Sergei Meyerhold. Tragic biography of Zinaida Reich

Great love stories: Sergei Yesenin and Zinaida Reich

Sergei Yesenin's wife, Zinaida Reich, was called femme fatale, who lived two different lives: in one - poverty and personal drama, in the other - prosperity, devoted love, professional success. And - a heartbreaking cry at the end... Zinaida was born in 1894 into the family of a Russified German, Nikolai Reich, and a poor noblewoman, Anna Viktorova. The daughter shared the beliefs of her father, one of the first Social Democrats, for which she paid with expulsion from the gymnasium. In 1917 - the year of her meeting with Yesenin - she lived in Petrograd and served as a typist in the editorial office of the Left Socialist Revolutionary newspaper Delo Naroda.

She was also the chairman of the Society for the Distribution of Propaganda Literature. There was also an art library, where Sergei Yesenin often visited - the books were issued by the Socialist Revolutionary Mina Svirskaya, and everyone thought that Sergei sympathized with her. And Zina was already getting ready to marry his friend, the aspiring poet Alexei Ganin.

Before the engagement, we decided to go together to Solovki and further north. My friend couldn’t, but Zinaida went.

Alexey Ganin, Zinaida's supposed fiancé

Down the aisle like a fire....The black-haired beauty looks great on the deck white steamer. Ganin stepped aside, admiring the bride; he did not hear what Zinaida and Sergei were talking about:

Zina, this is very serious. Understand, I love you... at first sight. Let's get married! Immediately! If you refuse, I will commit suicide... Soon the shore... the church... Make up your mind! Yes or no?!

On the way, Sergei picked wildflowers. Without remembering themselves, forgetting about Ganin, the young people got married in a small church near Vologda.

Sergei Yesenin and Zinaida Reich. They originally loved each other

...Now there could be no question of further travel. They returned to Petrograd, settled in an apartment on Liteiny and lived a completely normal family life - Yesenin even dissuaded himself from bachelor drinking bouts: they say, I love my wife, we, brother, are adults. And when the struggle for survival began - it was a troubled and hungry time - he began to mope... Closer to the birth, Zina went to her parents in Orel, and Sergei went to Moscow to join the imagist poets.

Yesenin and Reich

In the family feuds, the very point that haunted Yesenin also surfaced - after all, like a peasant, he could not forgive the fact that he was not the first to win the marriage doge. When I cried to my friend Anatoly Mariengof, my face was cramped, my eyes turned purple, my hands clenched into fists: “Why did you lie, you reptile?!” However, this did not stop him from boasting about the “Don Juan victories” of those years: “Not 400, but there were probably 40 already.”

Sergei Yesenin and Anatoly Mariengof. They were very friendly then

Is this life? I didn’t visit my wife, didn’t call or wait for her. Then she took one-year-old Tanechka and came to his room on Bogoslovsky, where he lived with Mariengof. Sergei did not show much joy, but he reached out to his daughter with all his heart. But the child's darling felt something was wrong...

The “little girl” did not sit still, climbed onto the laps of her mother, nanny and strangers, but avoided her father. “And they resorted to cunning,” Mariengof wrote in his memoirs, “and to flattery, and to bribery, and to severity - all in vain.” Zinaida bit her lips so as not to cry, and Yesenin became very angry, deciding that this was her “intrigue.” Soon he told her to leave, saying that all feelings had passed, that he was quite happy with the life he was leading. Zinaida did not want to believe: “You love me, Sergun, I know that and I don’t want to know anything else...”.

Zinaida Reich with children from Sergei Yesenin

And then Yesenin... involved Mariengof. He took me out into the corridor, gently hugged him by the shoulders, looked into his eyes:

Do you love me, Anatoly? Are you really my friend or not?

What are you talking about!

But here’s what... I can’t live with Zinaida... Tell her, Tolya (I’m asking you like you can’t ask anymore!) that I have another woman.

What are you saying, Seryozha... How can you?

Are you a friend to me or not a friend?.. Her love is a noose to me... Tolyuk, dear, I’m like... I’ll walk along the boulevards to the Moscow River... and you say (she will certainly ask) that I’m with a woman.. .they say, I’m confused and deeply in love... Let me kiss you...

More - Zinaida Reich with children

He did not recognize his own son....The next day Zinaida left. After some time, I realized that I was expecting a child, I thought, maybe this is for the best, the children will bond... I discussed the name with my husband on the phone - we agreed that if it was a boy, then we would call it Konstantin. And again no news...

A little over a year later, on her way to Kislovodsk with her son, she met Mariengof on the platform of the Rostov station. Having learned that Yesenin was walking somewhere nearby, she asked: “Tell Seryozha that I’m going to Kostya. He didn't see him. Let him come in and have a look... If he doesn’t want to meet me, I can leave the compartment.”

The poet reluctantly came in, looked at his son and said: “Ugh... Black... Yesenins are not black.” The poor woman turned to the window, her shoulders trembled, and Yesenin turned on his heels and walked out... with a light, dancing gait.

Isadora Duncan. Yesenin fell madly in love with her

Very soon the unknown Oryol wife will be replaced by the popular American dancer Isadora Duncan. But the time is not so far away when Sergei Yesenin will be on duty near someone else’s house, dying of longing for his children, knocking on the door and plaintively asking to be let in for one minute, just to look... Have you fallen asleep? Let them be carried out... sleeping... he wants to see them.

And Zina... his wife... the famous actress, wife of Vsevolod Meyerhold. How will Zinaida behave? More on this later. In the meantime, let's return to Yesenin and Mariengof. Tatyana Yesenina writes in her memoirs that her father left her mother because of her growing closeness with Mariengof.

Sergei Yesenin and Anatoly Mariengof

Sergey+Anatoly=? Indeed, a question mark. Both traveled with lectures throughout Russia, believing that they were creating new poetry - hence their partnership and a certain fanaticism. But it was noticeable that they did a lot of strange things.

In winter, the temperature in their room was below freezing, so they laid a mattress in the bathtub and slept together, throwing old books into the water pump to warm the water. This was their “promised bath.” Until the residents of the communal apartment kicked them out, everyone liked the idea, and everyone wanted to warm up. In the room they also slept together on the same bed, covering themselves with several blankets and fur coats.

Sergei Yesenin, Anatoly Mariengof, Velemir Khlebnikov

Then they came up with a game: on even days Mariengof, and on odd days Yesenin writhed on a cold sheet to warm it with his body. When one poetess asked Yesenin to help her get a job, he offered her a typist’s salary only for her to come to them at one in the morning for 15 minutes. The condition was this: they turn away, don’t look, and she undresses, warms the bed, then gets dressed and leaves. Three days later, the poetess could not stand it:

I do not intend to continue my service!

What's the matter?.. We religiously observed the conditions.

Exactly!.. But I didn’t hire myself to warm the sheets of the saints.

Friends had common money, ate and drank together, dressed alike, usually in white jackets, blue trousers and white canvas shoes, and wore the same hats. But Yesenin could not stand loneliness.

Anatoly Mariengof, Dmitry Shostakovich and Anna Nikritina

When Anatoly Mariengof became seriously interested in actress Anna Nikritina and once came at 10 am, Sergei raised his heavy red eyelids at him:

Yes. Drank. And every day I will... if you start hanging around at night... With whomever you want to dance there, but to spend the night at home.

Did they sleep “tightly hugged”? Who will admit this? Mariengof in “A Novel Without Lies” boasts that Sergei called him a “berry”, that he was so attached to him that he was jealous of women, or rather, suffered from a lack of attention to himself.

Were Sergei Yesenin and Anatoly Mariengof more than attached to each other?

Anna Nikritina, Mariengof’s wife, was subsequently outraged by the writers’ assumptions about her friends’ bisexuality and completely rejected these speculations. And Nabokov... wrote in his later memoirs about Yesenin’s homosexuality arising from time to time and his sudden aversion to it, thereby explaining the reason for his drunkenness and cruel treatment of women.

Vladimir Nabokov suspected the poet of many bad things...

Many contemporaries knew about Yesenin’s habit of sharing a bed with men from his close circle, but no one stated unequivocally whether there was something more hidden behind this than overnight stays due to late gatherings. Perhaps the fact itself is also an image...

But the “dear friends” laughed at Zinaida in an unmanly way. Mariengof called her “a plump Jewish lady” with crooked legs, with “sensual lips on a face as round as a plate.” The poet Vadim Shershenevich joked: “Oh, how tired I am of looking at rickety legs!” But director Vsevolod Meyerhold believed that there is no woman more beautiful and slender than Zinaida Reich.

Anatoly Mariengof, Sergey Yesenin, Alexander Kusikov, Vadim Shershenevich. 1919

She will force herself to be respected. Meyerhold, by the way, had been eyeing Zinaida Reich for a long time. Once at one of the parties I asked Yesenin:

You know, Seryozha, I’m in love with your wife... If we get married, won’t you be angry with me?

The poet playfully bowed at the director’s feet:

Take her, do me a favor... I will be grateful to you to the grave.

Zinaida Reich and Vsevolod Meyerhold

Whether it’s long or short, life, terrible for its uncertainty and suffering, the loss of both revolutionary and family ideals, filled with humiliation and the hardships of everyday life, a complete lack of love and mercy, has reached the point beyond which either complete oblivion and collapse, or ... Something must happen, otherwise... it’s simply unbearable.

And yet, Sergei did not appreciate his wife, she will prove to him what she is capable of... She will become an actress. And Zinaida entered directing courses.

Yesenin, Reich, Meyerhold - the “semi-criminal” trinity

“...And I will adopt children.” In the fall of 1921, she came to the studio of 48-year-old Vsevolod Meyerhold, and he immediately offered her his hand and heart. Zinaida couldn’t make up her mind for a long time: they say, she’s divorced, she has two children, I don’t trust anyone... To which the famous director simply and clearly replied: “I love you, Zinochka. And I will adopt children.” Before this, Vsevolod lived for a quarter of a century with his first wife Olga, whom he had known since childhood, and had three daughters with her.

Olga Mikhailovna Munt, first wife of Vsevolod Meyerhold

His legal wife almost went crazy when she returned from a trip and saw Zinaida: what did he see in this gloomy woman, how dare he bring her into their house? And then she cursed them both in front of the image: “Lord, punish them!”

I did it out of desperation, but I took it upon myself terrible sin- she herself was left with nothing, and years later the death of Vsevolod and Zinaida was brutal, monstrous... But that came later, and now Meyerhold is happy, he didn’t even know that it was possible to love so much... However, Yesenin was hurt by this: “I rubbed myself into into my family, he portrayed an unrecognized genius... He stole my wife...”

Vsevolod Meyerhold and Zinaida Reich

All roles - Zinochka. Reich seemed to the director to be the living embodiment of the elements, a destroyer and a creator, with whom one could make revolutionary theater. It doesn’t matter that many considered her a mediocre actress, but her husband idolized her and was ready to give her all the roles - both female and male.

When the conversation came up about staging Hamlet and Meyerhold was asked who would play the main character, he replied: “Of course, Zinochka.” Then actor Nikolai Okhlopkov said that he would play Ophelia, and even wrote a written application for this role, after which he flew out of the theater.

They said about Zina that she moved around the stage like a “cow”.

Maria Babanova - former prima of the Meyerhold theater, who was replaced by Zinaida

Having heard the gossip, Vsevolod Emilievich fires the audience's favorite Maria Babanova from the theater - thin, flexible, with a crystal voice (she gets more clapping). His favorite student, actor Erast Garin, leaves the theater - Zinochka quarreled with him.

Scene from The Inspector General. Khlestakov - Erast Garin, Anna Andreevna - Zinaida Reich

Meyerhold specially comes up with such mise-en-scenes for her that there is no need to move - the action unfolds around the heroine. The light falls on her beautiful face and white shoulders, the audience watches sudden outbursts of frantic anger - this is something that the actress mastered to perfection.

Vsevolod Meyerhold with a portrait of Reich

Next to Meyerhold, Zina truly blossomed. She felt love and care. The husband even took her last name as his second name and signed it as Meyerhold-Reich. The parents moved from Orel to Moscow, the children have everything they need: the best doctors, teachers, expensive toys, separate rooms. Soon the family moved to a hundred-meter apartment. Zinaida is one of the first ladies of Moscow; she attends diplomatic and government receptions and receives the most eminent guests in her home.

Professional success. Immediately after the wedding, Vsevolod Emilievich asked Mariengof whether Zinaida would be great actress, to which the “evil genius” replied, not without malice: “Why not the inventor of the electric light bulb!?” That is, no one believed in her success on stage, the actors hated her, critics wrote that “Zinaida Reich played the worst,” the imagists from Yesenin’s entourage gloated...

Zinaida Reich. They envied her beauty and success

But the love and talent of the great director created a miracle - Zinaida Reich became a great actress. She beautifully played Aksyusha (“The Forest” by Alexander Ostrovsky), Varka (“The Mandate” by Nikolai Erdman), Anna Andreevna (“The Inspector General” by Nikolai Gogol), the Phosphoric Woman (“The Bathhouse” by Vladimir Mayakovsky), Margarita (“The Lady of the Camellias” by Alexandre Dumas -son) etc.

The play “Lady with Camellias” was the last one played by Zinaida Reich on the stage of the Theater. Meyerhold on January 7, 1938. Having played the final scene - the death of Marguerite Gautier, the actress lost consciousness and was carried backstage in her arms. This was also facilitated by the fact that the Committee on Arts Affairs adopted a resolution to liquidate the theater...

Portrait Zinaida Reich as Marguerite Gautier

It’s just that one day there was a spectator in the hall who not only appreciated the beauty of the French aristocratic court, but also “understood” the idea of ​​the performance - the desire for a prosperous life, free from ideology and class prejudices.

It was Joseph Stalin. Meyerhold was accused of switching to petty bourgeoisism - in Soviet life there is no place for what Dumas the son is talking about. And people flocked to the performance in droves, yearning for true human feelings. We went to Zinaida Reich. From the silence of the hall came sobbing and blowing noses. Critics noted that “there was an unusually elegant, sophisticated French beauty on stage.”

Zinaida Reich became a talented actress

She was torn between feeling and morality, between passion and morality. And even the beautiful Arman (actor Mikhail Tsarev) “was simple-minded” next to this “absolute femininity.” He lacked the natural relaxedness of a true aristocrat.

And only Meyerhold knew that he was right. Despite the harsh times, he had to stage Dumas in order to give Zinaida the opportunity to survive and release her former passion for Yesenin...

Zinaida Reich and Mikhail Tsarev played together

Secret dates. After America, after the break with Isadora Duncan, after Zinaida became an actress of the most avant-garde theater, the beautiful and prosperous wife of a popular director, Yesenin fell in love with his ex-wife again...

Zinaida Reich secretly met with him in the room of her friend Zinaida Gaiman. But Gaiman didn’t tell her that Meyerhold knew everything, that one evening he looked disgustedly into the eyes of the pimp: “I know that you are helping Zinaida meet with Yesenin. Please stop this: if they get back together, she will be unhappy...” The friend hid her eyes, shrugged, saying that it was jealousy, the fantasies of a fevered imagination...

Yesenin and Duncan

And Sergei Yesenin suffered without children, was jealous and desired Zinaida, whose success in Moscow and St. Petersburg overshadowed the success of Isadora Duncan. But... on one of the dates Reich said ex-husband that “parallels do not cross,” that’s enough, she won’t leave Vsevolod. Although some people slandered her pathological dependence on Yesenin, that if she called, she would run barefoot in winter. It was difficult to fight this addiction...

After the death of the poet, Reich gave Gaiman a photograph with the inscription: “To you, Zinushka, as a memory of the most important and most terrible thing in my life - about Sergei”...

Sergei Yesenin fell in love with his ex-wife again

The soul suffered in its own way. Meyerhold had reason to worry. Zinaida couldn’t even control herself on stage. While playing the mayor, she pinched her daughter so much that she really screamed. At a reception in the Kremlin, she furiously attacked Mikhail Kalinin himself: “Everyone knows that you are a womanizer!” She took any mocking glance in her direction with hostility, and could immediately throw a tantrum...

Therefore, Meyerhold was more concerned about his wife’s health than about his connection with Yesenin - after all, after America, he was also not himself, they say that his epileptic attacks became more frequent...

...The Meyerholds were informed about Yesenin’s death by telephone. Zinaida, with a distorted face, rushed into the hallway:

I'm going to him!

Zinochka, think...

I'm going to him!

I'm going with you...

Zinaida Reich and Vsevolod Meyerhold at the tomb of Sergei Yesenin

Vsevolod Emilievich supported Zina near Yesenin’s coffin when she shouted: “My fairy tale, where are you going?”, and blocked his back from his former mother-in-law when she said in public: “It’s all your fault!” Accompanied everywhere, did not take his eyes off - as long as there was no breakdown, as long as everything worked out...

Zinaid Reich and Vsevolod Meyerhold survived. But not for long...

Before the storm. In the 30s, the Meyerhold house was considered one of the most prosperous and hospitable in Moscow. They said that Zinaida again fed him all sorts of goodies, and how good she is: a famous actress, beautiful woman, her husband simply idolizes her.

True, son Kostya made me worry a little - he organized a “Justice League” at school, wrote the “Charter”, “Program”, published the newspaper “Alliance” - so that there were no favorites, so that teachers deservedly gave grades, so that parents did not influence grades with their position children... In general, Meyerhold, with difficulty, but still defended his stepson, settled the “rebellion against the party”...

But the comrades from Lubyanka decided not to take risks and took note of the director...

Zinaida Reich reigned

Parallels do not cross. The time came when there were only “enemies” all around. In 1938, articles about “Meyerholdism” appeared. This implied the director's secret passion for bourgeois art. Meyerhold was not given the title of People's Artist of the USSR, and the theater was closed. And the city had long been shaking at night from the sharp sound of approaching cars - endless arrests were being made. Vsevolod Emilievich has turned very gray and aged...

They had not touched him yet, but something else was depressing... In 1939, his wife’s illness worsened. Zina shouted through the window to the police guard that she loved Soviet power, that they had closed the theater in vain, then wrote a furious letter to Stalin. She threw herself at her children and husband, saying that she didn’t know them, let them go away. I had to tie her to the bed with ropes. But Meyerhold did not send his wife to an insane asylum: he spoon-fed her, washed her, talked to her, held her hand until she fell asleep.

Vsevolod Meyerhold with Yesenin’s children Kostya and Tanya

A few weeks later, she calmly woke up, looked at her hands and said in surprise: “What dirt, what dirt...”. Zinaida returned to normal life again - her husband saved her again... But there were several weeks left before the tragic ending...

Meyerhold was taken in St. Petersburg. At the same time, a search was carried out in the Moscow apartment. Zinaida understands that the world has collapsed, that she will no longer see her husband - the only true and true friend of life - but does not yet know that the night ahead is ahead, which will become fatal for her - from July 14 to 15, 1939.

The body of the actress with numerous stab wounds was found in the office, and in the corridor a housekeeper was lying with a broken head, rushing to hear the mistress’s scream.

Meyerhold's burial in the mass grave of the Donskoy Monastery. Cenotaph at the Vagankovskoye cemetery

Vsevolod Meyerhold was shot as a “spy of British and Japanese intelligence”, kept in prison for several months and beaten beyond recognition. Where his body lies is still unknown, but fate wanted Yesenin, Reich and Meyerhold to be together in another life.

Zinaida was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery, not far from Yesenin’s grave. After some time, another inscription appeared on the Reich monument - Vsevolod Emilievich Meyerhold.

Yesenin's grave at the Vagankovskoye cemetery

Grave of Zinaida Reich

...The soul of Vsevolod found its Love, and the soul of Zinaida made its choice...

Tamara SHAMANKOVA, Privet.Ru

Zinaida Reich was the wife and muse of two outstanding personalities of the early twentieth century. – poet Sergei Yesenin And directed by Vsevolod Meyerhold, however, it is unfair to present her exclusively in the role of wife and muse. She was an independent figure - one of the most famous theater actresses Moscow 1930s Her fate has repeatedly made unexpected turns, and the mystery of death remains unsolved to this day.

They said that she managed to live two different lives - in one she was a poor typist, a deceived wife and an unhappy single mother, in the other she lived in prosperity, was famous actress, her husband adored her and her fans idolized her. And it all ended in a bloody drama - eight stab wounds inflicted by unknown persons in her own apartment were the cause of death, but did not become a reason to open a criminal case.

At the age of 23, Zinaida Reich shared the views of the Social Democrats, served as a typist in a left-wing Socialist Revolutionary newspaper, was the chairman of the Society for the Distribution of Propaganda Literature, and was going to marry the poet Alexei Ganin. But unexpectedly for everyone and even for herself, she married someone else. During a boat trip, Ganin's friend Sergei Yesenin invited her to get off at the nearest pier and get married. They returned to Petrograd as husband and wife.

But family life Very soon Yesenin got bored. He began to drink frequently and was away from home for a long time. The marriage was not saved by the birth of a daughter and son. Yesenin rarely saw the children, and did not recognize his son at all, saying that there could be no black-haired people in their family. She went to her parents, and Yesenin went to Moscow.

One day Zinaida Reich was wandering around the city and saw an advertisement that director V. Meyerhold was recruiting students for theater courses. So she became an actress and the wife of a famous director. He adopted her children and made him the prima of his theater. They said different things about her talent - the director’s wife rarely hears compliments addressed to her from other actresses. Nevertheless, she was recognized as gifted and charismatic. Among the admirers of her talent were B. Pasternak and A. Bely.

When she was already married and had become quite famous actress, Yesenin appeared in her life again after the end of her affair with Isadora Duncan. They started dating secretly. It was at this time, in 1924, that the poet wrote the famous “Letter to a Woman” dedicated to Reich, which contained the following lines:
Forgive me...
I know: you are not the same -
Do you live
With a serious, intelligent husband;
That you don’t need our toil,
And I myself to you
Not needed one bit.
Live like this
How the star guides you
Under the tabernacle of the renewed canopy.
With greetings,
always remembering you
Your acquaintance
Sergey Yesenin.

In 1925, the poet was found hanged. And in the 1930s. a series of arrests and executions began. This fate did not escape her husband either. Meyerhold was arrested in 1939. Angrily, Zinaida Reich wrote a letter to Stalin saying that he did not understand theatrical art and there was nothing to blame her husband for.

They still keep the terrible secrets of their deaths.

Zinaida Reich

THEATRICAL NOVEL

This novel was destined to become one of the loudest, scandalous, and tragic in the history of Russian culture. A talented poet, a famous director - and between them the woman they loved. Sergei Yesenin, Zinaida Reich and Vsevolod Meyerhold are names forever tied in a knot by their love and death...

It all started in Petrograd in the late spring of 1917. A beginner, but quickly becoming fashionable, poet Sergei Yesenin often visited the editorial office of the left-wing Socialist Revolutionary newspaper “Voice of the People.” There was no special need for this - it was just incredible sitting in the newspaper reception area. beautiful girl Zinochka. Zina Reich. She has regular facial features, deep black eyes and dark hair, she laughs contagiously and eagerly accepts his advances. If it wasn't love at first sight, it was certainly love at second sight.

Although Zina and Sergei were almost the same age, they had little in common: Yesenin was from the Ryazan peasants, a clever guy who successfully hid his centuries-old peasant savvy under the guise of a village simpleton. He came from Moscow to Petrograd to conquer it with his poems, and succeeded in this in just a few weeks. Behind him was a short marriage - albeit a civil one - with Anna Izryadnova and the birth of his son Yuri...

And she was the daughter of the Russified German August Reich, who converted to Orthodoxy under the name of Nikolai Andreevich for the sake of marriage with his beloved woman, Anna Ivanovna, from the impoverished nobles. August and Anna met on the train on the way to Odessa - and when they arrived there, they immediately got married. Nikolay Reich, a highly qualified mechanic, had a wealth of experience even before marriage political activity as a member of the Social Democratic Party, he was twice exiled. His daughter inherited this passion for revolutionary ideas and was even expelled from the gymnasium for her “unreliable interests.” She graduated from the Zina gymnasium in Bendery, where Nikolai Reich was sent under police supervision. And already at the age of 19 she joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party - although she was mainly involved in propaganda. Since childhood, she had a strong desire for leadership, a rejection of norms imposed by someone - in her prim gymnasium, she could only go downstairs by sliding down the railing. In 1914, Zina entered the Petrograd Higher Women's Historical, Literary and Legal Courses. The affair with Yesenin that began at the beginning of the summer was not the first in her life, but it was her first, passionate, all-encompassing love...

In July, Yesenin, together with the Vologda poet Alexei Ganin and Zina Reich, went on a trip to the North - Yesenin was running away from conscription, and Reich could not part with him. During this trip, on August 4, 1917, they got married - in the small church of Kirik and Ulita near Vologda. The wedding seemed unreal, but the love of the young people was visible to everyone.

Upon returning to Petrograd, the young people settled on Liteiny Prospekt. Zina created a cozy and hospitable home for them, and Sergei turned out to be surprisingly good husband- gentle, caring... And then the October revolution broke out.

Zina was pregnant and out of harm’s way went to give birth in Orel, where her parents had settled by that time. There, on May 29, 1918, a daughter was born, who was named Tatyana in honor of Sergei’s mother. Her father loved her very much - blond, blue-eyed, so similar to himself... But he loved her from afar. Zinaida and her daughter lived in Orel for another year.

By this time, Yesenin had already moved to Moscow. Here, after a short friendship with the poets of Proletkult, he joined the Imagists. Together with Anatoly Mariengof, a friend and ally, they are trying to somehow earn money, but for now they are forced to sleep in the same bed in a tiny room in Bogoslovsky Lane. Then things somehow got better - they opened a bookstore on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, and then “Pegasus Stable” on Tverskaya. Zina is not invited to Moscow: Yesenin has long begun to get tired of her; long serious relationship, as it turned out, was not for him... Her visits only irritate both him and his friends, who categorically do not like Zina. Mariengof describes her at that time: “This is a plump Jewish lady. Generous nature has endowed her with sensual lips on a face as round as a plate...” And Vadim Shershenevich, another imagist, caustically punned: “Oh, how tired I am of looking at raichichic legs!”

At the beginning of 1919, Reich came to Moscow, now with her daughter, to introduce Tanya to her father. Yesenin happily accepted his daughter... and then asked Mariengof, as his closest friend, to help him ferry his wife back to Oryol. He had already tried to explain to Zina that love had passed, but she was sure that Yesenin loved her and flatly refused to leave. Mariengof, at Yesenin’s request, came to Reich and told her that Sergei had long been with another woman, with whom he this moment and is... Yesenin himself at that time was nervously walking along Tverskoy Boulevard, waiting for the outcome of the conversation. Reich understood everything correctly: she packed her things and left.

After their breakup, in February 1920, she had a son. I called Yesenin and asked: what to call him? He thought for a long time, trying to choose some “non-literary” name, and then said - call him Konstantin. After baptism, I realized that Konstantin was the name of Balmont, who was much disliked by Yesenin, but the deed was already done. He saw his son only a few months later, by accident: trains met in Rostov, in one of which Yesenin and Mariengof were returning from Tashkent, and in the other Reich was taking the sick Kostya to Kislovodsk. Yesenin looked at his son and jumped out of the carriage, muttering displeasedly: “Yesenins are not black!”

Her train took another three months to reach its destination. Zinaida was leaving her son, but on the way she herself fell ill with typhus; Due to brain poisoning with typhus poison, she went crazy and ended up in a mental hospital. When Reich left there, not a trace remained of the former light, charming, funny girl - now she became tough, tenacious, ready for anything...

Zinaida is trying to get back on her feet: she gets a job at the People's Commissariat for Education as an inspector in the department of people's houses, museums and clubs. Musya Babanova, who was passionate about theater, worked with her. Musya studied in the studio of Fyodor Komissarzhevsky, and after he went abroad, with the famous director Vsevolod Meyerhold. One day she asked Vsevolod Emilievich to look at her friend, Zinochka Reich. And Zina began a completely different life...

Meyerhold took Zina into his studio; Furthermore– he immediately fell in love with her, despite the twenty-year age difference. He threw his whole life, his entire future at her feet, but the past had to be thrown away and forgotten - because Zinochka was not there yet.

Meyerhold always went to the end in any of his passions. At the age of 21, full of sincere faith, he changed his religion and from the Lutheran Karl Theodor Kazimir Meyerhold turned into Vsevolod Emilievich - Vsevolod was the name of the writer Garshin - Meyerhold, whom he adored. He studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, then took drama courses. He played at the Moscow Art Theater and wandered around provincial theaters as a director. Even his enemies recognized his enormous talent. The premiere of Lermontov's Masquerade at the Alexandria Theater on the day of the October Revolution symbolized the end of old Russia. Under the new government, his reputation as a man who overthrew the norms elevated him above everyone. He had Olga Mikhailovna Munt, whom he met as children - in Penza, where Emil Meyergold, a purebred German and a German citizen, had a vodka factory. They got married as soon as Meyerhold graduated from university, she was by his side in all the difficult times, they had three daughters growing up. But nothing could stop Meyerhold and Reich from being together. One day, Vsevolod Emilievich, terrified of any heated conversations, sent his wife a telegram: I’m coming with my new wife and asking to vacate the apartment... And soon he was already living on Novinsky Boulevard with Reich.

He adopted her children and even took her last name: from now on he signed his name as Meyerhold-Reich.

Olga Mikhailovna cursed them both. She had a very hard time breaking up with the man with whom she had lived for a quarter of a century. But deep down in her soul she understood: Zinaida became for him the embodiment of everything that fascinated Meyerhold at that time: the revolutionary element, the riot of youth, inner strength, and nothing could be done about it...

Vsevolod Meyerhold, Paris, 1933

Meyerhold gave Zinaida new life. He moved her parents to Moscow and surrounded the children with love and care. Soon they all moved to new apartment in Bryusov Lane, where Zinaida immediately set up a salon for the Moscow cultural elite. Thanks to marriage with Meyerhold Reich became one of the first ladies of the capital. Her husband gave her everything that Yesenin could not and did not want to give her - love, care, prosperity, stability... They attend embassy receptions, in the most luxurious restaurants and in all the houses of theatrical and literary Moscow. Reich has fashionable toilets from Paris and Vienna, expensive fur coats and French perfumes, which then cost a fortune in impoverished Moscow, her children have the best toys, teachers, doctors...

But in 1923, Yesenin returned to Russia from a trip abroad with Isadora Duncan. What's his ex-wife became a happy wife famous director, came as a great shock to him. And Yesenin again launched an attack on the already once conquered but abandoned fortress. He began to come to the children - shouting, standing under the windows, to show them to him; drunk, he rang the doorbell until the children were woken up and taken to him. The only one who could cope with Yesenin in his wild drunkenness was, oddly enough, Meyerhold. And then Yesenin began meeting with Zinaida alone. The meetings took place in the apartment of her friend Zinaida Gaiman. Meyerhold found out about this - and how hard it took him not to make a scene

No one knows Zinaida or Sergei. He was incredibly jealous of her, and especially of Yesenin. But Meyerhold only found the strength to notice Gaiman: “I know that you are helping Zinaida meet with Yesenin. Please stop this: they will get back together and she will be unhappy...”

The meetings stopped.

Zinaida Reich with children

And in December 1925 it became known that Yesenin committed suicide. Reich suffered a nervous breakdown from this news. Meyerhold personally gave her medicine, calmed her down, consoled her, accompanied her at the funeral... Yesenin’s mother shouted to her: “It’s your fault!” And Zinaida almost rushed towards Sergei into the still unfilled grave - they barely restrained her...

Attacks of madness as a result of typhus poisoning then accompany the patient throughout her life. Meyerhold knew this very well: in his youth he was interested in the physiology of the brain, and while preparing for the role of Treplev in Chekhov's The Seagull, he drove himself into insanity and was barely able to get out of this state. He understood that Zinaida should be occupied with something that would distract her from reality. And he decided to make his wife an actress so that, having lived other people’s lives on stage one after another, she could fearlessly return to her own.

Reich was not well suited for Meyerhold's theater: its actors had excellent gymnastic training, could sing and dance, but Reich was clumsy, overweight, bow-legged and did not know how to move on stage at all. But this did not stop Meyerhold. He began to use what Reich could be proud of - her beauty, expressive eyes, deep voice, heightened emotionality. After her first role – Aksyusha in Ostrovsky’s “The Forest” – critics were convinced of her mediocrity. Igor Ilyinsky, himself an actor of Meyerhold, wrote: “Her stage helplessness and, simply put, clumsiness were too obvious.” But when Gogol’s “The Government Inspector” was staged in 1925, where Reich, in the role of Anna Andreevna, performed in a duet with Moscow’s favorite, the brilliantly gifted Maria Babanova - the very one thanks to whom Zinaida came to Meyerhold - the situation had already changed dramatically. The same Ilyinsky admitted: “She managed to learn a lot from Vsevolod Emilievich and, in any case, became an actress no worse than many others.” Critic Konstantin Rudnitsky wrote: “What nuances! All the scenes with his daughter are inimitable in the sophistication of the cartoon... Did Gogol ever dream of seeing such an Anna Andreevna!” And the brilliant Mikhail Chekhov, after watching it, turned to Reich: “I am still under the impression I received from The Inspector General... and from two performers: from you and from the wonderful Garin... Your ease in performing difficult tasks amazes me. And lightness is the first sign of true creativity.” And after “Lady with Camellias” by Alexandre Dumas fils - Reich’s last high-profile premiere - musician Nikolai Vygodsky wrote: “... her playing cannot be translated into words: she had a spiritual, melodic power that radiates a special light.”

Zinaida Reich as Anna Andreevna with Erast Garin (Khlestakov) in the play “The Inspector General” by Gogol

Meyerhold managed to make the most of all the advantages of Zinaida Reich and hide her shortcomings. Knowing that she was unable to move, he sat her in the middle of the stage and organized all the action around her, making her the center of his productions. Critics admired her scream, expressiveness and scale of her heroines. And in Moscow they gossiped that Meyerhold was ridding his wife of possible competitors: Igor Ilyinsky and Sergei Eisenstein left his theater... Erast Garin, a devoted supporter, favorite student and closest friend of Meyerhold, was

forced to leave after Reich quarreled with his wife Hesya Lokshina. Maria Babanova Reich literally survived from the theater - her crystal talent overshadowed Reich in the eyes of the public. After one incident, Nikolai Okhlopkov was fired. One day Meyerhold told the troupe that he was going to stage Hamlet. Okhlopkov, unable to resist, asked - who is in leading role? Meyerhold replied: “Of course, Zinaida Reich.” To this Okhlopkov, always unrestrained in his tongue, replied: “Well, if Reich is Hamlet, then I am Ophelia!” Meyerhold did not tolerate such “mockery” of his adored wife...

"Bath" by Mayakovsky. Reich as the Phosphoric Woman. Cartoon by D. Mora

Both Meyerhold and Reich knew how to make enemies for themselves. But if in the twenties they could afford it, then in the thirties it became dangerous. They, people who are extremely emotional, felt the gathering clouds, and both of them began to lose their nerves. Reich threw tantrums, even public ones - there is a known case when she shouted at the “All-Russian elder” himself, Mikhail Kalinin, at a Kremlin reception: “Everyone knows that you are a womanizer!” In her mid-thirties she had several nervous breakdowns that she found difficult to cope with. And Meyerhold gradually lost favor with the authorities - they began to scold him in the press, the only cultural figure of his rank was not given the title people's artist THE USSR. Then they removed him from the construction of the building of his own future theater... He began to see threats and attempts on his life everywhere... Once, when he was walking down the street, from the exhaust of an engine behind him, Meyerhold shied away in horror into the gateway: “They hired the theater administrator to I was shot!” In 1937, two completed performances were banned, and in January 1938 his theater was closed.

After the last performance - “Lady of the Camellias” by Dumas the Son - Reich lost consciousness; She was carried backstage in her arms. It seemed to her that everything that she was afraid of in life and that she had managed to avoid for so long had finally caught up with her...

Meyerhold was initially sheltered by Stanislavsky in his studio; but in August 1938 he died, and Meyerhold was again left out of work.

Meyerhold and Reich in Berlin, April 1930

Zinaida was overcome by madness. The first attack occurred in Leningrad. She went on a rampage, screamed in fits that the food was poisoned, forbade anyone to go near the window - because “they” might stand opposite and shoot; at night, afraid possible explosion, in only her underwear, she was eager to run out into the street... The violent stage passed quite quickly, but her mental state still left much to be desired. Zinaida sent Stalin a strikingly naive and harsh letter, where she wrote that the leader, unlike Meyerhold, understood nothing about art. As it turned out later, this letter incredibly harmed the disgraced director. Reich publicly declared that her husbands were being persecuted: first they ruined Yesenin, now they want to ruin Meyerhold... And in 1939 she simply fell into violent insanity. Again Meyerhold personally nursed his sick wife... And one day the madness passed, as if it had never happened... As it turned out, this was the last happy event in Meyerhold's life.

He was arrested on June 20, 1939 in Leningrad, when he left after the All-Union Directors' Conference and where he was staying in his former apartment with his first wife, Olga Mikhailovna Munt. At the same time, a search was carried out in Moscow. He was accused of having connections with foreign intelligence services... After much torture and beatings, he signed an incriminating confession. Stalin could never forgive him for the fact that in 1923 he staged the play “The Earth Stands on End,” dedicating it to Trotsky.

One of the versions of Meyerhold’s accusation, which was actively discussed in Moscow and St. Petersburg living rooms, was the following: Meyerhold was allegedly detained while trying to board a plane to illegally leave the country. The absurdity of the version was noticed by Akhmatova: “Well, they think he’s about to flee from Soviet Union without Reich? Impossible!"

Zinaida Reich as Marguerite Gautier in the play “The Lady of the Camellias” by A. Dumas the Son

After Meyerhold's arrest, Zinaida moved to a dacha in Balashikha - she had once bought it with money received for publishing Yesenin's collected works. Soon Konstantin and Tatyana moved in with her with their six-month-old son. Live in the same apartment, where everything reminded you of just recently happy life, it was impossible. But Reich fought for her happiness as best she could - together with Olga Munt, she collected documents that could help Meyerhold, knocked doorsteps, visited influential acquaintances, sat in waiting rooms...

One day Zinaida Nikolaevna arrived in Moscow, and for the night she came to her apartment on Bryusov Lane. Her daughter was with her; Reich tried to persuade her to stay, but she hurried to Balashikha, to her husband and child. And the next day - July 15, 1939 - Zinaida Reich was found in a pool of blood. Her housekeeper was lying in the corridor with a broken head. Reich was stabbed 8 times; she died on the way to the hospital. Nothing was missing from the apartment.

It was clear that Reich defended herself as best she could before her death. But no one came out to the screams coming from the apartment - the neighbors knew about Reich’s attacks and did not react.

Nikolai Reich called Moskvin, a friend of Meyerhold’s youth, a deputy of the Supreme Council, asking for help with his daughter’s funeral. He replied: “The public refuses to bury your daughter.” Very few people came to the ceremony at Vagankovsky. As Tatyana Yesenina recalled, inconspicuous people in civilian clothes stood at the gate and did not let anyone in. Despite this, without fear of anyone, the famous ballerina came to the apartment to put flowers Bolshoi Theater Ekaterina Vasilievna Geltser. No one else among the artists dared to cross the threshold.

They tried to blame her son-in-law, Tatiana Yesenina’s husband, for Reich’s death, but they could not prove anything. Nevertheless, he spent a year in prison; his brother stayed in prison for several years. Tatyana and Sergei were evicted onto the street immediately after the funeral. True, they miraculously managed to remove Meyerhold’s already sealed archive. The apartment was divided in half, and Beria’s driver and secretary moved in...

Vsevolod Meyerhold was executed on February 2, 1940. Journalist Mikhail Koltsov was shot along with him. For many years we were not supposed to talk about Meyerhold, Yesenin, or Zinaida Reich. But their names remain forever in the cultural history of Russia.

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Zinaida Reich, sex appeal Zinaida Reich, the wife of Vsevolod Meyerhold, a master of innovative directing, worked in his theater - the Meyerhold Theater. He essentially threw this theater at her feet - the great Maria Babanova, Erast Garin, Sergei Eisenstein left because of her. But mediocre

« Zinaida Reich Since her school years, she has been distinguished by her penchant for rebellion.
After the eighth grade she was expelled “for political reasons” and already at the age of 19 she became a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. With difficulty, her parents “managed to obtain” a certificate of secondary education, after which Zinaida left for Petrograd, where she entered the Higher Women’s Courses, studied sculpture, and studied foreign languages. Then she worked as a secretary-typist in the editorial office of the Socialist Revolutionary newspaper Delo Naroda, where she met Sergei Yesenin, who was published there.
The wedding took place in the building of the Passage Hotel, but the first wedding night disappointed the poet. According to A. Mariengofa(“A novel without lies”), “Zinaida told him that he was her first. And she lied. Yesenin could never forgive her for this... “Why did you lie, you bastard?”..." Returning to Petrograd, they live separately for some time... The break with Yesenin and her son’s illness had a negative impact on her mental state. The treatment took place in a clinic for nervous patients.
The eccentric, or, more simply put, hysterical character, often so attractive to men, deteriorated even more after the divorce from Yesenin.
In the fall of 1921, Zinaida Reich became a student at the Higher Theater Workshops in Moscow, where she studied in the directing department, which was headed by V.E. Meyerhold.
And a year later she married the famous director.
During her marriage to Meyerhold, she suffered several acute attacks of hysterical disorder, which required her hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital.
In the theater, Reich also behaved like a complete hysteric: she commanded the troupe, weaved intrigues. If an actress played her role well and earned long applause from the audience, this was a firm guarantee that the director would soon fire her, so as not to cause his wife to have another fit of hysteria based on envy.
Meyerhold, who was 20 years older, endlessly indulged her ambitions.
In 1938, the theater was closed and Meyerhold was arrested.
Without him, Reich's artistic activity immediately ceased. And she wrote a letter Stalin, in which she reported that he was poorly versed in theater, that her husband was a genius, and frivolously invited the “Leader and Teacher” to her home to talk about this topic (More precisely, it was written 2 letters - Approx. I.L. Vikentyev).
After such a letter, her fate was decided.
On the night of July 15, 1939, Zinaida Reich was brutally murdered by unknown assailants who entered the apartment at night. The attackers stabbed her 17 times and fled.
The actress died on the way to the hospital.
The mystery of her death remains unsolved.
Since the main criterion for hysterical personality disorder is theatrical behavior and/or exaggerated expression of one’s feelings, it is not surprising that the vast majority of talented (and not so talented) actresses exhibit this mental disorder.
The presence of such a diagnosis in no way diminishes their glory and merit; Moreover, it is safe to assume that the hysterical personality structure helped the manifestation of artistic abilities.
There are different opinions regarding Reich's talent. But hardly such an outstanding director as Meyerhold, would have kept a completely mediocre actress in the lead roles.
However, loving man capable of great nonsense. Undoubtedly, Zinaida Reich’s hysterical personality disorder naturally determined her fate.”

Giatsintova S.V., Alone with memory, M., “Art”, 1989, p. 308.

Zinaida Nikolaevna Reich(June 21 (July 3), 1894, Rostov-on-Don - July 15, 1939, Moscow) - Russian actress, wife of Sergei Yesenin and Vsevolod Meyerhold.

Biography

She was born into the family of a Russified German Nikolai Andreevich Reich (birth name - August Reich, a native of Silesia) and noblewoman Anna Ioanova. Her father was a Social Democrat, and her daughter adhered to her father's views. Soon the family moved to Bendery, where Zinaida entered the gymnasium, but after finishing only 8 grades, she was expelled for political reasons. She entered the higher women's courses in Kyiv, and in 1913 she became a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Anna Ivanovna had a hard time getting a certificate of secondary education for her daughter. After this, Zinaida left for Petrograd, and her parents moved to Orel to older sister her mother Varvara Ivanovna Danziger.

In Petrograd, Zinaida Reich entered the historical and literary faculty of the Higher women's courses S. G. Raevsky, where she took sculpture lessons and studied foreign languages. After finishing her studies, she worked as a secretary-typist in the editorial office of the Socialist Revolutionary newspaper Delo Naroda, where at the age of 23 she met her future husband Sergei Yesenin, who was published in this newspaper.

“A hundred came out, I’m getting married. Zinaida,” Nikolai Reich received such a telegram in July 1917 and sent money to his daughter in Vologda. At the end of August 1917, the young couple came to Orel with Alexei Ganin to celebrate modest wedding, meet Zinaida’s parents and relatives. In September they returned to Petrograd.

Yesenin's wedding night disappointed him. According to A. Mariengof (“A Novel Without Lies”), “Zinaida told him that he was her first. And she lied. Yesenin could never forgive her for this. He couldn’t do it like a man, because of his dark blood, and not because of his thoughts. “Why did you lie, you bastard?” And a spasm convulsed the face, the eyes turned purple, the hands clenched into fists.” Returning to Petrograd, they live separately for some time.

Reich was one of the most famous Moscow actresses; in the 30s she became the leading actress of the Meyerhold Theater (during thirteen (15?) years of work at GosTIM she played a little more than ten roles). Meyerhold himself, sincerely loving his wife, did everything to ensure that she became the only star of his theater.

Notes

Links

• Museum-apartment Sun. E. Meyerhold in Moscow (Bryusov lane, 12)
• On July 3, 1894, Zinaida Nikolaevna REICH was born - actress, wife of Sergei Yesenin and Vsevolod Meyerhold.

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See what “Reich, Zinaida Nikolaevna” is in other dictionaries:

- (1894 1939), actress. Wife of S. A. Yesenin (1917 21). Wife of V. E. Meyerhold (since 1922); in 1923 38 she played in the theater headed by Meyerhold. Roles: Aksyusha (“Forest” by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1924), Varka (“Mandate” by N. R. Erdman, 1925), Anna Andreevna... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1894 1939) Russian actress. Wife of S. A. Yesenin (1917 21). Wife of V. E. Meyerhold (since 1922); in 1923 38 she played in the theater headed by Meyerhold. Roles: Aksyusha (The Forest of A. N. Ostrovsky, 1924), Varka (The Mandate of N. R. Erdman, 1925), Anna... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

REIKH Zinaida Nikolaevna- Zinaida Nikolaevna (18941939), actress. S.A.'s wife Yesenina (191721), V.E. Meyerhold (since 1922). In 192338 she played in the tre, which was headed by Meyerhold. Roles: Aksyusha (The Forest of A.N. Ostrovsky, 1924), Varka (The Mandate of N.R. Erdman, 1925) ... Biographical Dictionary