What is the difference between black ice and black ice? What is ice and black ice? Safety precautions and rules of conduct material (senior group) on the topic Causes of ice
Hello, dear young and also adult readers of the ShkolaLa blog. Winter weather often surprises us with whims. Then on TV you will hear that severe frost is approaching. Then the news talks about ice and black ice.
For us, ordinary people, these two words, invariably associated with frost and ice, are the same. But among professional weather forecasters these concepts are completely different. Is there really any difference between black ice and black ice? This is the topic of a new project.
Lesson plan:
Ice and black ice in dictionaries
You and I are already smart enough to look for information in reliable sources. Let's turn to dictionaries.
Ozhegov’s well-known explanatory dictionary interprets glaze as an icy layer on the ground that occurs after a thaw or rain. Ushakov in his explanatory dictionary also explains this phenomenon as frost without snow, when there is a bare layer of ice on the ground. This is what Bolshoi adheres to. encyclopedic Dictionary, as well as many other sources.
What do Russian language experts say about ice? Almost all scientists have the concept of such a phenomenon - a more general term, when not only the earth is covered with an ice layer, but all surrounding objects - electrical wires, trees, cars.
But for the Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language and some others, these two words are identical, that is, the same - this is a special state of weather in which the ice resulting from frozen raindrops covers everything around with a thick layer.
So, from smart books we draw the first conclusion.
Black ice differs from glaze by the location that these phenomena cover. In the first case, this is the earth's surface, in the second - all objects without exception.
What do weather forecasters say?
These two natural phenomena differ in the reasons for their occurrence, in other words, in physics.
If there is precipitation - fog, freezing rain or sleet and snow, they cover any surface with ice. While this precipitation continues to fall, a layer of ice will build up, which can reach several centimeters in thickness. In this case, we are dealing with ice.
Typically, this phenomenon occurs during sudden warming after persistent frosts, at temperatures from 0 to -10 degrees, when precipitation is warmer than the surfaces on which it falls. Ice that binds electrical wires and tree branches causes them to become heavier and break.
Black ice, unlike its counterpart, is in no way connected with precipitation. We can observe it when during the day the temperature outside the window was above zero, and in the evening or at night frosts suddenly struck. That’s when the melted layer of snow on the roads and paths turns into a skating rink, we fall, and sometimes, if we’re careless, we break something.
It is especially dangerous when fresh snow falls on top of the ice layer. Enough for icy conditions low temperatures, up to -3 degrees.
So, again we draw conclusions:
Black ice can only be on the ground and is a consequence of a drop in temperature from warm to sharp cold, but ice happens everywhere and the reason for this is precipitation.
How to fight nature?
Why are they dangerous, such natural phenomena and what harm can they cause?
It is believed that ice causes more damage than its sister. The reason for this is the high density and thickness of the resulting ice layer. Although this phenomenon is rare compared to black ice, the economic damage from it is higher. It often leads to breakdowns of power lines and other communications; under the weight of ice, branches and even entire trees fall on surrounding people, on cars, on houses.
The danger of icy conditions is pedestrian injuries and car accidents. But it is much easier to deal with it. To do this, it is enough to scatter reagents or ordinary river sand. But removing ice crust from wires stretching for many kilometers or from every tree in the park is a troublesome task.
Very often these two natural phenomena appear together, then from the news from weather forecasters we hear a memorized phrase: “There is ice during the day, there is ice on the road.”
This is how we briefly outlined the differences between ice and black ice today, and also learned that they differ in the method of formation, location and danger.
Would you like to tell us a little more? Here are a couple of facts for you.
Did you know that in terms of the number of days per year, the winners among cities where ice occurs are Voronezh and Samara, followed by Syktyvkar and Rostov-on-Don, and in third place are Kazan and Moscow. It is extremely rare for ice to occur in Siberia and Far East- There is a stable temperature there in winter.
Well, icy conditions are common in almost all cities.
There is a lot more on the ShkolaLa blog interesting information for you:
- Do you know where ball lightning comes from?
- What secrets does the Moon hide from us?
- why do earthquakes happen?
Come visit us more often, together we will develop our horizons, amaze teachers with our knowledge, and please our parents with excellent grades!
That's all for today! See you again!
Good luck in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich
ICY AND ICY
Ice and black ice completely different concepts. The first is a phenomenon of nature, the second is its state.
Glaze is ice on the surface that appears when the temperature drops as a result of the freezing of water formed by melting snow and ice during a thaw. When temperatures fluctuate around zero, icy conditions occur quite often.
Ice is the formation of ice on the ground, trees, wires, etc., associated with the freezing of rain falling on a cold surface. Most often, ice occurs during sudden warming from frost, when warm air passes over a very cool surface. Ice conditions are usually not remembered for more than 300 days a year, but those 10-20 days when it happens are not forgotten for a long time. This is a much rarer and more dangerous phenomenon, especially for energy workers and motorists, since it is difficult to predict and usually develops quickly and intensively.
Ice growth usually occurs for at least 1 hour and no more than 12 hours. But the destruction proceeds very slowly, mainly due to the evaporation of ice, and when low temperatures this process is sluggish. Unless a sharp thaw intervenes or strong wind, the process can take up to 4-6 days.
Meteorologists have noted several interesting properties of ice formation. For example, this: on live wires, the amount of ice deposited is almost 30% greater than on de-energized wires.
Or this: ice deposits are rapidly growing in the direction transverse to the movement air masses. If the front moves from the west, then the deposits are thicker on wires located in the meridional direction. And vice versa, with meridionally directed air flows, deposits are thicker on wires located along the latitude. And the difference is huge, sometimes three times.
Where the most voluminous deposits were observed, their density was minimal. If you carefully examine the crystalline growth, you will notice that its surface is surprisingly thin and fragile, the crystals on the outer edges are more porous and loose.
But how does a light, graceful, harmless-looking icy coating turn out to be so destructive?
The fact is that its grace is very relative. Particularly dangerous ice dams can reach 80-100 mm in width. Such an obstacle provides serious resistance to the wind. And those ice deposits that are smaller in diameter (40-50 mm) are denser, stiffer and heavier. Luxurious ice crowns around wires with a diameter of up to 70-80 mm create an additional weight load of 150 to 200 g per linear meter. Record figures were also revealed: in Valdai, frost deposits reached 424 g per linear meter of wire. Consequently, the span between the pillars (50 m) accounted for more than 20 kg of additional weight.
Practice shows that the greatest damage is caused not so much by the thickness of ice deposits, but by winds when their speed is more than 10-12 m/s. With such a double load - weight and wind - the danger of breaking wires and falling poles and supports is especially great.
Catastrophic conditions are most often to be expected where thaws alternate with cold waves. Therefore, information about ice usually comes from the south and northwestern regions of the country.
Ice and black ice often occur at the same time, since they require approximately the same weather conditions (standard weather forecast phrase: “icy conditions, icy roads on the roads”).
What is ice?
Ice, (synonym - ice) - a class of precipitation in the form of a layer or lumps of ice formed on the surface of the earth and on objects (wires, tree branches, etc.) when supercooled drops of rain, drizzle or fog freeze at temperatures from 0 to - 3 °C. The thickness of ice is usually small and in some cases can reach several cm and cause breaking of branches, falling trees, broken wires, death of crops, etc.
Ice, unlike glaze, appears only when supercooled rain falls at subzero air temperatures.
Ice is a rare natural phenomenon compared to ice - a slippery road. The growth of ice lasts as long as the supercooled precipitation continues (usually a few hours, and from time to time with drizzle and fog - a few days). The deposited ice may persist for a few days.
What is ice?
Glaze is a layer of ice (ice crust) on the surface of the earth and other objects, usually formed in winter or autumn after a thaw or rain during a cold snap, also due to the freezing of wet snow, raindrops or drizzle. Unlike glaze (which is a type of precipitation), glaze can have different origins - not only from atmospheric water, but also from water covering the earth or coming to the surface of the earth from other sources.
The preservation of the resulting ice can last for many days until it is covered with freshly fallen snow cover or melts entirely as a result of a saturated increase in air and ground temperatures.
Meteorologists have noted some fascinating ice formation parameters. For example, this: on live wires, the amount of ice deposited is almost 30% greater than on de-energized wires. Or this: glaze deposits are rapidly growing in the direction transverse to the movement of air masses. In this case, the front moves from the west, then the deposits are thicker on wires located in the meridional direction. And on the contrary, with meridionally directed air flows, deposits are thicker on wires located along the latitude. And the difference is big, sometimes threefold. Where the largest deposits were observed, their density was low.
If you look closely at the crystalline growth, you can see that its surface is breathtakingly narrow and fragile, the crystals on the outer edges are more porous and loose. However, how does a light, luxurious, seemingly harmless ice raid turn out to be so destructive? The fact is that its grace is very relative.
Particularly unsafe ice dams can reach 80-100 mm in width. Such an obstacle offers severe resistance to the wind. And those ice deposits that are much smaller in diameter (40-50 mm) are denser, stiffer and heavier. Gorgeous ice crowns around wires with a diameter of up to 70-80 mm create an additional weight load of 150 to 200 g per meter. Record characteristics were also revealed: in Valdai, frost deposits reached 424 g per meter of wire. As follows, the clearance between the pillars (50 m) accounted for more than 20 kg of additional weight.
Practice indicates that it is not so much the thickness of icy deposits that causes more damage, but winds when their speed is more than 10-12 m/s. With such a double load - weight and wind - there is a high risk of wires breaking and poles and supports falling. Tragic conditions in most cases should be expected where thaws alternate with cold waves. That’s why information about ice usually comes from the south and northwestern regions of the country.
Ice and black ice often occur at the same time because they require approximately the same weather conditions (standard weather forecast phrase: “ice, icy roads”).
Sources:
What is ice?
What is ice? Ice, (synonym - ice) - a class of precipitation in the form of a layer or lumps of ice formed on the surface of the earth and on objects (wires, tree branches, etc.) when supercooled drops of rain, drizzle or fog freeze at temperatures from 0 to - 3 °C. The thickness of the ice is usually small and in some cases can reach several...
Winter manifestations of nature now affect city dwellers insofar as they prevent them from getting to work or home. Based on this, many are confused in purely meteorological terms. It is unlikely that any of the residents of megacities will be able to answer the question of how black ice differs from black ice. Meanwhile, understanding the difference between these terms will help people, after listening to (or reading) the weather forecast, better prepare for what awaits them outside in winter.
Distinctive signs of ice
Let's start with the fact that meteorologists associate it with precipitation such as rain, hail and snow. Although, of course, in the final version the ice does not “come” from the sky. It is an unpleasant accompaniment of other fog, drizzle or rain - when the temperature outside the window is zero or slightly lower (down to minus three). However, stereotypes work: most people, in response to the question of how black ice differs from black ice, will say that black ice is on the ground, and it causes people to fall, and black ice is everything else. Which is fundamentally wrong. First of all, ice is accompanied by icing of branches of bushes and trees, wires and protruding parts of buildings. But the most important thing is that it lasts only when the precipitation that caused it is present (fog, for example), and the ice crust formed by the ice is very thin. Although, if suitable weather persists for a long time, freezing can be significant; Then power lines break and antennas, branches and trees break.
Positive aspects of ice
Of course it is a natural phenomenon accompanied by unpleasant consequences for people and their property (communications, green spaces, etc.). But there is also a pleasant sign of the difference between black ice and black ice. As already mentioned, it lasts exactly as long as precipitation occurs. If they are completed quickly, the growth of ice stops, and the thin layer of formed ice quickly melts. Another advantage of ice is that it is extremely rare in its pure form. Still, many conditions must coincide: winter and not snow, but rain or fog, temperature - not lower than three degrees below zero. So meeting the consequences of this particular manifestation of the elements does not happen often.
Black ice - what is it?
Since people are more interested in the condition of sidewalks and highways, they pay little attention to objects raised above the ground. Unless they watch the icicles vigilantly: their fall can seriously harm your health, or even end your life. In principle, both phenomena manifest themselves almost identically. The main difference between black ice and glaze is that the latter builds up an ice crust on compacted snow, most often after rain or a thaw, when the cold snap strikes. Most of In this process, water accumulates on the ground, and therefore antennas, branches, etc. are less burdened with weight. So we can point out a significant difference between black ice and black ice, which is fundamental for citizens: in the second case, those moving on the ground suffer more and plantings and communications suffer less.
The insidiousness of black ice
If the first mentioned natural phenomenon has some advantages, then icy conditions are full of disadvantages. The worst thing is that precipitation is not necessary for its occurrence. Any city itself evaporates water. Moreover, pipe breaks are not uncommon in our area. This is where you begin to realize how important the reasons why ice and black ice form are - the difference is simply amazing. The first phenomenon, be that as it may, requires precipitation. And the icy conditions will immediately take advantage of the opportunity, and because the heating hatch nearby is simply not tightly closed, an unplanned skating rink appears nearby.
Moreover, the layer formed by ice lasts for an extremely long time - it does not depend on precipitation. The most common option is that the ice is covered with fallen snow. In second place is another thaw (or spring). And in the event of unexpected warming, we can only hope that the crust will have time to melt before the next cold snap.
How to deal with it
Since both black ice and black ice manifest themselves in approximately the same way, the methods of dealing with them are also not very different from each other, and are mainly associated with overcoming the slipperiness of passers-by and road surfaces of the city. The main methods remain sand, gravel, fine construction garbage, granite crumbs and salt. I can't say that it's very effective methods. First of all, salt corrodes the material from which the shoes are made. Rubber boots last the longest, but you can’t walk in the cold for long in them. Other materials often do not last even a month. Sand is not very good either: when it thaws, it often simply sinks into the resulting mush and contributes little to resistance when sliding.
Modern reagents are used in some (especially large) cities, but their effectiveness and safety are still questionable.
And the fight against freezing of above-ground ice formations is still limited to the fact that icicles are knocked down by tired wipers with varying degrees of success. Still, people are trained to look more at their feet than at what hangs from above.
Unusual American Methods
And icy conditions, and icy conditions in last years really worried the Americans. And the lack of proven methods to combat them greatly developed the imagination and ingenuity of the inhabitants of a distant continent. Thus, in Wisconsin, highways are watered with cheese brine - waste from cheese production. The smell is tasty, but intrusive, and follows the traveler for many kilometers. But the wheels don't slip, and the flavor becomes secondary.
Pennsylvania and New York also salt their roads, but add beet juice to the salt (they produce sugar there). And there is no smell of cheese, and the shoes spoil much less.
Ice or black ice is not so important, the main thing is not to fall and not to skid the car!
Question
How to correctly: ice or black ice?
In the professional speech of weather forecasters, these words are clearly distinguished. Black ice - This is only ice on the roads that forms after a thaw or rain during a sudden cold snap. There is ice on the roads- a phrase familiar to all of us from meteorological reports. Ice is a more general term. This is ice on any surface: on the ground, on trees, on wires...
What do Russian language dictionaries say?
Some publications support the separation: black ice – ice on the ground, black ice – ice on the ground and other surfaces (trees, wires...). In “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova (4th ed. M., 1997) black ice - layer of ice on earth's surface formed after a thaw or rain; the time when such a layer of ice forms. Ice – a layer of ice on the surface of the earth or on objects formed after freezing drops of rain or drizzle; the time when such a layer of ice forms. The same - in the “Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. S. A. Kuznetsova.
However, in other dictionaries the meaning of the word black ice expanded, its use is allowed not onlywhen indicating ice on the ground. In “Dictionary of the Russian Language” in 4 volumes, ed. A. P. Evgenieva (“Small Academic Dictionary”)black ice – ice crust on the surface of the earth, trees, wires, etc.; a state of weather when the surface of the earth is covered with an ice crust. Aice – same as black ice.
In the “Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language” (Vol. 4. M., St. Petersburg, 2006) for the noun black ice two meanings: 1) a state of weather when the surface of the earth, trees, wires, etc. are covered dense layer ice formed when drops of rain or fog freeze on them and 2) a layer dense ice on the surface of the earth, formed when supercooled drops of rain or fog freeze on it. At the word ice in this dictionary there are also two meanings: 1) a layer of dense ice on the surface of the earth, on trees, wires, etc., formed when drops of rain or fog freeze on them and 2) the same as glaze (in the first meaning) (then there is a weather condition -Note Certificates).
Thus, in general use (not in professional speech) of the wordice And black ice often do not differ, and Russian dictionaries reflect the coincidence in the meanings of words. Dictionaries are unanimous: both the state of weather when a crust of ice forms on the ground, and such an icy surface itself can be calledice , so black ice . What if the ice is not on the ground, but on other surfaces (trees, wires)? Here lexicographers do not have a common position, but still many dictionaries allow the use of both words in this case: not onlyice , But And black ice .
Interesting observations about words ice And black ice we find in the book by V.V. Kolesov “How our word will respond...”: “...Today linguists decide to say that ice And black ice“absolute synonyms” in literary language, and only meteorologists distinguish black ice– ice on the roads, and ice- ice crust on trees, on wires, etc. In reality, in its natural movement, meaning is transferred through metonymic contiguity: frosty weather without snow - the time of such weather - the result of its action in the form of a surface covered... etc d. In the beginning there was a word black ice. This is a natural designation weather conditions V winter time, By general type expressions like blizzard, bad weather, thaw, lightning, snowstorm etc. In Russian the words female with the suffix - itza associated with the designation of a time period of duration of some state (for example, Kosovica), including weather. Secondary nature of the word ice helps in its dissemination, it replaces the word black ice, displacing it as collectively general in meaning, but at the same time more “understandable” to modern man. The remarkable Russian meteorologist A.I. Voeikov in 1914 expanded the meaning of these words in a special scientific literature, but the word he proposed amber in the sense of “icy conditions” it didn’t take root. But this would be terminologically logical: a weather phenomenon - amber, and its manifestation – ice. Then there would be no confusion, because black ice, a word with a generic meaning includes both” (St. Petersburg, 2001, pp. 249, 250).
Distinguish
There is icy conditions on the roads - in the speech of weather forecasters; light ice at night and during the day or slight icy conditions - in general use.
