extreme air temperatures. The most interesting facts about temperature
Heatwave - characterized by an excess of the average positive ambient temperature by 10 degrees or more for several days.
Extreme heat in any climate zone It is established during a summer anticyclone, unusual in location and duration.
A significant lack of precipitation for a long time in spring or summer at elevated air temperatures is called drought. Drought is also called dry wind. Sukhovey - hot or very warm wind, observed in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. It contributes to the spoilage of grain and fruit crops. Dry winds blow in northern Kazakhstan, the steppes of Russia and Ukraine.
There are four main types of drought:
1.Permanent drought - characteristic of deserts.
2. Seasonal drought - characteristic of climatic zones with pronounced dry and rainy seasons.
3. Unpredictable drought - coming with an unexpected decrease in precipitation.
4. Invisible drought - when high temperatures promote increased evaporation and transpiration, so that even regular rainfall is able to sufficiently moisten the soil, and the crop dries up on the vine.
Dangerous consequences of extreme heat, drought:
Severe droughts occur around the world almost every year. In terms of the number of victims and economic damage, they are in the top five types. emergencies; in terms of the largest single number of victims (more than 1 million in India in 1965-1967) and the magnitude of direct economic damage (tens of millions of dollars), they are among the largest emergencies.
- heat leads to desiccation, an increase in the risk of fire in forests, steppes, peat bogs, and to the shallowing of navigable rivers;
- rivers and lakes dry up;
- droughts strongly push the process of desertification - a decrease in the productivity of cultivated lands and pastures (an average of 5-7 million hectares of land per year is subjected to desertification);
- people and animals are dying; infectious diseases occur;
- the climate is changing;
- droughts in some areas, as a rule, are accompanied by an increase in precipitation in others, and so on.
Severe frost - the maximum air temperature - 30 * C and below.
Extreme frosts in temperate zone set in anticyclonic weather.
The phenomenon of lowering the air temperature below 0 * C in the evening or at night after a day with a positive temperature is called frosts.
Dangerous consequences of severe frosts:
- paralyze the life of cities;
- have a detrimental effect on crops;
- increase the probability of technical accidents (at temperatures below -30 * C, the fragility of machine parts increases significantly);
- frostbite, death of people and animals
- complicate the work of industrial enterprises, various communications.
Extreme temperatures can cause emergencies. So, for example: In India in 1989 and in Mexico in January 1984, more than 200 people died from cold at an air temperature of about 0 * C.
In January 1984 and in February 1989 in the USA, with frosts down to -40 * C, 230 people died, huge damage was caused agriculture.
Air temperatures below minus 70 °С are observed only in several regions of the Earth. The undoubted leadership here is held by Antarctica, where the lowest air temperature on the planet, minus 89.2 °C, was recorded at Vostok station. In the Northern Hemisphere, such frosts are impossible, and the absolute minimum is considered to be a temperature of minus 77.8 ° C, observed in the Oymyakon region. Below minus 70 ° C, the air temperature can also drop on some glaciers in Greenland.
Of course, such extreme temperatures are typical primarily for the interior regions of Antarctica and, to a lesser extent, Greenland, where conditions of a sharply continental high-mountain climate are combined with a long polar night and a constant outflow of heat from these regions. It is interesting that, for example, in the vicinity of Vostok station in summer over 30,000 calories per square centimeter of surface solar heat. This is almost twice as much as Tbilisi receives in July. But about 90%, and in separate days up to 98% of all entering the snow surface sun rays reflects off it like a mirror. During the polar night, Antarctica receives no solar heat at all. This means that in its inland regions there is a continuous cooling of the surface layers of the ice sheet. The boundless intensification of frost is limited by the influx of heat from the depths of the Earth and the continuous mixing of air masses.
What is the state of a person in conditions of super low temperatures? At temperatures below minus 70 ° C, staying outdoors for more than 10-15 minutes, even in special climatic clothing, is difficult due to the danger of frostbite of the limbs and respiratory tract. So, at a temperature of minus 70 ° C and a wind of 5 m / s, after 10-13 seconds, the bare hands begin to hurt a lot, and after 35-40 seconds, numbness and the command of the fingers occur. Heat losses from the surface of the respiratory organs increase several times due to the heating of frosty air and its humidification, since in Central Antarctica absolute humidity air in winter is close to zero.
Calculations show that almost half of the total body heat transfer occurs through the respiratory organs. The heat transfer is so intense that it can cause immediate hypothermia and frostbite of the lungs. After breathing in frosty (below minus 70 °C) air, there are sore chest pains and a painful dry cough that lasts 2-5 hours, and sometimes spasms of the vocal cords.
B.C. Ignatov, head of the Vostok station in 1959-1960. this is how he describes the sensations of a person who has been in the cold at minus 85.7 ° C: “The weather was clear. Above the horizon was a dazzlingly bright disk of the sun. A steady breeze blew in from the northwest. Its speed was low - only 5 meters per second. But even with such a weak wind, the frost was incredibly fierce, it burned like a flame, and breathed truly cosmic cold. Despite the haze, the sun's disk was clearly visible above the horizon. A dark purple wall of frosty mist hung in the air. Within a minute, the scarf, damp from breathing, turned into a real spacesuit. The frost cut to the bone. Warm special clothing did not help either. Hands turned white instantly, as soon as you pull them out of the mittens. If you take hold of something, the frost will hit your hands like an electric current. The joints of the fingers, even hidden in mittens, hurt unbearably, as if they had been squeezed with terrible force. After 8 minutes, the legs, shod in high boots and warm woolen socks, lost their sensitivity. An uncontrollable cough began: the frost that killed all living things made its way to the lungs. Further experiments became dangerous, and had to retreat. Returning to the house, I coughed for a long time, coughing up the mucus of chilled lungs. Slightly dizzy, shortness of breath increased, weakness, dry mouth were felt.
Ultralow temperatures affect the state and structure of many familiar substances and materials. Thus, the results of experiments carried out at Vostok station on the outflow of diesel fuel and aviation gasoline at various temperatures air. To two tanks with a capacity of 15 liters each, 3-meter horizontal tubes with a diameter of 10 millimeters were soldered. 10 liters of diesel fuel were poured into one of the tanks, and the same amount of aviation gasoline was poured into the other, and the time for the complete expiration of the fuel was measured. The results of the experiments are shown in the table.
Effect of ultra-low temperatures on some substances:
| Air temperature, "C | expiration time | |
| Diesel fuel | Aviation Gasoline | |
| -87,4 | does not flow | 10.5 min |
| -80,0 | does not flow | 9.1 min |
| -72,2 | flows in small drops at intervals of 45 seconds | 8.3 min |
| -60,0 | 8 o'clock 05 min | 6.4 min |
| -50,0 | 6 o'clock 28 min | 5.7 min |
| +15 (indoors) | 8.4 min | 2.3 min |
Another interesting experience. At a frost of -80 ° C, a burning torch was brought to the surface of gasoline, but not only did it not ignite it, gasoline practically does not evaporate at such low temperatures. Kerosene already at a temperature of minus 60 ° C turns into a thick snowy mass, and at minus 85 ° it solidifies; diesel oil at temperatures below 75° becomes so hard that it has to be chopped with an axe. Antifreeze at 85° turns into pinkish ice, rubber hoses and wires are destroyed by the slightest kink. In order to cut the bottom of an iron barrel, three or four blows of an ax are enough - at a temperature below 85 °, iron becomes brittle and, like glass, breaks into pieces. Even the ice sheet cannot withstand such a severe frost. Under the influence of low temperatures, so-called thermal explosions occur, accompanied by powerful rolling sounds resembling thunder - this is cracking and destroying the ice shell of Antarctica.
Wintering at Vostok station, where ultra-low air temperatures are the norm, becomes a real test for polar explorers. Despite the relatively low altitude at which the station is located, acclimatization is very difficult and the physiological reserves of the body are depleted almost constantly. New arrivals are forced to move as little as possible, sometimes just lie down all the time. As if a huge weight is pressing on a person, not allowing him to breathe freely. Those loads that were easily lifted by one person in Mirny, in the East they are dragged by two or three.
Once a dog was brought to the East. The dog, named Volosan, at first frolicked, studied the station, ran, not knowing that this could not be done in the East. However, he soon understood everything - acclimatization began. The dog did not eat anything, he was trembling. For days on end, Volosan lay in a sleeping bag, where the polar explorers put him, looked at everything with a cloudy look and melted before his eyes. On the seventh day he became very ill and had to be sent back to Mirny. He himself could no longer go to the plane - the polar explorers carried him in a sleeping bag.
Climbers, found among polar explorers who have visited the Pamirs and Tien Shan, sometimes without due respect refer to the height of the East (some three and a half thousand meters). However, this condescending tone disappears in the very first minutes of being in the East. The evacuation from the station of people who seemed perfectly healthy, in general, is not uncommon. From the beginning of the Antarctic autumn - in March to December - communication with the East is possible only by radio. Wintering at the station during these eight or even nine months have to rely solely on their own strength. No matter what happens, help cannot come.
April 12, 1982 is the most terrible day in the history of the East. The diesel power plant burned down, the head of the diesel power plant A.I. Karpenko. In this and ten degree frost, the station lost its source of heat and light. Ahead were several months of the most difficult wintering. The fire happened at night. They tried to stop the fire with fire extinguishers, snow, knock down with a tarpaulin. Everything was in vain. Soon the power plant stopped. No heat, no light, no radio communication. Frost seventy. Only the flame of fire illuminates the East. The polar explorers are powerless to do anything - the wind blows up the fire, expendable containers with fuel that were in the diesel flare up. Several tons of burning oil and solarium. A pillar of fire and smoke rises over the station for dozens of meters. Now, if it is not possible to establish radio contact, they will learn about what happened in the East from satellite images. But, even after learning about the fire, no one can help the winterers of the East. Meanwhile, the wind began to overwhelm the flame on the main fuel supply - 300 tons of solarium. Next to it is a tank of kerosene. Behind the tanks is almost the entire supply of food for the year. If all this catches fire, there will be no chance for the polar explorers to survive. However, at that moment there was no time to weigh the chances. This and ten degree frost did its job. Very soon the walls of the premises were covered with frost. It will take quite a bit of time, and the station will finally freeze. If the cold is not dealt with immediately, death is inevitable. It was necessary to immediately give at least a little warmth in any way. In the memoirs of polar explorers, this night appears as some kind of endless crazy carousel. They rushed to make and install drip stoves, knock out holes in the walls of houses to bring pipes out of the stoves, drag food, medicines and solutions that are afraid of the cold. Finally, fate had mercy on them - the wind changed, the flame carried away from the tanks with fuel that were already ready to explode. They warmed the house with a radio, not allowing the radio stations to freeze. Managed to start an old little diesel that hadn't been touched in a long time. This already weak engine at the height of the East was losing a third of its power, but still the electricity it generated was enough to revive the transmitter. They managed to report the incident, after which the connection was interrupted.
Although on big land developed various plans for rescue operations and tried their best to help people in trouble, it soon became clear that there was no real possibility for this. Twenty polar explorers of the Vostok station had to go through the longest and most severe winter on Earth.
What kind of wintering it was can be judged by the conditions in which they had to be. They lived in terrible crowding - at first, until the bunks were made, they even slept in turns. Although the droppers warmed the rooms somehow, they did it extremely unevenly - it was relatively warm at the top, and ice froze on the walls and under the beds. They slept in full polar uniform, without taking off their high boots, wrapping a scarf around their heads so that if they accidentally touched the wall, their hair would not freeze.
The stoves smoked terribly, covering everything around with a layer of greasy soot and soot. The engine was unreliable, it was turned on only for two hours so that the radio station could work. The rest of the time, homemade candles became the only source of light. The polar explorers built a bathhouse, but it was possible to wash in it only in rubber boots, otherwise the feet would freeze to the floor. The winterers lost almost the entire supply of vegetables, which nevertheless froze or rotted. Some of the canned food also fell into disrepair - many glass jars could not be saved from the frost, and they burst. We had to save water - after the fire, there was no clean snow around the station within a radius of several hundred meters. It was at this distance that the duty officer had to go daily for snow and make more than one walk. And this is in the East, where each step is given to a person with difficulty! And this is at an air temperature that stably kept at seventy degrees, and in August the frosts exceeded eighty!
During this wintering, the polar explorers involuntarily had to violate all the norms and safety instructions dozens of times, forcing them to wonder once again at the hidden capabilities of the human body. What is worth one night alone during a fire. It's hard to believe, but people spent several hours outdoors at a temperature of about minus 70 ° C (20-25 minutes is considered the norm). At the same time, at first, many of them, raised in the middle of the night, were only somehow dressed. Moreover, that night there were no hypothermia or frostbite. Polar explorers later said that they did not even feel the frost.
Being in such a super-extreme situation, the human body mobilized all its internal forces. The subsequent wintering also seemed to be on the verge of human capabilities, but people in these conditions not only survived, but continued the same work that they had been doing before the fire. The very next day, the Vostok radio station transmitted two weather reports. Ultimately, it was precisely the fact that people did not give up, did not succumb to despair and apathy, that helped them survive the Antarctic winter at the Pole of Cold.
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Extreme air temperatures are set when clear anticyclonic weather persists for an unusually long time, and in the belt temperate climate and in the subtropics - also with the intrusion of cold air masses from higher latitudes. All these events reflect certain deviations and intensity of atmospheric circulation from the norm. In their long-term recurrence, 11-year and other climatic rhythms are manifested. Extreme heat in any climatic zone is set by a summer anticyclone that is unusual in location or duration. It leads to desiccation, an increase in fire risk in forests, steppes, and peat bogs, to the shallowing of navigable rivers in territories many hundreds of kilometers long and for a period of one to many weeks.
Extreme frosts in the temperate zone are also established during anticyclonic weather, and the temperature in elevated (warmer) and hollow areas can vary by 5-6 ° in the west of the Russian Plain, up to 15-17 ° in the mountains of Yakutia. Frosts paralyze the life of cities, have a detrimental effect on crops, and increase the likelihood of technical accidents (at temperatures below -30 °, the brittleness of machine parts increases). Extreme cold mass invasions, accompanied by snowfalls, can be relatively short-lived (a few days), but are detrimental to crops in subtropical zone, and in spring time and in the southern part of the temperate zone.
The phenomenon of lowering the air temperature below 0 ° C in the evening and at night after a day with positive temperatures is called frost. In the European part of Russia, frosts occur in spring or autumn, when cold weather invades. air masses or an anticyclone comes, in which intense nighttime thermal radiation from the earth's surface cools the soil, vegetation and air. Freezing causes great damage to agriculture, especially in lowland areas where cold air. To combat frost, fires are used that form smoke that covers earth's surface and protect it from cooling.
In the world, the average annual damage from frost and snowfall ranks fifth after damage from hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and droughts.
The death rate of elderly and sick people increases significantly both in frost and in heat, and the temperature deviation from the norm is more significant than its absolute value. The rate of cooling or warming also matters: with sudden changes in temperature, the number of car accidents increases by 25% with cold intrusions, by 56% with the onset of hot weather.
A significant lack of rainfall for a long time in spring or summer at elevated air temperatures is called drought, as a result of which the moisture reserves in the soil are greatly reduced, plants develop poorly, and the crop may die completely. Drought is a frequent occurrence in tropical latitudes, semi-desert and especially steppe zones, where the main area of arable land is located, in spring and summer due to the long (up to 2 months) dominance of anticyclone weather.
Droughts occur when high air pressure remains in the atmosphere for a long time, that is, there is an anticyclone. Downdrafts in the atmosphere prevent the occurrence of rains, and clear weather leads to heating and drying of the air and soils. Droughts are a phenomenon that is essential for agriculture and forestry, domestic and industrial water supply, shipping and the operation of hydroelectric power stations. They can be assessed by various geophysical indicators - from precipitation deficit (in terms of magnitude, duration, distribution) to complex coefficients, including deviations from the norm of air temperature, precipitation, moisture reserves in the soil, as well as economic indicators of crop shortages, losses in hydroelectric power production, etc. P. Droughts are created by the deviation of the intensity of atmospheric circulation from the norm for reasons that lie in fluctuations in solar activity and in self-oscillations in the "ocean-atmosphere" system, especially in energy-active zones (El Niño and others). As a rule, severe droughts in some areas are accompanied by an increase in precipitation in others.
Dry wind - a hot or very warm wind, observed in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. It contributes to the spoilage of grain and fruit crops. They blow in northern Kazakhstan, the steppes of Russia and Ukraine.
Droughts are almost always accompanied by both dry winds and dust storms, which increase the evaporation of moisture from the soil surface, so the fight against droughts, dry winds and dust storms consists in the accumulation of moisture in various soils. For this purpose, snow retention is carried out, the creation of shelterbelts, ponds and reservoirs in ravines and gullies, soil harrowing and other agricultural activities.
40-45% of the area of the continents belongs to persistently dry and arid regions; more than 1/3 of the world's population lives here. In territories where droughts are possible at least occasionally, 3/4 of the population is located, in former USSR 70% of the arable land was under the threat of droughts. For the main agricultural regions of Russia, the cause of droughts is the anomalous development of anticyclones of Arctic and subtropical origin, blocking the usual paths of Atlantic cyclones.
Severe droughts occur around the world almost every year. In terms of the number of victims and economic damage, they are in the top five types of emergencies, in terms of the largest single number of victims and the amount of direct economic damage (tens of billions of dollars), they are among the largest emergencies.
Most natural disasters are, fortunately, short-lived. An earthquake usually lasts no more than a minute. A tornado sweeps over a Midwestern city in five minutes. Cyclones and hurricanes rage over cities for an hour. Even the duration of floods is measured in just a few days. But things are quite different with drought and the resulting famine as a result of it. These natural disasters can last for weeks, and their consequences leave their mark on generations.
The causes of drought and famine tend to be complex. There are four main types of drought:
constant drought, characteristic of deserts - places with an arid climate where plants do not grow without irrigation;
seasonal drought is typical for climatic zones with pronounced dry and rainy seasons;
unpredictable drought that occurs with an unexpected decrease in precipitation;
invisible drought, which is a borderline condition where high temperatures promote evaporation so that even regular rains are not able to sufficiently moisten the soil, and the crop dries up on the vine.
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Everyone knows that 36.6 ° C is normal temperature body, and 39 ° C means that everything is very bad. But at the same time, have you ever wondered what will happen if your thermometer suddenly shows numbers outside of these values?
We are in website seriously asked this question and found a result that everyone should know. Let's look at extreme temperatures and find out why they are not mentioned anywhere.
Normal Temperature - 35.5-37°C
During the day, our body temperature ranges from 35.5°C (morning) to 37.0°C (evening). Such a change in temperature is determined by the daily cycle of the Sun, you do not directly influence the process. In addition, here's an interesting fact for you: average temperature women's bodies are 0.5 °C higher than men's.
Continuous 37.1-38.0°C
Elevated temperature in the range of 37.1-38.0 ° C During a long time may indicate the presence of some kind of sluggish disease in the body. In some cases, such a temperature may be the only manifestation of any disease on early stages so it's best to see a doctor right away.
If such a temperature is observed for a short time, you should not panic at all, it is not dangerous.
High 38-41°C
Such a rise in temperature is perceived by us as a terrible disease. But in fact, temperatures of 39 ° C and above inhibit the reproduction of the vast majority of microbes. Thanks to this, the processes in the immune system proceed faster, blood flow intensifies, and the time for the release of antibodies against your virus is reduced. This often turns on a program of fine muscle tremors, which keeps the heat inside. If you have a fever in this state, this indicates the second phase - a decrease in temperature. So heat is the body's automatic struggle for survival. It's not bad at all. But you can’t do nothing either - look at the next paragraph.
Also, the temperature can rise to 40 °C in a steam bath - in this case, do not worry, this is natural.
Extreme 42-43°C
Have you ever wondered why the scale of a medical thermometer ends at 45 ° C? The fact is that at 42 °C, irreversible decomposition of proteins in the body begins, at 43 °C, protein denaturation in brain neurons, which leads to a guaranteed lethal outcome. Therefore, temperatures above 40 °C must be brought down immediately.
Dangerous 30-35°C
she's fine now). But this is an isolated case, rather, even phenomenal. So when the temperature drops, it is better to immediately consult a doctor.Have you ever had an abnormal temperature?
