Popenko Victor secret instructions of the GRU special forces. Secret instructions of the GRU special forces

Of all modern soldiers, special forces command the most public attention. Think about how many films have been made about special forces and, say, reconnaissance officers (and also tankers, artillerymen, air defense soldiers, not to mention a construction battalion). By the way, about the construction battalion: one of my friends, an incredibly talented, but not yet widely recognized screenwriter, dreams of writing a script for a series about a construction battalion. He has already chosen a title - “The Most Terrible Troops”, but, alas, so far there are no directors or producers on the horizon who can be interested in this project and write to the table. Give everyone special forces, or “landing troops”. By the way, there was such a series, “Desantura”, when I watched it, I laughed like a child in a circus, that series was very funny. Anyway. Have you often watched movies about rocket scientists? Or about some headquarters with inflated generals? Or about thieving rear officials who, if necessary, could make ideal sales managers? Only the already mentioned landing forces, border guards, and sailors can compete with special forces. All. Special forces rule.

IN real life Special forces are called upon to solve tasks that are inaccessible to other soldiers. That’s why the selection for special forces is very serious, and the training is appropriate.

In GRU units Russian Federation Entry standards for special forces are approximately the following:

Run for 12 minutes

(the distance the fighter ran is estimated)

more than 2.8 km - excellent
2.8 - 2.4 km - good
2.4-2.0 km - mediocre
less than 2.0 km - bad

Strength endurance test

The four exercises are performed one after the other without a break, ten times each. (push-ups from the floor, from a squatting position, throwing your legs back to a lying position, lifting your legs from a position lying on your back, from a squatting position, jumping up with full straightening of your legs and torso, hands behind your head).

7 such episodes - excellent
5-6 episodes - good
3-4 episodes - mediocre
1-2 episodes - bad.

In addition to these tests, the “entrant” performs everything without exception military sports complex standards.

In addition, the candidate undergoes an interview with the unit commander, who checks whether the soldier himself wants to serve in special forces (if not, then it is better to take someone else), takes into account professional suitability (gives simple tests on the level of intelligence, like the Eysenck questionnaire). Next they check psychological compatibility a fighter with potential colleagues, for which they place him in a soldier’s team for 2-3 days and ask other soldiers for their opinions about him.

Psychophysical training in special forces

The most important psychological quality of a reconnaissance saboteur is the ability to independently make decisions on the situation. At the same time, many soldiers of other branches of the military are successfully weaned off this.

It has been established experimentally that the ideal special forces soldier has an intelligence above the norm by at least 10-15 points, a tendency to take risks (but not to adventure), a “passive-aggressive” type of character, is independent, knows how to behave according to the situation, and blames himself for failures yourself, and not someone else, or an unfavorable combination of circumstances.

These qualities are extremely important due to the fact that special forces can remain on enemy territory for several days, or even weeks, constantly “playing cat and mouse” with enemy counterintelligence. In such a situation, the price of a mistake is a failed mission and the lives of members of the reconnaissance group. Scouts must be smarter and more cunning than other soldiers.

In physical training classes, scouts are taught to overcome fear, for which they are regularly given tasks involving risk. Thus, the fighter learns to control his own instinct of self-preservation. The capabilities of the human body are enormous, and psychophysical exercises make it possible to reveal these capabilities more fully than simple sports training.

Psychophysical exercises for training a saboteur-scout:

exercises on the “scout trail”;
“risk zone”, a section of which is overcome under actual fire from small arms;
exercises from the mountain training course;
exercises from the airborne training course;
swimming across a fast-flowing river using available means;
overcoming a wire fence under electric current;
“running in tanks”;
throwing combat grenades;
crossing a rope across a river or mountain gorge in full combat gear;
swimming in uniform and with weapons;
diving to depths and freeing oneself from weapons and equipment;
hand-to-hand combat with two or three opponents;
exercises from the hand-to-hand combat course, with and without weapons, including against an armed enemy
observation of autopsies in the morgue;
adaptation to the sight of blood, cuts, scratches, overcoming disgust (kill a hare, cut off a head, drink blood).

By overcoming fear, a fighter acquires such valuable quality of life, as self-confidence, and, in addition, learns to act in various extreme situations.

Let’s take a closer look at overcoming disgust. In special forces and in army intelligence, people are needed who are psychologically ready to kill. When there is no such readiness, a fighter cannot be counted on in a combat situation. This does not mean that you need to walk to the barracks of the construction battalion and strangle the first warrant officer you come across with your bare hands; I have already spoken about killing a hare, I will add that a stray dog can come up instead of a hare. Moreover, such a practice increases survival in camping conditions, where, in general, you may have to eat all sorts of nasty things, like snakes and frogs.

General physical training

In addition to psychophysical exercises, scouts also engage in general physical training (GPT), which, of course, is more thorough than other soldiers. In addition to developing endurance, strength endurance, agility and speed-strength qualities, the physical training of reconnaissance saboteurs should increase resistance to shock loads, the effects of heavy loads, as well as motion sickness.

Exercises from the general physical training course:

For endurance training

Run 3 km. (standard - 12 minutes)
Cross-country 5 km (“excellent” 24 minutes, “good” 25, “satisfactory” 26 minutes)
Forced marches of 10-15 km are carried out periodically.

For training strength endurance

Complex strength exercise. First 30 seconds - maximum amount lifting the torso from a supine position, after which immediately, without stopping, in the next 30 seconds, perform the maximum number of push-ups from the floor.
(“excellent” 48 times, “good” 44, “satisfactory” 40.)
Pull-ups on the bar (standard 20 times)
Push-ups on parallel bars (standard 30 times)
Push-ups (standard 60 times)
Lifting by inversion on the horizontal bar (standard 12 times)

For training speed and strength qualities

Run 100 meters (13 sec.)
Jumping over a horse and a goat

Special exercises

Overcoming an obstacle course.

Learn more about the obstacle course. It is performed with a machine gun, a magazine bag, two magazines and a gas mask. Distance - 400 m. starting position - standing at the side of the armored personnel carrier (machine gun in hand, gas mask in the bag): climb over the side into the model of the armored personnel carrier, jump off the opposite side, run 200 m towards the first trench, run around the flag, jump into the trench, put on a gas mask, jump out of the trench and run along the log through the hole, jump off the log onto the ground, overcome the rubble, jump into the ditch, take a box weighing 40 kg from the rear parapet and transfer it to the front parapet, then again to the rear. Take off the gas mask and put it back in the bag, jump out of the ditch, overcome the maze, run up the fence along the inclined board, cross onto the beam, run along the beam, jumping over gaps, jump to the ground, jump over the destroyed stairs, and jump from the last step to land. Overcome the wall, jump into the well, run along the line of communication to the trench, throw anti-tank grenade 15 m into the target - a shield measuring 2x1 m, 3 attempts are given to hit the target), jump out of the trench, overcome the front garden, climb into the lower window of the house, from there into the upper window, go to the beam, walk along it, jump to the first platform, from it to the second one, jump to the ground, jump over the trench. Nothing at all, right?

And the evaluation criteria are:

“excellent” -3 min 25 sec,
“good” - 3 minutes 30 seconds,
“satisfactory” - 3 minutes 45 seconds.

The obstacle course is also overcome as part of a unit, as well as after running 1 and 3 km.

Scout's Path and training hall

Scout's trail

A more complicated version of the obstacle course is the “scout’s path”, the same obstacle course, only the obstacles themselves are as close as possible to a combat situation (wooden and stone fences, brick walls with breaks, ruins of buildings, barbed wire, ditches filled with water, targets for throwing knives and a grenade, inclined stairs, “stuffed” enemy soldiers, a pit with water and a log thrown over it.

On the “scout’s path,” the fighter practices the skills of covert movement, overcoming all kinds of obstacles, action in enemy trenches, indoors, and hand-to-hand combat skills.

The “Reconnaissance Path” is overcome by each fighter individually and by the entire reconnaissance and sabotage group. On time and without time. The emphasis may be on overcoming individual obstacles or moving silently. All kinds of noises, smoke screens, burning tires, explosions simulate real fight. (psychophysical training). The emphasis in the lesson can be on throwing knives, grenades, removing a sentry, mining.

If the emphasis is on hand-to-hand combat, after some obstacles the fighter may expect an unexpected attack; he will have to “fight” with the “stuffed animal”, practicing blows with a butt, a knife, and also a sapper shovel.

On the “scout’s path”, reconnaissance saboteurs learn to act quickly and harmoniously.

Training room

In addition to the “scout path”, each company’s premises are equipped with special place for hand-to-hand combat and strength training.

Special forces usually do strength exercises three days a week or every other day.

The so-called cross-fit is popular, a fighter works on one apparatus for about a minute, after a minute's rest he moves on to another, then to a third, and so on, the whole complex is repeated three times. An approximate complex: pull-ups on the bar, push-ups on the parallel bars, hanging leg raises on the wall bars, turning over the wheel from an armored personnel carrier, working with a sledgehammer (hitting a rubber tire), push-ups from the floor. There are cross-fits with a barbell (bench press, squats, standing press, abdominal and lower back exercises), but not all fighters do these complexes, but only those who need it due to specialization.

The weights are small - about the weight of your body, but a large number of once. At the same time, no one (maybe except for the “spirits” who have just returned from quarantine) trains for wear and tear. Proper recovery is very important in strength training. In addition, special forces soldiers can be alerted and sent on a real combat mission, which means they must remain in force. If the task is known in advance (for example, it could just be a planned exercise), then the training load is reduced.

In addition, throughout the day, fighters perform exercises such as pull-ups and push-ups. Several approaches throughout the day, and in no case to the limit.

It should be noted that in addition to physical training classes, hand-to-hand combat classes provide a significant load.

As you can see, these fighters never get bored. No time at all...

Alex Neronov

Viktor Nikolaevich Popenko

Secret instructions of GRU special forces

"Intelligence service special purpose"; "power intelligence"; " deep reconnaissance"; "deep exploration"; "sabotage reconnaissance"; “army intelligence”: all these names are united by one term - GRU special forces.

It is he who can go a thousand (or more) kilometers behind enemy lines and return back, having successfully completed the task.

This publication describes the reasons for the creation of the first special forces units in the 50s of the 20th century (subordinate to the Main Intelligence Directorate General Staff Armed Forces of the USSR) - GRU special forces, selection into its ranks, training of fighters (starting from Soviet period) and the actions of GRU special forces in real combat operations from the moment of its creation to the present day.

The term “survival” in relation to GRU special forces implies its ability to maintain (or quickly restore) the ability to perform a combat mission when conducting reconnaissance and sabotage activities, that is, to always be in full combat readiness and be invisible to the enemy.

The survival of special forces is not least determined by the “survivability” (the ability of trouble-free operation) of their weapons, which in turn depends on the strength of its design. The latter is reliably provided by Russian military gunsmiths, who have always worked closely with special forces. The book examines weapons that are used in special forces, in particular the permanent AKS-74U assault rifle (which has been serving the GRU special forces for many years) and the AK-12 that is replacing it.

But despite the importance of weapons, they are not the only ones that ensure the success of an operation. After all, a GRU special forces soldier is, first of all, a reconnaissance officer, whose task is to work on foreign territory, the survival of which is also ensured special knowledge and skills. And in order to operate successfully in the enemy’s camp, you must have a clear understanding characteristic features inherent in a given area (country), which also include ideas about mentality local residents, their national and religious traditions, culture, way of life (life) and even their political views.

All this requires careful preparation, and the book discusses the main disciplines that are included in the mandatory training course for GRU special forces. These include: reconnaissance activities; first aid; terrain orientation (using a map, compass, celestial bodies, local objects); use of topographical and military maps; special parachute jumps; hand-to-hand combat.

In long-distance multi-day raids, an important point is integral part the concept of “survival” is the need to provide oneself with food in any situation, including the most extreme conditions that may arise in wildlife. In this regard, the book pays sufficient attention to species of wild animals living in different habitats and their prey in various ways.

The book also tells about the most unusual part of the special forces - a group of GRU combat swimmers who operate under water and on the enemy’s coastal territory.

Some conventional abbreviations

BMD - fighting machine airborne

BMP - Infantry fighting vehicle

BS- bacterial (biological) agents

armored personnel carrier- armored personnel carrier

BB- explosive

VPShG- air search and assault group

DPP- degassing powder package

DPS- silica gel degassing bag

ZAS- classified communication equipment

mechanical ventilation- artificial ventilation

FID- individual degassing package

IDSP- individual degassing silica gel package

IPP- individual anti-chemical package

NAZ - portable (emergency) emergency supply

NP- observation post

OB- poisonous substance

WMD- weapons of mass destruction

PBS- silent and flameless shooting device

PPI- individual dressing package

PSO- optical sniper sight

ATGM- anti-tank guided missile

RV- radioactive substance

SMV- military medical bag

SpN - Special Forces

SPP- special raincoat

AMY- electromagnetic pulse

Soviet special forces GRU

Reasons for the creation of GRU special forces

The main reason that served as the impetus for the creation in the USSR of the first special-purpose units subordinate to the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR was the appearance of mobile nuclear attack weapons in the armies of NATO countries and their possible deployment on the borders of the socialist camp.

Doctrine nuclear war, adopted by the United States immediately after World War II in connection with equipping its armed forces with nuclear weapons, was reflected in all official strategic concepts of the United States and NATO.

And the main bet in them was on a nuclear war against the USSR and other countries of the socialist community. In this case, a special role was assigned to delivering the first, preemptive (disarming) nuclear strike on the enemy’s strategic assets in order to disarm him and avoid a crushing retaliatory strike.

A “limited nuclear war” was also envisaged - using low-yield munitions to achieve a limited target in a specific region.

In Soviet military theory, the concept of “limited nuclear war” was considered fundamentally incorrect, since it was believed that it was practically impossible to keep a nuclear war within some predetermined framework.

However, American military specialists since the late 1940s. stubbornly continued to develop various theories, providing a “theoretical basis” for their “concepts.” Thus, according to the American concept of “nuclear survival,” the United States will be able to “survive” and win a nuclear war, provided that a reliable missile defense is created for its territory.

This concept was intended to prepare public opinion to the possibility of unleashing a world nuclear war. Part of this concept was the theory of the “nuclear offensive” - the method of using nuclear weapons at the beginning of the war. According to US military theorists, a nuclear offensive could consist of several massive nuclear strikes and continue for several days until the main supply of nuclear weapons is used up. In the “nuclear offensive,” among other things, a significant role was assigned to tactical and carrier-based aviation, operational-tactical and tactical missiles and artillery using nuclear weapons.

By the early 1950s. all these “concepts”, “doctrines” and “theories” gradually began to take on very real shape in the form of compact nuclear weapons, which could already be transported even on vehicles, which made it possible to easily place them on the territory of the Western European allies of the United States in NATO ( formed in 1949). The Davy Crockett tactical nuclear charge (shaped like a baton) being developed at that time was already a clear sign of the threat of nuclear war.

This “nuclear club” hanging over the socialist camp required USSR military intelligence to track the movement routes and locations of this species lethal weapons. And the possible neutralization of these weapons could only be carried out if all, or at least the majority, of the enemy’s nuclear tactical installations became known to the Soviet command.

The use of such a traditional means of identifying military objects as aerial reconnaissance, did not guarantee the reliability of the information, since the enemy could easily hide tactical missiles, aircraft and nuclear artillery, and instead of deploying real missiles and guns, he could deploy inflatable dummies - dummies that could deceive any enemy, because they could determine from the air which one This object - inflatable or real - is almost impossible. After all, these pneumatic models could even simulate running engines mobile technology. Such dummies solved the problems facing them well and distracted enemy attacks from real equipment, misleading him about the number of equipment and its location.

In this regard, management Soviet intelligence it was rightly feared that the enemy would be able to hide real tactical nuclear weapons with such camouflage.

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It falls on the period from 1950 to 1960. During this period, separate companies and battalions were created. Despite the fact that the experience of the disbanded reconnaissance and sabotage units was not restored immediately after the end of the Second World War, it was carefully studied and generalized by the year 50. It was on its basis that the very first special forces units in the USSR were created.

Creation of a special purpose company

On October 24, 1950, directive number 2/395832 was issued by the Minister of War Vasilevsky, at that time the Marshal of the USSR, and the Chief of the General Staff, General Shtemenko. It indicated the creation of 46 separate special forces companies in combined arms, as well as in mechanized armies and military districts where there were no army formations. They were supposed to obey the GRU General Staff. Their number was 120 people per company.

By 1950, there was an urgent need to create personnel for operations behind the lines of the alleged enemy, which is why the head of the GRU and the chief of the General Staff approached the Minister of War with a petition for the need to create such special-purpose units that were to appear in the structure of the existing USSR Armed Forces.

The scouts were trained for upcoming reconnaissance operations in special conditions as part of reconnaissance and sabotage groups. Their number did not exceed 10 people. The companies included two line platoons. These were:

radio platoon,
training platoon.

This organizational structure lasted until 1957.

Experience of combat operations in the arsenal of special forces

In total, at the first stage of development, army special forces included 5.5 thousand people. Then it was not difficult to recruit specialists for these special forces, since real professionals came from military intelligence. Many of them have even gone through more than one war.

During the Second World War, most of them served in the OMSBON - Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade special purpose. She was part of the Fourth Directorate of the NKVD, which was then called the partisan department. It was headed by Lieutenant General Sudoplatov, widely known today. He was considered the best specialist on reconnaissance and sabotage. The specialists of this brigade successfully operated behind enemy lines. They professionally developed the partisan movement and destroyed German garrisons. In addition, Sudoplatov’s unit conducted military intelligence.

Experienced commanders were able to train and prepare specialists based on their own rich experience as reconnaissance saboteurs. The same experience was used in the development of governing documents for the new division. Particularly important was the glorious path that the Soviet partisans traversed, as well as the accumulated

e practical knowledge of reconnaissance saboteurs who operated at front headquarters and the General Staff.

Regulatory documents and instructions

The first instructions were written by Pavel Golitsyn, who during the war was the head of intelligence of the legendary Chekist brigade, operating behind enemy lines on the territory of Belarus. The instructions were developed specifically for use by special forces units of the new format.

Special Forces Abbreviations

By 1953, it seemed to the country's leadership that the composition was too bloated, so a decision was made to reduce it as part of a general reduction in the armed forces. 35 special forces companies were disbanded, and this was not the last reduction. In 1957, Major General Sherstnev compiled and sent a memo to the head of the General Staff, in which he substantiated the need to disband the remaining 11 companies and create only three detachments or a Special Forces Center consisting of no more than 400 people, including one squadron that would be subordinate to the district . He referred to the fact that it was impossible to provide operating companies with full and comprehensive combat training.

Fortunately, on August 29, 1957, by directive of the Commander-in-Chief Ground Forces five were formed separate battalions special forces, and not three detachments, as Sherstnev demanded. Wherein:

The 26th battalion became part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany,
The 27th battalion ended up in the Northern Group of Forces,
The 36th battalion was assigned to the Carpathian Military District,
43rd battalion - to the Transcaucasian Military District,
61st battalion - to the Turkestan Military District.

Moreover, four have survived individual companies special purpose These were companies consisting of:

Baltic Military District,
Odessa Military District,
Ural Military District,
Transbaikal Military District.

These companies remained, but they were transformed into a new staff structure, and battalions were formed on the basis of previously disbanded companies, and only the best conscripts were selected, who went through several stages of selection based on:

physical training,
health indicators,
fitness for service in airborne units,
having secondary education.

They have a non-standard service life of three years.

On August 9, 1957, another directive was issued by the Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Zhukov. It contained information about the creation of a second airborne school in the GRU system by January 15, 1958. It was assumed that it would begin to operate in Tambov and would train special forces officers. This school was not destined to even appear. In the same year, Marshal Zhukov was accused by the party leadership of organizing an anti-Soviet conspiracy. He was removed from the leadership of the Armed Forces. This marked the end of the first stage of special forces development.

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