population growth (P, C and Epr). Sex and age composition of the population. Demographic burden of the population. Migration, standard of living of the population Ethnic and religious composition of the population Formulate general conclusions.
The Middle Urals is located in the lowlands of the Ural Mountains. It is bounded by Konzhakovsky Kamen and mountains Yurma and Oslyanka. The Middle Urals are more mastered by man than the North.
The sights of the Middle Urals are not only its geographical features. Tourists come here to visit the granite rocks of Peter Gronsky, old mansions and watchtowers.
The city of Kushva is also interesting to people, because it is the center of mining.
The Middle Urals is the place where the famous writer D.N. Mamin-Siberian.
Flora of the Middle Urals
The Middle Urals is a zone of endless forests. Warmer areas are favorable for forest-steppes.
In the forests, pines, spruces and firs are most often found. And leafy representatives tree species are birch and aspen. The undergrowth of these zones are juniper, raspberry, alder and currant. And in the undergrowth of pine forests, honeysuckle, wolf's bast and currants are often found.
The Middle Urals is located between the Northern, where the taiga reigns, and the Southern, where a large number of plant species.
The Middle Urals is famous folk medicine. Many herbs from these places are used in medicinal purposes, for example, clover, forest balsam, Tibetan lofan, barberry, henbane, wintergreen, cranberry, fragrant chamomile and others.
Many plants are listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals. Some of them are: alpine aster, solar clausia, Ural yaskola, needle-leaved carnation, Permian astragalus, Ural thyme, northern flax, marsh dremlik and many others. Also, fern species are on the verge of extinction - elegant and Asian woodsia and wall-mounted ossicles. Of the mushrooms in the Red Book of the Middle Urals are listed - northern climacodon, felt tinder fungus, odorous haploporus and others.
Fauna of the Middle Urals
The fauna of the Middle Urals consists mainly of species that can live in coniferous forests. For example, wolverine, sable, weasel, chipmunk, hazel grouse and black grouse.
Wooded areas are the habitat of wolves, foxes, ermines and weasels. Less often here you can meet vipers, snakes, viviparous lizards and grass frogs.
Otters, minks and water voles live along the rivers. Here, on lakes and swamps, you can find mallards, geese, pintails and teals. Also, swamps are a habitat for snipes, great snipes, woodcocks and partridges.
In broad-leaved forests, there are much more inhabitants than in taiga. Hedgehogs, forest polecats, badgers, hare - all these animals are the main species representing the fauna of the Middle Urals. Birds include nightingales, orioles, finches, siskins, goldfinches, starlings and rooks. And from amphibians there are non-venomous snakes, toads and newts.
Forest-steppe zones are suitable for life and reproduction of various squirrels, capercaillie and white hares. And in the open steppe spaces there are ground squirrels, jerboas and hamsters. Also, these zones are suitable for the life of many birds - larks, partridges, spotted eagles and saker eagles. The quick lizard is the main representative of the reptiles of the forest-steppe zone.
The taiga of the Middle Urals is suitable for the life of game animals - sable, column and martens. It was in the Urals that these animals formed a kind of symbiosis with each other, this species was called kidus. Also game animals are squirrels, chipmunks, foxes and white hares.
There are practically no large animals in the Middle Urals, they live in northern regions where there are no people. It is very rare to see a moose.
Many animals of these places are included in the Red Book of the Middle Urals. Under special supervision are endangered species: muskrat, common hedgehog, mink, ushlan, pond and water bats. Of the representatives of birds, the black stork is protected.
Climate in the Middle Urals
Spring in the Middle Urals passes very quickly. The duration of this season is about 1-1.5 months. Until the summer, night frosts are kept here, while daily temperature rises slightly above zero.
The summer of the Middle Urals is quite warm, but rainy. Closer to the south, precipitation is less frequent, and the air temperature can warm up to +20 degrees.
Autumn lasts about 2 months, from September to the end of October. It is characterized by heavy precipitation in the form of rain and a decrease in temperature. In November, the first snow falls in the Middle Urals, and winter sets in.
Winter is the longest and coldest season in the Middle Urals. In January average temperature is -15 degrees, and sometimes it drops to -40 degrees. The snow cover falls already at the end of November and lasts until mid-April.
