Without special equipment it is impossible to build a house, pave a road, build a bridge. All devices used by a person to facilitate the work of devices are divided into two large groups. Firstly, these are inexpensive tools that are simple in design, and secondly, the equipment itself, which can be main and auxiliary. The latter type of device is used almost as widely as the first. In this article, we will deal in detail with exactly what constitutes auxiliary equipment.

Possible applications

This type of equipment can be used during both construction and various types of installation work. Sometimes it is also used during repairs, along with the main one. Auxiliary equipment can be any structure, machine or installation. This term is often applied to additional nodes of various kinds of complex mechanisms.

Simple examples

In fact, there are simply a huge number of types of auxiliary equipment. For example, diesel generator sets can be attributed to this class of devices, without which construction vehicles using electricity cannot work in remote areas. It is an auxiliary equipment and a compressor used in combination with a jackhammer. Another example of such a device is a dust collector used when grinding stone. Next, we consider the types and examples of such tools used in various areas of management and everyday life.

Auxiliary equipment in the construction of houses

In this case, a variety of devices can be used. When building houses, for example:

Cars. Such equipment may have two wheels or one. The bowl of a modern construction wheelbarrow itself is usually made of thick galvanized sheet. This type of auxiliary equipment is used to move mainly various kinds of bulk building materials or earth.

Buckets for concrete. This type of accessory may have different shape and sizes. The most common are trough-shaped types of buckets and cone-shaped ones on stands.

Home equipment

Of course, it is possible to live comfortably in any building only if it has such communications as water supply, sewerage and electricity. In the first case, for example, auxiliary equipment such as:

Filters. This type of additional equipment, in turn, may have a different design. There are mesh, magnetic, reverse osmosis filters, etc. In any case, such auxiliary equipment is designed to purify water from various kinds of impurities.

Compensators. This type of equipment is used for leveling temperature changes along the length of the pipeline.

The following additional equipment may be used in electrical networks:

Surge Protectors. This type of device is used to compensate for power surges in a household network. Most often, stabilizers are installed in country houses or in apartments of high-rise buildings in case of deterioration of the line.

Uninterruptible power supplies. Such devices are most often used in those houses in which there are a lot of office equipment. In the event of a power outage, for example, the computer can operate from the UPS for some time. After all, a sharp shutdown of electronics, as you know, is very harmful.

Quite often, various kinds of portable power receivers are used in everyday life. Auxiliary equipment for them can be used, for example, such as pipe cutters (for welding machines), noise suppressors (for pumps), etc.

When installing sewer systems can be used:

Devices designed for disinfection and neutralization of wastewater.

Machines designed to clean storm sewers, etc.

Repair of auxiliary equipment in case of its breakdown, as well as the main elements and nodes of communication networks, must be carried out on time. Indeed, not only the convenience of living in the house, but also the safety of various kinds depends on how effectively such devices will operate. household appliances, structural elements of the building, etc.

Types of additional equipment for boiler rooms

There are many different kinds of devices and tools that increase the efficiency of the functioning of the water supply, electrical network and sewerage. But even more of these devices can be used in water heating systems for private homes and businesses. The auxiliary equipment of the boiler is classified into the following types:

• draft mechanisms;

  ash removal and fuel supply systems;

  chimneys and flues;

  ash traps;

  various kinds of measuring instruments;

  water treatment devices.

What pumping accessories can be used

Boilers in homes and businesses are used to heat water. The latter can be fed into these devices using piston or centrifugal pumps. In forced-type heating systems, at least two such network units are usually used. One of the pumps is considered to be a standby auxiliary equipment of the boiler house.

What are draft mechanisms

In order for the boiler to work smoothly, air must be continuously supplied to the furnace, to burning coal, briquettes or firewood. Also, draft devices are used to ensure a constant speed of movement in the gas outlets and chimneys of the emissions of the heating unit.

Fuel supply systems

Most often, such an auxiliary technological equipment used in solid fuel boilers. Fuel supply systems ensure the smooth operation of these units. Such equipment can be classified into auger and hydraulic.

Pipes and flues

When burning wood or coal in solid fuel boilers or diesel fuel in liquid ones, smoke is formed. Pipes are used for their removal. When installing chimneys, certain standards must be observed. The operation of auxiliary equipment of this type allows you to save the health, and sometimes the life of the employees of the enterprise or people living in the house. To remove the products of combustion of blue fuel in gas boilers, gas ducts are used.

Ash catchers

Not only the actual gaseous products of fuel combustion can be emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys. Often through the pipes goes out into the street and a large number of ash, which leads to pollution environment. In order to prevent this from happening, auxiliary equipment such as ash traps is used.

Measuring instruments for boiler rooms

This type of auxiliary technical equipment is designed to control and regulate the water temperature in heating systems, its pressure and level. The main purpose of using measuring instruments in boiler rooms is to ensure the safe operation of heat generators and heat power units.

What are water treatment devices

The equipment of this type includes various kinds of filters, iron removers, softeners. The use of a coolant with a high content of various kinds of impurities significantly reduces the life of the boiler and other elements of the system design. Water treatment units designed for its purification often have a very complex design. Installation, exactly, as well as repair of auxiliary equipment of this type, in most cases is carried out only by specialists.

Additional equipment for chemical production: main types

Of course, various kinds of additional devices can be used in industrial enterprises. Next, for example, we will analyze what auxiliary equipment can be used in chemical industries. At enterprises of similar specialization, they often use:

capacitive equipment;

heat exchangers;

• crushers.

Types of capacitive equipment

This group of auxiliary equipment for chemical production includes:

various kinds of vertical, spherical and horizontal containers;

low and high pressure separators;

cylindrical and spherical tanks;

measuring cups, etc.

In turn, on capacitive equipment, for example, pressure gauges, thermocouples, sight glasses, breathing valves, etc. can be placed.

Types of heat exchangers

Ancillary equipment of this type is classified into:

heaters;

refrigerators;

evaporators;

capacitors.

By design and principle of operation, heat exchangers are also divided into recuperators and regenerators. The first type of equipment is distinguished by the fact that in it two coolant flows alternately pass through the same space. In regenerators, heat is removed and accumulated from one stream and transferred to another.

Varieties and principle of operation of filters

This type of auxiliary equipment is designed to separate inhomogeneous systems using porous partitions. As the latter, fabrics, polymer or wire meshes, ceramic plates, etc. can be used. Filters can be used as auxiliary devices in chemical plants:

frame type (with periodic action);

chamber filter presses;

continuous vacuum filters.

and crushers

Equipment of this type, like filters, is used for the mechanical separation of inhomogeneous media. However, such devices operate on a completely different principle. In this case, separation occurs due to the action of centrifugal forces. In chemical industries, two types of centrifuges can be used mainly: filtering and precipitating.

Crushers are designed at such enterprises for crushing pieces of solid materials, opening grains of pure inclusions or increasing the surface of particles.

Auxiliary equipment: testing

Despite the fact that such devices are used mainly as additional ones, the serviceability of the entire system as a whole or the efficient operation of the workshop often depends on their smooth functioning. Therefore, at the release of such equipment at the final stage, in many cases, it is tested. At the same time, specialists performing such a procedure are usually guided by GOST standards.

Support and diagnostics of engines

Auxiliary equipment can be used not only in construction, in boiler rooms, in homes or enterprises. Such devices are often used in the operation of various kinds of complex mechanisms, for example, engines. It can be:

various supporting devices;

test benches for various systems;

• equipment designed to detect leaks, etc.

Also, all kinds of attached auxiliary equipment can be used in engines: power steering, air conditioners. Such additions, among other things, take away “horsepower” from the motor. But it is difficult to overestimate the benefits of their use, of course.

All sorts of additional engine accessories are driven, often with a belt. Auxiliary equipment usually works most efficiently if the latter provides a hard transmission. Mounting of the attachment belt itself can be carried out using hydraulic or mechanical systems.

What equipment is used in additional production

Auxiliary can be not only the actual tools and fixtures. Often, entire enterprises perform this function. Ancillary industries include, for example:

container shops;

production for the extraction of non-metallic materials (sand, gravel);

factories specializing in the production of various kinds of tools.

In enterprises of this type, all kinds of complex and simple auxiliary and main equipment are also used. For example, in container shops, such devices as automated and mechanized lines, dryers, molding devices are used. Sand and gravel mining companies use crushers, bulldozers, excavators, loaders, etc.

Accounting for auxiliary production and equipment

Any such shops play an important organizational and technical role. Their costs have a strong impact on the cost of the main products of the enterprise. To determine the possible profit of the company and various kinds of necessary costs, therefore, an accounting of auxiliary production must be carried out. The analysis of such enterprise structures is carried out according to the following criteria:

• type of manufactured products;
• expenses;
• cost structure;
• the degree of unprofitability or the level of profitability.

On the basis of the data obtained, among other things, ways to reduce the costs of such industries are determined without compromising the quality of the final product of the enterprise. All costs of such workshops are divided into simple and indirect. To account for them, a special active calculation account is allocated. In this case, the costs incurred are reflected in the debit, and the output of services or products is reflected in the credit.

Accounting for auxiliary equipment used at enterprises or in boiler houses is carried out according to the same principle as the main one. It is accepted on the balance sheet at the initial redemption value.

Features of the operation of auxiliary equipment

The design of this type of device can be complex and simple. In any case, their operation must be carried out with strict observance of the instructions provided by the manufacturer and various GOST standards. For example, when using fuel supply systems, approximately the following conditions must be observed:

• peat must first be passed through crushers, and its final fraction should not exceed 50x50x5 mm;
• the angle of inclination of the bunker when using peat as fuel should not be less than 60 degrees;
• At all stages (fuel supply, loading) fire safety rules must be observed.

In the event of a breakdown of auxiliary equipment, as well as the main one, it must be repaired in a timely manner. Only specialists who have undergone appropriate training and have the necessary skills are trusted to perform such work at enterprises and in boiler houses.

Fixed assets- the main mechanical source of the production process. By means of a complex of machines and machine tools, a continuous process of manufacturing goods necessary for society takes place at the enterprise.

In addition, in addition to equipping with equipment, premises and various kinds of structures are needed in which or through which production activities would take place (buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.). Machinery and equipment occupy the leading place in the composition of active fixed assets. According to their role in the production process, two types of machines can be distinguished.

Power Machines are power equipment that produces energy of various types (thermal, mechanical, electrical, etc.) or converts one type of energy into another. The energy factor is one of essential elements, through which the production process is carried out, the operation of machinery and equipment is ensured by the receipt of current flows, as well as normal conditions work through lighting industrial premises. There are the following types of power machines:

1) prime movers that convert energy natural resources into mechanical energy (for example, gas and hydraulic turbines);

2) electric motors or secondary motors (for example, electric motors that are important detail fixed production assets). On their basis, the entire volume of useful work is performed in the production of certain types of products, depending on the production specialization;

3) various electrical devices (welding, electric furnaces), through which the product acquires a certain shape and volume;

4) steam boilers, electric generators, transformers and other current converters.

Thus, power machines, being a source of recycled energy, ensure the operation of fixed assets, the task of which is to produce finished products.

working machines are a complex of machines and equipment, with the help of which workers act on the object of labor, which is raw materials and materials. In other words, it is production equipment.

Working machines for general production purposes are used in absolutely all industries, regardless of their specialization and technological orientation. This type of equipment includes conveyors, sorting machines, etc. Along with them, there are specialized machines that take place in a particular enterprise. Each industry has a special way of influencing the object of labor. In accordance with this, for example, in metallurgy there is production equipment for the following types of work:

1) mechanical processing of metals, which is carried out through the operation of metal-cutting equipment (drilling, turning, milling machines, etc.);

2) heat treatment of metal by exposing it to sources of thermal energy, changing temperature regime. For example, in this way the process of melting metals is carried out, giving them the desired shape or creating alloys;

3) chemical treatment of metal by exposing it to chemically active elements.

2. Available equipment

Equipment at enterprises, depending on their production specialization, has a large practical value. This is the so-called main acting force production, with the exception of workers, whose labor is also highly valued. Equipment is a means of labor with which workers carry out labor activities.

Available equipment- this is a set of machines and machine tools that have already been purchased and are the property of the enterprise, that is, they are listed on its balance sheet and in inventory records. In accordance with their inclusion in the production process, the equipment is installed and uninstalled.

Installed equipment- machines ready for the manufacture of products that are located in workshops or other production facilities. It includes the following categories of equipment.

1) operating machinery and equipment- those who perform useful work, directly or indirectly participating in the production process. They are put into circulation at the present time and already transfer their own value to the manufactured product. Exactly this species the equipment is called the main one, through it the planned production and operation of the enterprise as a whole are carried out;

2) dormant equipment turns out to be outside the production cycle for a number of reasons, including conservation, and various kinds of malfunctions that can be eliminated through a major or partial repair. For this, revolving funds are used: tools with a service life of less than 1 year, and spare parts;

3) equipment established, but this moment time being in overhaul, regardless of whether it is removed from the foundation or not. Accordingly, it cannot produce products, as a result of which the enterprise has to either reduce production or purchase new equipment, or increase the load on operating machines;

4) machinery and equipment in the starting period, i.e. equipment that has not yet been put into operation, but produces, albeit irregularly, any volume of production. It is listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise, but formally it is not working, so the goods it produces are above the norm.

Uninstalled hardware represented by machines and machine tools that are in the warehouses of the enterprise, i.e. they have already been delivered and are waiting in line for installation. In other words, this equipment was purchased to replace the old, obsolete or defective. In addition, the category of uninstalled equipment includes those fixed assets that are in transit, i.e., in fact, they already belong to the enterprise, but have not yet been delivered to its warehouses. This also includes surplus equipment, which is subject to write-off due to malfunction, as well as moral or physical wear and tear, regardless of its service life.

Today, in the age of developed high technology, mechanical equipment has appeared that works on auto control. As a result, the labor of workers who used to operate machines began to be squeezed out. At the same time, technological developments of this kind make it possible to increase labor productivity and expand the volume of production, which ultimately ensures a more efficient functioning of the enterprise itself.

3. Classification of equipment, power and its types

Equipment in the enterprise- this is an active part of fixed production assets that are directly involved in the production activities of the enterprise. The qualitative characteristic of the equipment is its condition and ability to produce something. Thus, the equipment is divided into the following types:

1) new fixed assets that have not yet been in operation. This type of equipment is a machine recently acquired by the enterprise of the previous or technologically and qualitatively newer model;

2) serviceable or requiring current repair. As a rule, this equipment is in working order, installed and operating in production shops. It regularly produces a certain volume of finished products and is part of the fixed assets. The need for routine repairs can be caused by minor malfunctions that are easily fixed. For example, this is possible when a part is displaced or worn;

3) equipment requiring major repairs includes those that do not work for several reasons at once. To restore it, accordingly, it takes a lot of time, new parts and labor of repair workers. As a rule, such equipment is out of the production process for a long time, and even when it is completely repaired, it cannot give the same production indicators as before;

4) obsolete equipment. Its deterioration is associated with the emergence of better and more advanced equipment, which allows achieving higher production results. In this case, the enterprise incurs the costs of acquiring new equipment, i.e., a complete re-equipment of production. However, with a limited number material resources the company can upgrade the "old" equipment. Of course, this is possible only if there are highly qualified innovators;

5) equipment subject to decommissioning: it is no longer subject to repair and cannot be reconstructed.

In addition to dividing equipment into groups according to quality characteristics, many organizations have a classification that distributes equipment by age. The structural age is the number of years (months, days) that have passed since the creation of fixed assets, and the physical age, respectively, is represented by the time from the beginning of its installation and commissioning.

Of great importance for production is such a characteristic of equipment as power.

Power- this is the ability of this type of equipment to produce a certain amount of goods or energy per unit of time worked. This indicator is calculated both in kW and in horsepower(1 hp = 0.736 kW). From the point of view of equipment loading, the following types of power are distinguished:

1) normal power, which is characterized by the highest value of the coefficient of performance (COP);

2) maximum short-term power. For example, in case of emergency, the engine can run for a very limited period of time. In other words, this is the maximum power of the engine;

3) maximum continuous power - the highest power value with which the equipment can operate for an absolutely unlimited period of time without the risk of accidents.

For the enterprise itself, it is important to know the total energy capacity. It is calculated as the sum of engines available in production and determines the production capabilities of the enterprise: output, labor intensity and time costs.

4. Indicators of the use of equipment and the structure of the calendar fund of equipment operation time

The operation of the equipment can be characterized by the power of the engines, the volume of output, the norm of time, i.e., all kinds of characteristics of the final result. Thus, there are a number of indicators by which it is possible to calculate the usefulness and efficiency of a particular type of equipment.

1. Determination of the share of available and installed equipment in the total set of actually operating machines by means of the following coefficients:

1) K n = actually operating / available equipment;

2) K y = actually operating / installed equipment.

It is quite logical that the coefficient of installed equipment will be less than the final value of the coefficient of cash. This is due to the fact that the first is an integral part of the second.

2. The use of equipment by the duration of the time period is described by the coefficient of its extensive load: K e = the time of the actual operation of the machine / the maximum possible time. In accordance with this, the structure of the calendar fund of working time can be represented as follows.

3. The coefficient of intensive utilization of equipment shows the degree of use of equipment by the power of its engines.

K and = actual power / maximum power.

The numerator of this formula is the value of the actual productivity of the equipment, which shows how much goods and services it produces at a given capacity per unit of time. The denominator, respectively, contains the value of the maximum continuous power, that is, it shows what the maximum performance can be, all other things being equal.

4. An important indicator is the calculation of the use of equipment by the volume of work performed by it, i.e., the integral load factor.

To integr. = T fact. ? M fact. / Tmax? M max ,

where T is a fact. – actual hours worked;

M fact. - the power with which the equipment worked.

Accordingly, T max and M max are the maximum values ​​of the previous indicators, i.e., they show the potential capabilities of the equipment both in terms of the duration of the production process and in terms of power, at which the entire amount of work can be performed. If we take into account that the product of the values ​​of time and power is a physical indicator of work, the integral load factor can be represented in the following form: K integr. = W fact. / W max .

5. The equipment shift ratio shows how many shifts each piece of equipment works on average. According to this indicator, it is possible with a sufficient degree of probability to judge the size of the installed operating equipment and the efficiency of its work.

K see \u003d machine-shifts / machine-days.

The numerator shows the total number of machines working at a given value of daily shifts, and the denominator shows the number of machines involved in the production process for a certain number of days. In order to visualize how the shift ratio is calculated in practice, we can give the following example-task.

Let's assume that the calculations are made for one production day. In total, the company has 50 machines: 25 of them - in three shifts, 15 - in two and the remaining 10 - in one. We find the value of machine-shifts by multiplying the machines by the number of shifts they have worked, i.e. machine-shift = 25? 3 + 15? 2+10? 1 \u003d 115. Considering that 50 machines work for only one day, we immediately find the shift coefficient: K cm. \u003d 115 / 50 \u003d 2.3. This means that each machine works on average 2.3 shifts.

Not a single industry can do without special equipment, which is necessary for the production of products and goods, spare parts and other products, as well as for many other technological operations.

The implementation of the main processes in any production and in every industry is carried out by means of industrial equipment. It is a set of various machines and devices designed to perform various technological operations, in particular: finishing, harvesting, processing paintwork, thermal, and so on, necessary to obtain products of the required quality and accuracy.

Classification of industrial equipment

It can be divided into four main types according to their functional purpose:

1. The transport vehicles are vehicles carrying out the transportation of goods. These include, for example, truck cranes, conveyors, transporters, loaders and stackers.
2. Engine units. These devices are used to convert electrical or other energy into mechanical work. The list includes electric motors, hydraulic turbines and more.
3. Machine tools or processing machines. These machines are designed to perform processing operations or processing various materials, for the production of various products, as well as constituent parts machines. These include turning, planing, milling and other machines, automatic lines, forging press and much more.
4. Technological. This equipment is designed to perform several operations, it is fully automated and programmable, controlled by a remote control. An example of such a machine is a robotic arm.

Where to buy quality industrial equipment

Each consumer, regardless of whether he represents production - large or small - is looking for where sale of industrial equipment carried out on the most favorable terms for the client. These conditions mean:

1. Quality equipment at low prices. Possibility of payment in all possible ways.
2. The presence of a pleasant system of discounts for regular and wholesale customers.
3. Provision of transport services (delivery, international transportation).
4. Reduction of purchasing costs.
5. Possibility of ordering products of a certain brand and manufacturer.
6. Possibility to buy the necessary components, spare parts, Consumables to the purchased equipment.

And there is such a company that is ready to provide all of the above conditions for its customers. It is DMLieferant. It is the market leader in the supply of imported and domestic industrial equipment. The company is constantly developing, but even today its list of official suppliers includes more than 2,300 foreign companies.

The benefits of DMLieferant aresupply of industrial equipment and spare parts in the shortest possible time from any foreign manufacturers, as well as comprehensive service. For regular customers, free import / export of the necessary product samples, favorable conditions for cooperation and payment are provided.

TO Category:

Vehicle maintenance

Types of main equipment and its brief description

In the maintenance and repair of vehicles, about 40-50% of all work (in terms of labor intensity) is performed from below and 15-20% of work is done from the side of the car. To ensure proper access to the units and parts located below and on the side of the vehicle, as well as to create the necessary amenities for workers, various lifting, inspection and handling equipment is used.

All types of equipment used for these purposes can be divided into the following groups:
1) inspection ditches;
2) flyovers;
3) track bridges;
4) lifts and jacks;
5) hoists-tippers;
6) handling equipment.

In addition to the listed types of equipment, special traction and transport equipment for production lines is also used.

When choosing equipment for posts and lines, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the equipment used contributes to an increase in labor productivity and an improvement in the quality of work performed with its help, improves the culture of production and meets safety requirements and sanitary rules. It is also necessary to check the economic efficiency of the introduction of mechanized work.

Rice. 1. Types of inspection devices: a - stands; b - inter-track inspection ditch with internal flanges; c - inter-track inspection ditch with external flanges; d - wide type ditch: d - flangeless inspection ditch; e - lateral ditch; g - track bridge, h - hydraulic lift

Inspection ditches, depending on the width of the working space, are divided into two groups: inter-track, in which the width of the working space does not exceed the distance between the inner side surfaces of the front wheels of the car (Fig. 1, b), and wide-type ditches, in which the width of the working space is equal to or more than the overall width of the car (Fig. 1, d).

A special place is occupied by the so-called lateral ditches, which provide access to parts and assemblies of the car located on the side (Fig. 1, f).

Inspection ditches are dead-end and direct-flow. When a car enters a dead-end ditch and exits it, the movement of the front and in reverse, and on a direct-flow ditch, cars move only forward.

To fix the vehicle in the longitudinal direction, dead-end ditches have a limit stop. Fixing the vehicle on all types of ditches in the transverse direction is carried out by flanges located on both sides along the ditch. The height of the flanges is usually taken equal to 0.15-0.20 m. When the flanges are located outside the vehicle track, the width of the working space of the ditch increases significantly (Fig. 1, c). However, such a ditch loses its universal properties and can only be used for one brand of car. On such a ditch it is inconvenient to remove and install wheels.

Rice. 2. Schemes of dead-end and washing ditches: a - trench; b - washing

The dimensions of the inter-track ditches are determined by the dimensions of the vehicle. Usually the width of the working space of the universal ditch is taken equal to 0.9-1.1 m, the depth (from the floor level of the room) is 1.3-1.4 m, the length (for a single vehicle) is 0.5-0.8 m more than the overall vehicle length.

With a parallel arrangement of three or more ditches, they are connected by a trench (Fig. 2). With a dead-end arrangement of ditches, wide open trenches are used (for the location of equipment in them), and with a direct-flow - closed trenches (tunnels) 1.8-2 m wide and 1-2 m deep. Open trenches must have a metal protective fence with a height of at least 0 .9 m

On fig. 2, b shows a diagram of a track bridge that provides good access to the lower and side parts of the car. Such track bridges are usually used at car wash stations.

Inter-track ditches, despite the simplicity of their device, are inconvenient for work, since they have limited working space and difficult access to parts and assemblies located on the side of the vehicle. For work related to suspension of wheels, removal and installation of springs and bridges, ditches are equipped with lifting devices and stands. In addition, proper sanitary and hygienic working conditions for workers are not provided in the inter-track ditches (insufficient natural air exchange and illumination of the workplace, it is also difficult to maintain proper cleanliness of the workplace). Modernization of inter-track ditches by expanding the lower part and arranging steps along the entire length does not eliminate their main shortcomings.

Rice. 3. Ditch of a wide type of design NIIAT; 1 - hose for dispensing grease; 2 - hose for distributing nigrol; 3 - hose for distributing oil for the engine; 4 - air-distributing hose; 5 - trolleys for car hanging

A wide-type inspection ditch (designed by NIIAT) with hanging a car on special trolleys installed on a rail track is convenient for servicing various brands of cars and does not have the disadvantages inherent in an inter-track ditch. The relatively limited use of these ditches is explained by the fact that they are complex in design and occupy a large area of ​​industrial premises. On these ditches it is inconvenient to remove and install the springs and axles of cars.

Rice. Fig. 4. Inspection ditch of the Giproavtotrans design: 1, 10 - rear bogie; 2 - a niche for a tool; 3 - guide flange; 4 - splitter for guiding the front wheels; 5 - entrance ramp; 6 - horizontal section; 7 - ventilation duct; 8 - guide channel for moving the cart; 9-15 - hydraulic jacks of the front and rear bogies; 11 - pneumatic motor of the hydraulic pump; 12 - drain funnel for oil; 13 - support for the beam of the front axle; 14 - front bogie; 16 - ladder grate; 17 - limiter; 18- front axle beam; 19 - trolley roller

On fig. 4 shows a flangeless inspection ditch designed by Giproavtotrans. In this ditch, the axles and wheels of the car are suspended using roller carts with hydraulic lifts attached to them. This design makes it possible to increase the width of the working space of the ditch (compared to the inter-track) and provides more convenient access to parts and assemblies located below the vehicle.

The disadvantages of a flangeless ditch are the inconvenience of removing and installing springs and axles and difficult access to parts and assemblies located on the side of the car.

To improve sanitary and hygienic working conditions, inspection ditches are equipped with spotlights, hinged lamps, portable lamps or fluorescent lamps. The walls of the ditches are lined with glazed or metlakh tiles. The floor of the ditch must be waterproof with a slope of 1.5-3.0 towards the drain. Wooden grates are installed on the floor. To remove exhaust gases when adjusting the engine, the ditches are equipped with exhaust manifolds, to which car silencers are connected with flexible hoses. Compressed air is supplied to each post.

Rice. 5. Scheme of overpasses used in the premises: a - with internal entrance; b - with external entrance: 1 - floor level of workshops; 2-. outer inclined part of the overpass

To heat and ventilate the ditches, they arrange special channels through which heated air circulates, or they install steam or water heating radiators.

Overpasses are used dead-end and direct-flow. Their main advantages are ease of manufacture and convenience when working on the side and bottom of the car. The lack of overpasses is the large area occupied by inclined ramps for entry and exit, and the inconvenience of hanging the wheels.

For maintenance and repair of cars indoors, overpasses are used, the diagrams of which are shown in Figure 168. Such overpasses do not occupy a large area, provide good access to the mechanisms and assemblies of the car, and also create good conditions for workers. Their disadvantage is the inconvenience of hanging the wheels.

Lifts and jacks. At motor transport enterprises, hydraulic, pneumohydraulic and mechanical lifts are widely used.

Rice. 6. Scheme of a single-plunger hydraulic lift: 1- oil tank; 2- drain pipe; 3- bypass valve; 4 - three-way valve; 5 - pressure gauge fitting; 6 - oil pump; 7- electric motor; 8 - suction pipe with filter; 9 - lift body; 10 - guide cylinder; 11 - plunger; 12 - stuffing box; 13 - platform; 14 - pickup

On fig. 6 shows the device of a single-plunger hydraulic lift GARO model 412M. This lift is designed to lift vehicles weighing up to 4 tons. The lift plunger rotates 360°, which makes it much easier to enter and exit the lift, as well as convenient positioning of the car in relation to side lighting. The lift plunger can be stopped at any height when the pump is turned off.

The maximum height of the plunger is 1500 mm. When this height is reached, the pump switches off automatically. The duration of the rise of the plunger to full height is 45 seconds, the duration of the lowering is 30 seconds. The operating pressure of the lift pump is 7.5 kg/cm2, the maximum pressure is up to 13 kg/cm2. The hydraulic lift pump is driven by a 4.5 kW AC motor. To fill the pump, mineral oil is used, with a viscosity of 1.8-3.3 ° E at 50 ° C. Oil tank capacity 230 l. The lift is equipped with a safety device (supports hinged on both sides to the lift platform).

To lift cars weighing up to 8 tons, a two-plunger lift GARO model 410M is used. It is an installation consisting of two 4 t lifts mounted at a distance of 4100 mm from each other. This design of the lift provides good access to all elements of the power transmission and chassis of the vehicle. On this lift, you can service cars with a base from 3290 to 4900 mm. The capacity of the hydraulic system has been increased in the lift. Therefore, the plunger is raised to full height in 1.5 minutes, and lowered in 30 seconds. Oil tank capacity 375 l, hydraulic system capacity 575 l. For lifting passenger cars GAZ-21 "Volga", "Moskvich 408" and their modifications, GARO enterprises produce a two-post electromechanical lift model 463M. Its carrying capacity is 2000 kg, the maximum lifting height is 1500 mm; the duration of the ascent to full height is 1.5 minutes. The power of the drive motor is 2.8 kW.

Rice. 7. Hydraulic lift model 434A: a - general form; b - installed in the inspection ditch; 1- cylinder; 2 - guide; 3 - emphasis; 4 - carriage; 5 - ice rink; 6 - rolling pin; 7 - safety pin; 8 - rod; 9 - pickup; 10 - sleeve; 11 - guide; 12 - crane

To lift vehicles weighing up to 3 g (when installed under the front or rear axle), a hydraulic garage jack (model 414) is used. Maximum lifting height 560 mm, minimum height lift 100 mm, length with handle raised 1670 mm, weight 156 g.

Rice. 8. Electromechanical tipper: 1 - rack assembly; 2 - lifting frame; 3- wheel clamps; 4 - control panel; 5 - exit ladder

The GARO hoist model 434A is installed on a standard inspection ditch of a narrow type (width 1100 mm) and is designed to raise the front or rear axles of the vehicle, as well as to remove and install units during maintenance and repair of vehicles. The lift is mounted on a trolley that moves along the guide channels embedded in upper part ditches. A hydraulic cylinder with a double-acting hand pump also moves across the tubular frame of the cart, in the transverse direction, one of the tubes of which serves as a reservoir for hydraulic fluid. Lift capacity 4000 kg, maximum plunger stroke 600 mm.

Pneumohydraulic lifts powered by a compressor are also used. The function of the pump in them is performed by compressed air. Under the pressure of compressed air, oil is forced into the lift cylinder and raises the plunger. The lifts are controlled by an air valve connected to the compressor and atmosphere.

Rice. 9. Tali: a - manual; b- hoist: 1- electric motor; 2 - button control

To raise the front or rear axles of the car, mobile hydraulic jacks GARO model 426M with a load capacity of 6000 kg and model 444M with a load capacity of 2500 kg are also widely used. These jacks provide lifting to a height of 555-600 mm.

For check technical condition units and mechanisms of the car, located below, welding or touching up the body and applying an anti-corrosion coating, tilters are used.

Electromechanical tipper GARO allows you to tilt the car at different angles up to 60°. The tipper consists of a stand, a lifting frame, wheel clamps and a control panel,

The lifting mechanism of the tipper consists of an electric motor with a power of 2.8 kW at 1420 rpm, a single-stage worm gear, a silent clutch, a freely hanging screw and a nut fixed from turning in the axis of the carriage. When tilting the car at an angle of more than 40 ° C, the car must be removed from the battery and the air filter to prevent overflow of electrolyte and oil.

Lifting and transport equipment. To facilitate the work of workers and the convenience of performing work at dead-end posts and production lines, when removing and installing units, as well as transporting them to production and auxiliary departments, suspended single-rail tracks (monorails) with manual hoists or electric hoists, crane beams, mobile cranes are used various types and lifting trucks.

The most widely used are monorails with an electric hoist a-m and a lifting capacity of 0.25-1 g and overhead crane beams with a lifting capacity of 1-3 tons.

In some cases when working with diesel vehicles heavy duty overhead cranes are used. Overall and structural dimensions of monorails and crane beams are standardized. When using them, the required height of the room from the floor to the protruding elements of the floor should be selected from the conditions for the convenience of removing and setting up the vehicle units and the overall dimensions of the handling equipment. When setting up monorails, overhead track rails are installed with a slope of not more than 0.01; the smallest radius of curvature of the rail track is 1.5 m. In this case, it is necessary to ensure reliable fastening of the overhead track rail.

On fig. 10 shows a mobile hydraulic jib crane GARO model 423M, which is designed for disassembly and assembly work during maintenance and repair of vehicles. The crane consists of a U-shaped frame mounted on four wheels, a vertical stand on which the boom is hinged, and a manual hydraulic pump.

Rice. 10. Hydraulic cantilever mobile crane: 1 - figurative frame; 2 - pump; 3 - rack; 4 - pump drive lever; 5 - working cylinder; 6 - cylinder rod

Rice. 11. Carts; a - for the transportation of engines; b - for removing, installing and transporting gearboxes; in - for transportation of back bridges; d, e - for removing, installing and transporting rear axle gearboxes

Engines and other vehicle components are transported on special or universal carts. Heavy units at the posts of operational repairs are removed and installed using rollers, monorails with electric hoists, portal cranes and other devices.

Dismantling of engines and units of cars is carried out on universal or specialized stands.

Auxiliary equipment. To perform work on pressing out and pressing bushings, sleeves, bearings, straightening shafts, the front axle beam and other works, a stationary hydraulic press with a maximum working force of 20 tons is used.

For straightening and bending large parts, as well as for pressing, pressing out and stamping various parts, a 40-ton hydraulic press is used, which has two pumps - with manual and electric drives. Small press work is carried out on a bench rack and eccentric press.

Rice. 12. Stands: a - simplified, for disassembly and assembly of rear axle engines; b - for disassembly and assembly of engines; c, d - universal, for disassembly and assembly of rear axles

To remove bearings, gears and other parts, universal and special pullers are used. Their use increases the productivity of workers, and also ensures the safety of parts during disassembly.

Equipment is active BPF, that is, directly involved in the production process.

The active part of the OPF includes:

power machines, equipment, i.e. all units intended for the production of various types of energy (all steam boilers, electric generators);

working machines and equipment;

measuring and regulating instruments and devices;

computer technology, etc.

These groups are allocated for accounting and analysis of the BPF, for calculating depreciation and for revaluation.

2.Indicators of availability and use of equipment.

1) Classification of equipment in terms of availability in the production process:

installed equipment - actually operating, operating, under scheduled repair, idle, backup.

uninstalled - to be installed, superfluous, unusable, to be written off

For equipment, the concept of test shift is introduced, since it can work more than one shift. The shift coefficient is calculated on the basis of observations.

Kcm=åNi*Lcm/åNi (<=3), где Ксм- сменность работы оборудования, Ni- количество оборудования, L- число смен

Fleet utilization factor = number of equipment actually in operation / number of equipment on hand.

2) By working time:

Calendar fund = operating time for continuous equipment.

Regime = calendar - holidays and weekends.

Available time = regime fund - scheduled repairs - reserve fund.

Planned fund = available time - time not required to complete the production program.

Actual hours worked = planned fund - downtime.

Fleet utilization factor = actual hours worked / calendar (mode) time or the maximum possible for this group of equipment.

The calendar fund - with continuous time, regime - with discontinuous.

3) Indicators of the use of equipment by capacity:

Capacity Utilization Factor = Actual Production / Average Annual Capacity

For power equipment:

Engine utilization factor = average amount of energy actually generated / maximum possible engine power.

The most important indicators of equipment statistics.

Power and production equipment is the most active part of the production fixed assets in all sectors of the economy. Energy - equipment, the main function of which is the production of various types of energy (thermal, mechanical, electrical) and the conversion of one type of energy into another. Production equipment - tools of labor, with the help of which the worker directly affects the object of labor.

Production and power equipment is very diverse in design, purpose and many other features.

Groups of power equipment, taking into account the difference in the role of its individual types in the energy supply of production:

1. Steam boilers.

Engines:

1. Primary. They convert the potential energy of the forces of nature into mechanical energy.

   According to the types of energy used, they are divided into:

   1. thermal (steam and internal combustion)

Secondary. Convert one type of energy to another.

Electric generators. They convert mechanical and other types of energy into electrical energy.

Electric devices. They affect the objects of labor (welding machines, electric furnaces, electric dryers, etc.)

Transformers and current converters (rectifiers, umformers).

Production equipment is divided

according to the method of influence on the object of labor: mechanical, thermal and chemical.

by the nature of its application: intersectoral application and specialized for specific industries.

by specialization: universal and special.

according to the degree of automation: machines without forced connection of the working body with the object of labor, machines with forced connection of the working body with the object of labor, with automated supply of material and automated removal of the finished product - automatic machines.

according to the degree of technical perfection: modern, technically advanced equipment; equipment requiring modernization; outdated equipment, the modernization of which is not advisable.

on other grounds (age, place of manufacture).

Availability of equipment is characterized by indicators of its number.

Available equipment

installed equipment

1. actually working

   simple

   under scheduled renovation

   backup

uninstalled equipment

1. installable

   superfluous

   worthless (to be written off)

Cash - all equipment listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Installed - equipment put into operation. Reserve - serviceable equipment included in the technological or other type of reserve on the basis of the relevant document. Idle equipment - non-functional for all reasons, including pending repair and emergency repair. Actually operating - all used pieces of equipment, regardless of the length of time they have been working for the observed period.

By comparing the number of units of actually operating equipment with the number of units of installed or available equipment, the coefficients of use of the equipment fleet are obtained.

According to the mode of operation, equipment of continuous operation and equipment of discontinuous operation are distinguished. The shift ratio is an indicator that characterizes the use of equipment by the average number of work shifts per day.

K cm \u003d number of shifts worked out by all pieces of equipment

number of machine days worked

Comparing the shift ratio with the number of shifts in the work of the enterprise according to the established mode of operation, we obtain the coefficient of use of the shift mode.

An important characteristic of the availability of power equipment is its capacity. The effective maximum continuous power is indicated in the passport and characterizes the highest power that can be obtained on the working shaft of the engine and used for a long time without the threat of equipment failure due to overload. Based on the data on the energy actually produced by the engine, the average actual power is determined. (If an electric generator with a nominal power of 100 kW generated 1600 kWh of electricity for 200 hours of operation, then its average actual power = 1600:200=80 kW).

Engine power utilization ratio = average actual engine power: its effective maximum continuous power. (80:100=0.8).

The total power of the power equipment of enterprises determines the energy potential from. Mpr \u003d M pd + M em + M ea, where M pr is the power serving the production process, M pr is the power of the primary engines directly serving the working machines, M em is the power of the electric motors that drive the working machines, M ea is the power of the electric devices.

The use of equipment can also be characterized by time:

Calendar fund of time - the time of weekends, holidays and breaks between shifts = regime fund of time.

Regime fund of time - reserve time = disposable fund of time.

Available time fund - time of scheduled repairs = planned time fund.

The planned time fund is the time unnecessary for the execution of the production program = the time the equipment takes part in the production process.

Time of equipment participation in the production process = machine time (actually worked time + preparatory-final and auxiliary time).

Equipment utilization rate by time = time of equipment participation in the production process or actually worked time: time fund taken as a base for comparison (calendar, regime or planned).

Indicators of equipment utilization by time and by power allow you to obtain a generalized indicator of equipment utilization by the amount of work performed by multiplying the coefficients of equipment utilization by power and by time.

Of - the amount of useful work actually produced

Tf - time of actual operation of the equipment

Mt - passport performance of the equipment

Tk - calendar fund of time

A generalizing characteristic of the production capabilities of an enterprise is an indicator of production capacity - the maximum possible volume of products that can be produced by an enterprise over a certain period of time.

The average annual power is determined by the formula:

,?=H

- average annual capacity, Mn - capacity at the beginning of the reporting year, Mvv - capacities commissioned during the reporting period, Moutput - capacities retired in the reporting year, N1 - number of months remaining from the moment the capacity was commissioned until the end of the year, N2 - number months remaining until the end of the year from the date of disposal of capacity, 12 - the number of months in a year.

Capacity utilization factor - the ratio of the actual volume of production produced to the average annual capacity.

Topic number 7: Statistics of the enterprise's products