Pets are different: some people love affectionate and graceful cats, others like the devotion and loyalty of dogs. Many people like to spend hours watching underwater inhabitants or listening to the clear voices of birds. And exotic lovers prefer the company of reptiles, one of which is our today’s heroine - the common green iguana.

Habitat

The species Iguana-iguana belongs to the genus True iguanas of the Iguana family. This species is native to Mexico, from where the species spread and is today widely represented in South and Central America; it was also brought to Florida.

The common iguana prefers to live in tropical rainforests and dense thickets on river banks. They are an arboreal reptile and therefore spend most of their lives in trees.

Common iguana: description

Today, this lizard can increasingly be seen in home terrariums. The common iguana (you can see the photo in the article) is a large animal. An adult reaches a length of 1.5 meters (including tail), although true giants are often found - up to two meters or more. The size of the lizard depends on age and sex: males are much larger than females. What does the common green iguana look like? Photos published in various publications for naturalists demonstrate how diverse the representatives of this species are.

Some individuals have thickened skin projections located on the upper part of the nose. They can be small, barely noticeable, or can reach enormous sizes. Some lizards may have several such “horns”. The diversity of the species is also manifested in the color of these lizards. Although they are called green, they are not always green. The common iguana can be colored in a wide variety of shades of green: from rich to very light. Interspersed with various shades of blue are allowed.

In nature there are also rare representatives species, with a color that differs from most animals of this species.

Brown iguanas

This is a common iguana, the description of which in reference books confirms that this lizard can be tan, brown or cream in color. Sometimes this shade may be unnatural, but caused by stress or illness of the animal.

Blue lizards

This common iguana comes from Peru. The rich turquoise color of the skin distinguishes these lizards. The irises of such individuals are usually reddish-brown. Thin black stripes run throughout the body, tail, and in the folds of the skin.

Even very young ordinary animals can have a blue color, but with age it changes to green.

Red morph

This color does not exist in nature: it is obtained artificially. The common red morph iguana acquires this skin color due to its feeding habits. Animals are fed pigmented natural fruits and vegetables - red bell pepper, for example, or artificially pigmented fish food (for parrot fish). Naturally, these products do not replace the main diet, but are only additives.

Don't be alarmed if your common iguana changes color at home. These lizards change it throughout their lives, and this depends on their condition and conditions of detention. Young animals change color during molting; adults can change color under the influence of temperatures: if the animal is cold, its color darkens, and in the heat it turns pale. Most males change their color several months before mating season. Wavy, bright orange stripes appear on their body at the chin, on the body and paws, and on the spines.

But if your pet's color turns dark grey, dark brown, yellow or black, you need to contact a specialist to identify the reasons for this change, since in most cases this may be a sign of illness in the animal or unfavorable living conditions. With good care of this reptile, its life expectancy is on average up to 12 years, although there are also centenarians who live up to 18 years.

Lifestyle

The common iguana is an animal that leads daytime look life. It is active in the morning and evening (before sunset). At this time, under natural conditions, the lizard climbs trees, where it happily basks in the sun. This is necessary for reptiles to produce vitamin D and thermoregulation.

The common iguana is not only an excellent tree climber, it is also a first-class swimmer. It is water that saves the lizard in case of danger. If the conditions for keeping the green iguana are observed, the owner will be surprised by the calm and docile nature of the unusual pet.

A young lizard can be tamed by frequently picking it up: it quickly gets used to this and becomes tame.

It would seem that you can immediately purchase a more spacious terrarium, but experts believe that in a smaller volume the young lizard feels more confident and protected. In such conditions, it will be much easier to tame her.

For an adult, the terrarium must be spacious so that the animal not only fits completely in it, but also has room for a pool, which is vital for green iguanas. The minimum size for an adult is 80x70x120 cm.

Decoration of the terrarium

According to experienced owners, the most the best option to cover the floor of the terrarium - a rubber lawn mat. It will not only give a more attractive appearance, but will also allow you to keep the lizard’s house clean: it will not harbor microorganisms that can harm the health of your pet. Before placing such a mat, it should be washed and ventilated well so that the reptile is not irritated by foreign odors.

A spacious pool will also be required, since it is in the water that the reptile defecates. For this reason, the water must be cleaned and changed regularly. Comfortable lighting for a green iguana is considered to be a daylight period of at least twelve hours. Try to imitate circadian rhythms. In this case, the reptile will feel more comfortable in captivity.

A prerequisite for keeping an iguana at home is a fluorescent lamp with a UVB emitter. This simple device will help the lizard produce the vitamin D it needs. In warm and sunny days The terrarium can be taken outside so that the lizard can enjoy natural sunlight. But at the same time, direct rays should not fall on it, since the glass will become very hot and change the microclimate of the terrarium.

Temperature

For the green iguana, multi-level temperature regime. This is due to the fact that reptiles are cold-blooded. General temperature in the terrarium it should not fall below +28 °C, at the warming up point this figure increases to +35 °C, and at night it can drop to +20 °C. The lamp at the heating point should be placed at a safe distance (20 cm) above the top branch in the terrarium. The water temperature in the pool is not higher than +25 °C.

Humidity

Like most tropical animals, iguanas require at least 80% humidity. To achieve this level, you can place an aquarium heater (previously well insulated) in the pool: it will maintain the required water temperature and create evaporation, which will help maintain humidity. In addition, you should spray three times a day warm water terrarium.

Feeding

The green iguana eats dandelion leaves, clover, lettuce, and loves various fruits. He has a cooler attitude towards vegetables, although this largely depends on your lizard's taste preferences. It is not recommended to give your exotic pet cabbage It is advisable to add sprouted mung bean, especially when feeding offspring, as it is rich in protein.

While the lizard is young, it can be pampered with insects (in small quantities). Crickets and zofobas are suitable for this. A salad that is 70% leafy greens and the remaining 30% is chopped vegetables and fruits is something your common iguana will happily eat. Nutrition is of great importance in the life of this reptile, but do not forget about vitamins: they should be given twice a week. Place a feeder with crushed shells or eggshells in the terrarium: such a treat will become a source of calcium.

Common iguana: reproduction

Green iguanas reach sexual maturity between one and a half to three years of age. You will know that the mating season is approaching by the changed color. For males, the mating season lasts about a month, and for females no more than ten days.

After mating, the female carries the eggs for two months and then lays eggs. It is advisable to transplant the females into a separate terrarium during this period. The clutch consists of 40 or more eggs. It is removed and transferred to an incubator with a temperature of +32 °C. After 90 days, babies are born. During the period of gestation, the female needs a large amount of calcium and protein food.

Perhaps no other group of modern lizards has such a variety of life forms and associated differences in body structure as iguanas. Among them we find many forest, shrub, mountain, rocky, desert, steppe and semi-aquatic species that have well-defined features of specialization. A common feature For all iguanas, pleurodont teeth are very different in shape, attached to the inner side of the jaws, and therefore on the lower jaw a highly elongated lamellar bone reaches a special development. As a rule, teeth are also present on the pterygoids, and in some cases on the palatine bones. The size and shape of the teeth largely depend on the nature of the diet. In herbivorous species, they are multi-vertexed and noticeably compressed laterally; in those that feed mainly on ants or termites, they are blunted, without additional vertices, and in lizards that eat solid insects, the teeth are pointed in the form of a needle. A broken or fallen tooth is replaced with a new one, and this change continues throughout the lizard’s life.

Iguanas have fully developed eyes with movable eyelids; in some species, the lower eyelid is equipped with a transparent window, allowing the lizard to see clearly with its eyes closed. Perhaps such a window acts as a “sunglass”, reducing the brightness of the light.

Based on the shape and structure of the body, iguanas can be divided into two main types, connected by intermediate transitions. The first of them is characterized by a relatively high, laterally compressed body, turning into a long tail, noticeably flattened laterally. This form is characteristic primarily of arboreal species and finds its extreme expression in representatives of the South American genus Polychrus, which spend almost their entire lives in the crowns of trees. Lizards of the second type have a more or less disc-shaped flattened body and, with some exceptions, live on the ground.

The largest members of the family, for example the South American Iguana iguana, reach almost two meters in length, while the size of the small North American Uma inornata does not exceed 10-12 cm.

The head of iguanas is usually covered with numerous irregularly shaped scutes, while the back is covered with extremely varied scales, often transformed into various kinds of horny spines, teeth, tubercles and others. similar formations. Many species also develop various skin growths and folds on their bodies, often very bizarre in shape. Representatives of some genera are characterized by a more or less high jagged crest running along the back and continuing on the tail, usually more pronounced in males. The well-developed legs of iguanas are in all cases equipped with five fingers ending in claws, which in arboreal forms often reach a considerable length. In representatives of the genus Anolis, the toes, like those of geckos, are expanded from below into special attachment plates with transverse rows of tiny tenacious brushes that help the animal hold on and move along smooth vertical surfaces. In some desert species, the toes are equipped on the sides with “sand skis” - scallops of elongated horny teeth.

The coloring of iguanas is very diverse. Tree species that spend most of their time among foliage are usually green in color, and their pattern often resembles the cross-veins of leaves, as in the South American Polychrus marmoratus. Desert and cliff-dwelling iguanas are colored to match the color of the surrounding area, and this coloring is subject to significant variability even among individuals of the same species and depends on the nature of the soil on which they live. Many are able to quickly change color depending on temperature or light brightness. This ability is especially strongly developed in some tree iguanas of the genus Anolis, which therefore received the name American chameleons.

In many species, males, especially during the breeding season, are much brighter colored than females.

It has long been noted that iguanas are very similar to lizards of the agamas family, common in the eastern hemisphere. Among the representatives of both families there are entire genera and individual species that surprisingly resemble each other both in appearance and in their way of life.

Most iguanas are very active lizards. Tree species, thanks to their long legs with tenacious clawed toes, quickly run along the trunks and branches of trees and make rapid jumps from branch to branch. Representatives of the genera Xiphocercus and Chamaeleolis, found in the Antilles, have a prehensile tail that helps them stay on branches. All terrestrial species are good runners, with some capable of running considerable distances on their hind legs at high speed. Found in Cuba land iguana Anolis vermiculatus, living along the banks of streams, plunges into the water in case of danger and hides there under stones. A few desert forms, for example representatives of the North American genus Uma, can sink into quick sand and move quite quickly - “swim” - under its surface. Semi-aqueous forms, such as marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus swim and dive well, using a strong paddle-shaped flattened tail to move in the water.

True burrowing species among iguanas are few in number, and only a few of them, like the Brazilian Hoplocercus spinosus, dig rather long burrows with their claws, in which they hide from enemies and bad weather. Other iguanas use burrows of rodents or other animals for this purpose.

Most iguanas are predators, feeding on insects, spiders, centipedes, worms, etc. Some, larger ones, also eat small vertebrates, mainly lizards. Only relatively few species, such as common iguana(Iguana iguana), as adults they feed almost exclusively on plant foods. desert iguana(Dipsosaurus dorsalis), along with the plants that make up its main diet, also eats insects and small lizards. Some exhibit a narrow dietary specialization, feeding almost exclusively on ants, such as toad lizards (Phrynosoma), or seaweed, like the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus).

The behavior of iguanas is extremely characterized by a peculiar shaking of the head from top to bottom, usually produced during some kind of excitement, for example, during fights of males with each other, when protecting a site, meeting an enemy, etc. According to the nature of these movements, different individuals of the same species, so just like lizards of different sexes, they are able to distinguish each other at a distance.

The vast majority of iguanas reproduce by laying eggs, the number of which ranges from 1-2 (in some anoles) to 35 or more (in toad-like lizards). Eggs are laid in the ground, which is also typical for arboreal species, descending from trees to do this. Relatively few iguanas are oviparous. Ovoviviparity is associated with life in harsh climatic conditions, for example in the mountains, as in representatives of the genus Liolaemus.

The meat and eggs of large iguanas are eaten, and the skin is used to make various crafts. In the United States and Mexico, many species of these lizards are protected by law.

The family includes about 50 genera and over 700 species, distributed almost exclusively in the Western Hemisphere, from Southern Canada in the north to Southern Argentina in the south, including some islands off the coast of South and North America.

Only a few representatives of the genera Chalarodon and Oplurus are found off the coast of Africa in Madagascar, and the only species of the genus Brachylophus is found on the islands of Fiji and Tonga (Polynesia).

One of the most common and widespread groups of iguanas are the numerous species of the genus Anolis. Most of them are characterized by a triangular head widened at the rear, a slender body moderately compressed laterally with four well-developed legs, of which the hind legs are noticeably longer than the front ones, and a long, gradually thinning tail. The body is covered with small, uniform scales, among which there is often a low ridge of larger triangular scales along the ridge and upper side of the tail. In the males of many species, the overgrown skin of the throat sags in the form of a fan-shaped throat pouch supported by rod-shaped cartilages. A distinctive feature of the genus is also the presence on the underside of the fingers of expanded plates with transverse rows of attachment brushes, covered with tiny hook-shaped hairs. Therefore, anoles, like geckos, are easily supported on smooth vertical surfaces, in particular on leaves. Most species do not exceed 10-20 cm in length, and only a few reach 45 cm or more. The color of anoles is extremely variable. As a rule, it is dominated by brownish and green tones, however, when the animal is excited, as well as under the influence of temperature and lighting, the color can change amazingly quickly, successively acquiring all tones from dark brown to bright green. In many species, the throat sac is especially brightly colored, the color of which is dominated by yellow, orange or red tones, and in some cases there is a bright blue spot against a general reddish-yellow background.

Majority anoles leads an arboreal lifestyle, and only a few stay on the ground. Many, like geckos, settle on the walls of buildings and in human dwellings. Each male usually has a relatively small hunting area, which he energetically defends against other individuals, engaging in fights with numerous neighbors if they appear in the occupied territory. It should be noted that anoles are much more intolerant of each other than other iguanas, which is especially reflected in the behavior of males, who are rarely seen without a fight. This remark, borrowed from Darwin, applies to one of the South American species, but it can equally be applied to most of the other representatives of the genus.

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Anoles feed on various insects and small invertebrates, which they grab with amazing dexterity on leaves and tree branches, and sometimes in the air, making swift and precise jumps. All anoles are oviparous. They lay 1-6 eggs in the ground, less often in a hollow or in dense clusters of bromeliads that settle in the forks of tree trunks.

About 200 species of this genus - almost a third of all known iguanas - are widespread mainly in Central America, up to Southern Brazil in the south, and only two species are found in the United States, reaching as far north as North Carolina.

Bright, changeable colors, endless fuss and tireless fights started by anoles in the crowns of trees, on hedges, in bushes and on the walls of buildings, constantly attract human attention and make these lizards one of the attractions of the animal world of the American tropics.

One of the most famous species of the genus is North American red-throated anole(Anolis carolinensis). Its color is highly variable: one can observe all stages of transition from yellow and bright brown to bright green above and brown or silvery-white below. The strongly developed throat sac of males is bright red. The red-throated anole is a small lizard, reaching 20-25 cm including the tail.

During the breeding season, brightly colored green males, inflating their protruding red throat sac and strongly squeezing their body from the sides, flaunt their outfit, engaging in fierce fights when they meet. At first, they slowly circle in place for some time, trying to keep their side to the enemy and opening their mouths to intimidate. Then, taking off from their place, they rush towards each other and, clinging into a ball, soon roll off the branch onto the ground, where they scatter to the sides or, returning to the previous battlefield, continue the battle. More often, however, after the first fight, the weaker male takes flight, often losing his tail and bleeding. There are cases when such tournaments even ended in the death of one of the opponents.

In June - July, the female, descending from the tree, digs a shallow hole with her front legs, into which she lays 1-2 eggs, covering them with loose soil. The young hatch after 6-7 weeks and, having climbed to the surface, immediately climb trees, where at first they stay together, separately from the adults.

Among the numerous other species of this genus, we note the one found in Cuba anole a-knight(Anolis equestris), which is unusually large for these lizards, reaching almost half a meter in length, two-thirds of which is the tail.

Brazilian leaf-nosed anole(A. phyllorhinus) is interesting in that it has a flat scaly outgrowth at the end of its snout that protrudes far forward, giving it a very unusual appearance for these lizards.

Close to anoles genus of false chameleons represented by the only Cuban species (Chamaeleolis chamaleontides), which truly resembles chameleons not only in the variability of its color, but also in the shape of the head, eyes and prehensile tail.

Representatives kind of basilisks(Basiliscus) are well distinguished in appearance from other iguanas by the presence of peculiar leathery decorations in males, giving them an unusual and even some kind of fabulous view. On the back of the head of these rather large lizards there is located, like a flat helmet, a large, backward-directed skin outgrowth, and along the back and the front third of the long paddle-shaped tail there is a high leathery crest, supported by highly developed spinous processes of the vertebrae. On the outer surface of the hind toes of both males and females there is a scaly border. Four known species inhabit the countries of Central America, living in thickets along the banks of tropical rivers. Found in Panama and Costa Rica helmed basilisk (Basiliscus basiliscus), reaching 80 cm in length, like other species of this genus, swims and dives excellently, and has a remarkable ability to run through the water, keeping its body on the surface by quickly alternating kicks of its hind legs. An excellent description of a basilisk running on water is given by the American zoologist A. Carr: “It was a basilisk - green, like lettuce, with bright eyes, a male about fourteen inches long... having lost his balance, he fell like a stone into the black river, immediately plunged into water, but a moment later he found himself on the surface and ran through the water. He carried his forepaws in front of him, his tail curved upward, and with his hind paws he thrashed the surface of the water at the speed of a machine gun. The speed of the spanking was so significant that the lizard did not drown. Before we had time to figure out how he did it, the basilisk reached land, climbed onto the shore and darted through the branches ... "

In the same way, relying only on their hind legs, basilisks are able to run quickly on land, at times even flying some distance through the air at high speed.

At the Mexican striped basilisk(Basiliscus vittatus) at the end of April - beginning of May, females lay 12-18 eggs, burying them in a hole somewhere at the roots of trees or in bushes.

Among the most distinctive South American lizards are the iguanas of the genus Liolaemus, of which about 50 species are widely distributed from Peru in the north to Chile and Argentina in the south. Peruvian changeable iguana(Liolaemus multiformis) is perhaps the only South American species that lives in a harsh mountain climate at altitudes up to 5000 m above sea level. On the high plateaus in the Cordillera, where this small lizard lives, even in summer months Snow often falls and the temperature on the soil surface drops to almost zero at night. Life in such unusual conditions for reptiles turns out to be possible only thanks to the ability developed in this species to crawl at a body temperature of only about 1.5° above zero, which is completely unthinkable for all other lizards, which lose mobility at much higher temperatures. high temperatures. Slowly crawling out of their burrows, iguanas reach sunlit areas of the soil and in a short time heat up to 35-37°, and the difference between the temperature of the body and the surrounding air is sometimes 30° or more.

They feed on both insects, which are rare at such altitudes, and succulent parts of plants. Like many mountain reptiles, iguanas of this species are ovoviviparous. Approximately six months after mating occurs in April, in September - December, the female gives birth to 1-10 young. Thanks to such a long incubation period, newborn iguanas are born at the most climatically favorable time of year.

Several North American species desert iguanas The genus Crotaphitus is distinguished by its beauty and brightness of color. In C. collaris, which is common in the southwestern United States and adjacent areas of Mexico, males are yellowish, light orange or greenish-gray on top with small light eyes and five to six faint, lighter narrow transverse stripes. At the level of the front paws, not reaching the middle of the back, on each side of the body there is a bright black transverse collar, trimmed with whitish or yellowish lines. The head is light gray or whitish on top with small dark spots scattered in disorder. The front legs are bright blue-green, the hind legs are bluish-gray with light spots.

It is characteristic that, depending on the direction of the incident light, the overall color of the body can change noticeably, similar to what happens on the wings of some bright daytime butterflies.

Other species of this genus are equally brightly colored.

The largest group North American lizards are fence, or spiny, iguanas genus Sceloporus. All of them are characterized by a blunt head, widened at the back, a rounded, stocky body and a cylindrical, gradually tapering tail. Their relatively large ribbed scales on the loosely adjacent posterior edge are equipped with more or less upturned spines, especially pronounced on the tail. These small and medium-sized lizards are colored very differently. Some have a rather variegated coloration with an admixture, especially in males, of bright metallic tones, others, on the contrary, are modestly colored, and most species have a highly variable pattern on the back and sides of regularly located transverse and longitudinal lines and stripes.

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One of the particularly beautiful and at the same time largest species - reaching more than half a meter in length - Sceloporus clarki - is distinguished by its magnificent greenish-blue coloring of the underside of the body and hind legs and metallic blue scales of the sides. Another species, Sceloporus magister, has bright yellow spots across its brownish-gray back, and a row of large bright blue eyes along its blue sides. Spiny iguanas inhabit very diverse, often dry places, found both in open rocky semi-deserts and on rocks and in bushes in forests. They also settle in fences made of stones and thorny bushes, which is where their widespread name comes from - fence iguanas. Spiny iguanas, to a greater extent than other members of the family, have a developed manner of quickly nodding their heads, which is accompanied by a simultaneous squatting on the front legs. The frequency and sequence of such bows varies greatly among different types what is important hallmark, by which individuals of the same species can recognize each other at a distance. Their food consists mainly of insects and other invertebrate animals, but some diversify their diet with seeds and leaves of plants, and especially large ones also eat small lizards.

During the breeding season, males display brightly colored bodies, displaying luxurious blue-green stripes and ocelli on their sides. When meeting, they raise their bodies high on outstretched legs and, slowly stepping, sideways approach each other until the weaker “nerves can’t stand it” and he takes flight.

Most members of the genus are oviparous, but some give birth to live young. Thus, in one of the most common species - Sceloporus undulatus - the female lays up to 17 eggs from June to August, from which young ones hatch after 2-2.5 months. In the mountain species Sceloporus grammicus, 3-12 young are born in April after 5-6 months of development. About 54 species of these lizards are widely distributed in North America, mainly in Mexico and the southern United States.

Among the few iguanas that have adapted to life on shifting sands are several species of the North American genus Uma. These lizards have a wedge-shaped head with a noticeably shortened lower jaw, a wide flattened body, and horny ridges along the edges of their long toes that prevent their feet from sinking into loose sand.

Fleeing from persecution, sand iguanas literally dive head first into the sand before our eyes and move for some time under its surface. The nasal passages are tightly clamped with special valves, and the fringed edges of the thick eyelids protect the eyes from clogging with fine sand. The coloring of these lizards also harmonizes well with the sandy surface of the dunes on which they live. So, most normal looking, reaching a length of 23 cm, Uma inor-nata body and tail are covered with a dense network of light gray eyes, sometimes arranged in indistinct longitudinal rows.

The three known species of this genus are found in the sandy deserts of Mexico and California in the southwestern United States.

One of the largest iguanas - marine iguana(Amblyrhynchus cristatus) reaches 140 cm in length, more than half of which is a paddle-shaped tail flattened from the sides. Its body is covered with small ribbed scales, which on the tail transform into large quadrangular keeled scales, located, as on the back, in regular transverse rows. The short and wide head, like a mosaic, is covered with polygonal scales of various sizes, the largest of which are located on the forehead and noticeably thickened in the form of cone-shaped horny tubercles directed forward.

Along the entire back, continuing to the tip of the tail, stretches a low, laterally compressed ridge of elongated triangular scales, especially strongly developed behind the head. The toes of the comparatively short and strong feet of the marine iguana are armed with large curved claws and are connected by a short swimming membrane. Adult animals are brownish-brown, olive-gray or almost black on top with irregularly shaped large blurry spots.

Marine iguanas live only on the Galapagos archipelago off the coast of South America, where they inhabit a narrow coastal strip covered with rocks, without penetrating into the interior of the islands.

The first reliable observations of these reptiles belong to Darwin, who visited the Galapagos Islands in 1835 while traveling on the Beagle. “Sometimes one could see,” writes Darwin, “how they swim several hundred paces from the shore, and Captain Colnet assures that they swim out to sea in whole herds for fish or to bask in the sun rays on the rocks. I believe that he is mistaken in defining their purpose, but the fact itself cannot be disputed. In water, the animal swims extremely easily and quickly with the help of serpentine movements of the body and a flat tail, without using at all, however, its legs, which are pressed tightly to the sides and remain motionless... I opened the stomachs of many of them and each time I found them filled with chewed sea fish algae growing in the form of thin leaf-shaped plates. As far as I remember, these algae have never been found in significant quantities on the coastal rocks, and I have reason to think that they grow at a short distance from the shore on the bottom of the sea. If they are not near the shore, then the reason that forces the animals to go some distance to the sea is understandable.” It has now been established that adult iguanas, when swimming into the sea, actually dive for food, holding on to the bottom with their claws. They bite algae with long, three-pointed teeth, and their teeth act like garden shears. Young lizards, unlike adults, also eat small animals along with plant foods.

Regular feeding of salt-rich seaweed has led to the emergence in these iguanas of a special salt-removing mechanism associated with the function of the so-called nasal glands, the ducts of which open on each side of the head in nasal cavity. Salt dissolved in the blood is absorbed by the glands and is periodically removed in the form of droplets of fluid released from the nose. Excellent swimming and diving, iguanas, in case of danger, nevertheless always try to hide on land, where they have practically no enemies, while in the sea they are often attacked by sharks. According to the latest data from A. Eibel-Eibelfeldt, these lizards live in large herds, consisting of smaller groups of 5-10 females and young individuals, located in close proximity to each other on the shore. At the same time, iguanas often even climb one on top of the other, forming a multi-layered pile. Each group of females forms a “harem”, guarded by an old male, who settles somewhat further away, closer to the water. The male defends the occupied territory from the invasion of rivals and, if one appears, enters into a stubborn fight with him. Both of them, arching their backs, collide their heads, trying to push each other out of the territory.

Iguanas reproduce by laying 1-3 eggs, which the female buries in a shallow hole dug with her front legs in soft sand. Since there are relatively few suitable places for this on the rocky coast, each female, having occupied suitable site, expels newly coming rivals from him.

Another species of iguana found exclusively in the Galapagos Islands is conolophans(Conolophus subcristatus) - in appearance it differs from sea lizards in its elongated head, short clumsy body with a weakly defined dorsal crest and a shorter tail, almost round in cross section. In accordance with the terrestrial lifestyle, the shortened fingers of conolophs lack swimming membranes. These iguanas do not exceed 100-110 cm in length, of which about half is a massive tail with a faintly visible longitudinal ridge. Their head is bright lemon-yellow, and the central part of the back is brick-red, and towards the sides this color gradually changes to dark brown. In contrast to the previous species, conolophids are found only on some islands of the Galapagos archipelago, where they live in the humid, elevated areas. parts, and in lower areas near the coast. “I cannot give a better idea of ​​their abundance,” Darwin wrote, “than if I say that on James Island we for a long time could not find a suitable place to pitch a tent, since everything was occupied by their burrows...” Conolophids feed on succulent cacti and do not stray far from their burrows.

Representatives of the South American genus Iguana are characterized by a large tetrahedral head and an elongated body, noticeably flattened laterally, gradually turning into a very long, laterally compressed tail. Along the middle of the back and further to the very tip of the tail there is a well-defined dorsal ridge. Males have a strongly drooping flat throat sac, equipped along the anterior edge with a ridge of serrated scales.

Common in Central America common or green iguana(Iguana iguana) reaches 180 cm in length and is the largest representative of its family. This lizard received its second name for the bright green color of its body, like a leaf, across which there are dark stripes, usually limited by narrow light edges.

Green iguanas lead a predominantly arboreal lifestyle, spending most of their time on tree branches growing along the banks of water bodies. In case of danger, they hide in the water, where they swim and dive excellently, using their long and very strong tail.

They feed mainly on fruits and succulent leaves, although they often also eat insects and other invertebrates.

“If you sail calmly and slowly on a boat,” writes Geldi, who observed green iguanas in Brazil, “you can see them at almost every step. One sits high on the fork of an airy siriuba tree, the other among the magnificent garlands of an Arribidaea bush. A newcomer to these areas will most likely notice large old specimens covered with dark skin. It takes a more experienced eye to distinguish young or recently molted lizards as they sit motionless in their magnificent finery on a cushion of succulent leaves of climbing plants and bask in the sun. Usually they wait until you get close to them, but if they take flight, you have to be surprised at their unexpected agility. The iguana swims and dives expertly, and unless it is mortally wounded, then, having fallen into the water, it usually disappears for the hunter... Since September, female iguanas leave the banks of rivers and go along the streams flowing into them, further inland. From there they move towards sandy shallows and dunes, where they dig shallow holes and lay eggs in them, then covering them with sand and leveling the laying site remarkably well... The clutch contains 12-18, at most 24 eggs... they have the shape of a wide ellipsoid. Their white shell is quite soft and yields under the slightest finger pressure. Nevertheless, it is very durable, and can be cut immediately only with a sharply sharpened knife.”

Several females can lay their eggs in one common nest, where sometimes several dozen of them were found. The meat of iguanas, as well as their eggs, is widely consumed by the local population as food, and therefore iguanas are the object of regular fishing. In this case, they usually use specially trained dogs or use other methods of hunting, one of which is described by the modern German geographer and traveler Karl Gelbig: “The Indians know how to hunt leguans without firearms. Everyone had a harpoon with them... This is a stick about three meters long with a hooked tip, strengthened in such a way that, having stuck into something, it immediately separated from the shaft. A long rope is attached to the tip, equipped with a float at the other end. One of the team constantly peered into the trees on the shore - the favorite location of leguans. There they catch insects, pluck young leaves and sleep on the branches, warmed by the sun. Sensing danger, they simply fall into the water... If the leguan lay in such a way that he could easily be hit with a harpoon, then the conversation with him was short... But if it was impossible to use this weapon, then one of the hunters silently climbed onto tree and hit the branch on which the animal was lying with his club... With the swiftness of a cannonball, the leguan fell down, flopped into the water and, it seemed, was gone. But even at the moment when he was falling, another hunter rushed headfirst to the place where the leguan was supposed to dive... In almost all cases, the hunter soon appeared above the water, holding in both hands the smooth tail of a wildly writhing lizard... With a living leguan is not easy to handle; he has enormous strength, and also bites dangerously.”

Large South American lizards of the genus Cyclura differ from true iguanas in the structure of their teeth, a poorly developed throat sac and a less high crest, usually somewhat interrupted in the shoulder and sacral region. Their teeth, unlike those of representatives of the genus Iguana, are not serrated

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  Abstract on the topic:

  Real iguanas

  
  
  

  Plan:

  Introduction
  
  • 1 Description
  • 2 Meaning for humans
  • 3 Classification
  Literature
  
  
  

  Introduction

  Real iguanas(lat. Iguana) is a genus of large arboreal lizards of the iguana family.

  
  

  1. Description

  Real iguanas are very large lizards, in rare cases reaching a length of more than 2 m. They are characterized by a large head, a body noticeably flattened laterally, long strong limbs and very long tail. On the back and front half of the tail there is a high ridge along the ridge; under the lower jaw there is a hanging flat throat sac, also equipped with a ridge along the anterior edge.

  Distributed in America from Mexico south through Central and South America to Paraguay and Southern Brazil, as well as the Lesser Antilles.

  They live mainly in tropical forests, where they lead a mainly arboreal lifestyle. Most spend time in the crown on tree branches. They usually settle near bodies of water and, when in danger, hide in the water, sometimes jumping from great heights. They swim and dive well.

  Herbivorous. They feed on leaves, shoots and fruits of various plants. Only occasionally can they eat animal food - invertebrates and small vertebrates.

  Oviparous. There are 20-70 eggs in a clutch. The incubation period lasts 65-115 days.

  
  

  2. Meaning for humans

  The meat and eggs of iguanas are used as food by the local population, and the skin is used to make various crafts. In this regard, iguanas are the object of fishing. The common iguana is often kept as a pet.

  3. Classification

  There are two species in the genus:

  • Caribbean green iguana ( Iguana delicatissima)
  • Common green iguana ( Iguana iguana)

  Literature

  • Darevsky I. S., Orlov N. L. Rare and endangered animals. Amphibians and reptiles: Ref. allowance. - M.: Higher. school, 1988. - P. 258.
  • Life of animals in 7 volumes / Ch. editor V. E. Sokolov. T. 5. Amphibians and reptiles. / A. G. Bannikov, I. S. Darevsky, M. N. Denisova, etc.; edited by A. G. Bannikova - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Education, 1985. - P. 188.
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  Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

  Real iguanas
  Scientific classification
  Kingdom: Animals Type: Chordata Class: Reptiles Squad: Scaly Suborder: Lizards Family: Iguanas Genus: Real iguanas
  Latin name
  Iguana Laurenti,
  Kinds
  See text
  Description True iguanas are very large lizards, in rare cases reaching a length of more than 2 m. They are characterized by a large head, a body noticeably flattened laterally, long strong limbs and a very long tail. On the back and front half of the tail there is a high ridge along the ridge; under the lower jaw there is a hanging flat throat sac, also equipped with a ridge along the anterior edge. They live mainly in tropical forests, where they lead a mainly arboreal lifestyle. They spend most of their time in the crown on tree branches. They usually settle near bodies of water and, when in danger, hide in the water, sometimes jumping from great heights. They swim and dive well. Oviparous. There are 20-70 eggs in a clutch. The incubation period lasts 65-115 days. Meaning for humans The meat and eggs of iguanas are used as food by the local population, and the skin is used to make various crafts. In this regard, iguanas are the object of fishing. The common iguana is often kept as a pet. Classification There are two species in the genus: Iguana delicatissima Common iguana ( Iguana iguana) Write a review about the article "Real iguanas" Notes Literature Darevsky I. S., Orlov N. L. Rare and endangered animals. Amphibians and reptiles / ed. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Higher. school, 1988. - P. 258. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-001429-0. Life of animals in 7 volumes / Ch. editor V. E. Sokolov. T. 5. Amphibians and reptiles. / A. G. Bannikov, I. S. Darevsky, M. N. Denisova, etc.; edited by A. G. Bannikova - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Education, 1985. - P. 188. An excerpt characterizing Real Iguanas The young mother, gripped by horror, held out the child in prayer - a second later, two even halves remained in her hands... A little curly girl, crying out of fright, gave the knight her doll - her most precious treasure... The doll's head easily flew off, and after it the head of the owner rolled like a ball on the floor... Unable to bear it any longer, sobbing bitterly, I fell to my knees... Were these PEOPLE?! WHAT could you call a person who committed such evil?! I didn’t want to watch it any further!.. I had no more strength left... But the North mercilessly continued to show some cities, with churches burning in them... These cities were completely empty, not counting the thousands of corpses thrown right on streets and flooded rivers human blood, drowning in which the wolves feasted... Horror and pain shackled me, not allowing me to breathe even for a minute. Not allowing you to move... How must the “people” who gave such orders have felt??? I think they didn’t feel anything at all, because their ugly, callous souls were black. Suddenly I saw a very beautiful castle, the walls of which were damaged in places by catapults, but mostly the castle remained intact. The entire courtyard was littered with corpses of people drowning in pools of their own and others' blood. Everyone's throat was cut... – This is Lavaur, Isidora... A very beautiful and rich city. Its walls were the most protected. But the leader of the crusaders, Simon de Montfort, enraged by unsuccessful attempts, called for help all the rabble he could find, and... 15,000 “soldiers of Christ” who came to the call attacked the fortress... Unable to withstand the onslaught, Lavur fell. All residents, including 400 (!!!) Perfects, 42 troubadours and 80 knights-defenders, brutally fell at the hands of the “holy” executioners. Here, in the courtyard, you see only the knights who defended the city, and also those who held weapons in their hands. The rest (except for the burned Qataris) were slaughtered and simply left to rot in the streets... In the city basement, the killers found 500 women and children hiding - they were brutally killed right there... without going outside... Some people brought a pretty, well-dressed young woman, chained in chains, into the castle courtyard. Drunken whooping and laughter began all around. The woman was roughly grabbed by the shoulders and thrown into the well. Muffled, pitiful moans and screams were immediately heard from the depths. They continued until the crusaders, by order of the leader, filled the well with stones...

  July 21st, 2013

  The common iguana has been scientifically described Swedish doctor and by naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his System of Nature. In subsequent years, at least 17 more species and subspecies related to the common iguana were identified, but all of them, with the exception of the Caribbean green iguana, were declared invalid.

  In the first half of the 2000s, employees of the American Utah Valley University conducted a study of the phylogenetic origin of the iguana using methods for comparing the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of animals brought from 17 countries. The analysis showed that the species originated in South America, from where it spread to Central America and the Caribbean islands. Despite the variety of colors and other morphological features, the study did not find unique mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, but did show a clear evolutionary divergence between the populations of South and Central America.

  The name "iguana" originally comes from the word iwana - the name of the animal in the Taino language (the people who inhabited the islands Caribbean and disappeared with the arrival of the conquistadors). The Spaniards began to call the reptile in their own way - iguana, and then from Spanish the word migrated both to scientific terminology and to all modern European languages.

  
  
  

  Most major representative family: the length of an adult iguana usually does not exceed 1.5 m and weighs up to 7 kg, although in the forests of South America some individuals can reach a length of 2 m and weigh 8 kg. In contrast, on semi-arid islands such as Curaçao, lizards are typically 30% smaller in size than animals found on the mainland.

  At birth, the length of the cubs varies from 17 to 25 cm with a weight of about 12 g. Despite its name, the color of the iguana is not necessarily green, and largely depends on age and area of ​​residence. In the south of their range, such as in Peru, iguanas look bluish with black spots. On the islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Aruba and Grenada, their color varies from green to pale purple, black and even pink.

  In western Costa Rica, common iguanas appear red, and in more northern regions, such as Mexico, they appear orange. In El Salvador, juveniles often appear bright blue, but their color changes significantly as the lizards get older.

  

  The green iguana is one of the most widespread species of lizard, whose original range covers the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from southern Mexico (the states of Sinaloa and Veracruz) south to central Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, east to the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean - mainly Grenada , Curacao, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Utila and Aruba. In addition, in the second half of the 20th century, lizards were introduced to the island of Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico, the US and British Virgin Islands, the mainland states of Florida and Texas, as well as Hawaii.

  Habitats - varied biotopes with dense woody vegetation, mainly wet rainforests, but also semi-humid forests, mangroves and dry, open areas sea ​​coasts. Spends most of its life on trees, usually growing along the banks of slow-flowing rivers. Iguanas are active only during daylight hours.

  

  They spend cool nights on thick branches in the middle and lower tier of trees, but with sunrise they try to climb higher, where they bask for a long time - sunbathing increases body temperature, and ultraviolet radiation produces vitamin D, which promotes digestion. Only after a few hours of basking do the reptiles go down in the canopy in search of food. In inclement or cool weather, the animal stays on the surface of the ground - this way it better retains internal heat.

  An excellent climber, the lizard is capable of falling from a height of up to 15 m to the ground without breaking (in this case, when falling, iguanas try to catch the claws of their hind limbs on the foliage). The lizard also swims well, keeping its body completely immersed in water and extending its paws along the body, and moves with the help of sinuous movements of the tail.

  

  In Florida, where iguanas live in coastal areas, they are considered an invasive species that disrupts the ecology of the region. Some of the animals arrived on the peninsula along with hurricanes that came from Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Another wave of “immigrants” traveled in the holds of ships carrying fruit from South American countries.

  Finally, some animals were thrown into the street or escaped from their owners, or are descendants of such lizards. Iguanas often cause damage to gardens and green spaces. IN wildlife they eat the leaves of the rare tree Cordia globosa and the seeds of local species of caesalpinia - plants that are the main food of the extremely rare butterfly Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri, which is protected by the International Red Book. On Marco Island west coast Florida iguanas occupy the burrows of the rabbit owl - an owl whose status in the Red Book is listed as vulnerable (category NT).

  

  In the wild, most iguanas begin breeding when they are three or four years old, although some are ready to breed much earlier. The start of the breeding season most often occurs in January or February, but can vary depending on the habitat: with a seasonal cycle of humidity fluctuations mating games occur in the first half of the dry period, laying eggs in the second (at this time the soil temperature is quite high, and there is less risk of clutch death from water-related problems), and hatching at the beginning of the rainy period, when the young shoots provide an abundance of food for the offspring.

  During the mating season, which lasts about two weeks, males choose a future mating site, mark the territory using secretions from pores in the lower parts of the limbs, and become aggressive towards nearby rivals. In the wild, direct clashes between them are quite rare; in the event of a threat, the weaker lizard in the event of a conflict prefers to leave someone else's territory rather than engage in a fight.

  If the ability to escape is limited (particularly when kept in captivity), then animals may bite each other. The demonstrative behavior of the male is frequent shaking of the head, inflating the throat pouch and changing the color of the body to a brighter, more saturated one. The combination of polygyny and polyandry is typical for the species, that is, often one male simultaneously courtes several females, and the female cohabits with several males. During courtship, males sniff and lightly nip females on the neck.

  

  Pregnancy lasts about 65 days, at the end of which the females leave their traditional habitats along the banks of rivers, and along the beds of streams flowing into them, they go upstream to dry sandbanks and dunes. A hole with a depth of 45 cm to 1 m is dug in the sand, where the female lays eggs for three or more days. a large number of, 20 to 71, eggs.

  The eggs are white, 35-40 mm long, about 15.4 mm in diameter, with a leathery and soft but durable shell. If there is a shortage of suitable places, several lizards can use one pit at the same time. In Panama, there are known cases of joint use of one pit by an iguana and an American crocodile, and in Honduras by an iguana and a crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus). Having laid eggs, the lizard carefully buries the hole and leaves the place, no longer caring about the offspring.
  
  

  Incubation lasts from 90 to 120 days at a temperature environment 30-32 °C. The cubs are usually born in May, breaking through the shell with the help of a special fleshy growth on the forehead - a caruncle, and climbing to the surface of the earth. They are almost identical in color and shape to adult individuals, but have only a weakly defined crest.

  Young lizards are quite independent, although when they are born they may have a small yolk sac containing a nutritional mixture for the first one or two weeks. The brood stays together for the first year of life. In a group, males use their bodies to protect females from predators - a feature noted only in this species among all other reptiles.

  In the wild, iguanas live on average about 8 years. In captivity proper care The green iguana can live more than 20 years.

  

  Unlike most other species of the family, green iguanas are exclusively herbivores, eating leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits of about 100 species tropical plants. Thus, in Panama, one of the lizard’s favorite delicacies is the Jamaican plum (Spondias mombin).

  Other types of woody vegetation, the greens and fruits of which iguanas most often feed on in nature - incense tree (Bursera simaruba), erect thecoma (Tecoma stans), pointed annona (Annona acuminata), amphilophium paniculatum vine (Amphilophium paniculatum), merremia ambellata (Merremia umbellata ) and etc.

  Young lizards often eat the excrement of adult animals to meet their needs for the microflora necessary to digest low-calorie vegetarian food. Animals are not able to chew food; they only cut off fairly large pieces with their small teeth and immediately swallow them whole. Occasionally, iguanas drink water, plunging part of their head into the pond and swallowing it, or lick drops from greenery.

  Sometimes in reference literature there are reports that iguanas in the wild also feed on insects. Another source claims that lizards also eat bird eggs and carrion. However, no published academic research confirms that animals digest animal proteins

  Moreover, all publications say that all lizard components necessary for development are obtained from food of plant origin only, and a protein diet is harmful to their health. Insects and other small invertebrates can indeed be found in the stomachs of lizards, but experts believe that they are swallowed only by accident along with plant food: for example, an iguana can swallow an insect sitting on a flower bed along with the flower.

  In addition, a hungry lizard can eat an animal for lack of other food. On the other hand, observations at the Miami Seaquarium and on the island of Key Biscayne in Florida recorded iguanas eating dead fish. In his book, Philippe De Vosjoly claims that in captivity, lizards can eat rodent meat without any harm to their health.

  

  In ancient times, the Mayans believed that the world was located inside a giant house, and four iguanas, which the Indians called “Itzam,” acted as its walls. Each iguana symbolized a certain side of the world and had its own special color. In the sky, the tails of the iguanas converged, thus forming a roof. The Maya called this house "Itzam Na" (literally "iguana house").

  In the classical period, in some cities, Itzamna was revered as a god, personifying not only the iguana, but everything in the world. God was so great and all-encompassing that he was rarely depicted in pictures. At the end of the classical period, the use of the image of the iguana as a deity gradually ceased, however, even in the 16th century, the Spanish missionary Diego de Landa observed how the Indians sacrificed the green iguana to the gods.

  The Indians of the Moche culture, which developed in western Peru, also worshiped many animals, including the green iguana.

  Numerous figurines and images of this lizard have been preserved, including in the Larco Museum in Lima. Also, one of the most frequently encountered characters in the drawings is a humanoid deity with the head, crest and tail of an iguana. This deity, often accompanied by another deity in the form of a man with a heavily wrinkled face and round eyes, is one of the key figures in the funeral procession.

  

  Scientific classification

  
  
  • Kingdom: Animals
  
  
  • Type: Chordata
  
  
  • Class: Reptiles
  
  
  • Order: Scaly
  
  
  • Suborder: Lizards
  
  
  • Family: Iguanaidae
  
  
  • Genus: True iguanas
  
  
  • Species: Common iguana