Presentation on the topic "Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov." Presentation on the topic of Sakharov Andrey Dmitrievich What is Sakharov famous for?

Andrey Dmitrievich SakharovANDREY DMITRIEVICH
SAKHAROV
SHOULD A SCIENTIST BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR INVENTIONS
KADIROVA ELVIRA KURBANOVNA
TEACHER OF HISTORY AND SOCIAL STUDIES GBOU RK "CRIMEAN
GYMNASIUM-BOARDING FOR GIFTED CHILDREN"

BIOGRAPHY

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, ibid.) -
Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet
hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - public figure, dissident and
human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft Constitution of the Union
Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Laureate Nobel Prize world for 1975
year.
For his human rights activities he was deprived of all Soviet awards, prizes and
in 1980 he was expelled with his wife Elena Bonner from Moscow. At the end of 1986
Mikhail Gorbachev, under pressure from the West, allowed Sakharov to return from exile to
Moscow, which was regarded in the world as important milestone in stopping the fight against
dissent in the USSR.

ORIGIN AND EDUCATION

Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, author
famous problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur.
Sofiano) - daughter of hereditary military Greek origin
Alexey Semyonovich Sofiano is a housewife. Grandma from the side
mother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano - from a family of Belgorod nobles
Mukhanov.
The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich
Goldenweiser, who was Sakharov's uncle.
Childhood and early youth took place in Moscow. Elementary education
Sakharov got home. I went to school from the seventh grade
The picture shows Sakharov's house in Gorky

Scientific work

SCIENTIFIC WORK
At the end of 1944, he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute (scientific supervisor - I. E.
There M). Employee of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev remained until his death.
In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.
In 1948 he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the region
thermo development nuclear weapons, participated in the design and development
the first Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design called the “Sakharov puff”.
At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. E. Tamm, conducted
pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions. In Moscow
Energy Institute taught courses in nuclear physics, theory of relativity and
electricity.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). The same year at the age of 32
elected full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest in
moment of election as an academician in history (after S. L. Sobolev)
The recommendation accompanying the submission to academicianship was signed by the academician
I. V. Kurchatov and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. B. Khariton and Ya. B. Zeldovich Po
in the opinion of V. L. Ginzburg, in the election of Sakharov immediately as an academician - bypassing the stage
corresponding member - nationality played some role

Draft of a new constitution of the USSR

DRAFT NEW CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR
In November 1989 he presented a “draft of a new constitution”, based on
which is the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to
statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union). The only one
lifetime publication - " TVNZ" (Vilnius) 12
December 1989
December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov’s last speech in
Kremlin at the meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress
People's Deputies of the USSR).

family

FAMILY
In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Klavdiya Alekseevna
Vikhireva (1919-1969), a native of Simbirsk (died of cancer). U
they had three children - two daughters and a son (Tatyana, Lyubov,
Dmitriy).
In 1970 he met Elena Georgievna Bonner
(1923-2011), and in 1972 he married her. She had two children
(Tatiana, Alexey), by that time they were already quite adults. What
concerns the children of A.D. Sakharov, then they are quite adults at that
At the moment there were two older ones. The youngest, Dmitry, barely
turned 15 when Sakharov moved in with Elena Bonner. ABOUT
brother began to take care of him elder sister Love. Common children
there were no spouses.

Contribution to science

CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb (1953) in the USSR. Works on magnetic hydrodynamics, physics
plasma, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravity.
In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm put forward the idea of ​​implementing a controlled thermonuclear reaction for
energy purposes using the principle of magnetic thermal insulation of plasma. Sakharov and Tamm considered, in
in particular, the toroidal configuration in stationary and non-stationary versions (today it is considered one of
the most promising - see Tokamak).
Sakharov - author original works in particle physics and cosmology: on baryon asymmetry
Universe, where he connected baryon asymmetry with the nonconservation of combined parity (violation of CP invariance), experimentally discovered during the decay of long-lived mesons, symmetry violation with
time reversal and non-conservation of baryon charge (Sakharov considered proton decay).


  • Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - a public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.
  • For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes, and in 1980 he and his wife Elena Bonner were expelled from Moscow. At the end of 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, under pressure from the West, allowed Sakharov to return from exile to Moscow, which was regarded in the world as an important milestone in ending the fight against dissent in the USSR.

  • Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921.
  • His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, the author of a well-known problem book and many popular science books. Grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov, the son of an Arzamas priest, was a sworn attorney of the Moscow District Court, participated as a defense attorney in many criminal and political trials, was a member of the Cadet Party and an elector from it to the 2nd State Duma, one of the compilers of the collection “Against the Death Penalty” . Grandmother Maria Petrovna Sakharova (ur. Domukhovskaya) was born on the estate of her noble parents in the Smolensk province. Mother of A.D. Sakharova Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano, who retired in 1917.
  • Maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano (ur. Mukhanov) came from an old noble family of Mukhanovs, known in generational paintings since the 17th century. Godfather A.D.S. there was a famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.


  • At the end of 1944 he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute . Employee of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev remained until his death.
  • In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1948 he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to a scheme called « Sakharov's puff pastry ». At the same time, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions in 1950-1951.

RDS-6s- the first Soviet hydrogen bomb, developed by a group of scientists led by A. D. Sakharov and Yu. B. Khariton.

Work on creating a bomb began in 1945. Tested at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 12, 1953.


  • “He lived for too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about the events in the country, about the lives of people from other walks of life, and even about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” noted Roy Medvedev.
  • In 1955, he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred” against the notorious activities of Academician T.D. Lysenko.
  • According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, trying to stop the ruinous arms race, proposed a project for the deployment of super-powerful nuclear warheads along the US maritime border:
  • A.D. Sakharov generally proposed not to serve Washington’s strategy of ruin Soviet Union arms race. He advocated placing nuclear warheads of 100 megatons each along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. And if there is aggression against us or our friends, press the buttons. This was said to him before a quarrel with Nikita Sergeevich in 1961 due to disagreements over testing a thermonuclear bomb with a yield of 100 megatons over Novaya Zemlya.

  • AN602(aka "Tsar bomb", she's the same "Kuzka's mother" and also (erroneously) RDS-202 And RN202) - thermonuclear aerial bomb, developed in the USSR in 1954-1961. a group of nuclear physicists under the leadership of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.V. Kurchatov. The most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind. According to various sources, it had from 57 to 58.6 megatons of TNT equivalent. The mass defect during the explosion reached 2.65 kg. The total explosion energy is estimated at 2.4 10 17 J.
  • The development group included A. D. Sakharov, V. B. Adamsky, Yu. N. Babaev, Yu. N. Smirnov, Yu. A. Trutnev and others.

" Tsar bomb "( AN602)





  • The beginning of his social activities Sakharov counted the performances in 1956-1962. against nuclear testing in the atmosphere. A.D.S. - one of the initiators of the conclusion in 1963 of the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear tests in three environments (atmosphere, space and ocean). In 1964, Sakharov spoke out against Lysenko and his school. In 1966 he took part in a collective letter against the revival of the cult of Stalin. In 1968 he wrote a long article "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom", in which he substantiated the need for convergence - the reciprocal rapprochement of the socialist and capitalist systems - as the basis for progress and the preservation of peace on the planet. The total circulation of this article in the West reached 20 million. After its publication, Sakharov was removed from secret work in the closed city of Arzamas-16, where he spent 18 years. In 1969, he returned to scientific work at the Lebedev Physical Institute. At the same time, Sakharov transferred his savings - 139 thousand rubles. – Red Cross and for the construction of an oncology center in Moscow.
  • IN November 1970 Sakharov became one of the founders Human Rights Committee. In subsequent years, he spoke out in defense of prisoners of conscience and basic human rights - the right to receive and impart information, the right to freedom of conscience, the right to leave and return to one's country and the right to choose one's place of residence within the country. At the same time, he spoke a lot on disarmament issues, being the only independent professional expert in this field in the countries of the socialist camp. In the summer of 1975 he published the book “About the Country and the World.” IN October 1975 HELL. Sakharov was awarded Nobel Peace Prize: “Sakharov fought uncompromisingly and effectively not only against abuses of power in all their manifestations, but with equal energy he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only the inviolability of human rights can serve as the foundation for a genuine and durable system international cooperation"(determination of the Nobel Committee of the Storting of Norway dated October 10, 1975).

  • January 22, 1980 Sakharov was exiled to Bitter. At the same time, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the State and Lenin Prizes. Sakharov's exile was apparently connected with his sharp speeches against the invasion of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in December 1979. In Gorky, despite the severe isolation, he continued his public speeches. The article had a great resonance in the West "The Danger of Thermonuclear War", a letter to Leonid Brezhnev about Afghanistan and an appeal to Mikhail Gorbachev about the need to free all prisoners of conscience. In Gorky, OH went on indefinite hunger strikes four times due to KGB pressure on his family. There, the KGB authorities twice stole the manuscripts of his memoirs, scientific and personal diaries from him. During the “Gorky years” A.D.S. made and published four scientific works. He was returned from Gorky in December 1986.
  • He was released from Gorky exile with the beginning of perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases” if his wife’s trip for treatment is allowed) promising to end his public activities (with the same proviso). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during his entire exile); before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, M. S. Gorbachev actually called, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow. Arkady Volsky testified that while he was Secretary General, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, as stated by Volsky: “Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky on the condition that he would write a statement and ask for it himself... But Sakharov flatly refused: “ Andropov hopes in vain that I will ask him for something. No repentance" Later, when Gorbachev became general secretary Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov’s number...” Academician Isaac Khalatnikov in his memoirs wrote to Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was concerned about Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, Andropov said that this exile was the most “mild” punishment when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures.
  • On December 23, 1986, together with Elena Bonner, Sakharov returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedeva.
  • In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place. He met with US Presidents R. Reagan and G. Bush, French Presidents F. Mitterrand, and British Prime Minister M. Thatcher.

Sakharov with his wife


  • IN 1988 HELL. Sakharov was elected honorary chairman of the society "Memorial" and put a lot of effort into getting it recognized by the authorities. IN March 1989 he was elected People's Deputy of the USSR. As a member of the Constitutional Commission, Sakharov prepared and presented a draft of the new Constitution on November 27, 1989; Its concept is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others.
  • He was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and honorary doctorates from many universities in Europe, America and Asia.

Buried at Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow


  • At the main entrance to the capital of Israel, Jerusalem, there are the Sakharov Gardens; Streets in some Israeli cities are named after him.
  • In Nizhny Novgorod there is a Sakharov Museum - apartment at Gagarin Avenue, 214, apt. 3, on the first floor of a 12-story building (Shcherbinki microdistrict), in which Sakharov lived during seven years of exile. Since 1992, the city has hosted the Sakharov International Arts Festival.
  • There is a museum in Moscow and community Center his name.
  • In Belarus, a state “ecological” university is named after Sakharov.
  • In 1988, the European Parliament established the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, which is awarded annually for “achievements in the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as for respect international legislation and the development of democracy."
  • In 1991, the USSR Post Office issued a stamp dedicated to A.D. Sakharov.
  • At the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev has a bust of Sakharov in front of the entrance.
  • One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb in the USSR. Works on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravitation.
  • In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm put forward the idea of ​​implementing a controlled thermonuclear reaction for energy purposes using the principle of magnetic thermal insulation of plasma. Sakharov and Tamm considered, in particular, the toroidal configuration in stationary and non-stationary versions.
  • Sakharov is the author of original works in particle physics and cosmology: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, where he connected baryon asymmetry with combined parity nonconservation (CP violation), experimentally discovered during the decay of long-lived mesons, symmetry violation during time reversal, and baryon charge nonconservation ( Sakharov considered proton decay).
  • A.D. Sakharov explained the emergence of inhomogeneity in the distribution of matter from the initial density disturbances in the early Universe, which had the nature of quantum fluctuations. After the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, a new analysis of fluctuations in the early Universe was made by Ya. B. Zeldovich and R. A. Sunyaev and, independently of them, J. Peebles. Zeldovich and Sunyaev predicted the existence of peaks in the angular spectrum of the distribution of cosmic microwave background radiation. Discovered by astrophysicists in the 2000s in the WMAP experiment and other experiments, acoustic oscillations of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( « Sakharov oscillations ») are an imprint of the very density perturbations that Sakharov theoretically described in his 1965 work.
  • Has works on muon catalysis, magnetic cumulation and explosive magnetic generators (1951-1952); put forward the theory of induced gravity and the idea of ​​the zero Lagrangian, the study of high-dimensional spaces with different numbers of time axes, « Mini-black hole evaporation and high energy physics » .

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, the author of a well-known problem book and many popular science books. Grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich. Sakharov, the son of an Arzamas priest, was a sworn attorney of the Moscow District Court, participated as a defense attorney in many criminal and political trials, was a member of the Cadet Party and an elector from it to the 2nd State Duma, one of the compilers of the collection “Against the Death Penalty.” Grandmother Maria Petrovna Sakharova (ur. Domukhovskaya) was born on the estate of her noble parents in the Smolensk province. A.D. Sakharova’s mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano, who retired in 1917 according to the age limit with the rank of lieutenant general, the great-granddaughter of a native of the Greek island of Zeya, who accepted Russian citizenship and received nobility during the reign of Catherine II. A.D. Sakharov received his primary education at home; his father taught him physics and mathematics. He studied at school from the seventh grade; After graduating in 1938, he entered the physics department of Moscow University. After graduating from the university with honors in 1942 in Ashgabat during evacuation, he was sent to the disposal of the People's Commissariat of Armaments. Since 1942, A.D. Sakharov worked at the cartridge plant in Ulyanovsk as an engineer-inventor and had a number of inventions in the field of product control methods. At the end of 1944, A.D. Sakharov entered the correspondence graduate school of the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences named after P.N. Lebedev (FIAN), at the beginning of 1945 he was transferred to full-time graduate school. His scientific supervisor was Igor Evgenievich Tamm, later an academician and Nobel laureate.


Soon after defending his Ph.D. thesis in 1948, Sakharov was enrolled in research group, dealing with the problem of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov is often called the “father of the hydrogen bomb,” but he believed that these words very inaccurately reflected the complex situation of collective authorship. Since 1950 A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm began to work together on the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction (the idea of ​​magnetic plasma confinement and fundamental calculations of controlled thermonuclear fusion installations). These works were reported in 1956 by I.V. Kurchatov at a conference in Harwell (Great Britain) and are considered pioneering. In 1952, Sakharov put forward the idea of ​​magnetic cumulation to obtain superstrong magnetic fields and in 1961 - the idea of ​​laser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. Sakharov owns several key works in cosmology ("Baryonic asymmetry of the Universe", "Multi-leaf models of the Universe", "Cosmological models of the Universe with the turn of the arrow of time"), works on field theory and elementary particles. In 1953 A.D.S. was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Sakharov considered the beginning of his public activities to be his performances in the years. against nuclear testing in the atmosphere. A.D. Sakharov was one of the initiators of the conclusion in 1963 of the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear tests in three environments (atmosphere, space and ocean). On July 22, 1968, the New York Times published a translation of Sakharov's Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom—three full newspaper pages. On that day, the Soviet physicist, unknown in the West, became a world celebrity. The total circulation of this article in the West reached 20 million. After its publication, Sakharov was removed from secret work in the closed city of Arzamas-16, where he spent 18 years. In 1969, he returned to scientific work at the Lebedev Physical Institute. At the same time, Sakharov transferred his savings of thousands of rubles. - Red Cross and for the construction of an oncology center in Moscow.


In November 1970, Sakharov became one of the founders of the Human Rights Committee. In subsequent years, he spoke out in defense of prisoners of conscience and basic human rights - the right to receive and impart information, the right to freedom of conscience, the right to leave and return to one's country and the right to choose one's place of residence within the country. At the same time, he spoke a lot on disarmament issues, being the only independent professional expert in this field in the countries of the socialist camp. In the summer of 1975 he published the book “About the Country and the World.” In October 1975 A.D. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: “Sakharov fought uncompromisingly and effectively not only against abuses of power in all their manifestations, but with equal energy he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only the inviolability of rights human rights can serve as the foundation for a genuine and lasting system of international cooperation" (definition of the Nobel Committee of the Storting of Norway dated October 10, 1975). In his Nobel lecture, given in Oslo, E.G. Bonner on December 10 of the same year, Sakharov argued: “Peace, progress, human rights - these three goals are inextricably linked; it is impossible to achieve any one of them while neglecting the others.” On January 22, 1980, Sakharov was exiled to Gorky without trial. At the same time, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (1953, 1956, 1962) and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the State (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes. Sakharov's exile was apparently, is associated with his sharp speeches against the invasion of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in December 1979.


In Gorky, despite the severe isolation, he continued public performances. The article “The Danger of Thermonuclear War,” a letter to Leonid Brezhnev about Afghanistan, and an appeal to Mikhail Gorbachev on the need to free all prisoners of conscience had a great resonance in the West. In Gorky, A.D. Sakharov went on indefinite hunger strikes four times due to KGB pressure on the family. There, the KGB authorities twice stole the manuscripts of his memoirs, scientific and personal diaries from him. During the “Gorky years” A.D.S. made and published four scientific works. He was returned from Gorky in December 1986. In October 1988, he was elected a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In March 1989, he was elected people's deputy of the USSR. During these years, Sakharov wrote a lot, gave countless interviews, participated in scientific and political forums, met with prominent scientists, public figures, heads of state - Margaret Thatcher, Francois Mitterrand, Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev. His main concern was ensuring the speedy progress and irreversibility of reforms in the Soviet Union. As a member of the Constitutional Commission, Sakharov prepared and presented a draft of the new Constitution on November 27, 1989; Its concept is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others. HELL. S Akharov was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and an honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia. Andrei Dmitrievich died on December 14, 1989 and was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.




With his wife and daughter Tanya With his daughter Tanya and colleagues 1948 Yu. Romanov (left) and Yu. Zysin. Ser. 50's C I.V. Kurchatov in the garden Human Rights Committee: Institute atomic energy I.G. Shafarevich (left), Moscow, September 1958 A.D. Sakharov, G.S. Podyapolsky. Jan., 1973 With his wife Elena Bonner in front of Y. Tuwim’s apartment on the day of the 1st press conference of the Nobel Peace Prize. Moscow, August 21. Peace Prize. Moscow, October 9


Work on Gorky's "Memoirs" 1982 With his wife, shortly after the hunger strike and forced isolation in 1984-1985. Return from exile At the Forum Moscow, Yaroslavsky “For a nuclear-free world...” station. 23 Dec 1986 Moscow, Feb. 1987


At the White House with R. Reagan With Margaret Thatcher Washington, Nov. 1988 With Edward Teller Commencement Washington, Nov. 1988 Honorary Doctor of the University of Bologna, Italy, 1989 1989 At the presentation of the Clinical Foundation Prize at the Forum of Nobel Laureate Research. Japan St. Boniface. Canada


Sakharov, A. Memoirs. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov. – M.: Time, – Ts.: ill. Sakharov, A. Memoirs. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov. – M.: Time, – Ts.: ill. Sakharov, A. Memoirs. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov. – M.: Time, – Ts.: ill. Sakharov, A., Bonner, E. Diaries. A novel-document. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov, E. Bonner. – M.: Time, – Ts.: ill. Sakharov, A., Bonner, E. Diaries. A novel-document. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov, E. Bonner. – M.: Time, – T p.: ill.. Sakharov, A., Bonner, E. Diaries. A novel-document. In 3 volumes / A. Sakharov, E. Bonner. – M.: Time, – Ts.: ill. Sakharov, A. Anxiety and hope. In 2 volumes / A. Sakharov. - M: Time, – T s. Sakharov, A. Anxiety and hope. In 2 volumes / A. Sakharov. – M: Time, – T s. 30 years of “Reflections...” of Andrei Sakharov. – M: Human Rights, – 232 p. Bonner, E. Free notes on Sakharov’s genealogy / E. Bonner. – M.: Human rights, – 176 p. Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov Fragments of biography. – M.: Panorama, – 16 p. Bailey, George The making of Andrei Sakharov. – London, 1988 The presented publications can be found in the reading room of the library of the International State Ecological University. A. D. Sakharova


The presentation used materials from the site

Slide 1

Completed by: Svetlana Radchenko, 10th grade student of the Kolyvan Secondary School, Kurinsky district, Altai Territory

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov as a historical figure

Slide 2

A. D. Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is known as the greatest scientist of our time, as the author of outstanding works on particle physics and cosmology. He owns the main idea of ​​implementing thermonuclear fusion. Also, the whole world knows A.D. Sakharov as an outstanding public figure, a fearless fighter for human rights, for establishing the primacy of universal human values ​​on Earth. The political confrontation took a lot of his energy. A person of deep humanistic convictions and high moral principles

Slide 3

Curriculum Vitae

The course on national history tells about Sakharov as the leader of the human rights movement and about his parliamentary activities. I wanted to get to know Andrei Dmitrievich better. Studying the literature about Sakharov, I set the following goal: to prove that Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is a historical figure. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Talk about the personality of A.D. Sakharov, about his struggle for human rights, about his deputy activities, about the role of Andrei Dmitrievich in the development of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. 2.Prove that the “father of the hydrogen bomb” always advocated a nuclear-free world, that he was the “conscience” of the era and his life could become a moral example for humanity

Slide 4

Kurchatov and Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, a world-famous scientist and public figure, was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. His parents: Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova and Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a physics teacher, author of a number of textbooks and problem books on physics, as well as many popular science books. In 1938 he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1941, after the start of the Great Patriotic War, was drafted, but did not pass the medical examination and was evacuated along with Moscow State University to Ashgabat, where in 1942 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics. He was invited to remain at the department and continue his education. Andrei Dmitrievich refused this offer and was sent by the People's Commissariat of Armaments to Ulyanovsk to a defense plant. studied independently scientific research, in 1944-1945 he completed several scientific works. In January 1945, he entered graduate school at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where his supervisor was Academician I.E. Tamm. He graduated from graduate school, defending his Ph.D. thesis in November 1947, and until March 1950 he worked as a junior researcher. In July 1948, by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he was involved in the creation of thermonuclear weapons.

Slide 5

A.D. Sakharov

D. Sakharov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (in 1953, 1956 and 1962), in 1953 he was awarded the USSR State Prize, and in 1956 - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was then 32 years old. Few people were elected academician so early. Subsequently, A.D. Sakharov was elected a member of a number of foreign academies. He is also an honorary doctor from many universities

Slide 6

In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm considered the idea of ​​magnetic fusion reactor, which formed the basis for work on controlled thermonuclear fusion.

Slide 7

A. D. Sakharov “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity”

Sakharov's social evolution did not occur simply in the course of his thoughts. Working near the top of the military-scientific pyramid, he took professional and personal responsibility for the consequences of his work. In 1958, he took responsibility for ending atmospheric nuclear testing. He calculated that even in the safest - “pure” - option, each megaton of explosion dooms a very certain number of victims - 6,600 people. It was a professional problem, but his colleagues on both sides of the global barricade found the “moral and political conclusions from the numbers” he had drawn incomprehensible. In that epic he had defeats, but there was also a victory of which he was proud - the 1963 agreement to stop above-ground testing. It took years of life experience to become convinced how much speculation and deception were contained in Soviet bright ideals. Then he began to think that all governments are worth each other and all peoples are threatened by common dangers. And finally, already opposing the Soviet regime, I came to the conclusion that the similarity here is no greater than between a cancer and a normal cell, and found a cure for social cancer in the protection of human rights.

Slide 8

Human rights group

In November 1970, the Human Rights Committee was created, one of the founders of which was A.D. Sakharov. Having previously declared general principle According to which respect for human rights is a necessary condition not only for the healthy development of our country, but also a necessary condition for peace, A.D. Sakharov did not ignore a single case of human rights violation. He repeatedly spoke out in defense of political prisoners, against the use of psychiatry for repressive purposes, for the right to choose the country of residence and place of residence in this country, in defense of repressed peoples (in particular, for the right Crimean Tatars return to your homeland). Academician Sakharov was one of the founders and honorary chairman of the Memorial Society until his death.

Slide 9

Speech at the First Congress of People's Deputies

In April 1989, Sakharov was elected people's deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. At the Congress of People's Deputies, all pressing problems caused by four years of attempts at reform were raised in a heated discussion. On most of them, Sakharov expressed his opinion. The most striking of his speeches was the proclamation of the “Decree on Power,” which abolished Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the Communist Party. There are no more congresses of people's deputies, nor the Soviet Union itself. Verbatim reports have been written off in the archives, the normative acts adopted at that time have long since lost their force, and names and surnames have been erased from memory. But the lessons of democracy, the achievements and mistakes of the first reformers, which it is not a sin for modern politicians to learn from, remained an invaluable asset.

Slide 10

draft Constitution

Having become a member of the Constitutional Committee in 1989, A. Sakharov decided to write his own draft Constitution. His friend and teacher I.E. Tamm said: “To write the Constitution, you need to have a life behind you, a little in your head common sense, be sure to respect those for whom it is written, and respect yourself.” Behind these words one can guess the personality of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov; in the preamble to his draft Constitution, Andrei Sakharov wrote: “The goal of the peoples of the USSR is a happy and dignified life, a prosperous life. And world peace." The draft contains 46 articles, seven of them are devoted to human rights. The Project traces Sakharov's concept of the inseparable connection between human rights and peace on earth, between the survival of humanity and the openness of every society... Now this is called “new thinking”.

Slide 11

1. Sakharov was the first to understand, or at least the first to say loudly, that in our age of thermonuclear weapons this confrontation threatens the sudden destruction of all life on Earth and showed a way out. 2. The struggle for human rights, which he developed, is not a philanthropic activity of idle intellectuals, but a struggle to transform our country from a dictatorship into a democratic open society, a struggle for international trust, to overcome confrontation, and for the path to disarmament. 3. He contrasted violence with good in the life of society. 4. Just as Andrei Dmitrievich did in his theoretical developments in applied physics, ending them not with a beautiful integral, but with a formula ready for application, so in his social activities he did not throw out slogans and appeals, but sat down to write the draft “Constitution” Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", trying to give us a sharpened tool for correcting the life of our country. If his life had not ended so suddenly, he would have made this instrument perfect. But when he passed away, he left us the program.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Biography

Completed by a 9a grade student


Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR RAS and political figure, dissident and human rights activist.

Biography:

Born in Moscow. His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher at the Lenin Pedagogical Institute, his mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - the daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano - is a housewife. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov. He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school from the seventh grade. At the end high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow University. In the summer of 1941 he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted due to health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors. In 1943, Sakharov married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. 1945 - admission to graduate school at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences named after. P.N. Lebedeva, 1947 - dissertation defense.

In 1948, Andrei Sakharov was included in a special group for the development of thermonuclear weapons. 1950 - the scientist begins research into controlled thermonuclear reactions. 1952 - Sakharov puts forward the idea of ​​magnetic cumulation to produce super-strong magnetic fields. 1953 - after a successful test of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, Andrei Sakharov was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1954 and 1956 - the scientist is awarded the title “Hero of Socialist Labor”.

Sakharov was called the “father” of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. But this one dubious title did not so much please the academician as worry him - there were too many moral problems behind him. By the end of the 1950s, Andrei Sakharov began to actively protest against nuclear weapons testing.

1961 - the academician works on the idea of ​​laser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. The same year was marked by the scientist’s speech against nuclear testing, which ultimately led to his conflict with Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. 1962 - Sakharov becomes the Hero of Socialist Labor for the third time. And in 1963 he was concluded in Moscow international treaty on the ban on nuclear tests in three areas: in the atmosphere, in water and in space. One of the initiators of this document was Academician Sakharov.

1966 - Andrei Sakharov begins to intercede with the government on behalf of the repressed. In 1968, the academician wrote the article “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom.” In his own words, this moment became a “turning point in fate.” The Soviet press reacts to the article with silence for some time, then one after another more and more disapproving responses begin to appear. The article was published abroad. Immediately after this, Sakharov was removed from secret work.

1970 - Sakharov, despite the fact that the pressure on himself and his relatives is gradually increasing, does not tire of fighting for the rights of the repressed. He becomes one of the founders of the Moscow Committee for Human Rights. In addition, he very boldly speaks out for the abolition of the death penalty, against compulsory treatment in psychiatric hospitals, and for the right to emigrate.

In 1975, Academician Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among nations and for his courageous struggle against abuse of power and all forms of oppression.” human dignity" In the same year he writes and publishes the book “About the Country and the World.”

1979 - Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Sakharov publicly condemns this step. 1980 - the scientist gives two correspondence interviews to the Western press: one to the German newspaper " Die Welt", the second - American " The New York Times" In them, Sakharov speaks out, among other things, in favor of a boycott of the Moscow Olympics: “ Olympic Committee must refuse to hold the Olympics in a country waging war.” Literally the next day after the publication of the newspapers, at the beginning of January 1980, a government decree was adopted, according to which Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was deprived of all government awards “in connection with the systematic commission ... of actions discrediting him as the recipient.” On January 2, Sakharov was exiled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). The location was not chosen by chance - this city was closed to foreigners. In Gorky, the academician is virtually isolated from society and is constantly guarded by the police. The scientist’s relatives and friends have a hard time in Moscow, and it comes to the point that, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities towards them, Sakharov goes on a hunger strike twice during his “exile.” The human rights activist’s work continues even in isolation. Sakharov writes an article “The Danger of Thermonuclear War”, which receives a huge response in the West. A letter was written to Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev stating that it is necessary to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. Gorbachev receives an appeal from an academician about the need to release all prisoners of conscience.

December 1986 - Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, by special order, returns Sakharov to Moscow. In February 1987, Andrei Sakharov speaks at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity.” 1988 – the scientist is elected chairman of the Memorial Society.

March 1989 - the academician was elected people's deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. November of the same year - Sakharov develops and presents to the Kremlin a draft of a new Constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others.

December 14, 1989 - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov dies in Moscow. He was buried at Vostryakovsky cemetery.

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