It is not the harsh elements of the sea that kill shipwrecked people, but their own fears and weaknesses. To prove this, French doctor Alain Bombard crossed the Atlantic in an inflatable boat, without food or water.

In May 1951, the French trawler Notre-Dame de Peyrags set sail from the port of Equiem. At night, the ship lost its course and was thrown onto the ledge of the Carnot Pier by the waves. The ship sank, but almost the entire crew managed to put on vests and leave the ship. The sailors had to swim a short distance to get to the stairs on the wall of the pier. Imagine the surprise of the port doctor Alain Bombard when in the morning rescuers pulled 43 corpses ashore! People who found themselves in the water simply saw no point in fighting the elements and drowned while remaining afloat.

Stock of knowledge

The doctor who witnessed the tragedy could not boast of much experience. He was only twenty-six years old. While still studying at the university, Alain was interested in the capabilities of the human body in extreme conditions. He collected a lot of documented facts when daredevils remained alive on rafts and boats, in cold and heat, with a flask of water and a can of canned food on the fifth, tenth and even thirtieth day after the crash. And then he put forward the version that it is not the sea that kills people, but their own fear and despair.

The sea wolves only laughed at the arguments of yesterday’s student. “Boy, you’ve only seen the sea from the pier, and yet you’re interfering with serious issues,” the ship’s doctors arrogantly declared. And then Bombar decided to experimentally prove that he was right. He conceived a voyage that would be as close as possible to the conditions of a sea disaster.

Before trying his hand, Alain decided to stock up on knowledge. The Frenchman spent six months, from October 1951 to March 1952, in the laboratories of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.

Alain Bombard with by hand press, with which he squeezed the juice out of the fish

He studied the chemical composition of sea water, types of plankton, structure sea ​​fish. The Frenchman learned that sea fish are more than half fresh water. And fish meat contains less salt than beef. This means, Bombar decided, you can quench your thirst with juice squeezed out of fish. He also found out that sea water is also suitable for drinking. True, in small doses. And the plankton that whales feed on is quite edible.

One on one with the ocean

Bombar attracted two more people with his adventurous idea. But due to the size of the rubber vessel (4.65 by 1.9 m), I took only one of them with me.

Rubber boat “Heretic” - on it Alain Bombard went to conquer the elements

The boat itself was a tightly inflated rubber horseshoe, the ends of which were connected by a wooden stern. The bottom, on which the light wooden flooring (elani) lay, was also made of rubber. There were four inflatable floats on the sides. The boat was supposed to be accelerated by a quadrangular sail with an area of ​​three square meters. The name of the ship was a match for the navigator himself - “Heretic”.
Bombard later wrote that the reason for choosing the name was that most people considered his idea “heresy”, not believing in the possibility of surviving by eating only seafood and salt water.

However, Bombar did take some things into the boat: a compass, a sextant, navigation books and photographic equipment. On board there was also a first aid kit, a box with water and food, which were sealed to prevent temptation. They were intended for the most extreme cases.

Alain's partner was to be the English yachtsman Jack Palmer. Together with him, Bombard made a test voyage on the Heretic from Monaco to the island of Minorca lasting seventeen days. The experimenters recalled that already on that voyage they experienced a deep sense of fear and helplessness in front of the elements. But everyone assessed the result of the campaign in their own way. Bombard was inspired by the victory of his will over the sea, and Palmer decided that he would not tempt fate twice. At the appointed time of departure, Palmer simply did not show up at the port, and Bomb Bar had to go to the Atlantic alone.

October 19, 1952 motor yacht towed the Heretic from the port of Puerto de la Luz in the Canary Islands to the ocean and unhooked the cable. The northeast trade wind blew into the small sail, and the Heretic set off towards the unknown.

It is worth noting that Bombard made the experiment more difficult by choosing voyages from Europe to America. In the middle of the 20th century, ocean routes lay hundreds of miles from Bombard’s path, and he simply did not have a chance to feed himself at the expense of good sailors.

Against nature

On one of the first nights of the voyage, Bombar was caught in a terrible storm. The boat filled with water, and only the floats kept it on the surface. The Frenchman tried to scoop out the water, but he did not have a ladle, and there was no point in doing it with his palms. I had to adapt my hat. By morning the sea had calmed down, and the traveler perked up.

A week later, the wind tore the sail that was moving the boat. Bombar installed a new one, but half an hour later the wind blew it away into the waves. Alen had to repair the old one, and he floated under it for two months.

The traveler obtained food as he had planned. He tied a knife to a stick and with this “harpoon” killed his first prey - a sea bream fish. He made fishhooks from her bones. In the open ocean, the fish were unafraid and grabbed everything that fell into the water. The flying fish even flew into the boat itself, killing itself when it hit the sail. By morning, the Frenchman found up to fifteen dead fish in the boat.

Bombar's other "delicacy" was plankton, which tasted like krill paste but was unsightly. Occasionally birds were caught on the hook. The traveler ate them raw, throwing only feathers and bones overboard.

During the voyage, Alen drank sea water for seven days, and the rest of the time he squeezed the “juice” out of fish. It was also possible to collect the dew that settled on the sail in the morning. After almost a month of sailing, a gift from heaven awaited him - a downpour that gave fifteen liters of fresh water.

The extreme hike was difficult for him. The sun, salt and rough food led to the fact that the whole body (even under the nails) was covered with small ulcers. Bombar opened the abscesses, but they were in no hurry to heal. The skin on my legs also peeled off in shreds, and the nails on four of my fingers fell out. Being a doctor, Alain monitored his health and recorded everything in the ship's log.

When it rained for five days in a row, Bombar began to suffer greatly from excess humidity. Then, when there was no wind and heat, the Frenchman decided that these were his last hours and wrote his will. And when he was about to give his soul to God, the shore appeared on the horizon.

Having lost twenty-five kilograms of weight in sixty-five days of sailing, on December 22, 1952, Alain Bombard reached the island of Barbados. In addition to proving his theory of survival at sea, the Frenchman became the first person to cross Atlantic Ocean on a rubber boat.

After the heroic voyage, the whole world recognized the name of Alain Bombard. But he himself considered the main result of this journey not to be the glory that fell. And the fact that throughout his life he received more than ten thousand letters, the authors of which thanked him with the words: “If it weren’t for your example, we would have died in the harsh waves of the sea.”

Alain Bombard went on a solo voyage, which lasted 65 days, from October 19 to December 23, 1952. His background is as follows. In the spring of 1951, Alain Bombard, a young intern doctor (A.B. was born on October 27, 1924), had just begun his professional activity in the hospital of the French port of Boulogne, was shocked by the number of dead sailors from the shipwrecked trawler Notre-Dame de Peyrags near the shore. At night, in the fog, the trawler collided with the stones of the coastal pier and crashed. 43 sailors were killed. In the morning, a few hours later, their bodies were pulled ashore and, most surprisingly, they were all wearing life jackets! It was this event that prompted the young doctor to take up the problem of saving the lives of people in distress at sea.

Bombar wondered why so many people become victims of shipwrecks? After all, many thousands of people die at sea every year. And as a rule, 90% of them die in the first three days. Why is this happening? After all, it would take much longer to die from hunger and thirst. Bombard made a conclusion, which he later wrote in the book “Overboard of His Own Will”: “Victims of legendary shipwrecks who died prematurely, I know: it was not the sea that killed you, it was not hunger that killed you, it was not thirst that killed you! Rocking on the waves to the plaintive cries of the seagulls, you died of fear!”

French doctor Alain Bombard. Photo: wikimedia.org

Alain Bombard became interested in the problems of survival in extreme conditions during his studies. Having studied many stories of people who survived shipwrecks, Bombard became convinced that many of them survived by stepping beyond the medical and physiological standards determined by scientists. Some remained alive on rafts and boats, in the cold and under the scorching sun, in a stormy ocean, with a tiny supply of water and food on the fifth, tenth and even fiftieth day after the disaster. As a doctor who knows well the reserves of the human body, Alain Bombard was sure that many people, forced to part with the comfort of the ship as a result of the tragedy and save themselves by any available means, died long before they were left physical strength. Despair killed them. And such death overtook not only random people at sea - passengers, but also professional sailors accustomed to the sea.

Therefore, Alain Bombard decided to go on a long sea voyage, putting himself in “man overboard” conditions in order to prove the following from his own experience: 1. A person will not drown if he uses an inflatable life raft as a life-saving device. 2. A person will not die of hunger or get scurvy if he eats plankton and raw fish. 3. A person will not die of thirst if he drinks juice squeezed from fish, and sea water for 5-6 days. In addition, he really wanted to destroy the tradition according to which the search for shipwrecked victims stopped after a week or, in extreme cases, after 10 days. Regarding the first two points, I can say that it was after Alain Bombard’s voyage that inflatable life rafts of various capacities began to be widely used on all ships, especially small and fishing ones, along with rescue boats and lifeboats - PSN-6, PSN-8, PSN-10 , (PSN is an inflatable life raft, the figure is the capacity of a person.) Regarding raw fish, the indigenous inhabitants of the far north - the Chukchi, Nenets, Eskimos, in order not to get scurvy, have always eaten and continue to eat not only raw fish, but also the meat of sea animals, thereby making up for the lack of vitamin C, which is known to be found in various vegetables and fruits.

Carrying out the planned experiment was not so easy. Bombard spent about a year preparing for the voyage, both theoretically and psychologically. To begin with, he studied a lot of materials about shipwrecks, their causes, and life-saving equipment. different types ships and their equipment. Then he began to conduct experiments on himself, eating what might be available to a shipwrecked person. Bombard spent six months, from October 1951, in the laboratories of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, researching chemical composition sea ​​water, types of plankton, the structure of various fish that can be found in the ocean. These studies have shown that from 50 to 80% of the weight of fish is water, which is fresh, and the flesh of marine fish contains less various salts than meat land mammals. It is the juice squeezed from the body of fish that can satisfy the need for fresh water. Salty sea water, as his experiments showed, can be drunk in small quantities to prevent dehydration of the body for five days. Plankton, consisting of the smallest microorganisms and algae, is known to be the only food for the largest marine mammals– whales, which proves its high nutritional value.

There were many friends who warmly supported Bombar’s idea and provided all kinds of assistance, but there were also skeptics and ill-wishers, and even simply hostile people. Not everyone understood the humanity of the idea; they even called it a heresy, and the author himself a heretic. The shipbuilders were outraged that the doctor was going to cross the ocean in an inflatable boat, which they believed could not be controlled. The sailors were surprised that a non-professional sailor, a person completely ignorant of the theory of navigation, wanted to make the voyage. The doctors were horrified when they learned that Alain was going to live on seafood and drink sea water. At first, the voyage was conceived not as a solo voyage, but as a group of three people. But as always happens, practice is very different from theory, the implementation of a plan from the original idea. When Bombar received a rubber boat designed for sailing, about the size of a passenger car, it became clear that three people simply could not fit there on a long voyage. The boat had a length of 4.65 meters and a width of 1.9 meters. It was a tightly inflated rubber sausage, bent in the shape of an elongated horseshoe, the ends of which were connected by a wooden stern. Light wooden sleds lay on the flat rubber bottom. The side floats consisted of 4 compartments, which were inflated and deflated independently of one another. The boat moved with the help of a quadrangular sail with an area of ​​about three square meters. Bombar called this “vessel” symbolically – “Heretic”! There was no additional equipment in it - only the extremely necessary compass, sextant, navigation books, first aid kit and photographic equipment.

Doctor Bombard aboard his Heretic. 1952 Photo: Getty Images

In the early morning of May 25, 1952, a speedboat towed the Heretic as far as possible from the port of Fontvieille so that the boat would be caught by the current and not thrown back onto the shore. And when the ships accompanying the boat left, and Bombar and Palmer were left alone among the alien elements, fear fell. Alain writes: “It suddenly fell upon us, as if the disappearance of the last ship beyond the horizon had cleared the way for it... Then we had to experience fear more than once, real fear, and not this instant anxiety caused by sailing. Real fear is the panic of the soul and body, maddened in a battle with the elements, when it seems that the whole universe is inexorably turning against you.” And overcoming fear is no less difficult a task than fighting hunger and thirst. Bombard and Palmer spent two weeks in the Mediterranean. During this time, they did not touch the emergency reserve, making do with what the sea gave them. Of course it was very difficult. But Bombar realized that his first experience was a success, and he could prepare for a long voyage. However, Jack Palmer, by the way, an experienced yachtsman, who had previously made a solo voyage across the Atlantic Ocean on a small yacht, but abundantly equipped with everything necessary, refused to tempt fate further. Two weeks was enough for him; he was frightened by the thought of eating raw fish again for a long time, swallowing nasty, although healthy plankton, drinking juice squeezed out of fish, diluting it with sea water.

Bombar firmly decided to continue the planned experiment. First he had to overcome the path from Mediterranean Sea to Casablanca, along the coast of Africa, then from Casablanca to the Canary Islands. And only then sail across the ocean along the route that all sailing ships, including Columbus’s caravels, went to America for many centuries. This route lies away from modern sea routes, so it is difficult to count on meeting any ships. But this is precisely what suited Bombard, so to speak, for the “purity” of the experience. Many dissuaded the doctor from continuing the voyage after he safely covered the route from Casablanca to the Canary Islands in 11 days on the Heretic. Moreover, in early September, Bombard’s wife Ginette gave birth to a daughter in Paris. But, having flown from Las Palmas to Paris for a few days and seen his relatives, the doctor continued the final preparations for the departure. On Sunday, October 19, 1952, a French yacht took the Heretic out of the port of Puerto de la Luz (this is the port of the capital of the Canary Islands, Las Palmas) into the ocean. The favorable northeastern trade wind carried the boat further and further from the Earth. How many incredible difficulties Bombar had to experience!

On one of the first nights, Bombar was caught in a severe storm. The boat was completely filled with water, only the mighty rubber floats were visible on the surface. It was necessary to bail out the water, but it turned out that there was no bailer, and it took two hours to bail out the water with a hat. He wrote in his diary: “To this day I myself cannot understand how I managed, cold with horror, to hold out in this way for two hours. Shipwrecked, always be more stubborn than the sea, and you will win! After this storm, Bombar believed that his “Heretic” could not capsize; it was like an aquaplane or a platform, as if it was sliding on the water surface. A few days later, the navigator suffered another misfortune - the sail burst due to a gust of wind. Bombar replaced it with a new, spare one, but half an hour later another squall tore it off and carried it into the ocean, like a light kite. I had to urgently repair the old one and continue to walk under it for the remaining 60 days.

On principle, Bombar did not take any fishing rods or nets, except for plankton ones, as befits a shipwrecked person. He made a harpoon by tying a knife with a curved tip to the end of an oar. With this harpoon I caught my first fish - a sea bream. And he made the first fishhooks from her bones. Although biologists frightened the doctor before sailing that he would not be able to catch anything far from the coast, it turned out that there were a lot of fish in the open ocean. She was fearless and literally accompanied the boat throughout the voyage. There were especially many flying fish, which at night bumped into the sail and fell into the boat, and every morning Bombar found from five to fifteen pieces. In addition to fish, Bombar also ate plankton, which, according to him, tastes a little like krill paste, but has an unsightly appearance. Occasionally he would get hooked on birds, which he would also eat raw, throwing away only the skin and fat. During the voyage, the doctor drank sea water for about a week, and the rest of the time, juice squeezed from the fish. Fresh water could be collected in small quantities in the form of condensation on the awning after cool nights. And only in November, after a heavy tropical rain, they managed to immediately collect about 15 liters of fresh water.

From constant exposure to a humid environment, from salt water and unusual food, acne began to appear on Bombar’s body, causing severe pain. The slightest wounds and scratches began to fester and did not heal for a long time. The fingernails had completely grown into the meat, and pustules also formed under them, which the doctor himself opened without anesthesia. To top it off, the skin on my legs began to peel off in shreds, and the nails on four of my fingers fell out. But blood pressure remained normal all the time. Bombar kept observations of his condition throughout the voyage and wrote them down in a diary. When there was a tropical downpour for several days in a row, and there was water everywhere - above and below, everything in the boat was soaked with it, he wrote down: “The state of mind is cheerful, but due to the constant dampness, physical fatigue appeared.” However, the scorching sun and calmness that set in at the beginning of December were even more painful. It was then that Bombar wrote his will, because he lost confidence that he would reach Earth alive. During the voyage, he lost 25 kilograms, and the level of hemoglobin in his blood dropped to critical. And yet he swam! On December 23, 1952, the Heretic approached the coast of the island of Barbados. He had to spend about three hours to walk around the island with east side, where there was strong surf due to the reefs, and land on the calmer western shore.

A crowd of local fishermen and children was waiting for him on the shore, who immediately rushed not only to look at it, but also to take all the things from the boat. Bombard was most afraid that his emergency supply of food, sealed upon departure, would be stolen, which he needed to leave untouched for examination at the first police station. The nearest site, as it turned out, was at least three kilometers away, so Bombar had to find three witnesses who testified to the integrity of the packaging of this supply, and then distribute it local residents, which they were very happy about. Bombard writes that he was later reproached for not immediately sealing his ship's log and his notes in order to prove their authenticity. Apparently, he says, these people have no idea “how a person feels when he steps ashore after 65 days spent completely alone and almost without movement.”

Thus ended this amazing feat in the name of saving the lives of those who find themselves overboard against their will. Sailing on the Heretic and publication of the book “Overboard of my own free will” were Bombar's finest hour. It was thanks to him that in 1960 the London Maritime Safety Conference decided to equip ships with life rafts. Subsequently, he made more than one voyage for a variety of purposes, studied seasickness and the bactericidal properties of water, and fought pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. But the main result of Bombar’s life (A.B. died on July 19, 2005) remains the ten thousand people who wrote to him: “If it weren’t for your example, we would have died!”

sources

http://www.peoples.ru/science/biology/bombard/

http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-10706/

http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-10707/

http://www.kp.ru/daily/26419.3/3291677/

Here's another unusual story: , and in general The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Let us remember What should be understood by the autonomous existence of man in the natural environment? What types of autonomy are there and what is their difference? Name the personal qualities of a person that are necessary for successful survival in the natural environment offline.

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Voluntary autonomy- is a planned and prepared exit into natural conditions by a person or group of people for a specific purpose. Goals can be different: leisure in nature, exploration of human possibilities for independent stay in nature, sports achivments etc. Voluntary autonomy

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Voluntary human autonomy in nature is always preceded by serious, comprehensive preparation taking into account the goal: studying the features of the natural environment, selecting and preparing the necessary equipment and, most importantly, physical and psychological preparation for the upcoming difficulties. The main thing is preparation!

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The most accessible and widespread type of voluntary autonomy is active tourism. Active tourism

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Active tourism is characterized by the fact that tourists move along the route using their own physical efforts and carry all their cargo with them, including food and equipment. The main goal of active tourism is active recreation in natural conditions, restoration and promotion of health. Tourism

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Tourist routes of hiking, mountain, water and ski trips are divided into six categories of difficulty, which differ from each other in duration, length and their technical complexity. This provides ample opportunities for people with different levels of experience to participate in hikes. For example, a walking route of the first category of difficulty is characterized by the following indicators: the duration of the hike is at least 6 days, the length of the route is 130 km. A pedestrian route of the sixth category of difficulty lasts at least 20 days, and its length is at least 300 km. Difficulty categories

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Voluntary autonomous existence in natural conditions can have other, more complex goals: cognitive, research and sports. Define your goals

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In October 1911 to South Pole Almost simultaneously, two expeditions set off - Norwegian and British. The goal of the expeditions is to reach the South Pole for the first time. Famous journeys Amundsen's Route (Norway) Scott's Route (England)

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The Norwegian expedition was led by Roald Amundsen, polar explorer and explorer. Roald Amundsen Roald Amundsen extremely skillfully organized the expedition and chose the route to the South Pole. Correct calculation allowed Amundsen's detachment to avoid severe frosts and prolonged snowstorms on their way. The trip was completed in a short time, in accordance with the movement schedule determined by Amundsen, within the Antarctic summer.

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On October 19, 1911, five people led by Amundsen set off to the South Pole in four dog sledding. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole, having traveled 1,500 km, and hoisted the flag of Norway. The entire trek covers a distance of 3000 km under extreme conditions (ascent and descent to a plateau 3000 m high with constant temperature over −40° and strong winds) took 99 days. At the South Pole Conquest of the Pole

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The British expedition was headed by Robert Scott, a naval officer, captain of the first rank, who had experience as a wintering leader on the Arctic coast. Robert Scott From the very beginning, Scott's expedition had to endure many difficulties, partly due to the mistakes of the leader, partly due to a combination of circumstances. The snowmobiles failed, and the Manchurian ponies, which Scott preferred to dogs, had to be shot: they could not withstand the cold and overload. People dragged heavy sleds through the cracks in the ice glaciers.

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Robert Scott's expedition reached the South Pole more than a month later - on January 17, 1912. The route to the pole chosen by Robert Scott was longer than that of the Norwegian expedition, and weather along the route - more difficult. On the way to the Pole and back, the detachment had to experience forty-degree frosts and get caught in a prolonged snowstorm. Robert Scott's main group that reached the South Pole consisted of five people. All of them died on the way back during a snowstorm, not reaching the auxiliary warehouse about 20 km. Victory and tragedy

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So the victory of some tragic death others commemorate man's conquest of the South Pole. The perseverance and courage of people moving towards their intended goal will forever remain an example to follow. In memory of Scott and his comrades in Antarctica, there is a cross on one of the peaks of Cape Hut. On it is written a line from the poems of the famous English poet Tennyson: “Fight and seek, find and not give up” Fight and seek, find and not give up

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Alain Bombard, as a practicing doctor at a maritime hospital, was shocked by the fact that tens of thousands of people die at sea every year. Moreover, a significant part of them died not from drowning, cold or hunger, but from fear, from the fact that they believed in the inevitability of their death. Alain Bombard “Victims of legendary shipwrecks who died prematurely, I know: it was not the sea that killed you, it was not hunger that killed you, it was not thirst that killed you! Rocking on the waves to the plaintive cries of the seagulls, you died of fear."

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Alain Bombard was sure that there was a lot of food in the sea and you just needed to know how to get it. He reasoned like this: all life-saving equipment on ships (boats, rafts) have a set of fishing lines and other tools for fishing. Fish contains almost everything the human body needs, even fresh water. Drinkable water can be obtained from raw, fresh fish by chewing it or simply squeezing out the lymphatic fluid from it. Sea water, consumed in small quantities, can help a person save the body from dehydration. You can survive

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To prove the correctness of his conclusions, he alone in an inflatable boat equipped with a sail spent 60 days in the Atlantic Ocean (from August 24 to October 23, 1952), living only from what he got from the sea. On an inflatable boat

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This was complete voluntary human autonomy in the ocean, carried out for research purposes. Alain Bombard proved by his example that a person can survive in the sea, using what it can give, that a person can endure a lot if he does not lose willpower, that he must fight for his life to the last opportunity. Don't lose willpower

| Voluntary human autonomy in the natural environment

Basics of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 18
Voluntary human autonomy in the natural environment

Voluntary autonomy is a planned and prepared exit into natural conditions by a person or group of people for a specific purpose. Goals can be different: active recreation in nature, exploring the human capabilities of independent stay in nature, sports achievements, etc.

Voluntary human autonomy in nature is always preceded by serious, comprehensive preparation taking into account the set goal: studying the features of the natural environment, selecting and preparing the necessary equipment and, most importantly, physical and psychological preparation for the upcoming difficulties.

The most accessible and widespread type of voluntary autonomy is active tourism.

Active tourism is characterized by the fact that tourists move along the route using their own physical efforts and carry all their cargo with them, including food and equipment. The main goal of active tourism is active recreation in natural conditions, restoration and promotion of health.

Tourist routes Hiking, mountain, water and ski trips are divided into six categories of difficulty, which differ from each other in duration, length and technical complexity. This provides ample opportunities for people with different levels of experience to participate in hikes.

For example, a walking route of the first category of difficulty is characterized by the following indicators: the duration of the hike is at least 6 days, the length of the route is 130 km. A pedestrian route of the sixth category of difficulty lasts at least 20 days, and its length is at least 300 km.

Voluntary autonomous existence in natural conditions can have other, more complex goals: cognitive, research and sports.

In October 1911, two expeditions - Norwegian and British - rushed to the South Pole almost simultaneously. The goal of the expeditions is to reach the South Pole for the first time.

The Norwegian expedition was led by Roald Amundsen, polar explorer and explorer. The British expedition was headed by Robert Scott, a naval officer, captain of the first rank, who had experience as a wintering leader on the Arctic coast.

Roald Amundsen He organized the expedition exceptionally skillfully and chose the route to the South Pole. Correct calculation allowed Amundsen's detachment to avoid severe frosts and prolonged snowstorms on their way. The Norwegians reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911 and returned back. The trip was completed in a short time, in accordance with the movement schedule determined by Amundsen, within the Antarctic summer.

Robert Scott Expedition reached the South Pole more than a month later - on January 17, 1912. The route to the pole chosen by Robert Scott was longer than that of the Norwegian expedition, and the weather conditions along the route were more difficult. On the way to the Pole and back, the detachment had to experience forty-degree frosts and get caught in a prolonged snowstorm. Robert Scott's main group that reached the South Pole consisted of five people. All of them died on the way back during a snowstorm, not reaching the auxiliary warehouse about 20 km.

Thus, the victory of some and the tragic death of others perpetuated the conquest of the South Pole by man. The perseverance and courage of people moving towards their intended goal will forever remain an example to follow.

Frenchman Alain Bombard, being a practicing doctor in a seaside hospital, was shocked by the fact that tens of thousands of people die at sea every year. Moreover, a significant part of them died not due to drowning, cold or hunger, but from fear, from the fact that they believed in the inevitability of their death.

Alain Bombard was sure that there was a lot of food in the sea and you just needed to know how to get it. He reasoned like this: all life-saving equipment on ships (boats, rafts) have a set of fishing lines and other tools for fishing. Fish contains almost everything the human body needs, even fresh water. Drinkable water can be obtained from raw, fresh fish by chewing it or simply squeezing out the lymphatic fluid from it. Sea water, consumed in small quantities, can help a person save the body from dehydration.

To prove the correctness of his conclusions, he alone on an inflatable boat equipped with a sail spent 60 days in the Atlantic Ocean (from August 24 to October 23, 1952), living only from what he mined at sea.

This was complete voluntary human autonomy in the ocean, carried out for research purposes. Alain Bombard proved by his example that a person can survive in the sea, using what it can give, that a person can endure a lot if he does not lose willpower, that he must fight for his life to the last hope.

A striking example of human voluntary autonomy in the natural environment for sporting purposes is the record set by Fyodor Konyukhov in 2002: he crossed the Atlantic Ocean on a single rowing boat in 46 days. and 4 min. The previous world record for crossing the Atlantic, held by the French athlete Emmanuel Coindoux, was improved by more than 11 days.

Fedor Konyukhov started the rowing marathon on October 16 from the island of La Gomera, part of the Canary Islands, and on December 1 finished on the island of Barbados, part of the Lesser Antilles.

Fedor Konyukhov prepared for this voyage for a very long time., gaining experience in extreme travel. (He has over forty land, sea and ocean expeditions and voyages and 1000 days of solo sailing. He managed to conquer the North and South geographic poles, Everest - the pole of heights, Cape Horn - the pole of sailing yachtsmen.) The journey of Fedor Konyukhov is the first in the history of Russia, a successful rowing marathon on the Atlantic Ocean.

Any voluntary autonomy of a person in nature helps him develop spiritual and physical qualities, develops the will to achieve his goals, and increases his ability to endure various hardships in life.

Test yourself

What was Alain Bombard's goal after spending 60 days autonomously in the ocean? In your opinion, did he achieve the desired results? (When answering, you can use the book of the French writer J. Blon “The Great Hour of the Oceans” or the book of A. Bombard himself “Overboard”)

After lessons

Read (for example, in the books by J. Blond “The Great Hour of the Oceans” or “Geography. Encyclopedia for Children”) a description of the expeditions of Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott to the South Pole. Answer the question: why was Amundsen’s expedition successful, but Scott’s ended tragically? Record your answer as a message in your safety diary.

Use the Internet (for example, on Fedor Konyukhov’s website) or in the library to find materials about one of Fedor Konyukhov’s latest records and answer the question: what qualities of Fedor Konyukhov do you consider the most attractive? Prepare a short message on this topic.