What are professional words examples. Professionalism is... Meaning of the term, examples
Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a certain speaking group, united by some production activity, specialty or profession (medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms stand for special concepts, tools or products of labor, labor production processes. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are some examples: scalpel - a small surgical knife, usually with an arched blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German: Spon “sliver”) - a thin metal plate, not reaching the height of the font, inserted between the lines of type to increase the distance between them; quarterdeck - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (Latin alibi “in another place”) - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezdra - the wrong side of tanned leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they are seriously different from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,
- they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.
In a number of cases, the scope of use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. This is explained either by the wide distribution of a special subject and concept, or by their metaphorical use to designate objects and phenomena of reality that were not previously named by them. For example, the words combine, globe, screen became part of the national dictionary after our agriculture Harvesting with a combine became firmly established in life, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to their metaphorical use, the following words, for example, became popular from professionalism: emergency (cf.: “An emergency was declared”) - originally the naval command “All up!”; fermentation (cf.: fermentation of minds) - originally a biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf. growth rate) is originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that, as lexical units, are known only in special use, for example: troetes (from the carpenters' dictionary) - a long nail connecting three timbers at once; print - a print or photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos is a fibrous white material from which fireproof products are made (this word first came to us from the Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., as well as words that with other meanings are part of the national vocabulary: bridge - place on the deck, from where the commander commands the ship; header - title in large font, title of several articles (typesetting), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is also possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can only be justified as a certain stylistic means for depicting labor activity and production landscape, for the speech characteristics of the characters. When using certain professionalisms, you should remember that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of work, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in Everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in language fiction as a visual medium.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the words “professionalism” in given value doesn't exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting a survey, we came to a unanimous opinion that the term “professionalism” in everyday life We don't need it at all. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the word “professionalism” in this meaning does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting the survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we do not need the term “professionalism” in everyday life. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)
Relevance: When parents come home and start talking to each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their conversation is mainly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.
I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, the topic “Professional vocabulary of my parents” became relevant for me, which is why I chose it.
Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the phrase “professional vocabulary”.
Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?
Find out what my parents' job is. Be present at my parents’ workplace and write down words that are unfamiliar to me.
Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Observe how often mom and dad use professional words at home.
Object of study: mother, father.
While doing the work I set hypothesis: Professional vocabulary is needed for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.
Research methods:questioning of students of grade 6 “b” of MBOU “Secondary School No. 1” with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.
Self-education is a difficult matter,
and improving its conditions -
one of the sacred duties of every person,
because there is nothing more important
as the education of oneself and one's neighbors.
Socrates
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.
There are three ways to develop professionalism:
– Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. A trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
– Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. For example, the chief editor - Chief Editor.
Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.
Professional vocabulary- this is vocabulary characteristic of a given professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.
"Balda"(a heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.
"Galley"(kitchen on the ship), cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors
Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively reinterpreted words and expressions, characteristic of many professions, taken from general circulation. Professionalism is given in explanatory dictionaries marked “special”, sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physics, medicine, mathematics, astronomer. etc.
Professionalisms- a range of conventional expressions of a profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic dignity of the text (L.I. Timofeev).
Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard,” i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river).
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.
Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word “hat” (a general title for several notes) is used in the speech of printers, in everyday life “hat” is a headdress; “slopes” - wheel tires (driver’s); “piggy” - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)
Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology:
Professionalism required:
For a better understanding of people of the same profession.
For convenience of explanation of the term.
To understand professionalism in the 6th grade Russian language course.
For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary.
To be able to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts
Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.
Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology
Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.
There is a lot of confusion, vagueness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. We should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise vocabulary, normative in nature, and their share in the literary vocabulary is enormous.
The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. a commonly used word in a figurative meaning can be used as a term, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Despite the fact that in some scientific sources professionalisms and professional jargon are defined almost identically, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargons, professionalisms are used in direct meaning, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between “us” and “strangers”, a sign of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.
Professional jargons are more familiar, emotional and expressive compared to professionalisms. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of use of professional jargon is limited orally specialists in an informal setting.
Like jargon, professionalism is corporate vocabulary, it is used to recognize “our own people” (a doctor is a doctor, a physicist is a physicist, etc.). but unlike slang, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. The same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, jargon, or professionalism. For example, everyone understands the word work, i.e. any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common usage, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things; for chemists, gold is one of the elements of Mendeleev’s periodic table with its own properties, and for economists, gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.
Imagery, expressiveness, and emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.
Chapter 3. My parents' work
My mother works at the Central District Hospital as the chief nurse.
I attended my mother's work.
In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, liuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.
Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.
Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).
Disco - siren and emergency lights on.
In the field of specialized and professional communication and exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is explained by the nature of its information function as a carrier special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the quality result of their joint work.
Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).
Granny-narushka is an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.
BNVPB is a blockade of the lower branch of the right bundle branch, an abbreviation often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.
Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksyukha, Oksana.
Batseshnik is a patient who has been diagnosed with both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Deadwood - a ward with bedridden patients. See Lounger.
Galochka with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.
An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation device. They brought the client in on an accordion - the ambulance delivered the patient connected to a ventilator.
Pull the esophagus - perform transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) electrical cardiac stimulation. See CHPECSnut.
Childhood - children's department of the hospital.
Disco - siren and emergency lights on. See Color music.
Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.
Starting a patient - restoring sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.
Load the patient - administer psychotropic drugs.
Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See Fiddler.
Caesareans are women who have had a caesarean section.
The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.
The clinic is clinical death. See Stop.
Canned food - patients who are in a department (usually a surgical department) on a conservative basis, i.e. non-surgical treatment.
Ksyukha is the same as Tug. See Oksana.
Bedbed - a bedridden patient.
A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis due to strabismus.
The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.
Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.
Magnolia - magnesium sulfate - a drug used to reduce blood pressure. Intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate is very painful.
Flicker, Mertsukha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.
Tinsel - film for single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands and unfolds like a serpentine.
Kaltenbrunner's anesthesia is insufficient pain relief. See Operation under crycaine.
Violation is an acute disorder of cerebral circulation.
A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be corrected by radiofrequency ablation.
Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.
UFO - a motionless object; most often a patient in a coma.
An operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words “scream” and “novocaine”.
The stop is the same as the Clinic.
Paratroopers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.
Overinfusing a patient means administering too many intravenous solutions, most often through an IV.
Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of a strong antipsychotic droperidol and a diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of proserine, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.
Waif is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.
Soak the grandmother - to achieve the release of urine through the catheter after surgery or an acute condition accompanied by cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units this is a very anticipated event.
Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.
Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.
Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology it is used a large number of tools similar to metalworking tools: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.
Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.
Slides - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.
Shoot, knock - restore the functioning of the heart using an electrical discharge from a defibrillator.
Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the dorsum of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.
TV - fluoroscopy.
Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
Chatter - atrial flutter.
Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation devices (ALVs). Place on the tube - intubate the patient.
Platypus is a medical student doing a nursing internship. Usually he is entrusted with servicing bedridden patients, including bringing in and taking out “ducks”.
Ears - phonendoscope.
Trunk is the same as Trumpet. Inserting a trunk is the same as placing it on a pipe.
Chelyuskin residents, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.
Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.
Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (device for recording ECG).
Sword swallower - patient with metal foreign bodies gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.
The jugular is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.
Shitty asshole - patient with diarrhea
"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages
Negro - a stranger brought in to help transport the patient to the car
Breathe - perform mechanical ventilation
"ass" - enter intramuscularly
“skull (stomach, kidney) by the window” - a client is lying on a bed by the window, diagnosed with a TBI (appendix, kidney disease).
Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.
"The Last Chuck" is a drug.
“Play a war game” - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.
"Field of Miracles" - service area.
“Pick mushrooms” - go on duty.
“Mom is calling for lunch” - the dispatcher returns for lunch.
"Enema room" - the manager's office.
"Tinsel" - ECG film.
“Warm up” - get up at night under a lantern and write a map.
“Rats” are random night passers-by, witnesses.
“Whose back to rub” - who am I in line for?
“Drag on the snot” - use a raincoat stretcher.
"Boy" is the driver.
"Girl" is an ambulance.
"Wheelbarrow" - a gurney.
"Kindergarten" - sobering-up station.
"Indians" are cops.
"Banker" is a homeless person
Light music - siren, flashing lights (with light music)
Yelp - call back
Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)
Gift - homeless (bring a gift)
"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter
"yellow suitcase" - medical storage box
"BTR" - ambulance transport
"magnet" - magnesium sulfate
"vitamin A" - aminazine
"pilot, driver" - drove
"wheezy" - walkie-talkie
"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit
Flushka - fluorography,
Ray - fracture of the radius,
Fiza - physical. solution,
Film - ECG,
Dropper - dropper, system,
Tube - endotracheal tube,
Tube - tuberculosis.
Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology. For example
being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other communication situations, because every statement is constructed taking into account its addressee.
inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to funny things.
The logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms over time become commonly used words. A clear example Such processes are facilitated by the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, the following words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.
The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. a commonly used word in a figurative meaning can be used as a term, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and corresponding languages), are used in different types activities
When isolating professionalisms as part of the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from commonly used words and jargon, researchers are faced with considerable difficulties associated with the constant development, updating of vocabulary, and the variety of functional styles and contexts of word use.
professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or part of it.
However, Tolstoy cares about his general reader, for which he resorts to “translation”, an explanation in parentheses of words that may be incomprehensible.
The average reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and needs a real commentary on the texts. it is necessary, for example, to explain that ....etc.
What unites the speech of the characters and the narrator is the proximity of professionalisms and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets
professionalisms are often used when depicting comic contradictions and characters - in satirical and humorous works. One type of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself an expert can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular his command of terminology and professional vocabulary.
in the novel and Ilfa and Evg. Petrov's "The Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", makes numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his template texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. The employees of the Stanok newspaper hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of Lapis on the wall, surrounding it with a mourning border. The essay began like this: “the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack...” Already from this phrase, snide fellow journalists doubted Lapis’ knowledge of the meaning of the word “jack.”
they ask him:
"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- so... falling, in a word...
- the jack falls. notice everything! The jack is falling rapidly!..”
and Lapis is brought a volume of the Brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - “one of the machines for lifting significant weights” (chapter xxix. “author of the Gavriliad”).
the work of many writers testifies to the fact that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. it has a prominent place in the arsenal of stylistic means.
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard,” i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.
The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; using these words one can identify “their own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral, meaning “spare typed up texts”; clogged font - “erased, worn-out font; font that has been in typed proofs for a long time”; tail - “bottom edge of the book”; header - "large heading"; marashka - “marriage in the form of a square”, etc. In the acting environment there are many specific professional expressions: to abandon or leave the text means “to quickly repeat it with a partner”; go through the text with your feet - “say the text while moving around the stage”; not giving the bridge to someone - “to complete some scene emotionally.”
The closer any area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become generally known and become common words. Thus, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from among specialists in the field have become widespread. computer technology. Among them there are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, hardware), and neologisms, mainly borrowings from in English(spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).
>>Russian language: Professionalisms and terms. Speech development lesson. Listening based on an adapted monologue text
Professionalisms and terms. Speech development lesson. Listening based on an adapted monologue text
Professionalisms and terms
Theory A
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