In which hemisphere is the tropical zone? Which countries are located in the tropical zone? Tropical climate zones - video

The tropical climate zone covers Earth ranging from the 20th to the 30th parallel in the northern and southern hemispheres. These areas usually experience clear weather throughout the year, and the air temperature depends on how high the Sun rises above the horizon. In summer the air warms up to +30°C. Although sometimes it can rise to +45-50°C. In winter, the air cools greatly, often to negative readings on the thermometer.

The air temperature can vary greatly during the day, when the sultry heat during the day gives way to evening coolness and severe cold at night. In the tropics there is little precipitation - no more than 50-150 mm per year. Most of them are in winter months. These latitudes are very susceptible to the influence of trade winds.

Types of climate in tropical latitudes

Tropical climates are usually divided into two categories, depending on the proximity of the territory to the ocean.

Continental: Inland, the climate in tropical latitudes is hot and arid, with large temperature differences. There is an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure here. The weather is mostly clear and cloudless. And sudden changes in temperature generate strong winds and dust storms.

The areas of distribution of the continental tropical climate in the western and eastern regions differ significantly. The western coasts of South America, Australia and Africa are washed predominantly by cold currents, so in tropical latitudes the climate in these areas is cooler, the air rarely warms up by more than 20-25°C.

The eastern coasts of the continents are in power warm currents, so temperatures here are higher and there is more precipitation.

Oceanic: In coastal areas and over the oceans, a milder climate is formed, with abundant precipitation, warm summer and mild winter. This type of climate is very similar to the equatorial one, but is characterized by less cloudiness and strong winds. Precipitation occurs mainly in the summer months.

Temperature values

(averaged, approximate for the tropical climate zone)

~ July +25 °C,

~ January +15 °C +20 °C.

Natural zones of the tropical climate zone

The tropics are dominated by three natural zones: forests, semi-deserts and deserts.

Tropical rain forests - this natural zone covers the eastern coasts of the continents. Such forests are common in Indochina, Madagascar, the West Indies, Florida, Australia, the islands of Oceania and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea.

These forests are rich in flora and fauna, a large number of endemics.

Variably wet or seasonal rainforests distributed to the north and south of the humid tropics. They differ from the latter in that they have fewer vines and ferns, and the trees shed their leaves in the winter.

Tropical semi-deserts occupy vast territories, especially in Africa, south of the Sahara. In South America they are found in the north of Atacama and Brazil; there is also this natural zone in Asia and Australia. Summer here is long and hot, the temperature often rises to +30°C; winter is not cold, since the temperature does not drop below +10°C. Due to high evaporation, more precipitation falls, but in the winter months. Groundwater lies very deep and is often salty.

Tropical deserts cover most of the continents and western coasts of tropical territories. They are at the mercy of high atmospheric pressure, little precipitation falls, and the air here is so hot that the rain often evaporates before reaching the ground. In tropical deserts it is very high level solar radiation, strong winds prevail. Plants grow only those that are able to survive in extreme conditions. high temperatures and drought.

Tropical deserts are more common in Africa. The largest of them are the Sahara and Namib.

Countries of the tropical climate zone

(Map of the Earth's climate zones, click on the image to enlarge)

In Europe and Antarctica, the tropical zone is not represented. But in Africa it is found twice: both northern and southern.

Africa: from the north - Algeria, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt, Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger. The southern tropical belt in Africa covers Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zambia.

Asia: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, India.

North America: Mexico, western regions of Cuba

South America: Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, northern Chile, Brazil.

Australia is the central region.

There are 13 such countries. These are Australia, Algeria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Egypt, not universally recognized Western Sahara, China, Libya, UAE, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan and Chile.

In these states, the so-called trade winds arise, all year round walking in the tropics. In the Northern Hemisphere they blow from the northeast, and in the Southern Hemisphere they blow from the southeast.

Residents of the countries described above feel the impact of pronounced seasonal changes in ambient temperature like no other. Moreover, they are especially strong not on the islands, but in the zone: the deeper, the stronger.

As for precipitation, it is not too abundant - only 50-150 millimeters per year. The only exceptions to this rule are the coasts of the continents, where the long-awaited moisture comes from the oceans. For example, in the tropical zone of the continent of Africa there is precipitation in winter, but in summer it is almost completely absent.

Countries with more than half of their area in the belt

This one is more extensive. The largest of them are Ethiopia, banana Ecuador, the Philippines, Uganda, Chad, Thailand, Tanzania, Sudan, USA, Somalia with its pirates, Rwanda, Peru, Panama, Oman, Nicaragua, Mali, Malaysia, Congo, Kenya, Cameroon, Zambia , Dominican Republic, Vietnam, Yemen, Brunei and others. There are more than 40 such countries in total.

Tropical areas provide about a quarter of the world's landmass. various types soil formation, diverse flora and fauna.

Geographers attribute part of the tropical to the ancient continent of Gondwana, and, according to the current location of the land on, it is in this zone that most of the earth’s coral reefs are located, including the Great barrier reef.

The Great Barrier Reef, which stretches along the northeastern coast of Australia, is considered the world's largest coral formation. Length – 2.5 thousand kilometers, area – 344 square kilometers.

There are also mountainous states in the tropical zone, in both hemispheres. They have a more variable climate than countries without noticeable elevations. Nevertheless, there are relatively few such territories, since semi-desert and desert landscapes still predominate.

Exactly hot climate in the tropical zone and makes many states located in it a “tidbit” for tourists who love to bask in the sun and swim in salty sea water.

The tropical zone covers the main parallels within the northern and southern hemispheres. Air in summer time year can heat up to +30 or +50, in winter the temperature drops.

In summer, intense heat during the day can be combined with cooling in the evening. More than half of the annual precipitation falls during winter.

Types of climate

The proximity of the territory to the ocean allows us to distinguish several varieties in tropical climates:

• continental. It is characterized by the presence of hot and dry weather in the central regions of the continents. Clear weather most often prevails, but dust storms with strong winds are also possible. A number of countries are well suited to this: South America, Australia, Africa;
• The oceanic climate is mild with high rainfall. The weather is warm and clear in summer, and winter is as mild as possible.

In the summer, the air can warm up to +25, and in the winter it can cool down to +15, which creates optimal conditions for human life.

Tropical countries

• Australia is the central region.
• North America: Mexico, western regions of Cuba
• South America: Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, northern Chile, Brazil.
• Africa: from the north - Algeria, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt, Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger. The southern tropical belt in Africa covers Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zambia.
• Asia: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, India.

Tropical Zone Map

Click to enlarge

Natural areas

The main natural zones of this climate are:

• forests;
• semi-deserts;

Forests wet type located on the eastern coasts from Madagascar to Oceania. and is rich in its diversity. It is in such forests that more than 2/3 of all species of flora and fauna of the Earth live.

The forest smoothly turns into savannas, which have a large extent, where small vegetation in the form of grasses and cereals predominates. Trees in this area are not common and are drought-resistant species.

Seasonal forests have spread to the north and south of the humid areas. They are characterized by a small number of vines and ferns. IN winter time years, such trees completely lose their foliage.

Areas of land with semi-deserts can be found in countries such as Africa, Asia and Australia. These natural areas experience hot summers and warm winters.

In tropical deserts, the air can heat up above +50 degrees, and along with its increased dryness, rain turns into steam and is unproductive. These types of deserts have increased levels of solar exposure. Vegetation is sparse.

The largest deserts are located in Africa, these include: and.

Flora and fauna

The tropical zone is known for its rich vegetation; more than 70% of the representatives of the entire Earth’s flora are present on its territory:

• Swamp-type forests have little vegetation due to the fact that the soil contains a small amount of oxygen. Most often, such a forest is located in lowlands with wetlands;
• are located near the current of warm air masses, plants form a multi-level system. Such a forest is characterized by a high density of crowns with the presence of roots in the form of litter;
• Mountain forests grow at an altitude of more than a kilometer and have several tiers. The upper tier includes trees: ferns, evergreen oaks, and the lower tier is occupied by grass: lichens, mosses. Heavy precipitation contributes to the appearance of fog;
• seasonal forests are divided into evergreen forests (eucalyptus), semi-evergreen forests have trees that shed leaves only on the upper tier without affecting the lower one.

In the tropical zone the following can grow: palm trees, cacti, acacia, various shrubs, milkweed and reed plants.

Most representatives of the animal world prefer to settle in the crowns of trees: rodents of the family,. In this zone there are: hedgehogs, tigers, leopards, lemurs, rhinoceroses, elephants.

They prefer to live in savannahs small predators, rodents of various species, ungulate mammals, insects.

Tropical climate zones - video

• Tropical zones - the northern tropical zone and the southern tropical zone - geographical zones of the Earth in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, mainly from 20 to 30° N. w. and Yu. w. respectively. Average temperatures in winter are not lower than 14 °C, in summer an average of 30-35 °C. IN arid places There are deserts and semi-deserts, and in more humid places there are savannas and deciduous forests.

  Trade winds predominate, and seasonal changes in air temperature are well expressed, especially on the continents.

  In the tropics there is very little precipitation: 50-150 mm/year. The only exceptions are the coasts of the continents, to which moisture is brought from the ocean. In winter, Africa is dominated by cyclonic activity and precipitation occurs. In summer there is almost no precipitation.

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The Azores High, also known as the North Atlantic High pressure area and the Bermuda High (the latter name is more common in the United States) is the center of a colossal high pressure area in a subtropical ridge located in Atlantic Ocean, near the Azores Islands at the so-called “horse latitudes”. The anticyclone exists constantly, but its influence is stronger in the summer.

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Desert is a natural zone with a hot or cold (permanently or seasonally) and arid climate, where no more than 200-250 mm of precipitation falls per year, and evaporation exceeds this figure by 10-20 times. The desert type of landscape is usually characterized by a flat surface, sparse vegetation cover and specific fauna.

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Desert is a natural zone characterized by a predominantly or completely flat surface, sparseness or absence of flora and specific fauna.

A climate zone is a geographic latitudinal band that differs from neighboring bands in the amount of solar radiation and atmospheric circulation. According to Alisov’s classification, thirteen climatic zones(belts): seven main ones with the main influencing air mass of one type and six transitional ones with a change in the prevailing air masses depending on the season. Average climatological position atmospheric fronts determines the boundaries of the zone: winter - polar and summer - tropical.

Where is the tropical climate zone located?

There are two tropical climate zones: northern and southern. They coincide with geographical ones. They are located between the subequatorial and subtropical zones. Geographically, these are territories located between twenty and thirty degrees north or south latitude.

Characteristics of the tropical climate zone

In tropical climates it is always warm or hot: medium winter temperature never falls below fourteen degrees; the average summer temperature is about thirty-three degrees. The predominant winds are the trade winds, which blow throughout the year and turn into monsoons in the Indian Ocean. In winter, cyclones rage in Africa. The rainy period is pronounced. Seasonal changes temperatures are pronounced, especially significantly on the mainland.

Tropical climate

Depending on latitude tropical climate It is divided into trade wind, continental dry, monsoon and mountain monsoon.

Trade wind climate.

It's a tropical maritime climate that dominates the ocean, a bit exciting Central America and the Australian coast in the east. The kingdom of trade winds and anticyclones. Temperatures are moderately high, summer temperatures are within twenty-three degrees, winter temperatures are within thirteen degrees. The annual temperature range is about ten degrees. There is little precipitation, but it is almost always cloudy.

tropical dry

This is a type of climate over the continent with year-round predominance of tropical air. The wind regime is unstable, anticyclones can give way to blurry summer depressions. Captures African, Arabian, Californian deserts. It's dry and cloudless here. Summer is very hot, in some places the temperature rises to fifty-eight degrees (one of the hottest places in the world), on average - about thirty-three degrees.

Winter temperatures are not lower than ten degrees, on average - about sixteen degrees. The annual temperature range is about eighteen degrees, which is considerable for the tropics, and the daily temperature range can reach forty degrees. Precipitation is very rare, but not only dust devils are frequent, but also sandstorms. The coastal strips of deserts are characterized by constant dense fogs with an almost complete absence of precipitation and almost unchanged annual amplitude temperature.

Tropical monsoon

Kingdom of the tropical monsoons. Captures the Indian Ocean and part of the Pacific, South Asia, part of and. Over the ocean temperature regime very similar to the equatorial one - the temperature is about twenty-five degrees all year round.

Above the surface of the earth, the annual amplitude, depending on latitude, varies from a very insignificant four degrees in Cuiabá, Brazil, to twenty-four in Shanghai, China. Precipitation is very uneven. Humidity and cloudiness are also seasonal - maximum in summer period, at least in winter. In the Eritrean city of Massawa average annual temperature– thirty degrees with an annual amplitude of nine degrees. Typical landscape given climate– savannah.

Monsoon climate of tropical plateaus

It is a hybrid of climates: highland and tropical monsoon. It covers the Ethiopian and Yunnan-Guizhou Highlands, the Deccan Plateau, plateaus such as Haud, Yata, Marra, Shan, Kasai, Korat, Mato Grosso, Nazca, Kimberley, Atherton, Barkley. Annual temperature fluctuations are about five degrees, daily - about twenty. The absolute temperature on the plateau is much lower than on the plain - in winter it can sometimes snowball, and the temperature can drop slightly below zero. Rainy period in summer.

Precipitation of the tropical climate zone

Since the tropics are a zone of high atmospheric pressure, there is not much precipitation.

In the trade wind climate zone About five hundred millimeters of precipitation falls per year. The exception is places with special orographic conditions. For example, the Waialeale volcano, located on the island of Kauai, is the rainiest place in the world. Rain lasting two hundred forty-seven days is listed in the Guinness Book of Records, the average rainfall is 11684 millimeters, the maximum is 16916 millimeters. These records were set on the windward slope of Waialeale; on the leeward slope only five hundred and sixty millimeters of precipitation falls - twenty times less. On the open ocean heavy rains They bring infrequent tropical cyclones, and in the intervals between them it is quite dry, since even with a completely cloudy sky, precipitation does not fall - it does not condense to a sufficient extent.

In a tropical dry climate and precipitation falls from one hundred to two hundred and fifty millimeters, and they are extremely rare. Sometimes everything annual precipitation can fall in one day, for example, eighty millimeters can fall in one day of heavy rain in the Sahara - almost the annual norm. Sometimes there is no rain for several years. The coasts of coastal deserts such as the Namib, Sahara or Atacama enjoy even twenty millimeters of precipitation per year, most often they do not have even this, but receive moisture from thick coastal fogs.

In the tropical monsoon zone climate, precipitation is distributed extremely unevenly, but the rainy period occurs in the summer. The greater the latitude, the less precipitation. The driest place is the capital of Sudan, Hatoum. Only one hundred and thirty-five millimeters of precipitation falls here per year, with all the rain falling in the summer. India receives the most rain - about five thousand millimeters per year. The exception is the Indian city of Cherrapunji - almost the wettest and rainiest place on Earth. Thanks to the special orographic conditions, precipitation here is 11,777 millimeters per year, almost all of which occurs in the summer.

In the zone monsoon climate tropical plateau there is little precipitation - a little more than a thousand millimeters per year with a pronounced rainy period.

Natural zones of the tropical climate zone

Depending on the degree of moisture, semi-deserts, savannas and tropical forests are located in the tropical climate zone.

A significant part tropical zone occupy deserts and semi-deserts.

Tropical deserts and semi-deserts– dry and hot, vegetable and animal world they are extremely scarce and monotonous. The desert is not always sand, although in the minds of most people the desert looks like that. Most often, deserts are not sandy, but clayey, sandy-pebble, saline or rocky. Poor desert soils are often saline. After heavy rain, the groundwater level rises. Through soil capillaries groundwater rise to the surface along with the salts dissolved in them and evaporate, leaving the carried salt on the surface. Permanent rivers in the desert are a rarity. Lakes are also rare, and their water is most often salty. Hot and dry climate tropical deserts provides an area of ​​constant high pressure with downward air currents. Precipitation is extremely rare and short-lived, although abundant. Often raindrops simply do not reach the surface, evaporating in the air. Semi-desert is a transition zone between desert and savanna. The boundaries between desert and semi-desert, semi-desert and savanna are often blurred, and even ecologists do not always have a unanimous opinion on this issue.

Savannah- This is a hot transition zone between semi-desert and forest. Savannas, like deserts, are different. Depending on the amount of precipitation, they can be woody, tall grass, cereal, or desert. Precipitation in the savanna is strictly seasonal - it rains only during the rainy season. This is why many do not see the difference between savanna and steppe, but it exists. In the savanna, unlike the steppe, not only grasses grow, but also shrubs and real trees, sometimes forming entire forests. During the dry season, the savanna dries out, which provokes fires; during the rainy season, the same areas can become swampy.

Rainforests, depending on the amount of precipitation and the severity of the dry period, are seasonal and wet. Tropical rainforests grow in places without a pronounced dry period. They are mangrove, swamp and evergreen mountain. Seasonal tropical forests, depending on the duration of the dry period, are evergreen, semi-evergreen, light sparse and deciduous. Deciduous forests, in turn, are divided into monsoon, savanna and thorny xerophilic forests.

Nature of the tropical climate zone

The nature of the tropics is surprisingly diverse. There is everything here: seas, oceans, beaches, mountains, gorges, highlands, rivers, lakes, impenetrable tropical forests, savannas, mangroves, volcanoes, deserts. This is where the rainiest and driest places in the world are located. In some places it doesn’t rain for decades, but in other places it rains without stopping for almost a whole year. Somewhere huge trees are lushly overgrown with vines and epiphytes, and somewhere lichen barely survives, somewhere a banyan tree grows, and somewhere a wolffly, somewhere in the river a crocodile is patiently waiting for its prey, and somewhere a small darkling beetle is hunting moisture from the fog. In the tropical zone there are many natural reserves and nature reserves with unique ecosystems of rare and endemic plants and animals.

Plants of the tropical climate zone

Plants in the tropical zone are very diverse. The species composition and density of vegetation and the uniformity of its distribution depend on the amount of precipitation of a particular tropical region and the presence of a dry period.

The rainforest is home to almost seventy percent of all plants and animals on Earth. Nobody knows how much tropical plants have not yet been described. This forest is characterized by many layers, an almost complete absence of shrubs, huge grasses (up to the height of modest trees of temperate latitudes), lianas, epiphytes, evergreen trees with characteristic large and hard leaves, caulifloria and ramifloria. A great variety of exotic plants grow here.

Trees: Ravenala (traveller tree), shorea (sal tree), sequoia, cotton tree (ceiba), ant tree, terebuia, guaiac tree, triplochiton, purple tree (amaranth), balsa tree, nauclea, lophyra, gabaurtia, wenge, astronium , dalbergia, African teak, swarzia, quebracho, cocobolo, limba, kumaru, switenia, haya, entadrophragma, pterocarpus, dalbergia, teak wood, berhemia, black poison wood (chechem), cordicia, ebony, jatoba, mangiflera (mango), melon tree (papaya), coffee tree, theobroma (cocoa), persea (avocao), cinnamon, nutmeg, borage tree.

There are relict grass trees: pandanus, dazypogon, baxteria, kingia, xanthorea. Herbaceous plants: bamboo, banana, sesame, sugar cane, cardamom, turmeric, ginger. Lianas: vanilla, pepper (black, African, cubeba), passion flowers (passion fruit, chulupa, granadine, taho). Shrubs: Pimenta officinalis (allspice), Sanse (Japanese pepper). Epiphytes and semi-epiphytes: orchids, many ferns, bromeliads, ficus stranglers (golden, Bengal - banyan), cacti (schlumberga, epiphyllum, hatiora, rhipsalis, chamedorea, hylocereus). Predatory: sundew, butterwort, nepentis.

In the savannahs everything is much more modest. The main plants are hard-leaved grasses. There are much fewer perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. All savannah plants are very hardy - they are adapted to drought, fires, and animals. Grasses such as bearded grass, elephant grass, aristida grass, millet grass, and Bermuda grass grow in the savannah. Trees: acacia, combretum, mongongo, medlar persimmon, oil palm, oil tree, pandanus, bauhinia, doum palm, baobab, terminalia, eucalyptus.

In the desert the vegetation is very modest. These are mainly herbs, succulents and halophiles. Succulents: various cacti (pereskia, mauenia, prickly pear, coryphanta, echinocactus, lophophora, mammillaria, obregonia, peleciphora, ancistrocactus, cereus, cypocereus, melocactus, acanthoripsalis, copiapoa, cynthia, parody, carnegia, pachycereus, trichocereus, pterocactus, maueniopsis), Euphorbia, aloe, Crassulaceae (Aeonium, Aichrizon, Crassula, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Kalanchoe). Herbs: sandgrass, wheatgrass, millet, triostia, bentgrass. Halophiles: azhrek, sodnik, sarsazan. Endemic and relict plants: velvichia, nara, olives, mastic tree, cypress. Among herbs there are a lot of ephemerals: they only need about two weeks to flower, fully produce and ripen seeds.

Animals of the tropical climate zone

The fauna of the tropics is huge and diverse. The largest and smallest animals live here: ostriches and hummingbirds, elephants and tiny bats.

The fauna of tropical forests is rich in species composition and poor in the number of representatives of each species. Most of the animals here live in the crowns of trees; there are much fewer terrestrial animals.

Animals: alligators, crocodiles, monkeys, elephants, squirrels (including flying squirrels), rhinoceroses, sloths, giraffes, spiny tails, tapirs, deer, pigs, antelopes, otters, mongooses, quillworts, peccaries, insectivores, anteaters, buffalos, lemurs, predators (lions, tigers, fishing cats, jaguars, leopards), hippos, okapi, sloths, aguara, barasigna, manatees, dolphins, dugongs, porpoises, bats.

Birds: parrots, hoatzins, woodpeckers, craxes, hummingbirds, peacocks, toucans, passerines, kalaos, eagles. Reptiles: snakes, chameleons, lizards (agamas, iguanas, geckos). Amphibians: chkrkpakhs, frogs, toads.

Arthropods: insects (termites, ants, butterflies, millipedes, beetles, mosquitoes (culex and anopheles), flies (including tse-tse)), mosquitoes, arachnids (spiders, phrynes, tartarids, ricinules), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters) , worms, shellfish, fish (eg mudskippers in mangrove forests).

In savannas, on the contrary, species diversity is much less, and the number of representatives of each species is much greater, and all of them in one way or another are forced to adapt to survive during periods of drought. Large animals migrate to places where there is no drought yet or where there has been miraculous rain, while small animals hibernate. There are many herbivores and predators in the savanna.

Therbivores: elephants, rhinoceroses, antelopes, giraffes, zebras, donkeys. Predators do not allow them to relax: cheetahs, lions, leopards, hyenas, jackals.

Small mammals: meerkats, jerboas, rabbits, hares, pikas, porcupines.

Birds: flamingos, eagles, ostriches, crows, guinea fowl, weaver birds, shrikes, secretary birds, hornbills, bustards, marabou, cranes, peacocks, storks. There are amazing animals: armadillos, aardvarks, pangolins, anteaters.

Insects: ants, termites, locusts, spiders. There are many snakes in the savannas, some poisonous and some not.

Only the hardiest animals live in deserts, capable of withstanding not only prolonged drought, but also large daily temperature changes. Ungulates, rodents, reptiles, spiders and insects survive in deserts. Many animals are forced to lead night image life.

Mammals: rodents (gerbils, jerboas, hares), ungulates (camels, antelopes, gazelles, mouflons, llamas, zebras, wild asses, rams and goats), predators (hyenas, jackals, coyotes, foxes, cheetahs, lions, leopards, pumas, honey badgers, mongooses, meerkats, hedgehogs), rodents (gerbils, marmots, ground squirrels, mice, lagomorphs, tuco-tuco). Among the birds that live in the deserts of the tropical zone are ostriches, guinea fowl, crows, owls, falcons, vultures, vultures, vultures, bustards, drongos, weaver birds, larks, and hazel grouses. About half of all birds are migratory.

There are many lizards: monitor lizards, geckos, belt-tailed lizards, iguanas, chuckwells, skinks, chameleons. Many snakes: cobras, rattlesnakes, vipers. There are arthropods: scorpions, spiders (tarantulas, tarantulas), insects (grasshoppers, locusts, beetles (darklings), flies, fleas, ants, termites, wasps). There are many waterfowl in coastal desert areas, and corals, fish and other marine life in coastal waters.

Countries of the tropical climate zone

The tropical zone covers almost all parts of the world except Europe and Antarctica. Both tropical zones pass through the territory of Africa - both southern and northern.

Africa. Northern tropics. Includes Niger, Algeria, Sudan, Mauritania, Mali, Libya, Chad and Egypt. Southern tropics. Includes Angola, Zambia, Namibia and Botswana.

Asia. Northern tropics. Includes India, Yemen, Oman and Saudi Arabia.

North America. Northern tropics. Includes some regions of Cuba and Mexico.

South America. Southern tropics. Includes Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and some regions of Chile.

Australia. Northern tropics. Includes central Australia.