Question: "Describe the natural complex of the White Sea." Seas as large natural complexes Sources of marine water pollution
"Describe the natural complex of the White Sea."
Answers:
WHITE SEA, inland sea Sev. Arctic approx., off the northern coast of the European part Russian Federation. 90 thousand km2. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. In winter it is covered with ice. Tides up to 10 m (in the Mezen Bay). The White Sea in the north is connected by the Gorlo Strait White Sea With Barents Sea. The sea has low-lying, but strongly indented shores; this is the Kandalaksha Bay and lips (they are called estuaries). Onega, Dvinskaya, Mezenskaya. The White Sea is small in area. The bottom relief is uneven. The sea is not deep. The average depth is 67 m. the maximum depth is 350 m. It is located on the continental shelf. The salinity of the White Sea is less than that of the Barents Sea, in the bays 10-14%o. In the north, salinity is higher (30%o) than in the south - 20-26%o. because in the south, the rivers Onega, S. Dvina, Mezen flow into the sea, which freshen the water of the White Sea, especially in the bays. The biological resources of the White Sea are poorer than those of the Barents Sea. The White Sea is colder than the Barents Sea, into which a warm current enters, the White Sea freezes. Of the fish, herring, salmon, trout, cod and others live here. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected with the Baltic m. White Sea-Baltic Canal, with the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic waterway. In the White Sea is located Kandalaksha Reserve where eider nesting sites are protected. This bird lines its nests with its fluff, which has the ability to retain heat. The fluff is light. People collect eider down.
The White Sea is located "on the threshold" of the Arctic, has a very cold climate. Summer is short and cool. At southern shores the water warms up to S. The winter is long, from November to May the sea is covered with ice. There is a lot of precipitation, up to 500 mm per year. The White Sea is small in size. The bottom relief is uneven. The sea is shallow. Because located on the shelf of the mainland. The average depth is 60 m. Salinity is % o in the south, 30% o in the north. It is connected by the Gorlo Strait of the White Sea with the Bering Sea.
White Sea Low-lying, but heavily indented shores. Tides from 1m to 3.5m. Mezen Bay - up to 10m. Biological resources are poor. Fish: cod, Navaga, herring, salmon. Animals: harp seal, seal, white whale. eiders Kandalaksha Reserve. Eider nests protected
White Sea Live here brave people- Pomors. There is a large port of Kandalaksha. An artificial White Sea Canal was dug near the city of Belomorsk (it was built from 1933 to 1933 by prisoners). It connects the sea with the Baltic. Length km. At the entrance to the Onega Bay on Solovetsky Island, the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was founded at the beginning of the 15th century.
The Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov Amazing in its shallowness, its average depth is 7m, and the maximum depth is 15m. The climate is warm, dry, but the sea does not dry up and does not accumulate salts (Why?). The sea is freshened up to 11-13% o. Sivash - 60% o. The mouth of the Don and the Taganrog Bay are almost completely freshwater. This is a paradise for sturgeon and stellate sturgeon.
Sea of Azov In December, the sea is covered with ice and freed at the end of March. There are strong storms, especially in autumn. In June, t water rises to C, July August C, in estuaries to C. Problem: fertilizers with water enter the sea, hence the bloom, algae. Living organisms die, hydrogen sulfide is released. More than salt water Black Sea. Violation of the salt balance leads to a decrease in fish resources.
2.1. Sources of pollution of sea waters………………………………….….…14
2.2. Practical assessment of pollution of marine basins………………….21
2.3. Analysis of the degree of pollution of the Russian seas………...…………………....22
Chapter 3. Ecological consequences of pollution of the seas of Russia. Security sea waters
3.1. Environmental consequences of marine pollution……………….….….….45
3.2. Protection of sea waters from pollution
3.2.1. Self-purification of seas and oceans……………………………….…..….…...49
3.2.2. Protection of the seas and oceans………………………………………………...….51
3.2.3. Protection of marine coastal waters ………………………………….…...56
3.2.4. Control over the state of sea waters in Russia…………………….….…58
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………62
List of used sources………………………………..…..……..64
Application list……………………………………………………………..66
Introduction
The vast expanses of Russia are washed by a number of seas of different natural conditions, located mainly on the periphery Russian territory. Together with natural features, economic activity in the sea and coastal spaces forms the ecological state of the sea, that is, environmental conditions real in time and space. They are unstable in time and space, which causes variability ecological state seas.
The theme of my thesis is the ecological state of the Russian seas. The last decades have been marked by an increase anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems as a result of pollution of the seas and oceans. The spread of many pollutants has become local, regional and even global scope. Therefore, pollution of the seas and their biota has become the most important problem of the country, and the need to protect marine environment from pollution is dictated by the requirements of rational use natural resources. No one will dispute the expediency of protecting the seas and the life developed in it from the harm that waste emissions can cause. Because of this, the chosen topic of the work is currently very relevant.
The purpose of the work is to comprehensively characterize the ecological state of Russian sea waters. The main tasks are:
1) Consideration of the seas of Russia as large natural complexes, highlighting their main properties;
2) Determination of the main substances polluting sea waters and sources of their entry into the water area of the seas;
3) Analysis of the current ecological state of the Russian seas (basins of the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans, as well as the Caspian Sea-lake);
4) Assessing the environmental consequences of marine pollution, finding out the main measures for the protection and methods of controlling pollution of the seas.
The structure of the thesis corresponds to the tasks. The material is presented in three main chapters.
The first chapter gives an idea of the seas washing the shores of Russia as large natural complexes.
The second chapter reflects the analysis of the current ecological state of the seas of Russia (as well as the characteristics of the main pollutants and the sources of their entry into sea waters).
The third chapter is devoted to the environmental consequences of marine pollution, as well as the problem of protecting the seas from pollution.
In preparing the thesis, various sources of information were used - literary, periodicals, statistical data, cartographic materials, resources of the global information network Internet (there are links in the text).
Chapter 1. Seas of Russia as large natural complexes
The territory of our country is washed by thirteen seas: 12 seas of the world ocean and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainless basin (Fig. 1). These seas are very diverse both in terms of natural conditions, and in terms of natural resources, and in terms of the degree of their study and development.
Figure 1. Seas of Russia
The total area of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of Russia is about 7 million square kilometers.
Square continental shelf, under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation - about 5 million square kilometers, which is about 1/5 of the shelf area of the World Ocean.
The Far Eastern Marine Reserve is the only reserve in Russia founded in 1978. as exclusively marine. except him marine nature protected in 8 more reserves and 2 sanctuaries Far East, 2 Arctic reserves, 2 reserves and 1 reserve in the Barents and White Seas and 2 reserves in the Caspian (see Appendix 1).
The seas of Russia have a number of unique features:
· The Barents, Bering and Okhotsk seas are among the most productive seas in the world, and the productivity of the West Kamchatka shelf is the highest in the world and is about 20 t/km².
In the Far Eastern seas of Russia, reserves are concentrated commercial species of world importance: pollock, Pacific salmon, king crab.
· Significantly larger (compared to the North Atlantic) stocks of cod have been preserved in Arctic and Pacific waters.
· In the Russian seas - the highest diversity of sturgeon and salmon in the world.
The most important migration routes pass along the coast of the Russian seas marine mammals and birds of the northern hemisphere.
· Unique ecosystems have been discovered in the Russian seas: the relict ecosystem of Lake Mogilnoye, the relict ecosystems of kelps in the Arctic (Chaun Bay), shallow-water hydrothermal communities in the bays of the Kuril Islands.
The seas of the Arctic Ocean are located within the continental shelf (shelf). Their depth rarely exceeds 200 m, and the salinity is below oceanic. The coastline is heavily indented. The climate of almost all northern seas very severe, the only exception is the Barents Sea, which receives the waters of the warm North Atlantic Current.
Most of the seas are ice-bound for 8-10 months.
The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean - an important transport artery in Russia. This is the shortest way from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok.
The Barents Sea is the marginal water area of the Arctic Ocean on the border with the Atlantic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe in the south and the Vaygach Islands, New Earth, Franz Josef Land in the east, Svalbard and Bear Island in the west (Fig. 2). The area of the sea is 1424 thousand km², the depth is up to 600m. The sea is located on the continental shelf. The southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. The southeastern part of the sea is called the Pechora Sea.
Figure 2. Barents Sea
In the West it borders on the Norwegian Sea basin, in the south - on the White Sea, in the east - on the Kara Sea, in the north - on the Arctic Ocean. The area of the Barents Sea, located to the east of Kolguev Island, is called the Pechora Sea. The shores of the Barents Sea are predominantly fjord-like, high, rocky, and heavily indented.
The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 ppm in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. In the coastal strip of the sea in spring and summer, salinity drops to 30-32, by the end of winter it rises to 34.0-34.5.
The climate of the Barents Sea is influenced by warm Atlantic Ocean and the cold Arctic Ocean. Frequent intrusions of warm Atlantic cyclones and cold Arctic air determine the great variability of weather conditions. In winter, southwest winds prevail over the sea, in spring and summer - northeast winds. Frequent storms. average temperature Air temperature in February varies from -25°C in the north to -4°C in the southwest. The average temperature in August is 0°C, 1°C in the north, 10°C in the southwest. Cloudy weather prevails over the sea during the year.
The inflow of warm Atlantic waters determines relatively high temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the sea. Here, in February - March, the water temperature on the surface is 3°C, 5°C, in August it rises to 7°C, 9°C. North of 74° N. sh. and in the southeastern part of the sea in winter the surface water temperature is below −1°C, and in summer in the north 4°C, 0°C, in the southeast 4°C, 7°C. In summer, in the coastal zone, the surface layer warm water 5-8 meters thick can warm up to 11-12°C.
The Barents Sea is rich in various fish species, plant and animal plankton and benthos. Common along the south coast seaweed. Of the 114 species of fish living in the Barents Sea, 20 species are the most important for commercial purposes: cod, haddock, herring, sea bass, catfish, flounder, halibut, etc. Mammals are found: polar bear, seals, harp seals, white whales, etc. Seals are hunted. Bird colonies abound on the coasts (guillemots, guillemots, kittiwakes). In the 20th century, the king crab was introduced, which was able to adapt to new conditions and begin to multiply intensively.
The seas of the Pacific Ocean wash the eastern shores of Russia from Chukotka to Vladivostok. They are separated from the ocean by archipelagos of islands, but freely communicate with it by numerous straits.
These seas differ in considerable depth - from 2500 to 4000 m.
Bering Sea - a sea in the north of the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Aleutian and Commander Islands; The Bering Strait connects it with the Chukchi Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The Bering Sea washes the shores of Russia and the United States. In winter it is covered with ice.
The area is 2.304 million km². The average depth is 1600m, the maximum depth is 4773m. The air temperature over the water area is up to +7, +10°C in summer and -1, -23°C in winter. Salinity 33-34.7 ppm.
Sea of Okhotsk - part Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido (Fig. 3). The sea washes the shores of Russia and Japan.
Figure 3. Sea of Okhotsk
The area is 1.603 million km². Average depth 1780m maximum depth 3521m. The western part of the sea has a shallow depth and is located on the continental shelf. In the eastern part there is the Kuril basin, in which the depth is maximum.
From October to May-June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part practically does not freeze.
The coast in the north is strongly indented, in the northeast of the Sea of Okhotsk there is its largest bay - Shelikhov Bay.
The Sea of Japan is a sea within the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Japanese Islands and Sakhalin Island. Washes the shores of Russia, Korea and Japan, North Korea. In Korea, the Sea of Japan is called the "East Sea". In the south, a branch of the warm current Kuroshio enters.
The area is 1.062 million km². The greatest depth is 3742m. The northern part of the sea freezes in winter.
The Atlantic Ocean basin includes the Baltic, Black and Azov seas, connected with the ocean through neighboring seas and narrow straits.
The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosphorus connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and mediterranean seas(Fig. 4). The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov. From the north it cuts deep into the sea Crimean peninsula. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.
Figure 4. Black and Sea of Azov
The area is 422,000 km² (according to other sources - 436,400 km²). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with the largest axis about 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210m, the average is 1240m.
The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. On the northeastern coast of the Black Sea there is an unrecognized public education Abkhazia.
A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria) absence of life at depths above 150-200m due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide.
The Sea of Azov is the northeastern lateral basin of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the Kerch Strait (Fig. 4). This is the shallowest sea in the world, its depth does not exceed 15 meters.
Its largest length is 343 km, the largest width is 231 km; coastline length 1472 km; surface area - 37605 km². (this area does not include islands and spits, occupying 107.9 sq. km).
According to morphological features, it belongs to flat seas and is a shallow water reservoir with low coastal slopes. In terms of distance from the ocean to the mainland, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is the most continental sea on the planet.
In terms of biological productivity, the Sea of Azov ranks first in the world. The most developed are phytoplankton and benthos. The hydrochemical features of the Sea of Azov are formed primarily under the influence of an abundant inflow of river waters (up to 12% of the water volume) and difficult water exchange with the Black Sea.
The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. After the creation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity rarely reach 1%.
During the 20th century, almost everything is more or less major rivers, flowing into the Sea of Azov, were blocked by dams to create reservoirs. This has led to a significant reduction in the discharge of fresh water and silt into the sea.
The Baltic Sea (from antiquity until the 18th century in Russia it was known as the “Varangian Sea”) is an inland marginal sea, deeply protruding into the mainland (Fig. 5). The Baltic Sea is located in northern Europe, belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin.
Figure 5. Baltic Sea
Area: 415 thousand km². Depth: average - 52m, maximum - 459m. The Baltic Sea is rich in seafood, in addition, there are oil reserves, in particular, the D-6 field is being developed (territorial waters of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation)
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth, located at the junction of Europe and Asia, called the sea because of its size. The Caspian Sea is a drainless lake, and the water in it is salty, from 0.05 ‰ near the mouth of the Volga to 11-13 ‰ in the southeast. The water level is subject to fluctuations, currently - about -28 m below the level of the World Ocean. The area of the Caspian Sea is currently approximately 371,000 km², the maximum depth is 1025 m (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Caspian Sea
The seas of Russia have an important economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes, the role of which is especially great in foreign trade transportation. Of great value are biological resources seas. Almost 900 species of fish live in the seas washing the territory of our country, of which more than 250 are commercial, many marine mammals, molluscs and crustaceans. The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is growing ever more. You can use the energy of sea tides to generate electricity, in addition, the coasts of the seas are places of recreation.
Recently, as a result of the ever-increasing influence of human economic activity on the World Ocean, the ecological situation of the seas has sharply worsened. To preserve the natural complexes of the seas, a special state program is needed.
Chapter 2. Characteristics of the degree of pollution of sea waters in Russia
2.1. Sources of sea water pollution
Every body of water or water source is associated with its surroundings. external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality (Fig. 7).
Figure 7. Pathways for pollutants to enter the sea
According to international terminology, marine pollution is the introduction by humans directly or indirectly into the marine environment of substances that harm animals and plants, cause a danger to human health, degrade the quality of the marine environment, and reduce its useful properties.
Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution.
1) Chemical pollution is a change in natural chemical properties water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).
A) inorganic pollution e. The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of sea waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common pollutants in the hydrosphere is presented in Appendix 2.
In addition to the substances listed in the table, inorganic acids and bases that change the acidity of water can be classified as dangerous sources of infection in the aquatic environment.
Among the main sources of marine pollution minerals and biogenic elements should be mentioned enterprises Food Industry and agriculture.
B) Organic pollution e. Among the soluble substances introduced into the seas from the land, not only mineral, biogenic elements, but also organic residues are of great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter adversely affects the condition of water bodies. When settling, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of water self-purification. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to complete pollution of the water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate to a depth, and slows down the processes of photosynthesis.
One of the main sanitary requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effects have all the pollution, which, one way or another, contribute to the reduction of oxygen in the water. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen.
A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the slow construction of sewage treatment plants or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste.
Oil and oil products are the most common pollutants.
The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergencies, discharge of washing and ballast water overboard by tankers - all this leads to the presence of permanent pollution fields along sea routes. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains.
Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness (see Appendix 3).
The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water.
Pesticides- constitute a group of artificially created substances used to combat pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds.
It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. IN agriculture There has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control.
The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. IN aquatic environment representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others.
Synthetic surfactants (surfactants)- belong to an extensive group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (SMC), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter the continental waters and the marine environment.
The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in such processes as the separation of chemical technology products, the production of polymers, the improvement of conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and the fight against equipment corrosion. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.
Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogenic substances are chemical compounds that disrupt developmental processes and can cause mutations.
Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Maximum amount PAHs in modern sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 μg/km of dry matter mass) were found in tectonically active zones.
Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial productions, therefore, despite the purification measures, the content of the compound heavy metals quite high in industrial wastewater. Large masses of these compounds enter the seas through the atmosphere. The most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium.
Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of the Minomata disease, which was caused by industrial waste. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises entered Minomata Bay.
Lead is a typical trace element found in all environmental components: in rocks ah, soil, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms. Finally, lead is actively dispersed into environment in the process of human economic activity.
Discharge of waste into the sea for the purpose of disposal (dumping). Many landlocked countries produce marine disposal various materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drilling slag, industrial waste, construction debris, solid waste, explosive and chemical substances, radioactive waste.
The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited.
Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute to the imperfection of technology by society. Slags of industrial production contain a variety of organic substances and compounds of heavy metals.
During the discharge and passage of the material through the water column, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments.
At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to the rapid consumption of oxygen in water and often to its complete disappearance, the dissolution of suspensions, the accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.
The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of interstitial water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthic organisms and others are affected to varying degrees by the discharged materials.
In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water boundary is disrupted. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobionts and have a toxic effect on them.
The discharge of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the bottom water lead to the death of sedentary forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes.
When organizing a system of control over waste discharges into the sea, the determination of dumping areas, the determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments is of decisive importance. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.
2) Physical pollution is created by the release of heat or radioactive substances into them. Thermal pollution is mainly due to the fact that the water used for cooling at thermal and nuclear power plants (and, accordingly, about 1/3 and 1/2 of the energy produced) is discharged into the same reservoir. Some industries also contribute to thermal pollution. With significant thermal pollution, fish suffocate and die as their oxygen demand increases and oxygen solubility decreases. The amount of oxygen in the water also decreases because thermal pollution leads to the rapid development of unicellular algae: the water "blooms" with subsequent decay of the dying plant mass. In addition, thermal pollution significantly increases the toxicity of many chemical pollutants, in particular heavy metals. During normal operation of nuclear reactors, neutrons can enter the coolant, which is mainly water, under the influence of which the atoms of this substance and impurities, primarily corrosion products, become radioactive. In addition, the protective zirconium shells of fuel elements may have microcracks through which nuclear reaction products can enter the coolant. Although such wastes are weakly active, they can still increase the overall background of radioactivity. During accidents, the waste may be more active. In natural water bodies, radioactive substances undergo physicochemical transformations of concentration on suspended particles (adsorption, including ion exchange), precipitation, sedimentation, transport by currents, absorption by living organisms, and accumulation in their tissues. In living organisms, first of all, radioactive mercury, phosphorus, cadmium accumulate, vanadium, cesium, niobium, zinc in the soil, sulfur, chromium, and iodine remain in the water.
3) Biological pollution. Biological pollution is created by microorganisms, including pathogens, as well as organic substances capable of fermentation. The main sources of biological pollution of the coastal waters of the seas are domestic sewage, which contains feces, food waste; wastewater from food industry enterprises (slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, dairy and cheese factories, sugar factories, etc.), pulp and paper and chemical industries, and in rural areas, wastewater from large livestock complexes. Biological contamination can cause epidemics of cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid and other intestinal infections and various viral infections, such as hepatitis. The degree of biological pollution is characterized mainly by three indicators. One of them is the number of E. coli (so-called lactose-positive, or LPC) in a liter of water. It characterizes the contamination of water with animal waste products and indicates the possibility of the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. According to the State Standard of 1980, for example, swimming is considered safe if the water contains no more than 1000 LCP per liter. If the water contains from 5,000 to 50,000 LCPs per liter, then the water is considered dirty, and there is a risk of infection when bathing. If a liter of water contains more than 50,000 LCPs, then bathing is unacceptable.
To characterize the contamination with organic substances, another indicator is the biochemical oxygen demand (BCD). It shows how much oxygen is required by microorganisms to convert all decomposable organic matter into inorganic compounds (for, say, five days, then this is BOD 5). Finally, the third indicator is the content of dissolved oxygen. It is inversely proportional to the VPK.
2.2. Practical assessment of marine pollution
The degree of water pollution in the sea is characterized by the MPC of pollutants (PM). On the basis of MPC, control over the state and quality of the marine environment is carried out. Exceeding the MPC, especially multiple, means an unfavorable and even crisis state of the marine environment.
In practice, the assessment of pollution of the sea basin is given according to the set of MPCs for the main pollutants. An indicator of pollution is the index of pollutants (WPI).
WPI calculation for sea waters is carried out according to the formula:
C is the concentration of pollutants and dissolved oxygen,
MPC - their maximum permissible concentration. Depending on the WPI values, water quality classes were adopted (Table 1).
Table 1
WPI of sea waters
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The seas are like large natural complexes. Goals and objectives of the lesson: To form ideas about the nature of the White and Azov Seas. Show the relationships between the components of the sea. Expand knowledge about natural complexes. Equipment: Physical map of Russia, map of the oceans, table of the sea of Russia, movie of the sea of Russia. During the classes. 1. Organizing time. 2. Repetition. Checking homework. Remember what a natural complex is, and what components of land it consists of. Why are natural complexes diverse? Name the components of any natural complex.( Relief, rocks, soil, plants, animals, climate, water). Who founded the science that studies PTK? ( ). What is it called? (Landscape science). 3. Learning new material. Natural complexes exist not only on land, but also in the ocean. The seas are natural complexes consisting of bottom rocks, water, flora and fauna. Man has been using the resources of the seas for a long time. The significance of the interconnections between the components of the sea will help to rationally use its resources. Today we will get acquainted with the complexes of the White and Azov Seas. Find them on the map. In the Sea of Azov, find the Kerch Strait, the Sivash Bay, the rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov: Don, Kuban. In the White Sea - the Strait of the Throat of the White Sea, Cape Svyatoy Nos, Cape Kanin Nos, Kandalashsky Bay, lips - Onega, Mezenskaya, Dvinskaya; Find the rivers flowing into the White Sea: Northern Dvina, Mezen, Onega. The mouths of these rivers are flooded with water of the White Sea, have a funnel shape, they are called estuaries. About the seas - internal, connected with the oceans by narrow straits, therefore they have a special appearance, they are special complexes. Let's get to know each other in more detail with the White Sea. 1gr. To characterize the natural complex of the White Sea according to the plan: 4) Temperature (freezes?) 5) Salinity of water. 8) Rivers flowing into the sea. 9) Biological resources. 10) Problems of the sea. Acquaintance with the PTC of the White Sea WHITE SEA, inland sea Arctic Ocean, off the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. 90 thousand km2. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. In winter it is covered with ice. Tides up to 10 m (in the Mezen Bay). The White Sea in the north is connected by the Gorlo Strait of the White Sea with the Barents Sea. The sea has low-lying, but strongly indented shores; this is the Kandalaksha Bay and lips (they are called estuaries). Onega, Dvinskaya, Mezenskaya. The White Sea is small in size. The bottom relief is uneven. The sea is not deep. The average depth is 67 m. the maximum depth is 350 m. It is located on the continental shelf. The salinity of the White Sea is less than that of the Barents Sea, in the bays 10-14%o. In the north, salinity is higher (30%o) than in the south - 20-26%o. because in the south, the rivers Onega, S. Dvina, Mezen flow into the sea, which freshen the water of the White Sea, especially in the bays. The biological resources of the White Sea are poorer than those of the Barents Sea. The White Sea is colder than the Barents Sea, into which a warm current enters, the White Sea freezes. Of the fish, herring, salmon, trout, cod and others live here. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected with the Baltic Cape of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, with the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic Waterway. In the White Sea is the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, where eider nesting sites are protected. This bird lines its nests with its fluff, which has the ability to retain heat. The fluff is light. People collect eider down. Acquaintance with the PTC of the Sea of Azov 2gr. To characterize the natural complex of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov according to the plan: 1) Which ocean basin does the sea belong to? 2) Internal or marginal (connection with the ocean). 3) Area compared to other seas, 4) Temperature (freezes?) 5) Salinity of water. 6) Depths prevailing and greatest (conclusion - deep, shallow). 7) Influence of depth on other components (salinity, temperature, organic world). 8) Rivers flowing into the sea. 9) Biological resources. 10) Problems of the sea. SEA OF AZOV(other Russian - Surozh Sea), in the south of the East European Plain. Kerch Prospekt. connected to the Black Sea. 39 t. km2 Belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin, inland. It is shallow, the depth is 5-7 m. In some places up to 15 m. Large bays: Taganrog, Sivash. Large rivers fall into Don and Kuban. Freezes for 2-3 months. From the end of December to the end of February - the beginning of March. The waters of the rivers significantly desalinate the sea water at their confluence - up to 5-6‰ with an average salinity of 11-13‰. The temperature of sea water in summer is +25.30˚С, in winter it is below 0˚. Fishing (anchovy, sprat, bream, pike perch). Main ports: Mariupol, Taganrog, Yeysk, Berdyansk. Resorts. As a result of anthropogenic impacts, the ecological situation has deteriorated; a search is underway for scientifically based ways of restoring the natural complexes of the Azov m. To consolidate and create an image of the sea, show the presentation "White and Azov Seas" during the test of independent work. Summing up the lesson. Rating with comments 1) What natural complexes of the ocean do you know? Large natural complexes are distinguished in the World Ocean - individual oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, natural complexes of surface water layers, various water layers and the ocean floor are distinguished in the ocean. 2) How do they differ from natural land complexes? The natural complexes of the ocean are distinguished by a different set of components and less diversity. Questions in a paragraph*Remember what you already know about ocean resources from the continent and ocean geography course. What resources are the seas of Russia rich in? The oceans are rich mineral resources, which are mined from its bottom. Highest value has oil and gas that is extracted from the continental shelf. The main wealth of the deep-sea bed of the ocean is ferromanganese nodules containing up to 30 different metals. The potential of the energy resources of the waters of the World Ocean is enormous. The greatest progress has been made in the use of tidal energy. The oceans are a source of food - fish, algae, seafood. The seas of Russia are of great economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes connecting our country both with other states and with its individual regions. The biological resources of the seas, primarily their fish wealth, are of considerable value. The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is growing ever more. The energy of the sea tides can be used to generate electricity. The seas are also places of rest. Certainly, most of the seas of our country has too harsh natural conditions so that people can rest there. But the southern seas - Azov, Black, Caspian and Japanese attract a large number of vacationers. *Name and remember the ports of the White Sea. Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Vitino, Kem, Mezen, Onega, Severodvinsk, Kandalaksha. Questions at the end of the paragraph1. What components does the natural complex of the sea consist of? Components of the marine PC - the underlying surface, water, vegetation and animal world. 2. What factors influence the formation of this complex? very many natural features seas are determined by their position within certain climatic zones: water temperature, ice cover, fogs, wind strength, storms and hurricanes, currents. All these factors have a direct impact on the conditions of navigation, facilitate or complicate it. Big influence on marine complexes rivers provide. 3. Why is it important to know the properties of sea PC? In the era of scientific and technological progress, the problems of the integrated study and development of the natural resources of the seas and oceans are becoming one of the most important for mankind. Rational use ocean resources requires knowledge of the characteristics of the natural complexes of the seas. 4. Describe the natural complex of the White Sea. The White Sea goes deep into the land between the Kola and Kanin peninsulas and is connected to the Barents Sea by a wide strait. The sea has bays - Kandalaksha, Dvinsky, Mezensky, Onega, deeply protruding into the land. The rivers Northern Dvina, Onega, Mezen flow into the sea. Underlayment surface. The relief of the seabed is uneven, the depth increases from east to west. Water. The volume of water is 5400 km3. Rivers bring significant volumes of water into the small sea, which desalinate the sea water. The salinity of the water is about 30 ‰, in the south - 20-26 ‰. From November to May the sea is covered with drifting ice. Flora and fauna. The biological productivity of the White Sea is low. It has 194 species of algae, 57 species of fish, beluga whales, and two species of seals.  |
