Flora of the Sea of Azov presentation. Presentation on environmental problems of the Azov Sea
The Sea of Azov is unique natural object. The importance of preserving it in its pure form is obvious. Each of us understands that our sea is a source of both material and spiritual wealth. The main problems of the Azov Sea are its unsatisfactory ecological state, caused by activation economic activity coastal countries. In 2008, Russia and Ukraine exceeded industrial production volumes. Accordingly, the release of pollutants into the sea through wastewater and maritime transport has increased.
The Sea of Azov is the northeastern basin of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the Kerch Strait. This is the shallowest sea in the world, its depth does not exceed 14 meters. Extreme points Sea of Azov lie between 45° and 47° N latitude. and between 33° and 39° east. d. Its longest length is 343 km, its largest width is 231 km; coastline length 1472 km; surface area km². According to its morphological characteristics, it belongs to the flat seas and is a shallow body of water with low coastal slopes. The Sea of Azov is the most continental sea on the planet. In winter, partial or complete freezing is possible. As a rule, ice formation is typical for January, but in cold years it can occur a month earlier. The ichthyofauna of the Azov Sea currently includes 103 species and subspecies of fish.
The rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov are heavily polluted by waste from metallurgical and chemical enterprises, as well as municipal wastewater. The Sea of Azov, which was the most productive in the world, has now practically lost its fishing significance. The main sources of pollution in the Sea of Azov are industrial enterprises and ports of the city of Mariupol. The Azovstal and Azovmash metallurgical plants annually discharge over 800 million m3 and over 850 million m3 of wastewater. In the effluents, the maximum permissible concentration for nitrogen is 2.74 times, iron is 4 times, copper is 2.26 times, and oil products is 2.26 times. The treatment facilities of coastal ports are not working efficiently enough.
Water pollution with oil and petroleum products occurs as a result of maritime cargo transportation and port activities. The largest for last years The city became a disaster when 10 ships were washed ashore in the Kerch Strait due to a storm. 3 thousand tons of fuel oil and about 7 thousand tons of sulfur got into the sea, which led to contamination of the bottom of the Azov Sea, death large quantity fish, dolphins and birds. The concentration of petroleum products in the Sea of Azov exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 10 times. Oil spills impair oxygen exchange between water and air, pesticides poison aquatic organisms. The lack of a sufficient number of adequate port facilities to handle environmentally hazardous cargo leads to significant pollution of marine and port waters.
One of the main causes of environmental problems of the sea is the construction of reservoirs on the main rivers feeding the sea (Don, Kuban), the transformation of these reservoirs into giant industrial settling tanks and the uncontrolled increase in the discharge of pesticides into the sea from adjacent agricultural areas. A particular danger to the Azov Sea ecosystem is posed by agricultural runoff, which contains many toxic chemical substances. Mineral fertilizers - nitrates and phosphates - also have a detrimental effect on ichthyofauna. With the runoff of small rivers, about 12% of undigested nitrogen fertilizers, 13% of phosphorus fertilizers and 6% of pesticides enter the basins of the Azov Sea.
The Sea of Azov is on the verge of an environmental disaster. In my opinion, the main problem is that the modest amounts budgeted for conservation and reproduction activities environment seas are not fully consumed or are used for other purposes. Also, a rather significant problem is the low environmental awareness of CIS citizens, which needs to be increased, and this is the task of the state to the same extent as the task of citizens, because if you don’t start saving the Azov Sea now, which is already on the verge of an environmental disaster, the sea could suffer very sad fate.
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The Sea of Azov is the northeastern side basin of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the Kerch Strait (Cimmerian Bosphorus in ancient times, 4.2 kilometers wide). The Sea of Azov belongs to the seas Atlantic Ocean.
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Location of the Sea of Azov
The extreme points of the Sea of Azov lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ north. latitude and between 33°38′ (Sivash) and 39°18′ east. longitude Its greatest length is 343 kilometers, its greatest width is 231 kilometers; coastline length 1472 kilometers; surface area - 37,605 square kilometers (this area does not include islands and spits, which occupy 107.9 square kilometers).
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According to morphological characteristics, the Sea of Azov is classified as a flat sea and is a shallow body of water with low coastal slopes. The greatest depth does not exceed 14 meters, and the average depth is about 8 meters. At the same time, depths of up to 5 meters occupy more than half of the volume of the Sea of Azov. Its volume is also small and equal to 320 cubic meters. For comparison, let’s say that the Aral Sea is almost 2 times larger in area than the Sea of Azov. The Black Sea is almost 11 times larger in area than the Azov Sea, and 1678 times larger in volume. And yet the Sea of Azov is not so small; it could easily accommodate two European states such as the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its greatest length is 380 kilometers, and its greatest width is 200 kilometers. The total length of the sea coastline is 2686 kilometers. The underwater relief of the Sea of Azov is very simple, the depths generally increase slowly and smoothly with distance from the coast, and the greatest depths are in the center of the sea. Its bottom is almost flat. The Sea of Azov forms several bays, of which the largest are Taganrog, Temryuk and the strongly isolated Sivash, which is more correctly considered an estuary. There are no large islands in the Sea of Azov. There are a number of shallows, partially filled with water and located near the shores. Such are, for example, the islands of Biryuchiy, Turtle and others.
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Biryuchiy Island
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Bathymetry of the Azov Sea
The underwater relief of the Azov Sea is relatively simple. As you move away from the coast, the depths slowly and smoothly increase, reaching 14.4 meters in the central part of the sea. The main area of the Azov Sea bottom is characterized by a depth of 5-13 meters. The area of greatest depth is in the center of the sea. The location of the isobaths, close to symmetrical, is disrupted by their slight elongation in the northeast towards the Taganrog Bay. An isobath of 5 meters is located approximately 2 kilometers from the coast, moving away from it near the Taganrog Bay and in the bay itself near the mouth of the Don. In the Taganrog Bay, the depths increase from the mouth of the Don (2-3 meters) towards the open part of the sea, reaching 8-9 meters at the border of the bay with the sea.
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The bottom topography of the Sea of Azov shows systems of underwater elevations stretched along the eastern (Zhelezinskaya Bank) and western (Morskaya and Arabatskaya Banks) coasts, the depths above which decrease from 8-9 to 3-5 meters. The underwater coastal slope of the northern coast is characterized by wide shallow water (20-30 kilometers) with depths of 6-7 meters, while the southern coast is characterized by a steep underwater slope to depths of 11-12 meters. The drainage area of the Azov Sea Basin is 586,000 square kilometers. Sea shores mostly flat and sandy, only on south coast There are hills of volcanic origin, which in some places turn into steep advanced mountains. Sea currents are dependent on the very strong north-eastern and south-western winds blowing here and therefore change direction very often. The main current is a circular current along the shores of the Sea of Azov in a counterclockwise direction.
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Geographical Features of the Sea of Azov Major or geographical features of particular interest are listed in clockwise order along the coast of the Sea of Azov, starting from the Kerch Strait. Bays and estuaries of the Azov Sea: Ukraine: - in the southwest: Kazantip Bay, Arabat Bay; - in the west: Sivash Bay; - in the north-west: Utlyuk Estuary, Molochny Estuary, Obitochny Bay, Berdyansk Bay; Russia: - in the northeast: Taganrog Bay, Miussky Estuary, Yeisk Estuary; - in the east: Yasensky Bay, Beysugsky Estuary, Akhtarsky Estuary; - in the southeast: Temryuk Bay. Spit and capes of the Sea of Azov: Ukraine: - in the southwest: Cape Khroni, Cape Zyuk, Cape Chagany and Cape Kazantip (Kazantip Bay); - in the west: Arabat Strelka spit (Sivash Bay); - in the north-west: Fedotova Spit and Biryuchy Island Spit (Utlyuksky Estuary), Obitochnaya Spit (Obitochnaya Bay), Berdyansk Spit (Berdyansk Bay); - in the northeast: Belosarayskaya spit, Krivaya spit; - in the Kerch Strait: Tuzla Spit. Russia: - in the northeast: Beglitskaya spit; - in the east: Cape Chumbursky, Glafirovskaya Spit, Dolgaya Spit, Kamyshevatskaya Spit, Yasenskaya Spit (Beisugsky Estuary), Achuevskaya Spit (Akhtarsky Estuary); - in the southeast: Cape Achuevsky and Cape Kamenny (Temryuk Bay). - in the Kerch Strait: Chushka Spit. Rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov: Ukraine: - in the north-west: Maly Utlyuk, Molochnaya, Korsak, Lozovatka, Obitochnaya, Berda, Kalmius, Gruzsky Elanchik; Russia: - in the northeast: Mokry Elanchik, Mius, Sambek, Don, Kagalnik, Mokraya Chuburka, Eya; -in the southeast: Protoka, Kuban.
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Salinity
Phytoplankton and benthos are developed. Phytoplankton consists (in%) of: diatoms - 55, peridinia - 41.2, and blue-green algae - 2.2. Among the benthos biomass, mollusks occupy a dominant position. Their skeletal remains, represented by calcium carbonate, have a significant share in the formation of modern bottom sediments and accumulative surface bodies. The hydrochemical features of the Sea of Azov are formed primarily under the influence of the abundant influx of river water (up to 12% of the water volume) and difficult water exchange with the Black Sea. The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. Its value on the surface varied from 1 ppm at the mouth of the Don to 10.5 ppm in the central part of the sea and 11.5 ppm near the Kerch Strait. After the creation of the Tsimlyansky hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity rarely reach 1-2 percent. The water contains very little salt in the northern part of the Azov Sea. For this reason, the sea freezes easily, and therefore, before the advent of icebreakers, it was unnavigable from December to mid-April. South part The sea does not freeze and remains at a moderate temperature. During the 20th century, almost all more or less large rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov were blocked by dams to create reservoirs. This has led to a significant reduction in the discharge of fresh water and silt into the sea
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Fauna
The ichthyofauna of the Azov Sea currently includes 103 species and subspecies of fish belonging to 76 genera, and is represented by anadromous, semi-anadromous, marine and freshwater species. Migratory fish species feed in the sea until sexual maturity, and enter the river only to spawn. The breeding period in rivers and or on borrowed land usually does not exceed 1-2 months. Among the Azov migratory fish there are the most valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, vimba and shemaya. Semi-anadromous species come from the sea to rivers to reproduce. However, they can stay in rivers for a longer time than migratory ones (up to a year). As for the juveniles, they migrate from spawning grounds very slowly and often remain in the river for the winter. Semi-anadromous fish include mass species, such as pike perch, bream, ram, sabrefish and some others. Marine species breed and feed in salty waters. Among them, species that permanently live in the Sea of Azov stand out. These are pilengas, flounder, glossa, sprat, perkarina, three-spined gnat, needle fish and all types of gobies. And finally there is large group sea fish, entering the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea, including making regular migrations. These include: Azov anchovy, Black Sea anchovy, Black Sea herring, mullet, singil, sharpnose, mullet, Black Sea Kalkan, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc. Freshwater species usually constantly live in one area of the reservoir and do not make large migrations. These species usually inhabit desalinated sea areas. Here you can find fish such as sterlet, silver carp, pike, ide, bleak, etc. The Sea of Azov has no equal in the world in terms of the number of plant and animal organisms. The Azov Sea is 6.5 times more productive than the Caspian Sea, 40 times more productive than the Black Sea, and 160 times more productive than the Sea of Azov. Mediterranean Sea. But it is 10 times smaller in size than Black.
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Economy in the 19th century The Sea of Azov was very important for Russia XIX centuries due, on the one hand, to the abundance of fish, and on the other, to the ever-increasing trade turnover across the sea. The average annual number of ships entering the harbors of the Sea of Azov in 1866-1871 was 2,662. with a total tonnage of 362,951 tons. More than half of them were in Taganrog, 558 in Berdyansk, 296 in Kerch, 263 in Mariupol. 6807 coastal boats arrived at sea, 6832 left. At this time, the Russian merchant fleet of the Sea of Azov consisted of 1210 ships with a total tonnage of 40658. Trade on the Sea of Azov began to develop more actively in connection with the construction of railway transport routes: Taganrog with two railways (to Kharkov and Voronezh) was connected to the rest of the Russian Empire; railway from Kalach to Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) - direct communication between the Don and Volga was achieved; a railway line was built from Berdyansk to Chaplino station (1899). In addition to Rostov-on-Don, located above the Don delta, the parish harbors were Taganrog, Mariupol and Berdyansk
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Holidays on the Sea of Azov attract not only the opportunity to improve your well-being, but also to admire the amazing, unique beauty of this protected area Krasnodar region. Azov coast not so abundant in a variety of landscapes, unlike the Black Sea. But the smooth curves of the coastline, sand spits extending far into the sea, round green hills, floodplains overgrown with reeds have their own special charm.
Ecological situation in the SEA OF AZOV Prepared by a biology teacher at the Rybinsk School of the 1st and 3rd stages of the Volnovakha district of the Donetsk region Nekrasova Angela Viktorovna The Sea of Azov: yesterday, today, tomorrow. General information Area 38 t.km2 Maximum depth 14 m. Average depth 8 m. Average water volume 320 km3 Water salinity 2-11‰. In summer, the water column warms up to 26–280 C, in winter the sea freezes. First map of the Sea of Azov Large rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov The largest rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov are the Kuban and Don. The Kuban River carries 12 billion cubic meters into the Sea of Azov annually. meters of water. Atmospheric precipitation over the Sea of Azov falls about 15.5 cubic meters. km annually. 66 cubic meters goes through the Kerch Strait into the Black Sea. km and comes to 41 cubic meters. km of water. Since the influx of fresh water prevails over its consumption, the salinity in the Sea of Azov is low. A characteristic feature of the Sea of Azov is the presence of large amounts of ammonia. Average annual temperature water in the Sea of Azov is +12 degrees. In summer, the water temperature can reach +30 degrees. In winter, the sea is covered with ice. Flow of the Don and Kuban rivers (cubic km) in the Sea of Azov for the period from 1930 to 1990. Rivers Don Norma eats. flow 28.9 1930 1940 27.1 1941 1950 27.5 1951 1960 24.2 1961 1970 24.9 1971 1980 22.8 1981 1990 21.1 Kuban 13.4 13.2 12.4 12.2 11 ,2 9.0 8.0 Increase in sea salinity ECOLOGICAL DISASTER Industrial pollution Oil pollution As a result of shipwrecks, about 6.8 thousand tons of sulfur and about 1.3 thousand tons of fuel oil got into the water. The length of the spot along the coast is 12 km. Sea of Azov 2007 Consequences of the Kerch disaster Consequences of the Kerch disaster Resources of the Sea of Azov 1. Biological resources 2. Cheap transport routes 3. Resorts and health resorts Reasons for the high productivity of the Sea of Azov 1. Shallow waters of the sea 2. Good heating and illumination of the entire water column 3. Excellent mixing and saturation of water with oxygen The main commercial species are sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), pike perch, bream, carp, ram, and herring pike perch beluga sturgeon anchovies herring bream Problem of the Sea of Azov - decline in sea productivity Catch of Azov fish thousand tons years / Fish species Pike perch Bream Taran Herring 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 38.9 24.9 17.2 12.5 4.5 0.9 1.5 1.1 16.3 13.5 13.4 2, 7 3.4 0.9 3.0 1.2 3.0 2.6 7.5 6.0 1.6 0.9 2.1 0.2 7.7 4.7 1.7 0.6 1 .0 0.2 0.07 0.1 Sturgeon 2.1 3.2 2.3 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.0 Reasons for the decline in productivity of the Sea of Azov 1. Reduced flow of the Don and Kuban rivers in as a result of the construction of reservoirs 2. Biological pollution 3. Industrial pollution 4. Agricultural pollution 5. Oil pollution 6. Increase in sea salinity THUS, we can conclude that effective environmental protection measures are needed at industrial enterprises of Mariupol; beach improvement; cleaning large and small rivers (flowing into our sea); it is necessary to strengthen environmental control over shipping and port activities, reduce the volume of transportation of dangerous goods on ships, and achieve the construction and modernization of treatment facilities in ports; stopping the discharge of untreated wastewater into the sea, estuaries and rivers, separating domestic and industrial wastewater, and water exchange, sewerage of wastewater and ensuring its purification before release into the sea; fines for the discharge of untreated wastewater from industrial enterprises; in coastal regions, refusal to grow crops that require the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; significant expansion of protected areas and water areas to preserve the genois of the eco-fund; restoration of migration routes and fish spawning grounds; tightening legislation on the management and protection of the coastal zone, constant monitoring of the condition marine environment coastal areas and the sea. Seashore Come to your senses, man! Come to your senses, tremble, man. Your life on earth is short. But what will we leave behind? And how will we glorify ourselves here? THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!
“Inhabitants of the Sea” - Various fish. Lobster. White bears. Haddock. Gaga. Examination homework. Guillemot. sea turtles. Mussels. Whales. Electric Stingray. There are “multi-story” plants. The most famous solvent. Lemming, arctic fox, deer, lynx –. Lichen, wormwood, cotton grass, cloudberry -. The roots penetrate deep into the soil.
“Sea of Azov” - What is the name of the strait connecting the Black and Azov Seas? War 1686-1700 2. Hydrogen sulfide. Which side of the Krasnodar Territory is washed by the Sea of Azov? Body length up to 4-5 m, weight up to 1 ton or more (usually much less). Who leaves the coastal part of the sea 11-12 hours before the start of the storm. Where did the Black Sea oyster go?
“Seas in Russia” - Sakhalin. Japanese Sea. The wind raged in the sea, turning the waves into a shaft. Caspian Sea. Severnaya Zemlya. Ox + on = wave. Sea of Azov. Which sea in the north of Russia was previously called Murmansk or Russian? The confluence of large rivers that desalinate water. Where do the surf of the Baltic Sea wash you from? The first syllable walks in the yoke, The second, of course, is a preposition.
“Fauna of the Urals” - Otters and beavers are found along the river valleys. Wild horses, saigas, bustards, and little bustards have disappeared. Fauna of the Urals. But rodents (hamsters, field mice). A couple of centuries ago animal world was richer than now. Herds of deer migrated deeper into the tundra. They are home to ungulates (elk, deer, roe deer, etc.) as well as birds of various species.
“The State of the Aral Sea” - The former coastal cities were struck by an economic crisis. Progress of the study. Remote sensing of the sea area. Relevance. Definition of southern borders. Tasks. Nurzhanov. Where are the schools of silver fish? Research results. Degradation of the Aral Sea. Only Adyrpan, and the lonely wind, and the groaning yellow sands.
“Seas and lakes of Russia” - Large lakes - Ladoga and Onega. There are over 2 million lakes in Russia. There are more than 2 million rivers in our country. Baltic Sea Black Sea. Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Laptev Sea. Seas of the Atlantic Ocean. And the deepest lake in the world is Lake Baikal. Seas of the Arctic Ocean.
