Campfire rules and safety measures. Bonfire: fire safety and breeding rules in the forest Learning new material

No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the woods by the fire, you should come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at about 15 billion rubles. There were 300,000 deaths across the planet in the same year. forest fires. If we consider a five-year period, the largest territorial incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand ha). Not only in Russia, but also in North America, Finland, Portugal, Spain, Australia, significant forest areas burned down.

Equipping special areas with public grills and campfire sites is much easier in those countries where forests do not grow in such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation there are clearly acting and preventing the making of fire in forests and park areas during the entire fire hazard period, which can be determined in different regions differently, depending on weather conditions.

Picnic lovers should remember about the fire hazard of a fire and what are the dimensions administrative fines for a fire lit in nature. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is commensurate with a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings caught in the path of the fire.

If the actions of vacationers who kindled a fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine in the amount of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials may be punished with a fine of 15-30 thousand rubles, legal entities- 250-500 thousand rubles.

Since in the regions and separate territories there are their own legislative acts, the amount of fines in the Russian Federation fluctuates. For example, Administrative Code Moscow determines a penalty in the amount of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in a park area. Anyone who kindles a fire in the wrong place is fined 4.5 thousand rubles. The spread of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow, there are special zones reserved for barbecue lovers.

Requirements

If someone is going to make a fire in the forest during a non-fire period, he must know and follow certain safety requirements (measures):

  1. The choice of a place for a camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is desirable that there is a reservoir near the fire, and the fire itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The perfect place- sandy spit of the river.
  2. The following fire safety measures when making a fire in the forest are recommended so that there are no risk factors nearby, such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, sheds, tents.
  3. Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
  4. In order to avoid (and just the spread of fire) it is better to remove upper layer sod from an area slightly larger than the intended focus (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that in the chosen place there are peaty marshy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can last for decades deep in the ground.
  5. When a fire is kindled in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, it is not forbidden to make a floor from wet logs.
  6. A proper campfire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing that is required for the hearth in your camp is the ability to warm and cook, while not forcing you to hide from the abundant smoke. It is this heat that dry firewood from such hardwood like oak, birch.
  7. Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
  8. Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, you can use dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat, and animal fat for hunting.
  9. If the river is nearby, you can collect a fin. If you are in the desert, any shrub will do.
  10. How more sizes fire, the more fuel you need. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fire, a fire 30-40 cm high is sufficient for cooking tea and food.
  11. Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire is already lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover with bark, needles, polyethylene.
  12. Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.

Rules

In order for the fire to flare up quickly, there are special fire safety rules for making fires:

  • pre-prepared kindling, consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rot found in a hollow, bark coniferous trees with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during the fire hazard period and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause scorched faces and eyebrows;
  • a pyramid made of pieces of kindling is guaranteed to catch fire if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base, another way to kindle a fire is dry chocks laid parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, kindling is formed between them, which may include a newspaper , and from above the structure is covered with brushwood;
  • around the fire, raw firewood can be laid out to dry; a campfire must be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
  • so that a lost or wet match does not have to maintain a fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
  • the top of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
  • a fragment of an ignition box and processed matches are best stored in a hermetically sealed tin case;
  • to light a fire with lenses, you need bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry dust of leaves, moss;
  • before leaving the parking lot, make sure that the fire is extinguished well, it is best to touch the fire with your hands, and do not leave garbage in it and around it.

Knowing the requirements of fire safety when making a fire in nature, it is impossible to ignore the generally accepted conditions of behavior in the forest during a fire hazard period:

Forbidden:

  • scatter burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
  • clear fields and summer cottages the method of "burning";
  • make fires;
  • drive on forest roads in vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
  • use wads from flammable raw materials;
  • leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
  • to carry out refueling of aircraft engines that are in operating mode;
  • light matches, smoke near refueling cars.

If a fire started

In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also recommendations calling for action to those who were in the area of ​​the fire:

  • call the fire and rescue services (numbers "01", "112", district mobiles, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - "02"), be sure to tell if you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
  • use the existing reservoir for getting wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
  • breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
  • the best way to move in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
  • wait out in places where the grass has already burned out;
  • before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a significant area and does not threaten your life;
  • as fire-fighting objects, you can use: water from a reservoir, bundles of branches, from 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
  • fire can be trampled down, thrown with sand, knocked down with a shovel, sharply sprinkling with earth.

The most fire hazardous regions of Russia are considered Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga region. Residents of these territories have to show special awareness.

When extreme situation Autonomous existence can be of great benefit if a fire is lit on time. It will make it possible to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A bonfire is also a purely psychological calmer, from which one breathes hope, confidence in the successful outcome of the case. In a word, to be able to make a fire in any place and at any weather conditions very important.

But there are situations when none of the victims has lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire in one of the ways indicated in Figures 140-144.

The easiest way to make a fire is by inflicting glancing blows on a hard rock (silicon, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with a flintlock. As an armchair, you can use metal objects: a file, reverse side knife blade, ax blade. The direction of blows should be such that sparks fall on

tinder - a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight package.

You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool by soaking it with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying it well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it starts to burn around the edges. Without letting the fabric ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in a sealed package.

If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using fine dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hit them.

If possible, tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material before use.

Several other methods of making fire are based on the effect of heat generation from friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, 2 - 3 cm in diameter. As a bowstring, it can have a strong rope, a narrow strip from a cut belt.

To make a support, you need to split a block of hardwood in half (the best material is dry larch). It is desirable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. Top part The “drill” should be turned in the form of a sphere or cone with an angle of approximately 60 °, the lower one - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. At the same angle, on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, a small recess is made, where the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support with a thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, and it is better to use a stone with a slight indentation. After that, the “drill” is overwhelmed with a bowstring.

To rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, it is necessary at first slowly, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too hard through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place of deepening of smoke. But the work must be continued for some time, until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may flare up along the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attach a pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. The rest of the workflow remains the same.

The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill”, the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in summer in dry weather.

If the victims have a gun, you can set fire to the tinder with a shot. To do this, a bullet or shot is removed from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is clogged with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. A shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto tinder and try to set it on fire, carving sparks with flint.

If during an accident vehicle the battery or batteries remain intact, then they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). Shorting the positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.

The task is greatly simplified in clear sunny weather. With the help of a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses, you can focus Sun rays on the tinder and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays on the tinder, the lens should be kept still (Fig. 144). To do this, you can pre-prepare some kind of emphasis for the hand.

There are also chemical methods of making fire, based on the spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In the event of a vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car's first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or cloth, drip 2-3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After that, the sheet must be tightly rolled up, put on the ground, put tinder on top. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. Do not pour a lot of liquid - this reduces the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.

The same effect is given by the combination of potassium permanganate with glycerin, which can be found in a medicine cabinet as a tool used to soften the skin and mucous membrane in case of its illness. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which may turn out to be critical - a bright flash occurs, from which the cooked tinder is set on fire.

In all cases of making fire, one must first carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for the subsequent fire after the tinder has been ignited. A place for a fire must also be prepared.

When lighting a fire, one must take into account the weather conditions and try to eliminate their negative impact as much as possible. In case of wind, find a quiet, sheltered place or build a windbreak. It is difficult to start a fire when it rains, because the humidity of the air is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, the methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then it is worth waiting for the rain to stop.

Building a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes this process takes quite a long time. Once having kindled a fire, one must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So did our ancestors, regarding the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Keeping a fire in place is easy. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a heap, cover them with a layer of ash, and heat dry earth from above. In case of rain, you can cover the fire place with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake up the earth and ashes and inflate the firebrands. After that, it is easy to re-light the fire. Care must be taken that in the evening firewood is used that gives good coals, and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotted log or the root of a small tree for this.

It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ashes can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. The bark is removed from the birch for its entire thickness - to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. It is necessary to lay smoldering coals on the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then earth. After that, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tightly tied and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.

A torch is also used, in which thin splinteres are shifted with dry moss, tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

Experienced tourists, fishermen, hunters are well aware of how important fire is in extreme conditions and are perfectly able to get it and maintain it. There are many types of bonfires with different purposes and breeding methods. Some are ideal for heating, some for cooking and each has its own tricks for breeding.

Bonfires can be divided into three types:

— fiery. They create a large flame and burn out quickly.

— Flame. They burn for a long time and create a good heat. Suitable for heating and drying.

— Signal. Designed for signaling. It can also be used to repel mosquitoes.

The main types of fires

People away from travel and active rest, may not realize that there are a considerable number of types of fires with different characteristics and purposes. In various weather conditions and situations, one or another type of fire may be needed, so you need to know and be able to make them.

Bonfire "hut"

This type the fire is known to many. The most affordable fire that can be built for cooking or heating.

To make such a fire, firewood is laid out in a hut. In the middle of such a fire, where the kindling will be placed, thin branches are placed, and then thick ones. The campfire "hut" is ideal for warming up, cooking, drying.

The fire flares up quickly, gives a good heat, but it is not very economical, you will need a fairly large amount of firewood. This is one of the reasons why it is not suitable for an overnight stay.

The fire "hut" can be used to give a signal. To do this, put raw grass, branches on top to get a lot of smoke. It can also be used to create a smoke screen or to repel mosquitoes and midges.

Another type of bonfire "hut" is the "pyramid". It is an enlarged copy. For construction, two large logs are taken and laid parallel to each other. Why do they begin to lay smaller logs across until a pyramid is formed. Such a fire gives a lot of light.

Taiga bonfire

This type of fire burns for a long time up to 6-8 hours. “Taiga bonfire” is a common name for such bonfires as “cannon” and “hunter's hearth”. These fires are mainly used for heating.

The fire "gun" is laid out as follows:
- on a large log (the so-called subyurlock) lay out several smaller logs
- lay the upper logs in a fan and slightly push above the main log, while on the log they should be together and on the ground apart
- as it burns, it pushes the upper logs forward so that the fire does not go out

The “hearth of the hunter” is arranged with a slightly different way. Between two large logs lays out thinner firewood. It turns out something similar to a brazier. Large logs limit the burning of small ones.

Bonfire "nodya"

This type of fire is ideal for heating. It is laid out from several large logs. Thick logs can burn up to 36 hours.

The fire is placed next to the bed. To do this, lay next to 2 dry logs with a diameter of 30 cm and a few meters long. Be sure to leave a small space of 10 cm between the logs. Kindling is placed in this space - dry leaves, branches, brushwood. Sometimes logs can be secured with pegs to keep them from coming apart.

When the main logs flare up, another one is placed on top. If necessary, a reflective screen can be built on one side. For this, snow, an awning, a foil blanket are suitable.
"Nodya" can be made up of 1, 2, 3, 4 or more logs.

Special types of fires

In addition to the main bonfires listed above, there are special ones. They can be a combination of fires or very specific designs.

Made from large logs. It makes cuts with a depth of 3/4 of the length of the log. The core is cleaned and a fire is kindled in it.

There is another option for preparing a “Finnish candle”. The log is sawn into 4 parts and the core is scraped out. In the lower part, at the junction of logs, you can make a chute, it is needed to feed the fire with oxygen. Logs are tied with wire. Kindling is placed in the core and set on fire.

"Kamelek"

This type of fire is used in conditions where there is little good firewood, but stones or bricks are present. Firewood from 3 sides is covered with stones or bricks. This type of fire is suitable for boiling water.

"Trench"

This type of fire is used to obtain coals for subsequent cooking on them. For the preparation of coal, they dig a ditch 1m * 0.5m and a depth of about 30 cm. Line the bottom of the pit with stones. Firewood is placed in the hole and set on fire. The resulting coals are used for cooking. You can also fill up the trench and place your overnight stay above it.

Exotic types of campfires

Not the most common types of fires. They may not be used in all situations and are often not particularly effective.

Bonfire "well"

Short logs are folded in a rectangle, forming a semblance of a well. Kindling and small branches, logs are placed inside. Such a fire is suitable for cooking, drying. Over time, it fails, so the bowler must be hung up.

Bonfire "star"

To prepare such a fire, the logs are stacked with a star. You may need 3-5 logs. The structure takes up a lot of space. It burns slowly, gives but without heat. As the burnout, the logs are pushed inward.

Polynesian bonfire

On the territory of Russia, a rather exotic version of the fire. For cooking, you need a hole 30 cm deep. The walls are lined with stones. Firewood is stacked in the middle, it can be a hut. Such a fire burns for a long time.

TEACHER: BELYANSKAYA S.I.

slide 2

PURPOSE OF THE FIRE

  • slide 4

    FIRE SITE

  • slide 5

    • Choose a clearing that is protected from strong winds.
    • Clear the proposed fire site from dry grass, foliage.
    • You can cover the fire with stones.
    • Do not build a fire near dead trees.

  • slide 6

    If the snow is shallow, shovel it and light a fire on the ground. In deep snow, you can make a flooring.

    Slide 7

    PREPARING THE FIRE SITE

  • Slide 8

    If there is sod, take it off, turn it upside down and lay it around the fire.

    Remove leaves, needles, grass around the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

    Slide 9

    If possible, surround it with stones.

    Make a bedding of damp logs, sand, clay under the fire. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate into the peat bog and an underground fire will start).

    Slide 10

    TYPES OF FIRE

  • slide 11

    • Flaming - for cooking and lighting.
    • Flame - for cooking, heating, drying things.
    • Smoke - to repel mosquitoes, midges and signaling.

  • slide 12

    FUEL PREPARATION

  • slide 13

    Small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin of coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, torches, from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax (mainly coniferous species), lower dry branches.

    Slide 14

    • Birch and alder deadwood is suitable for cooking, which burns evenly and almost without smoke.
    • If you need to spread a large fire, then firewood from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood will be the best.
    • Split logs flare up faster.
    • Small brushwood burns out in the first two or three minutes.
    • Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.

  • slide 15

  • slide 16

    • Use mainly dead wood of conifers for a fire.
    • If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees, dried on the trunk, remain dry.
    • Damp and rotten wood gives a lot of smoke, but little heat.
    • Save firewood in advance and more, so as not to run around at night in search of fuel.
    • Dry bushes, grass, reeds, and dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.

  • Slide 17

    WAYS TO MAKE FIRE

  • Slide 18

    Match; candle cinder; lighter.

    Slide 19

    Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed:

    • in a polyethylene film;
    • also place the matchbox in a vial with a hermetically ground cork (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes that protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage).

    Wet matches can be dried in hair under a hat.

    Slide 20

    BASIC METHODS

    1. Flint is a hard stone.
    2. Flint (kresalo) - ax, knife.
    3. Tinder - any dry flammable material (moss, cotton wool, rot, wood dust).

  • slide 21

    WITH THE HELP OF A BOW AND A STICK

  • slide 22

    Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until a haze appears. Then inflate the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in and near the recess.

    slide 23

    With a magnifying glass

  • slide 24

    HOW TO IGNITE A FIRE

  • Slide 25

    Before lighting a fire, you must:

    • prepare kindling;
    • lay kindling under a small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well;
    • set fire to;
    • thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it heats up.

  • slide 26

  • Slide 27

    Thicker firewood is not placed very tightly on top to allow air to enter.

    If the fire does not flare up for a long time, it is necessary to inflate it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a windbreaker, a broom made of branches are suitable.

    Slide 28

    IN rainy weather a fire is made under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists.

    How stronger wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are laid on the fire.

    Slide 29

    In raw cold weather it is possible (if the supply of firewood allows) to lay out two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment.

    Near it, it is imperative to have a duty officer who will keep the fire going and make sure that things do not burn out.

    slide 30

    TYPES OF FIRE

  • Slide 31

    SHELASH

  • slide 32

    Any wood will do. Logs are placed obliquely; they partly rely on each other.

    The flame is bright, high, hot, with a limited heating band.

    The campfire requires a constant supply of firewood.

    Slide 33

    STAR

  • slide 34

    The logs are placed on the coals along the radii from one point.

    Combustion occurs mainly in the center, firewood as it burns is moved closer to the middle.

    Slide 35

    WELL

  • slide 36

    Two logs are placed parallel to each other, at some distance; across them are two more.

    Study questions:

    1. Choosing a place and rules for making a fire.
    2. Types and types of fires.
    3. How to make and keep fire.

    Target: at the end of the study of the topic, students should have the skills of making a fire.

    The main content of the lesson:

    1. Bonfire functions.Slide 2.Application .

    Sometimes it is very important to make a fire in time. not one human life in autonomous existence saved the fire.

    The functions of the fire are multifaceted:

    • cooking food;
    • drying clothes;
    • lighting;
    • heating;
    • repelling insects and animals;
    • signaling.

    2. Place for a fire. Slide 3.

    So you're about to start a fire:

    • determine the location;
    • choose a clearing protected from the wind (if not possible, build a barrier);
    • clean the place for a fire from dry grass, foliage;
    • overlay the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);
    • put a few branches on damp soil, kindling on them.

    3. How to properly make a fire.

    To build a fire, you need matches and wood. But you can’t light large logs with a match. Therefore, before getting the matches, collect small dry twigs and dry grass for kindling. Birch bark is also suitable for this purpose (just do not rip it off living trees). The best kindling is thin, dry twigs, which you will see on the bottom of the trunk of a young Christmas tree or at the ends of the dried lower branches of an adult. No wonder tourists these branches called gunpowder. They flare up instantly and are dry even with light rain.

    After preparing the kindling, prepare the branches thicker. After all, as soon as the kindling flares up, it is necessary to put branches thicker and thicker. And then lay thick logs.

    It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it rains or snows. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Useful in these cases and various artificial combustible materials - Plexiglas, paper, rubber.

    The fire flared up, and you felt good. But now you have to keep an eye on the fire, because it must be constantly “fed” with firewood. Firewood must be prepared in advance in large numbers so that you do not have to walk through the forest at night, collect dried wood.

    To harvest firewood, it is not necessary to have a saw and an ax. In the forest, there is always enough deadwood and deadwood.

    A big request to you: do not use living trees for a fire unnecessarily. Plus, they don't burn well.

    4. Breeding a fire. slide 4.

    5. What not to do when making a fire.Slide 5.

    6. Types and types of fires. Slides 6-11.

    It is necessary to choose the type of fire according to the circumstances. General rule: firewood must be stocked up in advance and more, so that, for example, instead of resting, you do not spend the whole night looking for fuel. However, we must not forget that with any amount of firewood, the fire must be constantly monitored: the fire lives and changes all the time.

    It is also important to know that not only direct fire warms, but also reflected.

    You can even freeze by the fire. That is why it is necessary to combine the fire with a temporary dwelling or a canopy - a heat reflector. It can be both summer and winter.

    In winter, the canopy is especially important, even on a short halt. And it's easy to make. It is possible to heat snow on sticks or branches stuck in a snowdrift. It melts and forms a visor. Or you can stick strong sticks into the snow and hang a piece of polyethylene or fabric on them.

    Bonfires are of three main types:

    • fiery;
    • heat;
    • smoke.

    fiery bonfires used for cooking, bivouac lighting, flame- for cooking, heating, drying things. Both of them can become flue if you toss in them green grass or branches. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and for signaling.

    fire bonfires much safer than flames, as their flames are low.

    The simplest fire "hut". Firewood is placed over the kindling in a circle so that they are in contact with the upper ends. With this design, the flame is narrow and powerful. On such a fire, you can quickly boil water.

    If two or three buckets or pots need to be hung over the fire, then a fire is lit, the flame of which is wide and low. This "well", or "lattice". Wood needs oxygen to burn well. That's why do not put firewood close to each other. If even loose firewood does not burn well, fan the fire by blowing on it or waving a cap, a piece of bark, a thick branch. In this case, the air flow should not be directed to the flame, but under the base of the fire.

    Flame fires tend to burn for a long time and provide a lot of heat. Large logs are used for them, and dry branches are used for kindling. Among them we will name "star", "taiga" And "node". In order for the logs to flare up faster, they must be hewn with an ax, that is, notches should be made on the log.

    Separately, it is necessary to say about the “nodya” fire (another name is “three logs”). Its main advantage is a strong and long heat. A dry log with a diameter of more than 40 centimeters, cut into three parts 2-3 meters long, will burn in such a fire for several hours. This will allow you not to take care of the firewood and for a long time practically not to engage in a fire (you only need to clean the logs from ash and ashes from time to time by tapping with the butt of an ax or turning them). It's easy to understand these benefits if you want to get enough sleep.

    When laying a node, gaps must be left between the logs; if the logs lie too tightly, wedge branches should be inserted between them. The thickest log should be on top (like the bottom of the trunk) because the top log burns faster. It is necessary to kindle the node from the middle. To flare up, such a fire usually takes at least half an hour.

    If you spend the night under a canopy, then it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire as possible to yourself. To do this, you can arrange a screen behind a fire, lit in front of a canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, appointing attendants for this.

    7. Methods of making fire. Slide 12-13.Application .

    Matches are needed to light a fire. And if they are not?

    You probably know that in the Stone Age, fire was made using flint, flint and tinder. The role of flint can be played by a hard stone, flint (or flint) - an ax, knife or some other object made of solid steel. Any dry, flammable material is suitable as a tinder: moss, cotton wool, rot, fluffy pieces of rope, finely crushed bark, bird nests, wood dust, which is formed by insects under the bark of dried trees.

    Striking flint on flint, strike sparks. Position the tinder so that sparks fall on it. As soon as the tinder begins to smolder, gently fan it until a fire appears.

    Do you know that, using a magnifying glass, magnifying glass, in sunny weather not difficult; ignite the tinder. Convex glass collects the sun's rays on a small surface of tinder, as a result of which the temperature there rises significantly, becoming sufficient for ignition. To do this, you can use lenses from optical devices: cameras, binoculars, and other devices.

    You can use another method that came to us from ancient times. Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until smoke appears. Then fan the smoldering tinder, which must first be laid in the recess and near it. Some tribes that are at a low stage of development still use this method of making fire.

    This method can be improved.

    Rotation can be done with a bow. As a bowstring, use a rope, a belt, a shoelace ...

    8. Preservation of fire. slide 14.

    If there are no matches, another problem arises - how to keep the fire. You can always burn a fire. Then at night you should have a duty officer. Can coals from a burnt out fire cover with a layer of ash, inflate them in the morning and put dry kindling on them. And the fire will flare up new force. Just try to use firewood that gives good coals in the evening, because some types of trees burn through, leaving only ash.

    But what if you go out to the settlement and after spending the night you have to move? Then you can do portable fire storage torch. To do this, you need to prepare the bark, dry moss, thin long splinter. Laying the moss between the splinter, tightly wrap the resulting structure with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

    9. Tricks for campfire.slide 15.

    • In the absence of small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;
    • damp matches are best dried on the head: there is the least humidity;
    • no need to try to make a fire with one match, it is more reliable to set fire to kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.

    10. Quiz. slide 16.Application

    1. Necessary item for making a fire? (Matches.)
    2. Small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark for a fire, what is it? (Kindling.)
    3. What is used when making a fire in deep snow, swamp, damp earth? (Flooring.)
    4. Are smoke fires used for cooking? (No.)
    5. Firefires are used to give a signal? (No.)
    6. Flaming fires are used to dry things? (No.)
    7. On what fire can you quickly boil water? (hut.)
    8. Portable fire storage? (Torch.)

    11. The result of the lesson.

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