Long-tailed sandpipers are birds from America. Great Sandpiper Behavior of Long-tailed Sandpipers

Sandpiper - Calidris maritima- medium size, from a starling. The figure is stocky, the legs are short, the beak is of moderate length, dark, with a yellowish base. It differs well from all other waders of this size by its very dark color and yellow or grayish-yellow legs. Males and females have similar plumage, females are on average somewhat larger and longer-beaked (the beak of males is 26-29, females - 29-34 mm). In flight from above they also look very dark, with white edges of the rump, and along the wing there is a narrow, distinct white stripe. The underside of the wing is light only at the base, the entire carpal region and the ends of the secondaries are dark. Winter plumage is even darker than breeding plumage, more monotonous, there is no light eyebrow, no rufous edges, there is a reddish (purple) sheen on top (visible only close up). Molting into winter plumage begins in mid-July - mid-August, and on the Arctic coasts at the end of summer you can meet birds in different stages of changing plumage. Juveniles have a clearly defined white, buffy and rufous edging of the back and wing coverts, the feathers are smaller than those of adults, and the legs are brighter yellow. Weight 55-110 g, length 19-22 cm, wing 12.3-14.2 cm, span 40-44 cm (Ryabitsev, 2001).

The most common call is a loud but soft nasal “kyut”, “keut” or “kevit”. When mating, there is a ringing, rumbling trill (Ryabitsev, 2001).

A little-studied, apparently rare Arctic sandpiper. Breeds in certain areas of the Arctic coasts of America and Eurasia, largely on islands (Rogacheva, 1988). Within Siberia, nesting is established only in Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya(Belikov, Randla, 1987).

The sandpiper in Taimyr is clearly confined to the marine Arctic tundra, and to a lesser extent to the polar deserts. It does not enter typical tundras along the shores of the Yenisei Bay (Vronsky, 1986). At the same time, in other parts of the range (Atlantic) it is also found in the more southern subzones of the tundra, which indicates the ecological plasticity of the species (Rogacheva, 1988). In Taimyr, where all tundra subzones are well represented and there are many different types sandpipers, its nesting area is shifted to the north, and its distribution here is not entirely typical (Rogacheva, 1988). CM. Uspensky (1969) considers it characteristic appearance arctic tundra. Conclusion N.V. Vronsky (1986) that the nesting optimum of the species as a whole is within the polar deserts, and the distribution in the Arctic tundra is sporadic and introzonal, E.V. Rogacheva (1988) seems overly categorical. And, as she believes, within Central Siberia In zonal terms, the sandpiper can be considered a characteristic species of Arctic deserts.

Habitats. Nesting habitats are rocky or dry arctic tundra, coastal rocky placers, pebbles - bare or with sparse vegetation (Ryabitsev, 2001).

Phenology. There is almost no data on phenology. In Taimyr, clutches are full on June 18 and 20, chicks hatch on July 9-12 (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).

Reproduction. The nest is a hole in the ground or a depression among stones; the lining is sparsely planted. A typical clutch of 4 eggs, their color ranges from slightly ocher to grayish-brown or greenish-olive, with very brown and red-brown spots. different shapes and intensity. Egg dimensions are 33-42 x 24-29 mm. The main role in nesting care belongs to the male; females take part in incubation, but less often; they leave the nest and the male early (Ryabitsev, 2001).

Diet: small invertebrates (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).

Number. There is little specific data on numbers. N.V. Vronsky (1986) considers it very rare species polar desert sections of the coast in the Dikson area (Rogacheva, 1988).

White-tailed Sandpiper

Scientific classification
International scientific name

Calidris temminckii (Leisler, )
Area

Nests Occurs during migration

Winters
Security status

Taxonomy
on Wikispecies
Images
on Wikimedia Commons
ITIS
NCBI
EOL

One of the features of the sandpiper is the mating behavior of females, called “double nesting,” in which a female alternately mates with two males. The initial clutch goes to the first male, who then incubates and cares for the offspring. The female takes care of the second clutch. It nests from the end of May to the beginning of July; the clutch contains 4 eggs of various shades with blurred spots. It feeds on invertebrates that it finds on the surface of the earth and water, or in the thickness of coastal mud.

The bird received its scientific (as well as in several European languages) name in honor of the Dutch ornithologist and author of books Konrad Temminck.

Description

Appearance

The color of the plumage has only seasonal and age differences; males and females do not differ from each other in appearance. In summer, the top of the sandpiper from the side looks brownish-gray (in the sparrow sandpiper, red tones predominate), in which, upon closer examination, one can distinguish black and dark brown streaks located unevenly across the entire back. The chest is light brown with dark longitudinal strokes, the belly and undertail are white. The flight feathers are brown; a narrow but distinct white stripe is clearly visible along the top of the wing. The underside of the wing is white. The edges of the rump and the outer pair of tail feathers are also pure white. The second and third pairs of helmsmen are also white, but with a slight grayish tint. Thanks to a large number white on the tail (the tail sparrows have light brown tails), the bird acquired its Russian-language name. The legs are greenish or yellowish-gray, clearly distinguishable from the completely dark legs of the sandpiper.

Molting, during which the change from summer to winter plumage occurs, begins at the nesting sites and ends in wintering areas. From this time on, the bird becomes more like a miniature carrier, with which it is united by a similar silhouette, a uniform brownish-smoky upperparts and a well-defined white chest. An even greater similarity than in summer was noted between the sandpiper and the sandpiper - in addition to the similar, but still without brownish tints, plumage color, the latter looks thinner and longer than in summer. The main difference between the White-tailed Sandpiper during this period is the same as in summer, yellowish or greenish legs and the absence of a clear V-shaped pattern on the back and wings (such a pattern in the Sparrow Sandpiper is formed due to the light tops of the feathers). In addition, the sparrow sandpiper has a clearly visible white stripe above the eye, while the sandpiper's head is monotonously colored. Juveniles look similar to adults in winter, but appear somewhat darker overall.

Voice

White-tailed Sandpiper mating

The mating song of the male is a quiet silvery trill or squeaky squeal, rendered as “trirrr…” and somewhat reminiscent of the chirping of a cricket. Most often, it is repeated many times in different tones and generally has no definite duration. As a rule, the song is performed in a fluttering flight, in which the sandpiper seems to hover in one place, most often at a height of several meters from the ground. Less commonly, the singing sandpiper sits on some elevation or runs excitedly along the ground. In all cases, the bird holds its wings raised high above its back. It happens that several males sing simultaneously in one place, not paying attention to each other. The current trill sounds between 4 and 24 hours, but is especially intense from 8 to 20 hours. When communicating or frightened, birds emit a similar cry, but shorter.

Spreading

Nesting range

Breeds in northern Eurasia, mainly from Scandinavia east to Chukotka, Anadyr and Kamchatka, with over 93% of the population in Russia. Inhabits mainly typical and shrub tundras, to a lesser extent arctic tundra and some islands of the Arctic Ocean (in particular, settlements are known on the islands of Kolguev, Vaygach, Dolgiy and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky), as well as wet floodplain areas of forest-tundra. In Taimyr, it is apparently absent north of 74° N. w. , in Chukotka the border of the range goes south and along the coast of the Bering Sea goes down to the Gulf of Korfu in Kamchatka. In Scandinavia, the sandpiper goes beyond the forest-tundra, penetrating into the taiga zone south to the 63rd parallel. Outside the described region, a tiny population is noted in the north of Scotland in the Caledonian Forest.

Migrations

A typical migratory bird, winters in warm temperate and tropical climate Southern Europe, Africa, South and Southeast Asia. It is believed that sandpipers migrate from Scandinavia, Finland and the Kola Peninsula through Western Europe in a southern and southwestern direction - mostly to West Sub-Saharan Africa, but also in small quantities to the Mediterranean countries - Spain, France, Italy, Albania, Greece, Tunisia and Libya. IN West Africa the most important wintering areas are the wetlands of Niger and Nigeria, and the coast of Liberia. Birds breeding in northeastern Europe and parts of western Siberia most likely travel to northeastern and eastern Africa, stopping along the way to rest in areas adjacent to the Black and Caspian Seas. Massive concentrations of sandpipers in this direction have been recorded as far south as Kenya, Burundi and Zambia, and only a few individuals reach South Africa. Important sites have been identified in Ethiopia (Lake Abijata) and Kenya (surrounding Lake Nakuru). More eastern populations winter in South and Southeast Asia - on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, India, southeast China (Guangdong and Fujian provinces), Hindustan and the island of Kalimantan.

Unlike the sandpiper, which forms large flocks during migration and stays along sea coasts, the white-tailed sandpiper, as a rule, avoids coastal areas, flying in a wide front in spring and autumn alone or in flocks of 2-5 individuals. However, in favorite places stops in Central Europe, cases of mass accumulations of up to 150-200 individuals are known. White-tailed Sandpipers, along with several other bird species, are known to cross the Himalayan Mountains at an altitude of about 6,000 m above sea level during migration. Birds nesting in the western part of the range leave the nesting sites in mid-July - the second half of August. Return to nesting sites - at the end of May - beginning of June.

Habitats

Habitats during the nesting period are the banks of rivers and streams with banks overgrown with sparse grass and sparse shrubs, overgrown shallows, slopes of ravines and coasts, frozen holes and gullies. If the sandpiper usually feeds on bare muddy areas of reservoirs, then the white-tailed sandpiper, as a rule, chooses places overgrown with sparse grass. It is found in both wet and dry areas, but preference is given to places with boulders, buildings and other hills that are convenient for mating song. Often found near bays, fjords, in deltas, where the altitude above sea level does not exceed 250 m, but often avoids particularly harsh climatic conditions coastal strip of the far north. In the interior of the continent it nests at an altitude of up to 1200 m from sea level. It is not afraid of humans and often settles in villages and on their outskirts. In most of its range it is a common but not numerous species, with the exception of its periphery, where it is rare. During migration and in places where winter aggregation occurs, it stays on the banks of various freshwater reservoirs, temporary floods, flooded fields, wastewater sumps, wetlands with more or less dense vegetation, and ravines. On sea ​​coasts sticks to muddy areas in sheltered bays, estuaries and marshes, avoiding open sandy beaches.

Nutrition

Reproduction

Among all waders, white-tailed sandpipers are among the last to arrive at nesting sites - in late May or early June. They arrive singly and in groups of 12-30, usually 4-6 birds. The current behavior of males, which consists of fluttering and singing characteristic only of the species, begins even on migration, but reaches its greatest intensity already in the field. Pair formation also occurs at nesting sites. An excited sandpiper takes off more often than usual, quickly flutters its raised wings in the air, without lowering them below the plane of the body. During the mating flight, it hovers in one place or glides downwards for a short distance, often perching on bushes, hummocks or other elevations. During such a flight, the sandpiper emits the trill described above.

Enemies

Notes

  1. Boehme R. L., Flint V. E. Five-language dictionary of animal names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Under general. ed. acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - P. 84. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Kozlova E. V. Charadriiformes. Suborder Sandpipers Part 3// Fauna of the USSR. Birds. - M. - L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962. - T. 2, issue. 1. - pp. 72-84. - 434 p. - (New episode No. 81).
  3. Jobling, James A. A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. - United States: Oxford University Press, 1992. - P. 231. - ISBN 0198546343.
  4. Ryabitsev V.K. Birds of the Urals, the Urals and Western Siberia: Guide-determinant. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2001. - P. 228-230.
  5. Mullarney, Killian; Lars Svensson; Dan Zetterström & Peter J. Grant. Birds of Europe = Birds of Europe. - United States: Princeton University Press, 2000. - P. 142.
  6. Ryabitsev V.K. Birds of the tundra. - Sverdlovsk: Middle Ural Book Publishing House, 1986. - P. 95-98.
  7. Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony. Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1991. - pp. 363-382.

P. is the name of various small waders (by the way, see Carrier) - Tringa - family Scolopacidae, order Limicolae. All toes are completely free to the very base, the metatarsus is always longer than half the length of the beak; the beak is weakly or not at all widened at the end, there is a rear finger; steering wheels without transverse stripes. The genus contains 16 species, distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, nesting almost exclusively in the Far North, but often wintering in the southern hemisphere. They feed on insects, small crustaceans, worms, soft-bodied animals, and occasionally algae. Lay 4 eggs. There are 12 species in Russia, of which the most important. A) P., on the upper tail coverts of which white color predominates. 1) P. icelandic, or kerkun(Tr. canutus), folded wing 155-175 mm. The upperparts are brown, feathers with red spots and white edges; the underparts are red, but the sides, belly and undertail are white with dark spots. In winter, ash-gray above, white below with dark stripes. Breeds on Melville Island (80° northern latitude) and in Hudson Bay (55°); flying throughout Europe, wintering in Africa to the land of Damara, in Australia and New Zealand (flying through Japan and China) and in Brazil (flying along the Atlantic coast). In Northern Russia in spring it flies from the end of April to the end of May, back from the end of July; in Southern Russia - in October and November. 2) Redshank(Tr. subarcuata), folded wing 120-180 mm. The color resembles P. of Icelandic and in the summer plumage the bottom is red, like that one. Characteristic almost exclusively of the Old World; nesting sites are not yet open; flying throughout Europe and Northern Asia; winters throughout Africa, Asia to Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago and in Australia. Arrival in Northern Russia in spring from late April to late May, return from late July to September; in southern Russia in autumn from late July to October. B) P. with upper tail coverts, almost devoid white, but the 7, 8 and 9 flywheels of the 2nd category are mostly white on top. 3) Dunlin, or Alpine(Tr. alpina); folded wing 105-125 mm, legs completely black. On top, the head, back and shoulders are gray, each feather with a dark center and a pale edge; wing coverts, rump and tail coverts are grayish-brown with dark centers of feathers; pure white below with dark stripes on the sides of the neck and on the crop. Circumpolar view; breeds in Greenland, on the British Isles, in Northern Russia from the Kola Peninsula to the Baltic region, in Asia to 74° north latitude, in America, probably further south; on the fly - everywhere; hibernates from Mediterranean Sea to Zanzibar, in Asia on the Mekronian coast (rare in the East Indies), in Southern China, Borneo and Java, in America (flies on both coasts) in the southern states and the West Indies. Arrives in Northern Russia from the end of April, flies in July; in southern Russia appears in early April, partly remains in the summer, flies off in November. C) P. without white on the upper tail coverts and with gray wings 7, 8 and 9, 2nd category. 4) P. vulgare, or Easter cake sparrow(Tr. minuta). Grayish-brown above, each feather with a darker middle, the entire bottom is pure white with little impurity gray on the sides of the chest. In summer, blackish-brown above, white below, yellow chest with brown spots. Legs are black. Folded wing 105 mm. Breeds in the tundra from the Kola Peninsula to the Taimyr Peninsula (74° north latitude), but in Eastern Russia much further south; migrating throughout Europe and Western Asia, wintering in Africa all the way to the south, throughout India and Ceylon. In Central Russia in the north it flies in May, back to St. Petersburg province from the end of July, in central Russia - from August. 5) P. small(Tr. Temmincki). The color is very close to P. vulgaris, but the legs are light, never shiny black. Breeds in the tundra from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean and along the banks big rivers south to 65° north latitude; flying throughout Europe and Asia; winters in North Africa up to 10° north latitude east side and to Senegambia in the west, in Asia to Ceylon and the islands of the Malay Archipelago.

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  • - - Calidris bairdii see also 10.6.2. Genus Sandpipers - Calidris - Calidris bairdii Similar to the pouter, but the rump is brown with light streaks, the legs are relatively short, and in a sitting bird the folded wings extend beyond the tip of the tail...

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  • - - Calidris subminuta see also 10.6.2...

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  • - - Calidris canutus see also 10.6.2. Genus Sandpipers - Calidris - Calidris canutus Larger than the starling, brownish above, rusty-red below, with a light rounded tail and greenish legs...

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  • - - Calidris pusilla see also 10.6.2. Genus Sandpipers - Calidris - Calidris pusilla Very similar to the sparrow sandpiper, but the toes are webbed, the chest is without streaks in summer...

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  • - - Calidris maritima see also 10.6.2...

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Class: Birds Order: Charadriiformes Family: Snipe Genus: Sandpipers Species: Great Sandpiper

Great Sandpiper - Calidris tenuirostris

Appearance.

The largest of the sandpipers (much larger than the starling). The beak is long, almost like that of a snail. The top is brownish-motley with red, the bottom is white, there are large rounded spots on the chest, the rump is light. Legs greenish-brown. In winter the upperparts are grey, the chest is less streaked. Young people are dimmer.

Lifestyle.

An inhabitant of mountain tundras, during non-breeding times it stays along sea coasts. Migrant. Rare. It nests in gravelly areas with lichens and patches of herbaceous vegetation.

The nest is an open hole among moss moss. The clutch in mid-June consists of 4 eggs with a grayish-yellowish background and abundant red-brown spots. The chicks are led exclusively by the male. The voice is a low whistling sound.

It differs from other sandpipers in its large size, and from snails, which it is very similar to, in its relatively short legs and voice (without special skills, an error cannot be ruled out).

Reference books by geographer and traveler V.E. Flint, R.L. Boehme, Yu.V. Kostin, A.A. Kuznetsov. Birds of the USSR. Publishing house "Mysl" Moscow, edited by prof. G.P. Dementieva. Image: Date September 2002 Source Own work Author Aviceda

Calidris tenuirostris) - a bird of the snipe family, the most major representative from the genus of sandpipers. Nests in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East. Winters in southern, southeastern Asia and Australasia. Forms flocks, sometimes reaching several hundred individuals, and most often keeps with godwits, plovers, ruby-throated sandpipers and Icelandic sandpipers. They prefer sandy and silty areas of the bay coast, exposed at low tide, as well as rocky areas on mountain peaks.

Description

Appearance

The largest of the sandpipers. In the structure of the beak, wing and individual elements of the legs (relatively short legs and toes), the shape of the tail and the color of the down jackets, it resembles the more common Icelandic sandpiper. Moreover, when comparing these two species, the great sandpiper stands out with a more elongated body with a convex chest and a long beak. Body length 260-280 mm, weight of males and females 101-131 g. In general appearance and size, the Great Sandpiper can also be compared to snails - unlike the latter, the Sandpiper has a distinct plumage pattern and vocalization. The bird can be distinguished from the herbalist and the goldfinch by the greenish-brown coloring of the legs and rounded streaks on the chest. The beak is quite long, straight, rounded over most of the upper beak ridge and flattened at the apex. The tail is straight cut, the middle pair of tail tails is not longer than the outer ones.

In breeding plumage, the crop and chest are densely covered with dark brown heart-shaped spots on a white background, often merging in its central part. The front throat is white with small longitudinal streaks. Top part the body has a dark brown background, but often (but not always) a significant number of red-chestnut feathers with black tips in the interscapular region, as well as whitish edges give the bird a more variegated appearance. The back of the back and rump are grayish-brown with wide whitish edges, the upper tail coverts are pure white or white with dark markings. The back of the chest, belly and undertail are white, sometimes with dark brown spots, but not as intense as in the front of the chest.

In winter plumage, the male and female are colored in lighter and more inconspicuous colors. The upperparts are ash-gray with dark brown supra-trunk spots and narrow whitish edges, more distinct on the head, neck and upper back compared to the Icelandic Sandpiper. The rufous and ocher tones characteristic of the breeding feather are absent in winter. The underparts are white with narrow dark longitudinal streaks on the neck and front of the chest. Juveniles of both sexes are colored like adults in winter, differing by a slightly darker top of the head and an almost complete absence of dark markings on the chest.

Voice

Generally a taciturn bird. Occasionally it emits a two-syllable cry, rendered as “nyt-nyt” and reminiscent of that of the Icelandic sandpiper, with the first syllable being longer and higher, and the second being short and low. The mating song of the male, sounding in lekking flight at high altitudes, is a rather loud and dull cry of “wing-wing-winging”.

Spreading

The great sandpiper nests exclusively in Russia, that is, it is a breeding endemic to this country. The range covers the mountain tundras of Eastern Siberia and the Far East east of the Verkhoyansk Range. The northern border of the nesting sites runs through the mountainous regions in the Kolyma delta and the Chukotka Peninsula, the southern border through the Stanovoy, Dzhugdzhur ridges and the southwestern tip of the Kolyma Plateau.

Wintering areas are located on the coasts of Hindustan, Southeast Asia and Australasia. Significant numbers of birds move to north-west Australia and the shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Occasionally winters in western Indonesia and even less often in New Zealand. Occasional flights are known in Saudi Arabia and Morocco. One-year-old birds do not return to nesting grounds, but spend the summer in wintering grounds.

The Great Sandpiper's habitats are markedly different from other members of the genus and more closely resemble those of larger shorebirds such as the Mongolian Plover, Ashy Snail and Little Curlew. The overwhelming majority of sandpiper species choose Arctic coasts and damp zonal tundras during the nesting period. In contrast, the large one prefers the flat tops of the mountain tundra, on which crustacean lichens tightly fused with the substrate and rare patches of herbaceous vegetation like dryad, alpine bearberry, crowberry and blueberry are lost against the backdrop of vast expanses of bare rubble. During wintering, the sandpiper lives on sea coasts or in close proximity to them - at river mouths or along the banks of small lagoons.

Reproduction

Nutrition

During the nesting period, adult birds feed mainly on berries, but the chicks are fed insects. In wintering grounds, the main diet consists of bivalve mollusks. In addition, it eats snails, crustaceans, annelids and sea cucumbers.

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Notes

  1. Boehme R. L., Flint V. E. Five-language dictionary of animal names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Under the general editorship of academician. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - P. 84. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. , pp. 364.
  3. , With. 162.
  4. , pp. 365.
  5. , With. 159.
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  8. , With. 162-163.
  9. , With. 158.
  10. , pp. 182.
  11. .
  12. , p. 200.
  13. , With. 161.
  14. , With. 160.
  15. , p. 186.
  16. . Sakhalin regional public organization Club "Boomerang" (2005). Retrieved November 30, 2011. .

Literature

  • Boehme, R.; Dinets, V.; Flint, W.; Cherenkov, A. Birds (encyclopedia of Russian nature). - Moscow: ABF, 1997. - 430 p. - ISBN 82-92318-00-3.
  • Dementyev G. P., Gladkov N. A. Birds Soviet Union. - Soviet Science, 1951. - T. 3. - 680 p.
  • Kozlova E.V. Charadriiformes. Suborder Sandpipers Part 3 // Fauna of the USSR. Birds. - M.-L. : Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962. - T. 2. issue. 1. - pp. 157-162. - 434 p. - (New episode No. 81).
  • Stepanyan, L. S. Abstract of the ornithological fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - 808 p. - ISBN 5-94628-093-7.
  • Jackson, Jerome A. (Advisory Editor); Bock, Walter J. (Taxonomic Editor); Olendorf, Donna (Project Editor). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Birds. - Second edition. - Gale, 2003. - ISBN 0-7876-5785-9.
  • Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony. Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1991. - ISBN 0395602378.

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Great Sandpiper

Under the pretext of removing the wounded, do not upset the ranks! Let everyone be fully imbued with the thought that it is necessary to defeat these mercenaries of England, inspired by such hatred against our nation. This victory will end our campaign, and we can return to winter quarters, where new French troops that are forming in France will find us; and then the peace that I will make will be worthy of my people, you and me.
Napoleon."

At 5 o'clock in the morning it was still completely dark. The troops of the center, reserves and Bagration’s right flank still stood motionless; but on the left flank the columns of infantry, cavalry and artillery, which were supposed to be the first to descend from the heights in order to attack the French right flank and throw it back, according to disposition, into the Bohemian Mountains, had already begun to stir and began to rise from their overnight positions. The smoke from the fires into which they threw everything unnecessary ate my eyes. It was cold and dark. The officers hurriedly drank tea and had breakfast, the soldiers chewed crackers, beat a shot with their feet, warming up, and flocked against the fires, throwing into the firewood the remains of booths, chairs, tables, wheels, tubs, everything unnecessary that could not be taken with them. Austrian column leaders scurried between the Russian troops and served as harbingers of the attack. As soon as an Austrian officer appeared near the regimental commander’s camp, the regiment began to move: the soldiers ran from the fires, hid tubes in their boots, bags in the carts, dismantled their guns and lined up. The officers buttoned up, put on their swords and knapsacks and walked around the ranks, shouting; The wagon trains and orderlies harnessed, packed and tied up the carts. Adjutants, battalion and regimental commanders sat on horseback, crossed themselves, gave the last orders, instructions and instructions to the remaining convoys, and the monotonous tramp of a thousand feet sounded. The columns moved, not knowing where and not seeing from the people around them, from the smoke and from the increasing fog, either the area from which they were leaving or the one into which they were entering.
A soldier on the move is as surrounded, limited and drawn by his regiment as a sailor by the ship on which he is located. No matter how far he goes, no matter what strange, unknown and dangerous latitudes he enters, around him - as for a sailor, there are always and everywhere the same decks, masts, ropes of his ship - always and everywhere the same comrades, the same rows, the same sergeant major Ivan Mitrich, the same company dog ​​Zhuchka, the same superiors. A soldier rarely wants to know the latitudes in which his entire ship is located; but on the day of battle, God knows how and from where, in the moral world of the army, one stern note is heard for everyone, which sounds like the approach of something decisive and solemn and arouses them to an unusual curiosity. During the days of battle, soldiers excitedly try to get out of the interests of their regiment, listen, look closely and eagerly ask about what is happening around them.
The fog became so strong that, despite the fact that it was dawn, it was impossible to see ten steps in front of you. The bushes seemed like huge trees, the flat places looked like cliffs and slopes. Everywhere, from all sides, one could encounter an enemy invisible ten steps away. But the columns walked for a long time in the same fog, going down and up the mountains, passing gardens and fences, through new, incomprehensible terrain, never encountering the enemy. On the contrary, now in front, now behind, from all sides, the soldiers learned that our Russian columns were moving in the same direction. Every soldier felt good in his soul because he knew that in the same place where he was going, that is, unknown where, many, many more of ours were going.
“Look, the Kursk soldiers have passed,” they said in the ranks.
- Passion, my brother, that our troops have gathered! In the evening I looked at how the lights were laid out, there was no end in sight. Moscow - one word!
Although none of the column commanders approached the ranks or spoke to the soldiers (the column commanders, as we saw at the military council, were not in a good mood and were dissatisfied with the undertaking and therefore only carried out orders and did not care about amusing the soldiers), despite However, the soldiers walked cheerfully, as always, going into action, especially offensively. But, after walking for about an hour, everything was in thick fog, most of the troops had to stop, and an unpleasant consciousness of the ongoing disorder and confusion swept through the ranks. How this consciousness is transmitted is very difficult to determine; but what is certain is that it is transmitted unusually faithfully and spreads quickly, imperceptibly and uncontrollably, like water through a ravine. If the Russian army had been alone, without allies, then perhaps a lot of time would have passed before this consciousness of disorder would have become a general confidence; but now, with special pleasure and naturalness attributing the cause of the unrest to the stupid Germans, everyone was convinced that there was a harmful confusion caused by the sausage makers.
- What did they become? Al blocked? Or have they already stumbled upon a Frenchman?
- No, I haven’t heard. Otherwise he would have started firing.
“They were in a hurry to speak out, but when they set out, they stood uselessly in the middle of the field—the damned Germans are confusing everything.” What stupid devils!
“Then I would have let them go ahead.” And then, I suppose, they are huddling behind. So now stand there without eating.
- So, will it be there soon? The cavalry, they say, blocked the road,” the officer said.
“Oh, the damned Germans, they don’t know their land,” said another.
-What division are you in? - the adjutant shouted as he drove up.
- Eighteenth.
- So why are you here? You should have been ahead a long time ago, now you won’t make it until evening.
- Those orders are stupid; “They don’t know what they’re doing,” the officer said and drove off.
Then a general drove by and shouted something angrily, not in Russian.
“Tafa lafa, you can’t understand what he’s muttering,” said the soldier, mimicking the departed general. - I would shoot them, scoundrels!
“We were told to be there at nine o’clock, but we weren’t even halfway through.” These are the orders! - repeated from different sides.
And the feeling of energy with which the troops went into action began to turn into annoyance and anger at the stupid orders and at the Germans.
The reason for the confusion was that while the Austrian cavalry was moving on the left flank, the higher authorities found that our center was too far from the right flank, and the entire cavalry was ordered to move to right side. Several thousand cavalry advanced ahead of the infantry, and the infantry had to wait.
Ahead there was a clash between the Austrian column leader and the Russian general. The Russian general shouted, demanding that the cavalry be stopped; the Austrian argued that it was not he who was to blame, but the higher authorities. Meanwhile, the troops stood, bored and discouraged. After an hour's delay, the troops finally moved further and began to descend down the mountain. The fog that dispersed on the mountain only spread thicker in the lower areas where the troops descended. Ahead, in the fog, one shot was heard, then another, at first awkwardly at different intervals: draft... tat, and then more and more smoothly and more often, and the matter began over the Goldbach River.
Not expecting to meet the enemy below the river and accidentally stumbling upon him in the fog, not hearing a word of inspiration from the highest commanders, with the consciousness spreading throughout the troops that it was too late, and, most importantly, in the thick fog not seeing anything ahead and around them, the Russians lazily and slowly exchanged fire with the enemy, moved forward and stopped again, not receiving orders from the commanders and adjutants, who were wandering through the fog in an unfamiliar area, not finding their units of troops. Thus began the case for the first, second and third columns that went down. The fourth column, with Kutuzov himself, stood on the Pratsen Heights.
At the bottom, where the matter began, there was still a thick fog, at the top it had cleared, but nothing was visible from what was happening ahead. Whether all the enemy forces, as we assumed, were ten miles away from us or whether he was here, in this line of fog, no one knew until the ninth hour.

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