Automatic fire extinguishing of the solid waste sorting workshop. Waste sorting complex: equipment for sorting and processing household waste

In Russia there are 11 thousand landfills and landfills, 4 waste incineration plants, 5 waste processing plants and 39 waste sorting complexes (2011 data), however, the system of primary waste sorting by the population practically does not work. Therefore, automated sorting of solid waste is a necessary stage, which can be used at different stages of complex waste processing, including, in addition to sorting, heat treatment and fermentation, and ensures low final waste of production as a whole. Possible options for organizing integrated processing of solid waste were presented earlier (see Fig. 7.9).

Foreign and domestic experience in processing solid waste shows that today there is no and cannot exist a single universal method or scheme that simultaneously meets all economic (cost level), technological (requirements for raw materials, processes and products) and environmental (compliance with standards) requirements. Complex processing represents a certain combination of methods, a certain technological “puzzle”, built in accordance with the final goal of recycling, which in turn is determined in accordance with the concept of waste management at the regional level. Each method of sorting, neutralization or disposal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and using a combination of methods allows you to minimize these disadvantages.

Thus, the main goal of complex sorting is the maximum extraction of waste components, however, due to the removal of ballast fractions, the efficiency of fermentation increases and the quality of compost improves, the calorific value of the burned combustible fraction increases, the clogging of furnace grates is reduced, etc. The number of stages at which sorting operations are used, the number and sequence of operations, and their hardware design depend on the moisture content of the waste, the morphological and granulometric composition, the speed and physical and chemical laws of the process.

As an example, we can consider the technological scheme for processing solid waste used in Sweden. The purpose of processing is to separate the feedstock into three main streams:

  • flammable fractions (paper, wood, textiles, film, etc.);
  • compostable material (food waste, wet paper and sewage sludge);
  • black scrap metal.

At the first stage, solid waste is crushed, subjected to magnetic separation and sorted in a cylindrical screen. The lower, softer and looser organic fraction is mixed with sewage sludge and subjected to aerobic fermentation - open composting, after which glass and other heavy ballast fractions - stones, rubber, dense plastic - are removed from the compost by secondary screening (screening).

The upper, harder combustible fraction is subjected to secondary magnetic separation, drying and briquetting (pressing).

As a result of such processing, according to a simplified scheme, 2.4% of ferrous metal scrap, 26.3% of fuel and 71.3% of fractions for composting are obtained.

Domestic experience in designing complex schemes for processing solid waste can be traced using the example of a basic technological scheme for sorting solid waste with subsequent combustion, implemented at plant No. 4, located in the Rudnevo industrial zone in Moscow (Fig. 7.18). The scheme is a set of sequential screening, magnetic and electrodynamic separation operations aimed at extracting scrap ferrous and non-ferrous metals (aluminium). However, this scheme does not involve the stage of preliminary preparation of the waste stream, which reduces the efficiency of metal extraction, and the separation of fractions according to the 250 mm size class does not ensure the separation of the main components (Fig. 7.17 shows the classification by size, depending on where the fraction is collected: from above (+) or bottom (-) of the screen). An integrated technology for processing and sorting waste must take into account the composition and properties of the feedstock and be based on the experience of world practice. Distinctive feature waste from the residential sector is a certain class of component size, varying in a narrow range of 150-200 mm, since it is in this class that about 80% of ferrous metal, about 80% of tin-plated containers, more than 95% of aluminum scrap, more than 60% of paper (of the total content) are concentrated these components in solid waste) [19]. Thus, the enrichment of solid waste should be aimed at separating the components included in this size class, with the preliminary separation of the lump components.

In addition, when using this processing scheme, the problem of preparing solid waste for thermal processing is not solved, since all ballast fractions, including hazardous components (97-98% of the original amount), are sent for combustion. As a result, per 3 tons of incinerated waste, 1 ton of highly toxic ash is formed, containing dioxins in concentrated form, heavy metals and other toxic components. Such solid residue cannot be disposed of and must be disposed of in landfills. hazardous waste.

An example of the most successful integrated solution to the problem of processing solid waste can be a modern technological scheme of a multi-resource industrial complex (MPC) (Fig. 7.18; numbers in circles - node number in general scheme; in accordance with the requirements for low-waste technological processes, the number of technological units of the process should be the minimum possible), developed by Energopromsystems LLC (Ukraine) and passed model tests, which involves the processing of organic raw materials by the method of destructive thermochemical conversion - high-temperature pyrolysis (12() ()-Н300°С) (see subparagraph 4.3.4).

When processed in a gas generator, any organic components of waste are converted into flammable gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane (with a calorific value of 1000-

1350 kcal/nm 3), and liquid pyrolysis resin - “synthetic oil”, from which gasoline and diesel fuel fractions can be isolated. The solid ash residue formed as a result of processing practically does not contain “dusting” harmful components, such as heavy metals, since the glass contained in the crushed mass subjected to pyrolysis high temperatures vitrifies the mineral components of waste. During pyrolysis processing, practically no super-toxic gas emissions of dioxins, characteristic of waste incineration plants, are formed, since plastic and film, which are the main sources of these emissions, undergo thermochemical destruction under the redox conditions of pyrolysis.

Rice. 7.17.

Garbage in the modern world often finds reuse. Ballpoint pens, toilet paper, aluminum cans, glass wool is far from full list products that can be obtained by processing recyclable materials. The idea of ​​doing business with waste came to us from the USA; back in the 17th century, the first plant engaged in the industrial processing of paper waste appeared near Philadelphia.

In Russia this direction entrepreneurial activity is just beginning to develop. Despite the fact that, according to Eurostat, today we have an insignificant share of municipal waste processed into materials - only 7% of total volume, the rest goes to burial, in last years There has been a positive trend in the field of recycling. Many large manufacturing companies are showing interest in reuse materials made of plastic, paper, glass and metal. This circumstance, as well as low competition in the field and the availability of sources of raw materials, promise good opportunities for its successful development. In this article we will talk about one way to turn waste into income.

Opening of a waste sorting workshop: project description

Formation of solids household waste(MSW) in significant quantities (about 40 million tons per year), the emergence of spontaneous unauthorized landfills, the absence of centralized state recycling systems - all this served as objective prerequisites for the authorities to create favorable conditions for the operation of private waste sorting and processing plants.

These projects are considered socially significant and are actively supported by regional and local authorities. In some regions, tax benefits are applied to such enterprises, preferential loan systems are in place, and their founders receive .

If we consider the entire technological chain of recycling production, from the collection of solid waste to the distribution of finished materials, then waste sorting as a business seems to be one of the most interesting and profitable options. The reason is that not just one, but all existing groups of recyclable materials enter the conveyor at once, and the opportunities for earning money are not limited to a narrow direction.

The process itself is a selection of useful fractions (materials suitable for processing) from the total mass of solid waste. The following types of material resources are formed at the output:

  • waste paper;
  • glass;
  • ferrous and non-ferrous metal;
  • film;
  • plastic bottles;
  • other plastic.

All this can either be realized profitably (for example, 1 ton of PET bottles, sorted by color, costs an average of 3,000 rubles, 1 ton of waste paper - about 1,000 rubles), or put into your own, if you plan to do not only sorting.

The lion's share of the costs when organizing such a business falls on the purchase of equipment. Most of the operating expenses are spent on labor and transportation costs. Next, we will consider the stages of creating a waste sorting workshop and try to calculate how much money will be needed to start it up.

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Workshop location and premises requirements

The first thing to do is decide on the territory. It is advisable to locate such enterprises in close proximity to sources of raw materials, that is, to landfills. Another option is placement in an industrial zone or on the outskirts of the city.

When choosing a room for a workshop, it is important to take into account the fact that you will need a large storage facility for storing and temporarily storing solid waste. The Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, as well as separate sanitary control documents, establishes a number of requirements for such places. So, if waste is stored in bulk in an open area, then its surface must be protected from exposure atmospheric precipitation. The surface of the site must have a chemically resistant coating, for example, asphalt or expanded clay concrete.

The recommended floor area for a waste sorting mini-plant is from 500 square meters. m with a division into a production zone and a warehouse zone. Convenient access roads are a must. The building must have proper electrical wiring, and the finishing of walls, floors and ceilings must comply with sanitary legislation. In order to properly prepare the premises for work, it is worth contacting Rospotrebnadzor for clarification.

Paperwork

The next stage is obtaining a business registration certificate from the tax service. It is preferable to apply immediately entity(more opportunities for further development).

A mandatory step is obtaining a license for waste treatment activities. Rosprirodnadzor issues permits. To become a license holder you will need:

  • prepare documentation for existing buildings, structures, equipment;
  • conduct professional training for employees and obtain permission to work (in the form of certificates);
  • obtain a positive sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of the waste sorting plant building with the established sanitary standards from Rospotrebnadzor;
  • pay a state fee in the amount of 7,500 rubles;
  • fill out an application for a license and contact the licensing authority.

The permit is issued for a period of 5 years. Once you receive it, you can start the project.

Technical equipment

So, we have come to one of the most important stages - the acquisition of a waste sorting line. A standard line consists of a loading hopper, a conveyor belt, a drum separator, a control system, storage tanks for non-recyclable waste and sorting compartments. Some manufacturers offer a magnetic separator, bag breaker, lighting and heating of sorter posts as options.

Waste sorting equipment has a number of characteristics that are important to consider when choosing:

  • belt speed;
  • side height;
  • power consumption;
  • number of posts and distances between them;
  • number of containers for recyclables, etc.

The cost of a finished line, depending on the configuration and productivity, can range from 1,800,000 (approximately 20,000 tons per year) to 3,000,000 rubles. (up to 100,000 tons per year).

In addition to the sorting plant, you will need storage and handling equipment (container truck or forklift). It is also advisable to purchase a hydraulic baling press for further processing of certain types of secondary raw materials (waste paper, PET, aluminum cans) and a press for unused (non-recyclable) waste fractions.

In total, it will take at least 2,500,000 rubles to launch a small sorting complex. excluding the purchase of garbage trucks.

Wage-earners

Despite the fact that some foreign manufacturers today offer automatic sorting equipment (using an optical scanner) - as shown Russian practice, the most effective solution to the problem of solid waste separation can only be combined complexes that involve the use of manual labor.

To ensure smooth operation of all sections, you will need from 6 to 10 sorters, 2-3 loaders, an operator, 2-3 garbage truck drivers and a container truck driver.

Profitability of a waste business

Calculation of start-up and operating costs, as well as a forecast of income, will help us find out what the possible net profit from maintaining a waste sorting station is.

Approximate estimate of the main costs of opening (all amounts are indicated in rubles):

  • purchase of equipment – ​​from 2,500,000;
  • transportation, installation and commissioning – about 50,000;
  • arrangement of production buildings and storage warehouses - from 100,000;
  • purchase of special equipment – ​​from 1,000,000;
  • registration of a company and obtaining a license – from 15,000;
  • organizational expenses – from 30,000.

In total, according to the most conservative estimates, about 3,700,000 rubles will be required. This does not take into account the costs of purchasing production buildings and transfer stations, since sometimes it is more expedient not to purchase them, but to rent them.

Average monthly expenses (in rubles):

  • rental payments – from 80,000;
  • equipment maintenance – from 10,000;
  • transportation costs – from 100,000;
  • wages – from 250,000;
  • utility bills - about 25,000;
  • taxes and contributions – from 100,000.

The total amount is 565,000 rubles.

That is, by sorting an average of 1,600 tons of solid waste per month, it is possible to sell approximately 560 tons of waste paper, 48 tons of plastic, 128 tons of glass and 64 tons of metal. Taking into account the average prices for recyclable materials (each region will have its own), the possible income will be about 800,000, and the net profit will be approximately 235,000 rubles. Under such conditions initial investment will pay off quite quickly - in just a couple of years.

As strange as it may sound, the development of civilization is having an increasingly difficult impact on the ordinary existence of a person. It would seem that a small thing like the emergence of new types of packaging for goods automatically increases the amount of garbage in landfills. The problem of solid waste disposal has grown into one of the most important problems of modern civilization. Huge quantities of garbage accumulate in landfills, are buried, and burned. But a significant part of the garbage can be recycled and make money from it.

Every year, about 400 million tons of new waste are generated around the world. The growth rate of landfills is ahead of any forecasts and even outpaces population growth, for example, the planet’s population increases by 1.5–2% per year, and the volume of landfills by 6% per year. Each city resident throws about 400 kg of waste into a landfill during the year.

We never thought about the fact that many items in our everyday life were already garbage in the past. Take a closer look, plastic or cardboard packaging, all kinds of containers, basins, boxes, buckets, toys, clothes, books, magazines... this list can be continued for a very long time. Polyester fiber, aluminum alloys - all this is also extracted from ordinary household waste. IN developed countries the percentage of use of recycled resources extracted from garbage is quite high, for example: in Japan, more than 65% of literature is printed on recycled paper.

The structure of municipal solid waste has changed significantly over the past decades. If at the beginning of the last century garbage dumps cities consisted mainly of food residues, now in the first place are components such as paper, glass, metals, polymers, rubber, inert and building materials. It is especially difficult to dispose of unsorted waste, which in Russian conditions is the absolute majority. Today, humanity uses three ways to dispose of waste: landfilling, incineration and composting. Moreover, landfilling is the simplest and most common type of waste management. But in addition to territorial problems associated with the “conquest” of more and more new lands, such landfills drag behind them a whole train of related problems. Long periods of natural decomposition of waste in natural environment- one of them, for example, paper takes up to 10 years to decompose, a tin can takes more than 90 years, plastic takes up to 500 years. And rubber products and glass bottles in the usual way and are not disposed of at all. The next problem is ecology, hence air, soil and groundwater, as well as a high epidemiological danger. Well, the third problem is that the overwhelming number of existing landfills will be filled in the coming years if the current practice of dumping waste continues. This means that other waste disposal technologies are needed, related not to their disposal, but to their recycling.

Sorting equipment

It is precisely this method of waste processing that includes the sorting of solid household waste, which has long been common in Europe and America. The main goal of complex sorting is the maximum extraction of components suitable for recycling from the entire mass of solid waste. recycling. The main types of such secondary raw materials include waste paper, rubber products, plastics and polymers, glass containers, wood waste, non-ferrous and ferrous metals. In the structure of the garbage flow, the most common type of urban waste is paper and cardboard - up to 35% of the total mass, then plastic - up to 15%, then textiles - up to 11%, glass - up to 8% and metal - up to 4%, the rest is organic matter. . And only 6% of household waste cannot be useful.

The sorting equipment offered today can be divided into several types: with automatic or manual sorting of waste, in stationary or mobile design, on a road or even on a railway. Various options for waste sorting complexes are offered by both European and Russian companies. The “stuffing” is approximately the same for all: a platform for the passage of special vehicles, a checkpoint, a weighing platform, an overpass for vehicles for unloading solid waste, the main production building, warehouses for storing secondary raw materials, areas for accessing and loading road trains with recyclable materials.

The “mechanics” of the main actions are also practically the same: garbage is brought in by garbage trucks, weighed and checked for radiation, then goes to the receiving department, where, after removing large parts, the waste is disposed of small items. After this, small fractions of waste are conveyed through conveyors into self-unloading storage bins. At the next stage, most of the food waste, leaves, organic matter, small glass vials, glass fragments, metal and plastic bottle caps, small waste paper, and batteries are eliminated. Next, a range of large items are sifted, such as plastic bottles, aluminum cans, gas cartridges, 0.33 l and 0.5 l bottles, packaging from food products, lump food waste, wood waste, medicine boxes, disposable tableware, tubes of household chemicals, kitchen utensils, etc.

The waste cleaned in this way is fed to a belt conveyor, the drive drum of which is made of magnetic material and serves as a metal separator, and then to the sorting table conveyor located in the sorting cabin. Passing through the sorting table, items that have previously undergone shaking and metal selection are subjected to manual or automatic sorting to extract useful recyclables. Items arriving at the sorting table are approximately equal in size, which allows them to be removed with maximum productivity. Selected useful secondary materials are sent to their pre-storage departments (storage chambers). The percentage of recyclables removed on preliminary and final sorting conveyors can reach 85–95%. After compaction, the non-recyclable part of solid waste is transported to a landfill for subsequent disposal.

Industry personalities

Stationary waste sorting complexes are the largest group of equipment offered. This is understandable - the construction of such a facility covers the need for waste treatment, for example, of an entire city. Company Husmann Rus LLC, being the official representative of the company Husmann on the territory of Russia, offers equipment with a capacity of 5,000 to 500,000 tons of solid waste per year. Sorting lines of this brand are usually used when the sorting site is located at a significant distance from the landfill at a distance of 20 km or more. A distinctive feature of this manufacturer is the use of special transfer presses of a series of different capacities, which effectively compress unused waste fractions, thereby reducing the area of ​​waste disposal at landfills, which in turn reduces the cost of transporting waste to the place of their disposal, and also significantly extends the life of the landfill . Stationary presses for “tailings” (non-recyclable waste) can be equipped with storage containers of various sizes and automatic systems for moving containers. Sorting lines predominantly use conveyor loading from a reloading press.

Waste sorting complexes based on presses MP Husmann preserve the environment and profitably solve the problem of waste disposal. All equipment is made of high-quality steel, suitable for use in aggressive environments and thought out to the smallest detail, from ease of use, when the installation can be operated by only one person, to convenience service with accessibility and easy replacement of all technological components. The quality of the equipment is also evidenced by the fact that a significant part of all sorting lines produced by other companies are equipped with presses manufactured by Husmann.

GC "Ecomtech" also produces and sells complexes for sorting solid waste. When developing equipment, the company relies on both traditional and innovative design solutions. Among the proposed solutions are waste sorting complexes with a capacity of 80,000 to 160,000 tons of solid waste per year. The customer has a choice; for example, it is possible to equip the sorting line with a magnetic separator for separating tin cans, large metal and a rotary separator for screening out small metal fractions up to 80 mm in size. Bulky waste is separated at the receiving site and fed into the shredder. A high-performance automatic horizontal press is installed to remove non-valuable waste. In addition to standard solutions, we additionally offer transfer stations for manual sorting of solid waste with a single feeding and sorting conveyor with variable speed, which replaces two separate conveyors: feeding and sorting. For sorting and packaging cardboard, paper, PET, etc., recycling pressing lines are produced. The complex is also available for order in a version with automatic sorting. Ecomtech Group of Companies is also ready to offer its customers waste sorting complexes with the ability to produce RDF fuel.

CJSC "EcoNatsProject", subsidiary CJSC "Kominvest-AKMT", is a developer and supplier of waste management equipment, successfully implementing projects for the construction of turnkey waste sorting complexes with a capacity of 40,000 to 400,000 tons/year and above. Typically, the waste sorting complex includes a shredder for preliminary grinding of large pieces of waste, a screen for dividing the waste stream into several fractions by size, a sorting platform with manual or automatic selection of recyclable materials from the waste stream. A magnetic separator for separating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals, conveyors and presses for pressing selected valuable fractions or screening fractions for storage and transportation are also installed. Plus, the company offers packaging machines for the safe long-term storage of waste or packaging of recovered recyclables, as well as for packaging RDF fuel.

It is gratifying that the Kominvest-AKMT company itself is actively developing the direction of waste processing, offering its customers equipment for sorting it, as well as related products. To meet the technological needs of waste processing facilities, the company offers conveyors, shredders, separators, screens and all kinds of presses. Being an official dealer Doppstadt, the company supplies high-quality equipment for waste processing from a German manufacturer. The product range includes stationary and mobile waste shredders, all kinds of crushers for shredding waste, drum or disk screens and screw extruders for separating liquid and solid fractions of biodegradable waste.

Under the brand name PRESSMAX We produce various types of pressing equipment for recycling waste: cardboard, paper, metal shavings, PET, aluminum bottles, film, textile waste and other municipal solid waste. Waste sorting lines are produced with a capacity from 50,000 to 200,000 tons/year. Standard waste sorting stations consist of several conveyors and are manufactured exclusively using imported components: INNOVARI gearboxes, ESQ frequency drives, Craft bearings. Options include a press for waste paper, cardboard, polyethylene, PET bottles or a press for pressing metal shavings, aluminum and tin cans, metal scraps, metal barrels and other metal waste, as well as a press for metal, plastic, paper and other waste, and also "tails". The proposed solutions from PRESSMAX for waste sorting complexes cover the needs of cities with a population of up to 1,000,000 people.

Mobile complexes for sorting solid household waste are necessary when they require frequent movement from place to place. The benefit is obvious: the mobility of the equipment allows you to quickly move it from place to place without expensive dismantling and sort waste directly at the landfill before disposal, thereby reducing transport costs to zero.

JSC "Tiskond" offers company equipment Hammel(Germany). The productivity of the lines offered by the company can be up to 120 thousand tons of solid waste per year. They are equipped with various additional equipment upon request. Depending on the volume of sorted waste, the line can be serviced by 8 to 16 people. The energy intensity of the line is 22 kW. Mobile waste sorting complexes from Hammel are installed on a hard surface using a concrete or asphalt surface and, if necessary, are easily transported to a new location. Sorting lines can also be used in cases where instead of household waste It is urgent to sort bulky or industrial waste.

The use of such equipment is very important for big cities and large industrial centers. A special feature of Hammel equipment is the use of unified pressing equipment, which can be used both for pressing waste and for pressing recyclables. Additionally, the waste sorting line can be equipped with a preliminary and secondary shredder for large materials, optionally with a diesel or electric drive. Thanks to the patented two-shaft waste processing principle, the output size of the crushed material ranges from 150 to 400 mm. Hammel's versatile mobile plants can process and sort all types of industrial and domestic waste, offering a complete waste sorting solution.

LLC "Ural-Sot" from Sverdlovsk region produces mobile sorting lines and offers four main models of different types. So, Ural-Sot-2 with a sorting volume of 800 to 900 m 3 per shift, it is used at landfills and transfer sites. Ural-Sot-3– self-propelled sorting complex with a capacity of up to 200 m 3 per shift, can operate autonomously in small populated areas, in dacha cooperatives and during the liquidation of unauthorized landfills. Ural-Sot-4– a version suitable for use, except for standard conditions, and for sorting old, stale landfills with a processing volume of 3000–4000 m3. Ural-Sot-5 is a mini-sorting complex that replaces containers in residential areas.

Mobile sorting lines developed by Ural-Sot LLC fully solve the assigned tasks of sorting solid waste at landfills, transfer sites, spontaneous or temporary landfills, effectively processing glass or plastic containers, metal structures, aluminum cans, cardboard, etc. In the event of a lack of electricity at the solid waste landfill, the complex can have a diesel power plant with a capacity of 30 kW. The solid waste sorting line itself is an insulated “car” on a semi-trailer platform with 14 workplaces with a conveyor installed in the center. To heat workplaces, 4 electric heaters of 2 kW each are installed. The room also has a control panel, ventilation and lighting. It is worth noting that the cars from which the lines are assembled can be transported on roads without obtaining permission from the traffic police.

Engineering company GREENEX LLC(Ukraine) offers a mobile rail sorting complex. The sorting line is only part of a large complex for the maintenance of railway tracks with recycling solid waste. Maud. TKPO-300 can be used as a waste sorting plant with a capacity of 300 kg/h. The complex itself is, in fact, a waste incineration plant serving the access roads of seaports and large railway junctions. The specifics of working at such facilities prompted the company's designers to create an installation that combines the sorting of solid waste with the extraction of recyclable materials and further disinfection and incineration of the residue. This approach ensured maximum economic and environmental efficiency. Along the existing railway tracks, the complex quickly moves to a given point, the accumulated waste is fed to a receiving and sorting line, where recyclable materials are extracted from it, and the waste does not end up in a landfill, but for thermal destruction. In addition to the mobile railway version, the complex can be installed on a vehicle platform or in a stationary container version.

With the development of the direction of sorting solid household waste, more and more factories are appearing that produce waste sorting complexes of various capacities. Competition is only good - for example, many companies equip their lines with ultraviolet lamps, which allows, during the waste sorting process, to disinfect it from pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms present on the surface of the waste before feeding the waste to the sorting table. Video surveillance systems, fire extinguishing systems, wastewater collection and disinfection systems are installed - all this is done for the benefit of workers.

Attempts to ease the heavy manual labor when sorting waste are being made by a large number of designers - not so long ago a Finnish company ZenRobotics created a special robotic line for sorting solid household waste. Modern technology, which is based on an adaptive search algorithm and a set of various sensors, allows an industrial robot to determine, in addition to its dimensions, the materials that make up an object, and quickly and accurately direct it to the desired storage container or to the desired conveyor belt for processing. These robotic capabilities significantly increase the overall efficiency of presorting compared to traditional manual methods.

To summarize, it must be said, to our deep regret, that numerous foreign waste sorting complexes previously supplied to Russia, in most cases, do not work as efficiently and with lower productivity than stated by the manufacturers. All of them are technically impeccable, but are designed to work with other incoming raw materials - previously sorted, following the example of countries where the system has been established for decades separate collection and waste transportation, but in Russia, and, perhaps, throughout the entire post-Soviet space, this system does not work. The mentality of the majority of Russians still does not accept waste separation schemes, out of habit they throw everything in the trash bin. According to experts, it will take about 15 years to establish the separate principle of waste collection among the population - thus, companies involved in sorting solid household waste have time to develop this “golden” business.

The concept of the organization reaches a new level of practical implementation. Modern technologies allow you to optimize product manufacturing processes with the expectation of ensuring a full production cycle. That is, the waste generated is not disposed of, but is sent to a new production cycle. However, this concept is only partially realized in most cases. The waste either does not find use at the plant that produces it, or cannot be properly sorted. It is to solve the second problem that many industrial enterprises integrate a waste sorting complex, with the help of which it is possible to obtain ready-made cleaned masses of paper, glass, metal or plastics.

Organization of work of waste sorting complexes

They are not only a product of the life activity of the average consumer of goods. Such waste is left behind during the work process by both manufacturing enterprises and retail chains with commercial organizations. At the factory facilities, a waste sorting complex can be equipped without creating a transport organization for transporting waste. In other cases, companies draw up a special agreement, according to which another processing enterprise will carry out sorting operations.

Before shipping the accumulated waste, the company weighs and assembles the batch. Next, the cargo is moved directly to the sorting complex. Then several stages follow, as they progress through the selection of recyclable materials suitable for production purposes. The sorting of solid waste itself is carried out in several stages, each of which is carried out using special equipment.

Receiving and supply conveyors

Reception of a batch of waste is carried out using special bins, which can directly transfer the mass to the sorting line. At the same time, supply schemes that are directly carried out by garbage trucks are also common. As a rule, the basis of such complexes is made up of industrial concrete sites located under the canopy of a waste collection station. Bulky household waste is selected and reloaded with special equipment. For this purpose, bulldozers and excavators with appropriate attachments are used.

Already at the stage of selecting individual items of value, the sorting process begins. As a rule, the remaining mass is sent to a reverse conveyor, after which it is fed into an open multi-lift container. Depending on the operation scheme of a particular plant, it can be carried out at facilities adjacent to the sorting complex. This results in a non-stop process of selection and processing, which allows saving a considerable part of the costs of transporting waste.

Sorting conveyor

In most cases, sorting is carried out with masses that contain elements of homogeneous dimensional characteristics. To perform the sorting of such waste, the work of conveyors serviced by operators is organized. Having selected suitable fractions, workers dump them into the appropriate bunker. Typically, a conveyor has several hatches designed for discharging one or another type of waste - for example, for plastics, waste paper, metal, glass, etc. From the point of view of technical organization, such sorting of solid waste is the simplest, since the main emphasis is on manual labor. Automation only ensures the movement of the belt, onto which the waste mass is first supplied. In this case, there are one- and two-sided lines, that is, selection can be carried out on one or both sides.

Automatic press

The pressing equipment is not directly related to the basic sorting function. Such machines usually work with ready-made recyclable materials, which can be used for further production purposes. There are also waste processing complexes that do not have a press. Most often, these are mini-factories where, immediately after sorting, the resulting elements are sent for industrial processing. The press itself is a hydraulic machine, which, by applying pressure, ensures compression of the incoming mass.

Pressing as such is needed to form bales that are compact for transportation and logistics handling. In this case, it is desirable that the waste mass entering the pressing machines have exactly the same characteristics. In this case, further processing of recyclable materials on thermal or mechanical machines will be facilitated.

Storage hopper

There are two types of containers intended for collecting sorted waste. working with pressed mass, and receiving tanks, which are directly connected to hatches for discharging selected materials. Accordingly, such bunkers also differ in their connections with further technological processes. Thus, the finished bale storage can interact with a production line for recyclable materials, freight transport or a receiver for permanent storage. This combination is determined by the tasks that a specific waste sorting plant and its equipment solve. Some enterprises cooperate with landfills for storing hazardous waste, while others process recyclable materials at their own facilities.

Consumables

At the stage of forming briquettes ready for transportation or storage, use special means ensuring compactness and reliability of the blocks. The most complex processes involve the use of liquid compositions that increase adhesion between the compacted waste. Before or during the process of pressure by the pressing platform, plasticizers and viscous substances are added directly to the niche with the material. In addition, the waste sorting complex can be equipped with binding lines on which wrapping is carried out with polyester film or strap tape. This measure is also aimed at preventing delamination and scattering of briquettes with pressed waste.

Modern capabilities of sorting complexes

Technological development of modern solid waste sorting complexes is focused on improving the quality of selection. In particular, the range of materials that are not recycled or sent to landfills, but are used as recyclable materials, is constantly expanding. These include rubber products, some types of artificial fabrics, polymers with unmarked plastics, etc. The technical design of the mini-factories themselves is also being improved. For example, a mobile waste sorting complex allows you to combine the functions of transportation and processing, which speeds up and makes logistics processes cheaper. As before, waste recycling organizations Special attention pay attention to environmental issues. Thus, at some complexes it becomes possible to dispose of hazardous waste that cannot be buried even in special landfills.

How much does a waste sorting complex cost?

A high-tech and productive complex can cost about 2-3 million rubles. Integrated mini-factories for small enterprises are estimated at 1.5-2 million. But much depends on the composition of a particular line and additional equipment. For example, one pressing machine can cost 350-400 thousand. However, many enterprises do without it. But in any case, organizing your own complex from individual components will be cheaper. Such waste sorting will be more efficient and productive, but you will also have to prepare for additional cost items for line design and installation work. Small ready-made complexes are advantageous because they require minimal effort during installation, take up less space and are less demanding to maintain.

How to choose a suitable complex?

First of all, the volume of generated waste that will be supplied to the sorting line is assessed. Depending on this indicator, the throughput of the equipment is determined. In this case, a margin of 20% must be left. The number of fractions into which household waste will be sorted on the conveyor is also calculated in advance. The number of hatches and final reception bunkers directly depends on this number - and, again, it would not be a bad idea to provide a few additional sections. The degree of automation of functional processes should also be taken into account. Although most complexes provide for the participation of operators in the work, manufacturers of such equipment are actively implementing automated control systems at certain stages - accordingly, they also increase the cost of mini-factories of this type.

Conclusion

The selection of fractions suitable for further use has become significantly more difficult in recent years. If previously, sorting tasks were reduced to dividing waste into 2-3 groups, depending on the level of danger or value of materials for subsequent processing, then modern enterprises set the goals of point classification. Suffice it to say that waste sorting on a high-tech line makes it possible to form groups in the areas of further use of secondary raw materials in factories and plants from different fields. Thus, waste paper is sent to furniture production, metal briquettes are supplied to machine tool factories, and polymer waste today is in demand even in its pure form at construction sites. At the same time, the designs of complexes that directly provide sorting functions at enterprises are also being improved.

Almost every Russian leaves behind about 300 kilograms of garbage per year.

More than 50% of all our waste is polyethylene.

Such waste accumulates in landfills and harms the environment.

However, most waste can be recycled, and yesterday's trash can become new products.

That is why recycling is very important for Russia - collecting and sorting useful waste.

The automatic sorting line PYTHON is also convenient in production. It allows you to work both in open waste sites and in closed plants.

The line includes an L-shaped conveyor for receiving waste from the hopper, a 10-station straight conveyor, bins for sorted waste, 10 work stations made of durable steel.

At the customer’s request, it can be equipped with a bin for large-sized waste or infrared heaters for work stations. The price of such a line 2,450,000 rubles.

The conventional manual sorting line also has advantages. For example, it costs much less than an automatic one.

One of the compact and productive products is a waste sorting line LS 500 4-8.

It is sold at a price a little more than 300 thousand rubles with a productivity of 10 tons per hour. You can buy this equipment.

Behind minimum set of equipment with average productivity (sorting line, magnet, press, storage bin for raw materials and crusher), a novice businessman will have to pay approx. 2.5-3.5 million rubles. But in many respects the price of equipment depends on the manufacturer.

On business forums, entrepreneurs are advised to buy products from the Moscow company ECOMASHGROUP, the Chinese company BESTON, the manufacturer VTORTECH and those organizations that give a good guarantee for the product, provide maintenance, and have also been working in this market for a long time.

You will find more information about waste recycling equipment.

Sales rules

There are many companies ready to buy sorted raw materials for processing. In every major city exists 2-3 each recycling waste enterprises. However, they do not buy everything, but only waste paper, glass, polyethylene, plastic and metal.

Sorted wet organic matter (food waste, stones and soil) can be sent to enterprises that produce soil for vegetable gardens or seedlings. You can find a buyer using recyclables exchanges.

For that, to sell profitably sorted waste is needed follow certain rules:

  • constantly monitor prices and compare them at all possible points of sale;
  • the raw materials sold must be good quality, they will pay less for unrefined recyclables;
  • prices must be compared taking into account the delivery of waste for recycling and without it;
  • sell in large quantities (usually the garbage is bought back at a higher price);
  • have several purchasing companies;
  • constantly search for new points of sale.

Is it profitable to sort for recycling?

And now the most important thing: let’s calculate how cost-effective it will be to maintain a waste sorting plant.

Based on modern realities, an ordinary small sorting plant can produce in one shift up to 1.5 tons of polymers, 3-5 tons of paper waste and up to 300 kg of plastic containers.

The price per ton of compressed raw materials ranges from 9 to 45 thousand rubles.

Thus, average profit per month enterprises for the sale of secondary raw materials will be from 150 thousand rubles to 3.3 million rubles. It follows from this that the profitability of this project will be 50%, which is a good indicator.

Video on the topic

More details about the operating principles of one of the mobile sorting stations of a domestic manufacturer in the video presented:

conclusions

If we look at it globally, opening a waste sorting plant is an expensive and responsible business, because large financial investments are required at the initial stages. However, such the project will work great in the future.

Every year the number of waste processing plants in need of raw materials increases. New environmental programs are emerging that increase the number of government subsidies in this business segment.

Depleted resources are reduced Natural resources: For example, from which paper products are made. All this will become solid ground for the development of waste sorting production.

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