Unlucky Italian: a battleship that was always unlucky. The mystery of the death of the battleship "Novorossiysk" in Sevastopol: the confession of the Italian combat swimmer Giulio Cesare ship
As you know, at the fifth level in World of Warships there is practically no life: most battles take place in suffering against the seventh levels. Adding to the negative for battleship owners is that all battleships of this level are uncomfortable: they are very slow both in terms of sailing speed and turret turning speed (the exception is the Congo with its 30 knots).
Fortunately, Giulio Cesare is the first Tier 5 battleship, the comfort of play on which is at the level of such recognized and highly effective ships as Scharnhorst and King George V.
Why is Julius Caesar awarded this characteristic:
1) excellent accuracy. Although this is not the same “cruising” dispersion that was in the first iteration of the test, the shells fly in an unusual cluster for a battleship. Even small targets (for example, a cruiser with its nose or a sharp diamond) often flies most of volley Of course, randomness has not gone away, and there are also situations when nothing at all hits a convenient target. But in general, the number of one-shots on this battleship is clearly higher than that of its competitors;
2) high speed (27 knots) and jet turrets (36 seconds) - the advantage against other slow-moving units at the level is obvious;
3) very effective landmines. Although it is better to play with armor-piercing ones, if you need land mines, then this is not the Scharnhorst with its mocking 1000 damage per salvo and rare fires. "Giulio Cesare" with land mines resembles an English battleship: 5-10 thousand direct damage from a salvo and constant fires (the chance of arson is quite British - 35%).
In general, this ship has quite a lot in common with the British. Good camouflage (with perk and camouflage - only 11.4 km). BB behavior is similar: there are a lot of citadels against cruisers, but mostly white damage against battleships (in 30 battles I saw 2 (two) LK citadels - from "Mioga" and "Fuso"), although the fuse delay here is standard - 0.033 s. Weak armor, however, has a slightly different property: it resists damage from small shells better, but it’s quite easy to knock out a citadel with a shell of 356 mm caliber or higher. Weak air defense - in fact, it is useless to upgrade it, you only need to rely on the allies' orders and maneuverability.
I would also like to note that the battleship is very good against the class enemy - destroyers. Many of them consider it an easy target, like the rest of the tier 5 battleships, but with its maneuverability it is not so easy to torpedo it, and the Caesar's fast and accurate guns inflict monstrous damage with both high explosives and armor-piercing ones (which are often cocked). Tier 4-5 destroyers with their small amount of HP often die after the first salvo is fired at them, before they have even had time to do anything.
I developed the following tactics for playing against the seventh levels. At the beginning of the battle, entering the first line immediately behind the destroyers, choosing a convenient position (invisible, let me remind you, 11.4 km) and quickly destroying or rendering disabled enemy cruisers and destroyers. Next - retreat a little back to the main forces and, taking advantage of the created numerical advantage, methodically shoot the battleships from medium distance with armor-piercing shells on the sides and landmines in other projections. God forbid that you try to fight alone against a battleship of a higher level in close combat - a salvo from a Nagato or Gneisenau, even in a diamond, will blow off at least half of your face. And if you act calmly and monitor the position on the map, playing against the “sevens” is comfortable.
Against levels 4-5, the battleship is played practically face to face on the keyboard. You can even ignore battleships with 305 mm guns and trade, albeit without fanaticism, on the side - they cause moderate damage. Here, only turbo-draining allies or very serious mistakes can ruin the game.
The Caesar tank, of course, is not an indestructible tank. The recipe for its destruction is quite simple - the focus of several ships and, preferably, an air raid. I myself died a couple of times with 10K damage per battle, just as I took part in a similar killing of opponents with “Caesars”. No amount of healing helps here, combat effectiveness points run out very quickly.
As for the perks, the priority ones for the commander of this battleship are “Desperado”, “Fire Training” and “Master of Camouflage”. The rest of the perks are a matter of taste: there is no particular point in upgrading air defense, secondary guns are useless, perks for survivability do not play a significant role.
Despite the fact that the Giulio Cesare, like any tier 5 battleship, has advantages and disadvantages, my impression of it, compared to its competitors, is qualitatively different. If I no longer wanted to play “Texas”, “Konig” and “October Revolution” after 30-35 fights, with results above average, then I am happy to continue playing “Caesar”.
New facts of an old tragedy
On the last Sunday of October, veterans of the battleship Novorossiysk and the public of Sevastopol celebrated the mournful 60th anniversary of the death of the flagship of the USSR Black Sea Fleet. As a result of this tragedy, which took place on an internal roadstead, over 800 people died in one night. The battleship turned over, and in its hull, as if in a steel grave, were hundreds of sailors who were fighting for the ship...
I began collecting materials about the sinking of the battleship Novorossiysk in the late 80s with the light hand of the head of the Emergency Rescue Service of the USSR Navy, Rear Admiral-Engineer Nikolai Petrovich Chiker. He was a legendary man, a shipbuilding engineer, a true Epronovite, godson of Academician A.N. Krylova, friend and deputy of Yves Cousteau international federation underwater activities. Finally, the most important thing in this context is that Nikolai Petrovich was the commander of the expedition special purpose EON-35 for lifting the battleship Novorossiysk. He also developed the master plan for raising the ship. He also supervised all the lifting work on the battleship, including its transfer from Sevastopol Bay to Kazachya Bay. It is unlikely that anyone else knew more about the ill-fated battleship than he did. I was shocked by his story about the tragedy that unfolded on the inner roadstead of Sevastopol, about the heroism of the sailors who stood at their combat posts until the end, about the martyrdom of those who remained inside the overturned hull...
Finding myself in Sevastopol that year, I began to look for the participants in this bitter epic, rescuers, and witnesses. There were a lot of them. To date, alas, more than half have passed away. And then the chief boatswain of the battleship, and the commander of the main caliber division, and many officers, midshipmen, and sailors of the Novorossiysk were still alive. Walked along the chain - from address to address...
By great happiness, I was introduced to the widow of the commander of the electrical division, Olga Vasilyevna Matusevich. She has collected an extensive photo archive in which you can see the faces of all the sailors who died on the ship.
The then boss was very helpful in my work technical management Black Sea Fleet Rear Admiral-Engineer Yuri Mikhailovich Khaliulin.
I learned grains of truth about the death of the battleship from first-hand accounts and documents, which, alas, were still classified at that time.
I even managed to talk with the former commander of the Black Sea Fleet in that fateful year - Vice Admiral Viktor Parkhomenko. The information range was extremely wide - from the fleet commander and the commander of the rescue expedition to the sailors who managed to escape from the steel coffin...
The folder of “special importance” contained a recording of a conversation with the commander of the detachment of combat swimmers of the Black Sea Fleet, Captain 1st Rank Yuri Plechenko, with the Black Sea Fleet counterintelligence officer Evgeniy Melnichuk, as well as with Admiral Gordey Levchenko, who in 1949 ferried the battleship Novorossiysk from Albania to Sevastopol.
And I sat down to work. The main thing was not to drown in the material, to build a chronicle of the event and give each episode an objective commentary. I entitled a rather lengthy essay (on two newspaper pages) with the title of Aivazovsky’s painting “The Explosion of the Ship.” When everything was ready, I took the essay to the main Soviet newspaper, Pravda. I really hoped that this authoritative publication would be allowed to tell the truth about the death of Novorossiysk. But even in the “era” of Gorbachev’s glasnost, this turned out to be impossible without the permission of the censor. The “Pravdinsky” censor sent me to the military censor. And that one - even further, or rather higher - to the Main Headquarters of the USSR Navy:
– If the Chief of the General Staff signs it, then print it.
The Chief of the Main Staff of the USSR Navy, Fleet Admiral Nikolai Ivanovich Smirnov, was in the hospital. He was examined before leaving the reserve and agreed to meet me in the ward. I’m going to see him in Serebryany Lane. A room with the comfort of a nice two-room apartment. The admiral carefully read the proofs that had been brought, and remembered that he, then still a captain of the 1st rank, took part in the rescue of the “Novorossians” who found themselves in the death trap of a steel hull.
– I suggested using a sound-underwater communication installation to communicate with them. And they heard my voice under the water. I called on them to remain calm. He asked me to knock and indicate who was where. And they heard. The hull of the capsized battleship responded with blows to the iron. They knocked from everywhere - from the stern and bow. But only nine people were rescued...
Nikolai Ivanovich Smirnov signed the proofs for me - “I authorize publication,” but warned that his visa was valid only for the next 24 hours, since tomorrow there would be an order to transfer him to the reserve.
– Will you have time to print it in a day?
I made it. The next morning, May 14, 1988, the Pravda newspaper published my essay, “The Explosion.” Thus, a breach was made in the veil of silence over the battleship Novorossiysk.
The chief engineer of the special purpose expedition, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Nikolai Petrovich Muru signed for me his brochure “Instructive lessons from the accident and death of the battleship Novorossiysk: “To Nikolai Cherkashin, who laid the foundation for publicity about the tragedy.” For me, this inscription was the highest award, just like the “Battleship Novorossiysk” commemorative medal, which was presented to me by the chairman of the ship’s veterans’ council, captain 1st rank Yuri Lepekhov.
Much has been written about how the battleship sank, with what courage the sailors fought for its survival and how they were later rescued. Even more has been written about the cause of the explosion. There are simply tours on wheels built here, dozens of versions for every taste. The best way to hide the truth is to bury it under a heap of assumptions.
Of all the versions, the State Commission chose the most obvious and safest for the naval authorities: an old German mine, which, due to the confluence of several fatal circumstances, took off and went off under the bottom of the battleship.
Bottom mines, which the Germans threw at the Main Harbor during the war, are still found today, more than 70 years later, in one corner of the bay, then in another. Everything here is clear and convincing: they trawled and trawled the Northern Bay, but not very thoroughly. Who is in demand now?
Another thing is sabotage. There is a whole line of people who bear responsibility here.
From this fan of versions, I personally choose the one that was expressed by sailors and authoritative experts who are highly respected by me (and not only by me). I'll name just a few. This is the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy during the war and in the fifties, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov, Deputy Commander-in-Chief for combat training in the 50s, Admiral G.I. Levchenko, rear admiral engineer N.P. Chiker, a wonderful historian and naval scientist, Captain 1st Rank N.A. Zalessky. The acting commander of the battleship, Captain 2nd Rank G.A., was also convinced that the explosion of the Novorossiysk was the work of combat swimmers. Khurshudov, as well as many officers of Novorossiysk, employees of the special department, combat swimmers of the Black Sea Fleet. But even like-minded people differ in more than just the details. Without going into consideration of all the “sabotage versions”, I will focus on one – the “Leibovich-Lepekhov version”, as the most convincing. Moreover, today it is greatly supported by the recently published book in Italy by the Roman journalist Luca Ribustini, “The Mystery of the Russian Battleship.” But more about her a little later.
"The ship shook from double explosion…»
“Perhaps it was an echo, but I heard two explosions, the second, however, was quieter. But there were two explosions,” writes reserve midshipman V.S. Sporynin from Zaporozhye.
“At 30 o’clock a strange sound of a strong double hydraulic shock was heard...” - Sevastopol resident Captain 2nd Rank Engineer N.G. reports in his letter. Filippovich.
On the night of October 29, 1955, former petty officer 1st article Dmitry Alexandrov from Chuvashia stood as chief of guard on the cruiser Mikhail Kutuzov. “Suddenly our ship shook from a double explosion, precisely from a double explosion,” Alexandrov emphasizes.
The former backup of the chief boatswain of the Novorossiysk, midshipman Konstantin Ivanovich Petrov, also speaks about the double explosion, and other sailors, both from Novorossiysk and from ships stationed not far from the battleship, also write about him. And on the seismogram tape, marks of double ground shaking are easily visible.
What's the matter? Maybe it is in this “duality” that the answer to the cause of the explosion lies?
“A bunch of mines that went into the ground would not be able to penetrate the battleship from the keel to the “lunar sky.” Most likely, the explosive device was mounted inside the ship, somewhere in the holds.” This is the assumption of the former foreman of the 2nd article A.P. Andreev, once a Black Sea resident, and now a St. Petersburg resident, seemed absurd to me at first. Did the battleship Novorossiysk really carry its death within itself for six years?!
But when retired engineer-colonel E.E. Leibovich not only made the same assumption, but also drew a diagram of the battleship where, in his opinion, such a charge could be located, I began to work on this, at first glance, unlikely version.
Elizary Efimovich Leibovich is a professional and respected shipbuilding engineer. He was the chief engineer of the special purpose expedition that raised the battleship, right hand Patriarch EPRON Nikolai Petrovich Chiker.
– The battleship was built with a ram-type bow. During the modernization in 1933-1937, the Italians built up the nose by 10 meters, providing it with a double-streamlined boule to reduce hydrodynamic drag and thereby increase speed. At the junction of the old and new noses there was a certain damping volume in the form of a tightly welded tank, in which an explosive device could be placed, taking into account, firstly, the structural vulnerability, secondly, the proximity to the main caliber artillery magazines and, secondly, thirdly, inaccessibility for inspection.
“What if it really was like that?” - I thought more than once, looking at the diagram sketched by Leibovich. The battleship could have been mined with the expectation that upon arrival in Sevastopol with part of the Italian crew on board, they could launch an explosive device, setting on it, if possible, the most distant period of explosion: a month, six months, a year,
But, contrary to the original conditions, all Italian sailors, without exception, were removed from the ship in Valona, Albania.
So the one who was supposed to cock the long-term clockwork in Sevastopol also went down with them.
So “Novorossiysk” sailed with a “bullet under its heart” for all six years, until the sabotage submarine SX-506 was built in Livorno. Probably, the temptation to activate the powerful mine already planted in the bowels of the ship was too great.
There was only one way for this - initiating an explosion at the side, more precisely, at the 42nd frame.
Small (only 23 meters in length), with a sharp nose characteristic of surface ships, the submarine could easily be disguised as a seiner or self-propelled tank barge. And then it could have been like this.
Whether in tow or under its own power, a certain “seiner” under a false flag passes the Dardanelles, the Bosporus, and in the open sea, having thrown off false superstructures, it plunges and heads for Sevastopol. For a week (as long as autonomy allowed, taking into account the return to the Bosphorus), SX-506 could monitor the exit from the Northern Bay. And finally, when the return of the Novorossiysk to the base was noticed through the periscope, or according to the readings of hydroacoustic instruments, the underwater saboteur lay down on the ground and released four combat swimmers from the airlock chamber. They removed the seven-meter plastic “cigars” from the external slings, took places under the transparent fairings of the two-seater cabins and silently moved towards the unguarded, open network gates of the harbor. The masts and pipes of the Novorossiysk (its silhouette was unmistakable) loomed against the background of the lunar sky.
It is unlikely that the drivers of the underwater transporters had to maneuver for a long time: the direct path from the gate to the battleship's anchor barrels could not have taken much time. The depths at the side of the battleship are ideal for light divers - 18 meters. Everything else was a matter of long ago and well-developed technology...
A double explosion of charges, delivered and laid earlier, shook the hull of the battleship in the dead of night, when SX-506, having taken on board underwater saboteurs, was heading towards the Bosphorus...
The interaction of these two charges can also explain the L-shaped wound in the Novorossiysk body.
Captain 2nd Rank Yuri Lepekhov, when he was a lieutenant, served on the Novorossiysk as commander of the hold group. He was in charge of all the lower parts of this huge ship, the double-bottom space, holds, cofferdams, tanks...
He testified: “In March 1949, as the commander of the hold group of the battleship Julius Caesar, which became part of the Black Sea Fleet under the name Novorossiysk, a month after the ship arrived in Sevastopol, I inspected the holds of the battleship. On frame 23, I discovered a bulkhead in which there were floor cutouts (a transverse connection of the bottom floor, consisting of vertical steel sheets, bounded at the top by the second bottom flooring, and at the bottom by the bottom plating ) turned out to be boiled. The welding seemed pretty fresh to me compared to the welds on the bulkheads. I thought - how can I find out what is behind this bulkhead?
If you cut it with an autogenous gun, a fire may start or even an explosion may occur. I decided to check what was behind the bulkhead by drilling with a pneumatic machine. There was no such machine on the ship. On the same day I reported this to the commander of the survivability division. Did he report this to the command? I don't know. This is how this issue remained forgotten.” Let us remind the reader who is not familiar with the intricacies of maritime rules and laws that, according to the Ship's Charter, on all warships of the fleet, without exception, all premises, including hard-to-reach ones, must be inspected several times a year by a special permanent corps commission chaired by the chief mate. The condition of the hull and all hull structures is inspected. After which an act is written on the results of the inspection under the supervision of persons from the operational department of the fleet technical management to make a decision, if necessary, to carry out preventive or emergency work.
How Vice Admiral Parkhomenko and his staff allowed that a “secret pocket” remained on the Italian battleship Julius Caesar, inaccessible and never inspected, is a mystery!
An analysis of the events preceding the transfer of the battleship to the Black Sea Fleet leaves no doubt that after they lost the war, the Militare Italiano had enough time for such an action.
And captain 2nd rank engineer Yu. Lepekhov is right - there was plenty of time for such an action: six years. But the Militare Italiano, the official Italian fleet, was on the sidelines of the planned sabotage. As Luca Ribustini writes, “the fragile post-war Italian democracy” could not sanction such a large-scale sabotage; the young Italian state had enough internal problems to get involved in international conflicts. But it bears full responsibility for the fact that the 10th MAS flotilla, the most effective formation of underwater saboteurs during the Second World War, was not disbanded. They were not disbanded, despite the fact that the international tribunal clearly identified the 10th IAU flotilla as a criminal organization. The flotilla survived as if by itself, as a veteran association, scattered throughout the port cities: Genoa, Taranto, Brindisi, Venice, Bari... These thirty-year-old “veterans” retained subordination, discipline, and most importantly their combat experience and the spirit of underwater special forces - “we can do anything” " Of course, Rome knew about them, but no action was taken to stop public performance The government did not take action against the far-right Phalangists. Perhaps because, the Italian researcher claims, these people were under special attention of the CIA and British intelligence services. They were needed in the context of the growing Cold War with the USSR. The people of the “black prince” Borghese actively protested against the transfer of part of the Italian fleet Soviet Union. And the “part” was considerable. In addition to the pride of the Italian fleet - the battleship Giulio Cesare - more than 30 ships were leaving us: a cruiser, several destroyers, submarines, torpedo boats, landing ships, auxiliary vessels - from tankers to tugs, as well as the beautiful sailing ship Christopher Columbus. Of course, passions were running high among the military sailors of the “militare marinara”.
However, the allies were inexorable, and international agreements came into force. “Giulio Cesare” cruised between Taranto and Genoa, where very superficial repairs were carried out at the local shipyards, mainly electrical equipment. A kind of tuning before transferring the ship to the new owners. As the Italian researcher notes, no one was seriously involved in protecting the battleship. It was a walk-through yard; not only workers, but anyone who wanted to board the alienated battleship boarded it. Security was minimal and very symbolic. Of course, among the workers there were also “patriots” in the spirit of Borghese. They knew the underwater part of the ship well, since the battleship underwent serious modernization at these shipyards in the late 30s. Should they have shown the “activists” of the 10th flotilla a secluded place to place the charge or placed it themselves in the double-bottom space, in the damping compartment?
It was precisely at this time, in October 1949, that unknown persons stole 3,800 kg of TNT in the military harbor of Taranto. An investigation began into this extraordinary case.
Police and agents recovered 1,700 kg. Five kidnappers were identified, three of them were arrested. 2,100 kg of explosives disappeared without a trace. The Carabinieri were told that they had gone illegally fishing. Despite the absurdity of this explanation - thousands of kilograms of explosives are not needed for poaching fish - the carabinieri did not conduct further investigation. However, the Navy Disciplinary Commission concluded that Navy officials were not involved, and the matter was soon hushed up. It is logical to assume that the missing 2,100 kilograms of explosives ended up in the steel bowels of the battleship.
Another one important detail. If all other ships were delivered without ammunition, then the battleship came with full artillery magazines - both charges and shells. 900 tons of ammunition plus 1,100 powder charges for main caliber guns, 32 torpedoes (533 mm).
Why? Was this stipulated in the terms of the transfer of the battleship to the Soviet side? After all, the Italian authorities knew about the close attention of the soldiers of the 10th flotilla to the battleship; they could have placed this entire arsenal on other ships, minimizing the possibilities for sabotage.
True, in January 1949, just a few weeks before the transfer of part of the Italian fleet to the USSR, the most rabid fighters of the 10th flotilla were arrested in Rome, Taranto and Lecce, who were preparing deadly surprises for the reparation ships. Perhaps this is why the sabotage action developed by Prince Borghese and his associates failed. And the plan was this: to blow up the battleship on the passage from Taranto to Sevastopol with a night strike from a self-exploding fireboat. At night on the open sea, a battleship overtakes a speedboat and rams it with a load of explosives in its bow. The driver of the boat, having aimed the fireboat at the target, is thrown overboard in a life jacket and is picked up by another boat. All this was practiced more than once during the war years. There was experience, there were explosives, there were people ready to do it, and it was not difficult for the guys from the 10th flotilla to steal, obtain, buy a couple of high-speed boats. The explosion of the boat would have detonated the charge cellars, as well as the TNT embedded in the bowels of the hull. And all this could easily be attributed to a mine that was not cleared in the Adriatic Sea. Nobody would ever know anything.
But the militants’ cards were also confused by the fact that the Soviet side refused to accept the battleship in the Italian port and offered to move it to the Albanian port of Vlora. Borghese's people did not dare to drown their sailors. “Giulio Cesare” went first to Vlora, and then to Sevastopol, carrying a good ton of TNT in its belly. You can’t hide an awl in a bag, and you can’t hide a charge in a ship’s hold. Among the workers were communists who warned the sailors about the mining of the battleship. Rumors about this also reached our command.
The ferrying of Italian ships to Sevastopol was headed by Rear Admiral G.I. Levchenko. By the way, it was in his cap that the draw for the division of the Italian fleet was held. This is what Gordey Ivanovich said.
“At the beginning of 1947, an agreement was reached in the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Allied Powers on the distribution of transferred Italian ships between the USSR, USA, Great Britain and other countries affected by Italian aggression. For example, France was allocated four cruisers, four destroyers and two submarines, and Greece was allocated one cruiser. The battleships were included in groups "A", "B" and "C", intended for the three main powers.
The Soviet side laid claim to one of the two new battleships, which were even more powerful than the German Bismarck-class ships. But since by this time the Cold War had already begun between the recent allies, neither the USA nor England sought to strengthen the USSR Navy with powerful ships. We had to cast lots, and the USSR received group "C". New battleships went to the USA and England (these battleships were later returned to Italy as part of the NATO partnership). By decision of the Triple Commission of 1948, the USSR received the battleship "Giulio Cesare", the light cruiser "Emmanuele Filiberto Duca D'Aosta", the destroyers "Artilleri", "Fuciliere", the destroyers "Animoso", "Ardimentoso", "Fortunale" and submarines " Marea" and "Nicelio".
On December 9, 1948, Giulio Cesare left the port of Taranto and on December 15 arrived at the Albanian port of Vlora. On February 3, 1949, the battleship was handed over to Soviet sailors in this port. On February 6, the USSR naval flag was raised over the ship.
On the battleship and submarines, all premises and boules were inspected, oil was pumped, oil storage facilities, ammunition cellars, storerooms and all auxiliary premises were inspected. Nothing suspicious was found. Moscow warned us that there were reports in Italian newspapers that the Russians would not bring the reparation ships to Sevastopol, that they would explode during the transition, and therefore the Italian team did not go with the Russians to Sevastopol. I don’t know what it was - a bluff, intimidation, but only on February 9 I received a message from Moscow that a special group of three sapper officers with mine detectors was flying out to us to help us detect mines hidden on the battleship.
On February 10, army specialists arrived. But when we showed them the premises of the battleship, when they saw that a portable lamp could be easily lit from the ship’s hull, the army men refused to search for mines. Their mine detectors were good in the field... So they left with nothing. And then, throughout the entire march from Vlora to Sevastopol, we imagined the ticking of the “infernal machine.”
...I looked through many folders in the archive when my tired eyes came across a telegram from the Italian Ministry of Internal Affairs dated January 26, 1949. It was addressed to all prefects of the Italian provinces.
It reported that, according to a reliable source, attacks were being prepared on ships leaving for Russia. Former submarine saboteurs from the 10th Flotilla will be involved in these attacks. They have all the means to carry out this military operation. Some of them are even ready to sacrifice their lives.
Information about the routes of reparation ships was leaked from the General Headquarters of the Navy. The attack point was chosen outside Italian territorial waters, presumably 17 miles from the port of Vlore.
This telegram confirms recent very loud readings veteran of the 10th flotilla of the MAS Ugo D'Esposito, strengthens our hypothesis about the real reasons for the death of the Giulio Cesare. And if someone still does not believe in the conspiracy around the battleship, in the existence of an organized fighting force directed against it, then this telegram, as well as other documents from the archival folder I found, should dispel these doubts. From these police papers, it becomes clear that in Italy there was a very effective extensive neo-fascist organization represented by former underwater special forces. AND government bodies they knew about it. Why was there not a fundamental investigation into the activities of these people, whose social danger was evident? After all, in the naval department itself there were many officers who sympathized with them. Why didn’t the Ministry of the Interior, being well aware of the relationship between Valerio Borghese and the CIA, and the interest of American intelligence in the reorganization of the 10th MAS Flotilla, stop the “Black Prince” in time?
Who needed this and why?
So, the battleship Giulio Cesare arrived safely in Sevastopol on February 26. By order of the Black Sea Fleet of March 5, 1949, the battleship was given the name "Novorossiysk". But it has not yet become a full-fledged warship. To bring it into line, repairs were needed, and modernization was also needed. And only by the mid-50s, when the reparation ship began to go to sea for live firing, did it become real power in the Cold War, a force that threatened the interests not of Italy, but of England.
In the early 50s, England followed with great concern the events in Egypt, where in July 1952, after a military coup, Colonel Gamal Nasser came to power. This was a significant event, and this sign foreshadowed the end of undivided British rule in the Middle East. But London was not going to give up. Prime Minister Anthony Eden, commenting on the nationalization of the Suez Canal, said: “Nasser’s thumb is pressed to our windpipe.” By the mid-50s, war was brewing in the Suez Strait area, the second “road of life” for Britain after Gibraltar. Egypt had almost no navy. But Egypt had an ally with an impressive Black Sea Fleet - the Soviet Union.
And the combat core of the Black Sea Fleet consisted of two battleships - Novorossiysk, the flagship, and Sevastopol. To weaken this core, to decapitate it - the task for British intelligence was very urgent.
And quite feasible. But England, as historians say, has always pulled chestnuts out of the fire with the wrong hands. In this situation, the alien and very convenient hands were the Italian combat swimmers, who had both drawings of the ship and maps of all Sevastopol bays, since the unit of the 10th flotilla of the MAS - the Ursa Major division - was active during the war off the coast of Crimea, in the Sevastopol harbor.
The big political game that was unfolding around the Suez Canal zone resembled the devil's chess. If England declares “check” to Nasser, then Moscow can cover its comrade-in-arms with such a powerful figure as a “rook”, that is, the battleship “Novorossiysk”, which had the free right to pass the Bosporus and Dardanelles and which could be transferred to Suez in two in a threatened period days. But the “rook” was under attack from an inconspicuous “pawn”. It was quite possible to remove the “rook”, because, firstly, it was not protected by anything - the entrance to the Main Bay of Sevastopol was guarded very poorly, and, secondly, the battleship carried its death in its belly - explosives planted by Borghese’s people in Taranto.
The problem was how to ignite the hidden charge. The most optimal thing is to cause its detonation with an auxiliary – external – explosion. To do this, combat swimmers transport the mine to the side and install it in the right place. How to deliver a sabotage group to the bay? In the same way that Borghese delivered his people during the war years on the submarine “Shire” - under water. But Italy no longer had a submarine fleet. But the private shipbuilding company Kosmos produced ultra-small submarines and sold them in different countries. To purchase such a boat through a figurehead cost exactly as much as the SX-506 itself cost. The power reserve of the underwater “dwarf” is small. To transport a transporter of combat swimmers to the area of operation, a surface cargo ship is needed, from which two deck cranes would lower it into the water. This problem was solved by private freight of one or another “merchant”, who would not arouse suspicion among anyone. And such a “merchant” was found...
The mystery of the Acilia voyage
After the death of the Novorossiysk, military intelligence of the Black Sea Fleet began to work with double activity. Of course, an “Italian version” was also being worked on. But for the sake of the authors main version“an accidental explosion on an unexploded German mine”, intelligence reported that there were no or almost no Italian ships on the Black Sea in the period preceding the explosion of the Novorossiysk. There, somewhere very far away, some foreign ship passed.
Ribustini's book, the facts published in it, speak of something completely different! Italian shipping in the Black Sea in October 1955 was very tense. At least 21 merchant ships flying the Italian tricolor sailed the Black Sea from ports in southern Italy. “From the documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which are classified as “secret”, it is clear that from the ports of Brindisi, Taranto, Naples, Palermo, merchant ships and tankers, having passed the Dardanelles, headed to various Black Sea ports - and to Odessa, and to Sevastopol, and even in the heart of Ukraine - along the Dnieper to Kiev. These are “Cassia”, “Cyclops”, “Camillo”, “Penelope”, “Massaua”, “Gentianella”, “Alcantara”, “Sicula”, “Frulio” loaded and unloaded grain, citrus fruits, and metals from their holds.
The breakthrough that opens new script, is associated with the release of some documents from the offices of the police and the prefecture of the port of Brindisi. From this city overlooking the Adriatic Sea, on January 26, 1955, the cargo ship Acilia, owned by the Neapolitan businessman Raffaele Romano, left. Of course, such heavy traffic did not go unnoticed by SIFAR (Italian military intelligence). This is a worldwide practice - the crews of civilian ships always have people who monitor all encountered warships and other military objects, and, if possible, also conduct electronic reconnaissance. However, SIFAR does not note “any traces of military activities within the movement of merchant ships towards the Black Sea ports.” It would be surprising if the Sifarites confirmed the presence of such traces.
So, according to the ship's role, there are 13 sailors on board the Acilia, plus six more.
Luca Ribustini: “Officially, the ship was supposed to arrive at a Soviet port to load zinc scrap, but its actual mission, which continued for at least two more months, remains a mystery. The captain of the port of Brindisi sent a report to the Directorate of Public Security that six people from the crew of the Acilia were on board freelance, and that they all belonged to the confidential service of the Italian Navy, that is, the Security Service of the Navy (SIOS).
The Italian researcher notes that among these non-staff crew members were highly qualified radio specialists in the field of signals intelligence and encryption service, as well as the most modern equipment for intercepting Soviet radio messages.
The port captain's document states that the steamer Acilia was prepared for this voyage by naval officers. Similar information was transmitted on the same day to the prefecture of Bari. In March 1956, Acilia made another flight to Odessa. But this was after the death of the battleship.
Of course, these documents, comments Ribustini, do not say anything that the Acilia flights were made to prepare sabotage against Novorossiysk.
“However, we can safely say that at least two voyages made by the ship’s owner, Neapolitan Raffaele Roman, were for military-intelligence purposes, with highly qualified naval personnel on board. These voyages were made several months before and after the death of the battleship Novorossiysk. And these freelance specialists did not take part in loading operations along with other sailors of the ship, who filled the holds with wheat, oranges, and scrap metal. All this raises certain suspicions in the context of this story.
Not only the Acilia left the port of Brindisi for the Black Sea, but probably also the ship that delivered the commandos of the 10th MAS flotilla to the port of Sevastopol.
Of the nineteen crew, at least three certainly belonged to the naval department: the first officer, the second engineering officer and the radio operator. The first two boarded the Alicia in Venice, the third, a radio operator, arrived on the day the ship departed - January 26; left the ship after a month, whereas all ordinary seafarers sign a contract for at least three to six months. There were other suspicious circumstances: on the day of departure, new powerful radio equipment was hastily installed, which was immediately tested. The port officer of Civitavecchia, who assisted me in my investigation, said that at that time radio specialists of this class on merchant ships were very rare and that only the Navy had several non-commissioned officers in the RT specialty.
The ship's role, a document that reflects all the data of the crew members and their functional responsibilities. But to Ribustini’s request to get the ship’s role of the steamer Acelia from the archive, the port official responded with a polite refusal: for sixty years this document has not been preserved.
Be that as it may, Luca Ribustini indisputably proves one thing: the military intelligence of Italy, and not only Italy, had a very keen interest in the main military base of the USSR Black Sea Fleet. No one can claim that there were no foreign intelligence agents in Sevastopol.
The same Genevieuses, descendants of the ancient Genoese, who lived in the Crimea, in Sevastopol, could greatly sympathize with their historical homeland. They sent their children to study in Genoa and other Italian cities. Could CIFAR have missed out on such a wonderful recruiting force? And did all students return to Crimea completely sinless after studying? Agents on shore were required to inform the resident about the battleship’s departures to sea and its return to base, and about the Novorossiysk’s mooring areas. This simple and easily accessible information was very important for those who hunted for the ship from the sea.
Today it is no longer so important how exactly the combat swimmers penetrated into the main harbor of Sevastopol. There are many versions on this matter. If you derive something “arithmetic mean” from them, you will get the following picture. The midget submarine SF, launched at night from a chartered cargo ship abeam of Sevastopol, enters the harbor through the open boom gate and releases saboteurs through a special gateway. They deliver the mine to the battleship's mooring area, attach it to the side in the right place, set the explosion time and return via an acoustic beacon to the mini-submarine waiting for them. Then it goes beyond the territorial waters to the meeting point with the transport vessel. After the explosion there were no traces. And don’t let this option seem like an episode from “ Star Wars" The Borghese people did similar things more than once in even more difficult conditions...
Here is how the magazine of the FSB of the Russian Federation “Security Service” (No. 3–4 1996) comments on this version:
The “10th Assault Flotilla” took part in the siege of Sevastopol, based in the ports of Crimea. Theoretically, a foreign submarine cruiser could deliver combat swimmers as close as possible to Sevastopol so that they could carry out sabotage. Taking into account the combat potential of first-class Italian scuba divers, pilots of small submarines and guided torpedoes, as well as taking into account the carelessness in matters of guarding the main base of the Black Sea Fleet, the version of underwater saboteurs looks convincing.” Let us remind you once again - this is a magazine of a very serious department that is not fond of science fiction and detective stories.
The explosion of a German bottom mine and the Italian trace were the main versions. Until, unexpectedly, in August 2014, Ugo D'Esposito, a veteran of the sabotage group of the Italian combat group 10 MAS, spoke up. He gave an interview to the Roman journalist Luca Ribustini, in which he very evasively answers the correspondent's question whether he shares the opinion that the former Italian battleship Giulio Cesare was sunk by Italian special forces on the anniversary of the so-called March on Rome by Benito Mussolini. D'Esposito replied: "Some of the MAS flotilla did not want this ship to be handed over to the Russians, they wanted to destroy it. They did everything they could to sink it."
He would be a bad commando if he answered the question directly: “Yes, we did it.” But even if he said so, they still wouldn’t believe him - who knows what a 90-year-old man can say?! And even if Valerio Borghese himself had resurrected and said: “Yes, my people did it,” they wouldn’t have believed him either! They would say that he is appropriating other people's laurels - the laurels of His Majesty Chance: he turned to his greater glory the explosion of an unexploded German bottom mine.
However, Russian sources also have other evidence from fighters of the 10th flotilla. Thus, sea captain Mikhail Lander quotes the words of an Italian officer, Nicolo, allegedly one of the perpetrators of the explosion of a Soviet battleship. According to Nicolo, the sabotage involved eight combat swimmers who arrived with a mini-submarine on board a cargo ship.
From there, the Picollo (the name of the boat) went to the Omega Bay area, where the saboteurs set up an underwater base - they unloaded breathing cylinders, explosives, hydrotugs, etc. Then, during the night, they mined the Novorossiysk and blew it up, the newspaper Absolutely wrote in 2008 secret", very close to the circles of the "competent authorities".
One can be ironic about Nikolo-Picollo, but Omega Bay in 1955 was located outside the city, and its shores were very deserted. Several years ago, the head of the underwater sabotage center of the Black Sea Fleet and I studied maps of the Sevastopol bays: where, in fact, an operational base for combat swimmers could be located. Several such places were found in the Novorossiysk parking area: a ship cemetery on the Chernaya Rechka, where decommissioned destroyers, minesweepers, and submarines waited their turn to cut metal. The attack could have come from there. And the saboteurs could have escaped through the territory of the Naval Hospital, opposite which the battleship stood. The hospital is not an arsenal, and it was guarded very lightly. In general, if an attack on the move, from the sea, could choke, the saboteurs had very real opportunities to set up temporary shelters in the Sevastopol bays to wait for a favorable situation.
Criticism of critics
The positions of supporters of the accidental mine version are very shaken today. But they don't give up. They ask questions.
1. Firstly, an action of this scale is possible only with the participation of the state. And it would be very difficult to hide preparations for it, given the activity Soviet intelligence on the Apennine Peninsula and the influence of the Italian Communist Party. It would be impossible for private individuals to organize such an action - too many resources would be needed to support it, from several tons of explosives to means of transportation (again, let’s not forget about secrecy).
Counter argument . Concealing preparations for sabotage and terrorist action is difficult, but possible. Otherwise, the world would not be disturbed by terrorist explosions on all continents. “The activity of Soviet intelligence on the Apennine Peninsula” is beyond doubt, but intelligence is not omniscient, much less the Communist Party of Italy. We can agree that such a large-scale operation is beyond the capabilities of private individuals, but from the very beginning it was about the patronage of the Borghese people by British intelligence, which means cash they were not constrained.
2. As the former Italian combat swimmers themselves admitted, their life after the war was strictly controlled by the state, and any attempt at “amateur activity” would be suppressed.
Counter argument. It would be strange if former Italian combat swimmers began to boast of their freedom and impunity. Yes, they were controlled to a certain extent. But not to such an extent as to interfere with their contacts with the same British intelligence. The state was unable to control the participation of Prince Borghese in the attempted anti-state coup and his secret departure to Spain. The Italian state, as Luca Ribustini notes, bears direct responsibility for the organizational preservation of the 10th IAU Flotilla in the post-war years. Control of the Italian state is a very elusive matter. It is enough to remember how successfully it “controls” the activities of the Sicilian mafia.
3. Preparations for such an operation should have been kept secret from the allies, primarily from the United States. If the Americans had known about the impending sabotage of the Italian or British Navy, they would probably have prevented it: if it failed, the United States would not have been able to wash off the accusations of inciting war for a long time. To launch such an attack against a nuclear-armed country at the height of the Cold War would be madness.
Counter argument. The USA has nothing to do with it at all. 1955–56 is last years when Britain tried to decide for itself international problems. But after the Egyptian triple adventure, which London carried out contrary to the opinion of Washington, Britain finally entered America's channel. Therefore, the British did not have to coordinate the sabotage operation with the CIA in 1955. Themselves with a mustache. At the height of the Cold War, Americans carried out all sorts of attacks “against a country with nuclear weapons.” Suffice it to recall the infamous flight of the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft.
4. Finally, in order to mine a ship of this class in a guarded harbor, it was necessary to collect full information about the security regime, mooring areas, ships going to sea, and so on. It is impossible to do this without a resident with a radio station in Sevastopol itself or somewhere nearby. All operations of Italian saboteurs during the war were carried out only after thorough reconnaissance and never “blindly”. But even after half a century, there is not a single evidence that in one of the most guarded cities of the USSR, thoroughly filtered by the KGB and counterintelligence, there was an English or Italian resident who regularly supplied information not only to Rome or London, but also to Prince Borghese personally.
Counter argument . As for foreign agents, in particular among the Genevieuses, this was discussed above.
In Sevastopol, “filtered through and through by the KGB and counterintelligence,” alas, there were still even remnants of the Abwehr intelligence network, as the trials of the 60s showed. There is nothing to say about the recruitment activities of such the strongest intelligence service in the world as Mi-6.
Even if the saboteurs had been discovered and arrested, they would have argued that their action was not a state initiative, but a private one (and Italy would confirm this at any level), that it was done by volunteers - veterans of World War II, who value honor flag of the native fleet.
“We are the last romantics, surviving witnesses of a period erased from history, because history remembers only the winners! Nobody ever forced us: we were and remain volunteers. We are “non-party”, but not “apolitical”, and we will never support or let's give our voice to those who despise our ideals, insult our honor, forget our sacrifices. The 10th flotilla MAS was never royal, nor republican, nor fascist, nor Badoglian (Pietro Badoglio - participant in the removal of B. Mussolini in July 1943 . – LF.). But always only and purely Italian!” proclaims today the website of the Association of Fighters and Veterans of the 10th Flotilla IAS.
Moscow–Sevastopol
Special for the Centenary
Now I suggest you look at the photo of the ship.
After Italy left the war, the victorious countries divided up Italian warships to pay for reparations. The Soviet Union applied for new battleships of the Littorio type, but only received the outdated Giulio Cesare. It was not possible to immediately receive the ship, so the British temporarily transferred their old dreadnought Royal Sovereign to the USSR, which received the name Arkhangelsk in the Soviet fleet. In 1948, after the Cesare left for a Soviet port, the Arkhangelsk was returned to England to be cut up for scrap.
Although by the end of the war only two old battleships remained in service among Soviet heavy ships - Sevastopol and October Revolution - the USSR still had ambitious plans for the construction of battleships, and it was planned to use the Cesare to train crews.
On December 9, 1948, Cesare left the Taranto naval base and moved to Augusta, from where on December 15 he headed to the Albanian port of Vlora (Valona). There, on February 3, 1949, the transfer of the battleship, which received the temporary designation Z11, took place to the Soviet commission headed by Rear Admiral G.I. Levchenko. On February 6, the naval flag of the USSR was raised on the ship, and two weeks later it left for Sevastopol, arriving in new base February 26. By order of the Black Sea Fleet of March 5, 1949, the battleship was given the name "Novorossiysk".
"Giulio Cesare" under construction, Genoa, autumn 1913
"Giulio Cesare", crew formation at the stern 1925-1926
"Giulio Cesare" on maneuvers, 1926
"Giulio Cesare" in Taranto, October 1937
"Giulio Cesare" after modernization, 1940
Damage to the Giulio Cesare's superstructures from 381-mm shells from the battleship Warspite in the battle on July 9, 1940
Battleship Giulio Cesare, 1941
37-mm twin automatic installations on the Giulio Cesare, May 1941
"Giulio Cesare" in the Mare Piccolo pool, Taranto November 1948
Battleship "Novorossiysk" in Sevastopol, 1949
"Novorossiysk" in Sevastopol, early 1950s
On the deck of the battleship Novorossiysk in Sevastopol, early 1950s
The main battery of the battleship "Novorossiysk"
On the deck of the Novorossiysk, 1954
Battleship "Novorossiysk" and tanker "Fiolent", 1954
Lifting of the battleship Novorossiysk, May 1957
A veteran of the special unit of combat swimmers of the 10th flotilla of the Italian Navy reported that the battleship of the Black Sea Fleet of the USSR Navy "Novorossiysk", which died under mysterious circumstances on October 29, 1955, was blown up by Italian combat swimmers. Hugo de Esposito made this admission in an interview with the Italian publication 4Arts.
Ugo de Esposito is a former employee of the Italian Military Intelligence Service, and an expert in closed (encrypted) communications. According to him, the Italians did not want the battleship, the former Italian dreadnought Giulio Cesare, to go to the Russians, so they took care of destroying it. This is the first direct admission by the Italian military that they were involved in the explosion and death of the battleship. Prior to this, Admiral Gino Birindelli and other veterans of the Italian special forces denied the fact that the Italians were involved in the death of the ship.
In 2005, the Itogi magazine published similar material on the topic of the death of the battleship Novorossiysk. The magazine featured a story by a former Soviet naval officer who emigrated to the United States, who met with the last surviving sabotage executor, “Nikolo.” The Italian said that when the transfer of Italian ships to the USSR took place, the former commander of the 10th flotilla, Junio Valerio Scipione Borghese (1906 - 1974), nicknamed the “Black Prince,” swore an oath to avenge the dishonor of Italy and blow up the battleship at any cost. Aristocrat Borghese did not waste words.
In the post-war period, the vigilance of Soviet sailors was dulled. The Italians knew the waters well - during the Great Patriotic War The “10th MAS Flotilla” (from Italian: Mezzi d "Assalto - assault weapons, or Italian: Motoscafo Armato Silurante - armed torpedo boats) operated in the Black Sea. Preparations were underway for a year; the performers were eight saboteurs. October 21, 1955 A cargo ship left Italy, which was heading to one of the Dnieper ports for loading grain. At midnight on October 26, 15 miles traverse of the Khersones lighthouse, the cargo ship released a mini-submarine from a special hatch in the bottom. The submarine "Picollo" passed to the area of Sevastopol Omega Bay, where a temporary base was set up. With the help of hydrotugs, the sabotage group reached Novorossiysk, work began on planting charges. Twice Italian divers returned to Omega for explosives, which were in magnetic cylinders. They were successfully able to dock with the cargo ship and leave.
Strategic Trophy
The battleship Giulio Cesare is one of five ships of the Conte di Cavour class. The project was developed by Rear Admiral Edoardo Masdea. He proposed a ship with five main-caliber gun turrets: at the bow and stern, the lower turrets were three-gun, the upper ones were two-gun. Another three-gun turret was placed amidships - between the pipes. The caliber of the guns was 305 mm. Julius Caesar was laid down in 1910 and commissioned in 1914. In the 1920s, the ship underwent the first modernizations, received a catapult for launching a seaplane and a crane for lifting the aircraft from the water and onto the catapult, and the artillery fire control system was replaced. The battleship became a training artillery ship. In 1933-1937 "Julius Caesar" underwent a major overhaul according to the design of engineer-general Francesco Rotundi. The power of the main caliber guns was increased to 320 mm (their number was reduced to 10), the firing range was increased, armor and torpedo protection were strengthened, boilers and other mechanisms were replaced. The guns could fire up to 32 km with more than half a ton shells. The ship's displacement increased to 24 thousand tons.
During World War II, the ship took part in a number of combat operations. In 1941, due to a lack of fuel, the combat activity of the old ships was reduced. In 1942, the Julius Caesar was removed from the active fleet. In addition to the lack of fuel, there was a high risk of the battleship dying from a torpedo strike in conditions of enemy air supremacy. The ship was turned into a floating barracks until the end of the war. After the armistice, the Allied command initially wanted to keep the Italian battleships under their control, but then three old ships, including Caesar, were allowed to be transferred to the Italian Navy for use in training purposes.
According to a special agreement, the victorious powers divided the Italian fleet to pay for reparations. Moscow laid claim to a new Littorio-class battleship, but the USSR was given only the outdated Caesar, as well as the light cruiser Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta (Kerch), 9 destroyers, 4 submarines and several auxiliary vessels. The final agreement on the division of transferred Italian ships between the USSR, USA, England and other states that suffered from Italian aggression was concluded on January 10, 1947 at the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Allied Powers. In particular, 4 cruisers were transferred to France. 4 destroyers and 2 submarines, Greece - one cruiser. The new battleships went to the United States and Great Britain, and were later returned to Italy as part of the NATO partnership.
Until 1949, the Caesar was mothballed and used for training. It was in a very bad state. The battleship was included in the Black Sea Fleet. On March 5, 1949, the battleship was given the name Novorossiysk. Over the next six years, a significant amount of work was carried out at Novorossiysk to repair and modernize the battleship. Short-range anti-aircraft artillery, new radars, radio and intra-ship communications equipment were installed on it, main caliber fire control devices were modernized, emergency diesel generators were replaced, Italian turbines were replaced with Soviet ones (increasing the ship's speed to 28 knots). At the time of its death, Novorossiysk was the most powerful ship in the Soviet fleet. It was armed with ten 320 mm guns, 12 x 120 mm and 8 x 100 mm guns, and 30 x 37 mm anti-aircraft guns. The ship's displacement reached 29 thousand tons, with a length of 186 meters and a width of 28 meters.
Despite her advanced age, the battleship was an ideal ship for the “atomic experiment.” Its 320mm guns hit targets at ranges of up to 32km with 525kg shells that were suitable to carry tactical nuclear warheads. Back in 1949, when the Soviet Union received the status nuclear power, the battleship was visited by the Minister of War, Marshal Alexander Vasilevsky, and in 1953 by the new Minister of Defense, Nikolai Bulganin. In 1955, the next Minister of Defense of the USSR, Georgy Zhukov, extended the service life of Novorossiysk by 10 years. The nuclear modernization program for the battleship involved two stages. At the first stage, they planned to develop and manufacture a batch of special shells with atomic charges. On the second, replace the feed towers with installations for cruise missiles, which can be equipped with nuclear warheads. At Soviet military factories, the priority was to produce a batch of special shells. The ship's gunners, under the command of the most experienced battleship commander, Captain 1st Rank Alexander Pavlovich Kukhta, solved the problem of fire control for the main caliber guns. All 10 main caliber guns could now fire in mass at one target.
The tragic death of Novorossiysk
On October 28, 1955, Novorossiysk was in the Northern Bay of Sevastopol. A.P. Kukhta was on vacation. It is believed that if he had been on the ship, the events that followed the explosion could have unfolded differently, in a less tragic direction. The acting commander of the ship, Captain 2nd Rank G. A. Khurshudov, left for shore. The senior officer on the battleship was the assistant commander of the ship, Z. G. Serbulov. On October 29, at 1 hour 31 minutes, a powerful explosion was heard under the bow of the ship, equivalent to 1-1.2 tons of trinitrotoluene. The explosion, which to some seemed like a double explosion, pierced through the multi-story armored hull of a huge warship from the bottom to the upper deck. A huge hole, up to 170 square meters in size, was created in the bottom on the starboard side. Water poured into it, breaking the duralumin bulkheads of the interior and flooding the ship.
The howl occurred in the most densely populated part of the ship, where hundreds of sailors were sleeping in the bow quarters. At the very beginning, up to 150-175 people died, and about the same number were injured. From the hole one could hear the screams of the wounded, the sound of incoming water, and the remains of the dead were floating. There was some confusion, they even thought that a war had begun, the ship was hit from the air, an emergency and then a combat alert were announced on the battleship. The crew took their places according to the combat schedule, and shells were sent to the anti-aircraft guns. The sailors used all available energy and drainage means. Emergency teams tried to localize the consequences of the disaster. Serbulov organized the rescue of people from flooded premises and began preparing the wounded to be sent ashore. They planned to tow the battleship to the nearest sandbank. Emergency parties and medical teams began to arrive from nearby cruisers. Rescue ships also began to approach.
At this time, a tragic mistake was made; the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral V.A. Parkhomenko, arrived on the battleship and gave the order to suspend the towing of the Novorossiysk to the shallows. When they tried to resume it, it was already too late. The bow of the battleship has already landed on the ground. Khurshudov, seeing that the list to the left side was increasing and it was impossible to stop the flow of water, proposed to evacuate part of the crew. Rear Admiral N.I. Nikolsky also supported him. People began to gather at the stern. The Komflot made a new mistake, under the pretext of maintaining calm (“Let’s not create panic!”), he suspended the evacuation. When the decision to evacuate was made, the ship began to rapidly capsize upside down. Many people remained inside the ship, others were unable to swim after capsizing. At 4 hours 14 minutes, the battleship Novorossiysk lay on the left side, and a moment later turned upside down with its keel. The ship lasted in this condition for up to 22 hours.
There were many people inside the ship who fought to the end for its survival. Some of them were still alive, remaining in the “air sacs”. They announced themselves by knocking. The sailors, without waiting for instructions from above, opened the bottom skin at the stern of the battleship and saved 7 people. Success inspired them, they began to cut in other places, but to no avail. Air was escaping from the ship. They tried to seal the holes, but it was already useless. The battleship finally sank. In the last minutes prototype Direct conversational sound-underwater communication, which was brought to the scene of the accident, could be heard as Soviet sailors sang “Varyag”. Soon everything became quiet. A day later, they were found alive in one of the aft cubicles. Divers were able to rescue two sailors. On November 1, divers stopped hearing any knocks from the compartments of the battleship. On October 31, the first batch of dead sailors was buried. They were escorted by all the surviving “Novorossians”; dressed in full dress uniform, they marched through the entire city.
In 1956, work began on raising the battleship using the blowing method. It was carried out by the special purpose expedition EON-35. Preliminary work was completed in April 1957. On May 4, the ship floated up with its keel - first the bow, and then the stern. On May 14 (according to other information, May 28), the battleship was towed to Cossack Bay. Then it was dismantled and transferred to the Zaporizhstal plant.
Opinion of the government commission
A government commission headed by the Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, Minister of Shipbuilding Industry, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service Vyacheslav Malyshev, made a conclusion two and a half weeks after the tragedy. On November 17, the report was presented to the CPSU Central Committee. The Central Committee of the Communist Party accepted and approved the conclusions drawn. The cause of the death of the Novorossiysk was considered to be an underwater explosion, apparently of a German magnetic mine that had remained on the seabed since World War II.
Versions of the explosion of a fuel depot or artillery magazines were dismissed almost immediately. The gas storage tanks on the ship were empty long before the tragedy. If the artillery magazines had exploded, the battleship would have been blown to pieces, and neighboring ships would have been seriously damaged. This version was also refuted by the testimony of the sailors. The shells remained safe and sound.
Those responsible for the death of people and the ship were the fleet commander Parkhomenko, Rear Admiral Nikolsky, a member of the Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral Kulakov, and the acting commander of the battleship, Captain 2nd Rank Khurshudov. They were demoted in rank and position. Rear Admiral Galitsky, commander of the water district security division, was also punished. The commander of the battleship A.P. Kukhta was also dealt a blow; he was demoted to captain 2nd rank and sent to the reserve. The commission noted that the ship’s personnel fought to the end for its survival and showed examples of true courage and heroism. However, all the efforts of the crew to save the ship were nullified by the “criminally frivolous, unqualified” command.
In addition, this tragedy became the reason for the removal of Nikolai Kuznetsov, Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. Khrushchev did not like him, since this major naval commander opposed plans to “optimize” the fleet (Stalin’s programs to transform the USSR Navy into an ocean-going fleet went under the knife).
Versions
1) The mine version received the most votes. These munitions were not uncommon in the Sevastopol Bay, starting from the time Civil War. Already during the Great Patriotic War, the German Air Force and Navy mined the water area both from the sea and from the air. The bay was regularly cleaned by diving teams and trawled, and mines were discovered. In 1956-1958 After the death of the Novorossiysk, another 19 German bottom mines were discovered, including at the site of the sinking of the Soviet ship. However, this version has weaknesses. It is believed that by 1955, the power sources of all bottom mines should have already discharged. And the fuses would have become unusable by this time. Before the tragedy, Novorossiysk moored on barrel No. 3 10 times, and the battleship Sevastopol 134 times. Nobody exploded. In addition, it turned out that there were two explosions.
2) Torpedo attack. It was suggested that the battleship was attacked by an unknown submarine. But when clarifying the circumstances of the tragedy, they did not find any characteristic signs remaining from the torpedo attack. But they found out that the ships of the water area protection division, which were supposed to guard the main base of the Black Sea Fleet, were in a different place at the time of the explosion. On the night of the death of the battleship, the outer raid Soviet ships not guarded; the network gates were open, the noise direction finders were not working. Thus, the Sevastopol naval base was defenseless. Theoretically, the enemy could penetrate it. An enemy mini-submarine or sabotage detachment could penetrate into the internal roadstead of the main base of the Black Sea Fleet.
3) Sabotage group. "Novorossiysk" could be destroyed by Italian combat swimmers. The Italian flotilla of submarine saboteurs already had experience of penetrating a foreign harbor on small submarines. On December 18, 1941, Italian saboteurs under the command of Lieutenant Commander Borghese secretly entered the harbor of Alexandria and, using magnetic explosive devices, severely damaged the British battleships Valiant, Queen Elizabeth, and the destroyer HMS Jarvis and destroyed a tanker. In addition, the Italians knew the waters - the 10th flotilla was based in the ports of Crimea. Taking into account the sloppiness in the field of port security, this version looks quite convincing. In addition, there is an opinion that specialists from the 12th Flotilla of the British Navy participated in the operation (or completely organized and carried it out). Its commander then was another legend - Captain 2nd Rank Lionel Crabbe. He was one of the best underwater saboteurs in the British fleet. In addition, after the war, captured Italian specialists from the 10th flotilla advised the British. London had a good reason for destroying Novorossiysk - its upcoming atomic weapons. England was the most vulnerable target for tactical nuclear weapons. It is also noted that at the end of October 1955, the Mediterranean squadron of the British fleet conducted exercises in the Aegean and Marmara seas. However, if this is true, the question arises, what were the KGB and counterintelligence doing? Their work during this period was considered very effective. Have you overlooked the enemy's operation right under your nose? Moreover, there is no ironclad evidence for this version. All publications in the press are unreliable.
4) KGB operation. "Novorossiysk" was sunk by order of the highest political leadership of the USSR. This sabotage was directed against the top leadership of the Soviet fleet. Khrushchev was engaged in “optimization” of the armed forces, relying on rocket troops, and in the navy - to a submarine fleet armed with missiles. The death of the Novorossiysk made it possible to strike a blow at the leadership of the Navy, which was against the reduction of “obsolete” ships and the curtailment of the program for building up the forces of the surface fleet and increasing its power. From a technical point of view, this version is very logical. The battleship was blown up by two charges with a total TNT equivalent of 1.8 tons. They were installed on the ground in the area of the bow artillery magazines, at a short distance from the center plane of the ship and from each other. The explosions occurred with a short time interval, which caused a cumulative effect and caused damage, as a result of which the Novorossiysk sank. Taking into account the treacherous policies of Khrushchev, who destroyed the basic systems of the state and tried to organize “perestroika” back in the 1950-1960s, this version has a right to exist. The hasty liquidation of the ship after it was raised also raises suspicion. “Novorossiysk” was quickly cut into scrap metal, and the case was closed.
Will we ever know the truth about the tragic death of hundreds of Soviet sailors? Most likely no. Unless reliable data appears from the archives of Western intelligence services or the KGB.
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Strange story. Believe it or not? The Italian swimmer finally admitted to blowing up a battleship in Sevastopol... But doubts arise about the veracity of this version.
Veteran of the Italian unit of combat swimmers "Gamma" Hugo D'Esposito admitted that the Italian military was involved in the sinking of the Soviet battleship Novorossiysk. 4Arts writes about this, noting that the words of Hugo d'Esposito are the first admission of involvement in the destruction of Novorossiysk by the Italian military, who previously categorically denied such a version. The Italian publication calls d'Esposito's confession of sabotage against Novorossiysk the most sensational in the veteran's interview : "It directly confirms the probable hypothesis about the cause of the explosion on the ship."
According to Ugo D’Esposito, the Italians did not want the ship to fall to the “Russians”, so they took care of sinking it: “They did everything possible.” But he did not specify how exactly the sabotage was carried out.
Previously, the version that the Novorossiysk sank as a result of sabotage organized by the Italians was not officially confirmed.
In the ancient fraternal cemetery in Sevastopol, there is a monument: a 12-meter tall figure of a grieving sailor with the inscription: “Motherland to sons.” The stele reads: “To the courageous sailors of the battleship Novorossiysk, who died in the line of military duty on October 29, 1955. Loyalty to the military oath was stronger than death for you.” The figure of a sailor is cast from bronze propellers of a battleship...
Few people knew about this ship and its mysterious death until the late 80s, when they were allowed to write about it.
"Novorossiysk" is a Soviet warship, battleship of the Black Sea Fleet of the USSR Navy. Until 1948, the ship was part of the Italian Navy under the name Giulio Cesare ( Giulio Caesar, in honor of Gaius Julius Caesar).
Dreadnought " Giulio Caesar" - one of five ships of the Conte di Cavour type ( Giulio Cesare, Leonardo da Vinci, Conte di Cavour, Caio Duilio, Andrea Doria), built according to the design of engineer-general Edoardo Masdea and launched in 1910-1917.
Being the main force of the Italian fleet in two world wars, they did not bring him glory, without inflicting damage on the enemy, but on them different time there were Austrians, Germans, Turks, French, English, Greeks, Americans and Russians - not the slightest loss. "Cavour" and "Da Vinci" died not in battle, but in their bases.
And the “Julius Caesar” was destined to become the only battleship that the victorious country did not scrap, did not use for experiments, but commissioned the active fleet, and even as a flagship ship, despite the fact that it was clearly technically and morally outdated .
Giulio Caesar was the second in the series, it was built by the Ansaldo company (Genoa). The ship was laid down on June 24, 1910, launched on October 15, 1911, and entered service on May 14, 1914. It received the motto “To withstand any blow.”
The armament consisted of guns of 305, 120 and 76 mm caliber. The ship's displacement was 25 thousand tons.
Battleship Giulio Cesare after modernization in 1940
"Giulio Cesare" was involved in the battles of the First and Second World Wars. After the end of World War II, it went to the Soviet Union as reparations. At the Tehran Conference, it was decided to divide the Italian fleet between the USSR, USA, Great Britain and countries that suffered from fascist aggression. By lot, the British received the latest Italian battleships of the Littorio class. The USSR, to whose share the Cesare fell, was able to transfer it to Sevastopol only in 1949. By order of the Black Sea Fleet dated March 5, 1949, the battleship was given the name Novorossiysk.
The battleship was in an extremely neglected state - it was mothballed in the port of Taranto for 5 years. Immediately before the transfer to the USSR, it underwent minor repairs (mainly the electromechanical part). They couldn't translate the documentation, and the ship's machinery needed replacing. Experts noted the battleship's shortcomings - the antediluvian level of intra-ship communications, poor survivability systems, damp cockpits with three-tier bunks, a tiny faulty galley.
In mid-May 1949, the battleship was delivered to the Northern Dock and a few months later it went to sea for the first time as part of the Black Sea Fleet. In subsequent years, it was constantly repaired and retrofitted, was in service, not meeting many indicators technical condition requirements for a warship. Due to everyday difficulties, the priority repair and restoration work on the battleship included equipping a galley for the crew, insulating living and service spaces under the forecastle deck with expansite, as well as re-equipping some of the bathrooms, washbasins and showers.
At the same time, experts were amazed by both the elegance of the contours of the underwater part and the nature of its fouling. Only the area of the variable waterline was intensively overgrown with shells, while the rest of the area, covered with a paste of unknown composition, was almost not overgrown. But the bottom-outboard fittings were in unsatisfactory condition. Moreover, as the last commander of the warhead-5 battleship, I. I. Reznikov, wrote, during the next repair it was discovered that the pipelines of the fire system were almost completely overgrown with shells, the throughput of which had decreased several times.
From 1950 to 1955, the battleship was undergoing factory repairs 7 times. However, some shortcomings were not eliminated until October 1955. Modernization work caused a small increase in ship mass(approximately 130 t) and deterioration of stability(transverse metacentric height decreased by 0.03 m).
In May 1955, Novorossiysk entered service with the Black Sea Fleet and until the end of October went to sea several times, practicing combat training tasks.
On October 28, 1955, Novorossiysk returned from its last voyage and took its place on the “battleship barrel” in the area of the Naval Hospital, where it once last time stood "Empress Maria" ...
Before dinner, reinforcements arrived on the ship - infantry soldiers transferred to the fleet. At night they were placed in the bow quarters. For most of them it was the first and last day of naval service.
On October 29 at 01.31 a powerful explosion was heard under the hull of the bow of the ship. An emergency was declared on the ship combat alert, The alarm was also announced on the nearby ships. Emergency and medical groups began to arrive at Novorossiysk.
After the explosion, the bow of the ship sank into the water, and the released anchor held the battleship tightly, preventing it from being towed to the shallows. Despite all the measures taken, water continued to flow into the ship's hull. Seeing that the flow of water could not be stopped, acting commander Khorshudov turned to the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Parkhomenko, with a proposal to evacuate part of the team, but was refused. The evacuation order was given too late. More than 1,000 sailors gathered at the stern. Boats began to approach the battleship, but only a small part of the crew managed to disembark. At 4.14 the ship's hull suddenly jerked and began to list to port and a moment later turned upside down with its keel. According to one version, Admiral Parkhomenko, not realizing the size of the hole, gave the command to tow it to the dock, and this destroyed the ship.
“Novorossiysk” turned over as quickly as “Empress Maria” almost half a century before it. Hundreds of sailors found themselves in the water. Many, especially former infantrymen, quickly sank under the water under the weight of wet clothes and boots. Some of the crew managed to climb to the bottom of the ship, others were picked up on boats, and some managed to swim to the shore. The stress from the experience was such that some of the sailors who swam to the shore could not stand it, and they immediately fell dead. Many people heard frequent knocking inside the hull of the overturned ship - this was signaled by sailors who did not have time to get out of the compartments.
One of the divers recalled: “At night, for a long time, I dreamed of the faces of people whom I saw under water in the portholes that they tried to open. With gestures I made it clear that we would save them. People nodded, they said, they understood... I sank deeper, I heard them knocking in Morse code, the knocking in the floor was clearly audible: “Rescue quickly, we are suffocating...” I also tapped them: “Be strong, everyone will be saved.” And then it started! They started knocking in all the compartments so that those above would know that the people trapped under water were alive! I moved closer to the bow of the ship and couldn’t believe my ears - they were singing “Varyag”!”
It was possible to pull out 7 people through a hole cut in the aft part of the bottom. Divers rescued two more. But air began to escape from the cut hole with increasing force, and the overturned ship began to slowly sink. In the last minutes before the death of the battleship, the sailors, walled up in the compartments, could be heard singing “Varyag”. In total, 604 people died during the explosion and sinking of the battleship, including emergency shipments from other ships of the squadron.
In the summer of 1956, the special-purpose expedition EON-35 began raising the Novorossiysk. The operation began on the morning of May 4 and the recovery was completed on the same day. The news of the upcoming ascent of the battleship spread throughout Sevastopol, and, despite the heavy rain, all the shores of the bay and the nearby hills were dotted with people. The ship floated upside down, and was taken to Cossack Bay, where it was turned over and hastily dismantled for scrap.
As the fleet order stated then, the cause of the explosion of the battleship was a German magnetic mine, which allegedly had lain on the bottom since the war for more than 10 years, which for some reason unexpectedly came into action. Many sailors were surprised, because in this place of the bay, immediately after the war, careful trawling was carried out and, finally, mechanical destruction of mines in the most critical places. On the barrel itself, ships anchored hundreds of times...
After the battleship was raised, the commission carefully examined the hole. It was monstrous in size: more than 160 square meters. The force of the explosion was so incredible that it was enough to break through eight decks - including three armored ones! Even the upper deck was twisted from the right to the left side... It is not difficult to calculate that this would have required several more than a ton of TNT. Even the largest German mines did not have such power.
The death of Novorosiysk gave rise to many legends. The most popular of them is the sabotage of Italian naval saboteurs. This version was also supported by the experienced naval commander Admiral Kuznetsov.
Valerio Borghese
During the war, Italian submariners were stationed in captured Sevastopol, so some of Borghese's comrades were familiar in the Sevastopol Bay. But how could the penetration of an Italian submarine to the entrance to the main fleet base 10 years after the end of the war go unnoticed? How many trips from the submarine to the battleship did the saboteurs have to make in order to place several thousand tons of TNT on it? Maybe the charge was small and served only as a detonator for a huge mine, which the Italians placed in a secret compartment at the bottom of the battleship? Such a tightly certified compartment was discovered in 1949 by Captain 2nd Rank Lepekhov, but there was no reaction from the command to his report.
Some historians argue that members of the commission, with the support of Khrushchev, distorted many of the facts of the tragedy, after which only the acting commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral V.A., was punished. Parkhomenko and Fleet Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov, removed from the leadership of the Navy and demoted by two levels. There is a version that Khrushchev in this way took revenge on the admiral for his harsh comment about the transfer of Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR.
Soon after the death of Novorosisysk, the head of intelligence of the Black Sea Fleet, Major General Namgaladze, and the commander of the OVR (water area security), Rear Admiral Galitsky, left their posts.
By order of the fleet, the families of the deceased were given one-time benefits - 10 thousand rubles each. for the dead sailors and 30 thousand each for the officers. After which they tried to forget about Novorossiysk...
Only in May 1988, the Pravda newspaper published for the first time a short article dedicated to the death of the battleship Novorossiysk with the memories of eyewitnesses of the tragedy, which described the heroic behavior of the sailors and officers who found themselves inside the overturned ship.
(from here)
After the death of Novorossiysk, various versions were put forward.
Versions about the causes of the explosion
Official version. According to the official version put forward by a government commission, the battleship was blown up by a bottom magnetic mine installed by the Germans in 1944 when leaving Sevastopol. On November 17, the commission’s conclusion was presented to the CPSU Central Committee, which accepted and approved the conclusions. The cause of the disaster was called “an external underwater explosion (non-contact, bottom) of a charge with a TNT equivalent of 1000-1200 kg.” The most probable was the explosion of a German magnetic mine left on the ground after the Great Patriotic War.
However, the power sources removed in the 50s. bottom mines turned out to be discharged, and the fuses were inoperative.
Professor, engineer-captain 1st rank N. P. Muru in his book “Disaster on the Inner Roadstead” he proves that the most likely cause of the death of the ship is the explosion of a bottom mine (two mines). N.P. Muru considers the direct confirmation of the version of the mine explosion to be that after the disaster, 17 similar mines were discovered by trawling the bottom silt, of which 3 were located within a radius of 100 m from the site of the death of the battleship.
Opinion Yu. Lepekhova, lieutenant engineer of the battleship Novorossiysk: the cause of the explosion was German magnetic underwater mines. But at the same time, due to the nature of the destruction of the battleship’s hull (the ship was pierced through by the explosion, and the hole in the bottom does not coincide with the hole on the deck), it is believed that the mine explosion caused the detonation of a charge that was placed on the ship by the Italians even before its transfer to the Soviet side. Lepekhov claims that when, during acceptance, he and other members of the commission inspected the ship, they ran into a blank bulkhead in the bow of the battleship. They did not attach any importance to this then, but now Lepekhov believes that behind this bulkhead there was a powerful explosive charge. This charge was supposed to be activated some time after the transfer of the ship, but for some reason this did not happen. But already in 1955 this charge detonated, serving as the main cause of the death of the ship.
A number of later studies of the death of the battleship showed that to cause the destruction that Novorossiysk suffered - through penetration of the hull from the keel to the upper deck - would have required about 2-5 tons of TNT, when placing charges directly at the bottom of the hull, or 12, 5 tons of TNT, when placing charges at the bottom, under the battleship, at a depth of 17.5 m. It has been proven that the German RMH bottom mine, having a hexonite charge weighing 907.18 kg (in TNT equivalent 1250-1330 kg), could not inflict such damage to the battleship when it explodes on the ground. In this case, only the first and second bottoms of the battleship would have been pierced, which is confirmed by experimental data. In the area of the explosion, a search was undertaken for mine fragments and the sludge was washed, but nothing was found.
Explosion of ship ammunition. This version was dropped after an examination of the hull: the nature of the destruction indicated that an explosion had occurred outside.
Meeting in Sevastopol in September 1955. There is a version that the ship was deliberately blown up during a discussion about the directions of development of the fleet. We'll come back to this version later...
Sabotage. The commission's conclusions did not rule out the possibility of sabotage. On the eve of the transfer of the battleship to the USSR, calls were openly made in Italy to prevent the pride of the Italian fleet from ending up under the Soviet flag. Some bloggers claim that it was planned to prepare the 320-mm main caliber of the Novorossiysk to fire nuclear-filled shells. As if, just the day before, the battleship, after many failures, allegedly fired experimental special shells (without a nuclear charge) at training targets.
In the mid-2000s, the Itogi magazine published a story by a certain submarine officer Nikolo, allegedly involved in sabotage. According to him, the operation was organized by the former commander of a flotilla of underwater saboteurs, V. Borghese, who, after handing over the ship, vowed “to take revenge on the Russians and blow it up at all costs.” The sabotage group arrived on a mini-submarine, which in turn was secretly delivered by a cargo ship arriving from Italy. The Italians allegedly set up a secret base in the area of Sevastopol Omega Bay, mined the battleship, and then went out on a submarine into the open sea and waited to be picked up by “their” steamer.
Reference:
Prince Junio Valerio Scipione Borghese(Italian Junio Valerio Scipione Ghezzo Marcantonio Maria dei principi Borghese; June 6, 1906, Rome - August 26, 1974, Cadiz) - Italian military and political figure, captain 2nd rank (Italian. capitano di fregata).
Born into the aristocratic Borghese family. In 1928, Borghese graduated from the Naval Academy in Livorno and entered service in the submarine fleet.
Interesting detail: in 1931 Borghese married a Russian countess Daria Vasilievna Olsufieva(1909-1963), with whom he had four children and who died tragically in a car accident in 1962. An award for connoisseurs of Rome bears her name.
Since 1933, Borghese has been the commander of the submarine, carried out a number of successful operations, sank Allied ships with a total displacement of 75 thousand tons. He received the nickname “Black Prince”. He initiated the creation of a unit within the X Flotilla that used combat swimmers. Since 1941, as acting, since 1943 he officially commanded the X flotilla, which became the most successful unit of the Italian Navy.
10th flotilla of assault weapons ( Decima Flottiglia MAS) - a detachment of naval saboteurs as part of the Italian Navy, created in 1941. It consisted of a surface unit (boats with explosives) and an underwater unit (guided torpedoes). He also had a special unit "Gamma", which included combat swimmers. The unit was originally part of the 1st MAS Flotilla, then received the name "Tenth MAS Flotilla". MAS is an abbreviation for Italian. Mezzi d'Assalto- assault weapons; or Italian Motoscafo Armato Silurante- armed torpedo boats.
The SLC guided torpedo, which was called the “piglet” in the tenth flotilla, was essentially a small boat capable of diving to shallow depths. Dimensions: 6.7 m long and 53 cm wide. Thanks to tanks for ballast and compressed air, the torpedo could dive to a depth of 30 m. Two propellers were driven by an electric motor powered by a battery. The torpedo reached a speed of three knots (5.5 km/h) and had a range of 10 nautical miles (18.5 km).
The torpedo was delivered to the scene of hostilities on a conventional submarine. Then two saboteurs mounted her one after another, like a horse. The pilot and the torpedo commander sat on it. They were protected from wave impacts by a glass shield, and at the base of the shield there were on-board instruments: a magnetic compass, a depth meter, a roll meter, a steering lever, engine and pump switches that kept the torpedo at the desired depth.
Behind the pilot sat a diver-mechanic. He leaned his back against a container with tools (a cutter for locking networks, a spare oxygen device, ropes and clamps for fixing the explosive charge). The crew was dressed in light spacesuits and used an oxygen breathing device. Oxygen cylinders lasted for 6 hours.
Having approached the enemy ship as close as possible, the torpedo was submerged, and the diver attached the 300-kilogram explosive charge he had brought with him to the hull of the ship. Having installed the clock mechanism, the swimmers boarded the torpedo and returned to base.
At first there were failures: the “pigs” drowned, were destroyed, caught in nets, the crew was poisoned and suffocated due to the imperfection of the air supply system, torpedoes were simply lost at sea, etc. But then the “pigs” began to make progress: on the night of November 18-19, 1941, “live torpedoes” sank two British ships - Queen Elizabeth and Valiant: “The Italians won one of the most brilliant victories in the history of naval wars. 6 people were seriously injured 2 battleships in a strictly guarded port."
(from here)
A nuance: the practice of underwater saboteurs, both English and Italian, during the Second World War did not involve hanging such large charges under the ship’s hull as in Sevastopol.
Italian underwater saboteurs on guided torpedoes (“Maiale”) suspended a charge weighing only about 300 kg. This is how they acted, carrying out sabotage in Alexandria on December 19, 1941, damaging 2 British battleships(“Queen Elizabeth” and “Veliant”) and in Gibraltar in 1941-1943.
The charges were suspended from lateral keels ships using special clamps called “sergeants”.
Note that the side keels on the battleship Novorossiysk in the area of the explosion (frames 30-50) were missing...
Another sabotage version: installation under the bottom of a battleship magnetic mines. But it was necessary to have about hundreds underwater saboteurs-swimmers carrying a magnetic mine underwater in order to create a charge under the bottom about 2 t.. For example, Italian submariners from the “Gamma squad”, part of the 10th MAS flotilla, when carrying out sabotage during the Second World War, transported charges of the “Mignatta” or “Bauletti” type with a total weight no more than 12 kg.
Should Signor Ugo D'Esposito be believed? It still doesn’t seem entirely clear to me, How Did the Italian swimmers manage to penetrate the Sevastopol Bay, and most importantly, deliver a bunch of explosives to the site of sabotage? Maybe the former saboteur was lying after all?
From the “Report on the regime in the area of the Main Base dated October 29, 1955,” it follows that during October 27-28, 1955, the following foreign ships were at the crossing in the Black Sea:
- Italian “Gerosi” and “Ferdinando” from Odessa to the Bosphorus;
- Italian “Esmeraldo” and French “Sanche Condo” from Novorossiysk to the Bosphorus;
- French “Roland” from Poti to the Bosphorus;
- Turkish “Demirkalla” from the Bosphorus to Sulina.
All the ships were located at a considerable distance from the main base...
The underwater saboteurs also had to have full information about the security regime of the Main Base of the Black Sea Fleet, the places where ships were moored and exited. They should have known that the boom gates to the Sevastopol Bay would be open, that the battleship, returning from the sea on October 28, 1955, would stand on barrels No. 3, and not in its regular place - barrels No. 14 in the very depths of the bay.
Such information could only be collected by an intelligence resident located in Sevastopol, and the “signal” could only be transmitted to the saboteurs on the submarine via radio communication. But the presence of such a resident in closed (1939-1959) Sevastopol and his possible actions specifically in the interests of Prince Borghese seem unrealistic.
And he couldn’t get information about what kind of barrels the battleship would be installed on, because... it was transferred to Novorossiysk when it was already at the Inkerman sites immediately before entering the base.
The question is:
- where did the saboteurs install mines in “magnetic cylinders” if the battleship was at sea all day on October 28?
- how could they finish all the work by “sunset” on October 28 and even “sail” back to Omega, if the sun on October 28, 1955 in the Sevastopol area set at 17.17 (it got dark at 18.47), and the battleship “Novorossiysk” by the time of sunset sun hasn't finished mooring yet"? He anchored and barreled on October 28, 1955 only in 17.30
!
Let's say the saboteurs managed to plant mines. Taking into account their double return and the possible weight of demolition charges (for example, the “Mignatta” type - 2 kg, “Bauletti” - 4.5 kg, which were used by Italian saboteurs, and each swimmer wore 4-5 such mines on his belt), they could install a charge weighing a maximum of 540 kg under the bottom of the battleship. This is clearly not enough to cause the damage that the battleship received. Note also that the Minyatta type mine was attached to the underwater part of the ship by suction, and the Bauletti mine was attached to the side keel of the ship with two clamps, i.e. These were not magnetic mines. There were no side keels on the Novorossiysk in the area of the explosion. Suppose that magnetic mines were specially made? But why, if the Italians had already tested in real life mines?
Opinion of former Italian underwater saboteurs.
A.N. Norchenko met with these people in 1995 in Italy, and described these meetings in his book “The Damned Secret”:
- Luigi Ferraro, an underwater saboteur who served in a detachment of underwater swimmers (“Gamma detachment”), who blew up several ships during the war, a national hero of Italy, recipient of the Great Gold Medal for military valor.
- Evelino Marcolini, a former torpedo saboteur, during the war he participated in the operation against the English aircraft carrier Aquila, for which he was awarded the Large Gold Medal for military valor.
- Emilio Legnani, began his service as a young officer on the battleship Giulio Cesare, after the war he sailed on it to Malta, a former boat saboteur who served in a detachment of assault and torpedo boats of the 10th MAS flotilla. During the war he visited Gurzuf, Balaklava, and Sevastopol. After the war in 1949, he commanded a detachment of ships, ensuring the safety of a group of ships that were destined for reparations to the USSR and went to Albania, where their transfer took place. This detachment of ships was responsible for the safety of the group of transferred ships up to the Albanian coast.
All of them were closely acquainted with Prince Borghese. All of them were awarded, but for their fighting during the war.
Answers to questions about the involvement of Italian saboteurs in the bombing of the battleship Novorossiysk:
L. Ferrari:
“This issue is not new for us. This has already been asked to us in various letters. Everyone asked if we blew up “Giulio Cesare” in Sevastopol? I say responsibly and definitely: this is all fiction. At that time, our country was in ruins, there were enough problems of our own!.. And why do we need all this? This is already distant history. I would have no problem admitting my participation, but I don’t want to invent something that didn’t happen.
...I have 95 percent no idea who, other than the Italians, could have done this. But I am 100 percent sure that these are not Italians. We had both equipment and trained people. It seems like there is no one else but us, many people think this way. But we have nothing to do with this act. This is absolutely accurate. He was of no use to us. And in general, you know, Senor Alessandro, if I had blown up the Giulio Cesare in combat conditions, I would have reported it to you with pride. But I don’t want to take credit for it.”.
E.Marcolini:
“We are all aware of the fact that more than a ton of explosives exploded under the battleship. With my "Maial" (a guided torpedo, whose driver was E. Marcolini during the war), I could deliver no more than 280 kilograms. To deliver our charge to the battleship, support means would be required: either a submarine or something like the Olterra. And so that they are not far away. Because there would be practically no power reserve for returning: the torpedo would then have to be sunk, and we would have to get out just like that.
But this is physically impossible in a little-known place. And in a matter of minutes...
There is nothing to say about the swimmers from Gamma. They wouldn't last long in your water at all.(water temperature on October 28, 1955 in the Sevastopol area was 12-14 degrees). So I have a hard time imagining how I would do it myself. And why did we need this?..
If we had actually participated in the bombing of Giulio Cesare, it would have immediately become known to everyone, and then we would have been dealt with very quickly, torn into pieces. And above all, our left, they had great strength in Italy at that time.”
E. Legnani answers questions, including about Prince Borghese’s oath on his golden sword to sink the battleship, but not to let it serve with the Bolsheviks:
“It’s all fantasy. The prince, as far as I knew him, did not give any such oaths to anyone. And we all had the same swords. And in general, why did we, Italians, take the risk of blowing up this rusty box that barely floated and could hardly shoot?! I personally know this better than others. Because of him, there was nothing to risk, let him sail and ruin your treasury... And if there was anyone to take revenge on, it was England and America - they took away from us the completely new battleships “Vittorio Veneto” and “Italy”, and the Germans Roma was bombed on Armistice Day. So, from any side, this action with “Giulio Cesare” in Italy was absolutely unnecessary... The culprits and those interested must be looked for elsewhere.”
The answer is at least somewhat cynical, but apparently frank.
All these interlocutors advised: determine who needed and benefited from all this?.
Hmmm. It seems that Hugo D'Esposito simply decided to show off in his old age.
As for the version about the involvement of English underwater saboteurs in the blasting of the Novorossiysk, their problems would be the same as those pointed out when analyzing information about a possible “Italian trace”. Besides, no English ships and ships, which could deliver underwater saboteurs or a midget submarine, were not observed in the Black Sea at that time.
But if not sabotage by combat swimmers, then what caused the death of the battleship?
The analysis of versions was carried out in his research by A.D. Sanin ( Once again about the “damned secret” and various versions of the death of the battleship Novorossiysk).
Interestingly, in the area of the explosion it was discovered “a torn part of a barge with a winch 8-9 m long, 4 m wide, protruding from the ground by 2.5-4 m.”, i.e. to the bottom of the battleship. It was quite possible to place explosive charges on the barge with a total mass of 2-2.5 tons or more. In this case, the explosion no longer becomes bottom-based, but near-bottom and almost under the very bottom of the battleship (3-5 m remains to the bottom). An “iron sheet without fouling” measuring 4x2 m, 20 mm thick could be used to better shield charges from the bottom and give the explosion an upward direction. As you can easily calculate, the weight of this sheet is about 1.2 t.
Delivering such a quantity of explosives (more than 2 tons) to a barge under water and dragging a sheet of iron of such size and weight to it is clearly beyond the power of underwater saboteurs... Hence the conclusion follows that such an operation, if carried out, was carried out surface way with the subsequent flooding of this rusty barge in the area of anchorage No. 3.
A.N. Norchenko, comparing documents on the explosion of the battleship and those found at the bottom of the crater various items in the area of its parking on barrels No. 3, gives a possible scheme for installing charges under the battleship Novorossiysk: the first detonation of a charge occurred closer to the left side of the battleship. The cavity he created in the water accumulated the energy of the explosion of the second charge and gave it a more directed character. The insignificant depth and smoothness of the craters indicate that the explosions occurred at a certain distance from the ground, equal to the height of the submerged barge, i.e., near-bottom directed explosions were carried out.
Proposed scheme (reconstruction) of installing the Novorossiysk LC charge using a submerged barge
Fragment of the parking lot map of LC "Novorossiysk" on barrels No. 3
The second sabotage version (O. Sergeev) of the explosion may be associated with the disappearance without a trace after the explosion of the standard battleship longboat No. 319 and command boat No. 1475, which were under fire, from the starboard side of the battleship at a distance of 10-15 m from the side.
From the explanatory note of the assistant commander of the battleship, captain 3rd rank Serbulov, dated 10.30.55:
“... Hearing the explosion, after 2-3 minutes I went to the poop deck. Following to the place of the explosion, from the waist I saw people swimming... and there I discovered that under the right shot there was neither boat No. 1475 nor longboat No. 319.”
The commission also did not attach any importance to the fact that the boat and longboat disappeared, although all the first reports of the explosion were related to the fact that some gasoline containers had exploded.
From the explanatory note of Fleet Commander Parkhomenko, presented to the commission: “...At approximately 01.40, captain 3rd rank Ksenofontov called me at the apartment of the fleet OD and reported that at 01.30 gasoline tanks exploded on the battleship Novorossiysk.”
But there was no gasoline in the bow of the battleship; gasoline was in boat No. 1475. A completely logical conclusion arises that the complete destruction of the boat and longboat could have occurred due to underwater explosions of charges and the resulting explosion of the gas-air mixture. This led to the smell of gasoline and the first report of a gasoline tank explosion.
Explosive charges could possibly be placed on longboat No. 319, whose displacement is about 12 tons, length - 12 m, width - 3.4 m, side height - 1.27 m. Charges weighing up to 2.5 tons or more (for example, 2 FAB-1000 aerial bombs), as well as a “fouling-free iron sheet” weighing 1.2 tons to give explosions an upward direction.
If longboat No. 319, when the battleship went to sea on October 28, 1955, did not board it, but remained at the battleship’s boat base in Sevastopol Bay, then it could well have been “charged” with so many explosives in advance, and then simply sunk alongside battleship
O. Sergeev believes that the battleship was blown up by two charges with a total TNT equivalent of within 1800 kg, installed on the ground in the area of the bow artillery magazines, at a small distance from the centerline of the ship and from each other. The explosions occurred with a short time interval, causing a cumulative effect and causing damage, as a result of which the ship sank. The bombing was prepared and carried out by domestic special services with the knowledge of the country's leadership for internal political purposes. Who was this provocation directed against? According to Sergeev, against the leadership of the Navy. The death of the Novorossiysk was the beginning of a large-scale reduction of the USSR Navy. The obsolete battleships "Sevastopol", "October Revolution", captured cruisers "Kerch", "Admiral Makarov", many captured submarines, destroyers and ships of other classes of pre-war construction were used for scrap metal.
Hmmm. It turns out that they did explode their? For the GRU or the KGB it was clearly easier than for foreign swimmers who simply did not physically have the opportunity.
It is strange that over decades, experts have not been able to establish the cause of the death of the battleship.
And another mystery: 40 years before the explosion of the flagship battleship of the Soviet fleet on the same Sevastopol roadstead and under the same unclear circumstances, the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, the dreadnought Empress Maria, perished...
Eternal memory to the fallen sailors.
