Ak 74 purpose combat properties general device. AK74: purpose, combat properties and general arrangement of the machine gun, the principle of operation of automation; partial disassembly and reassembly
PurposeAnd combat properties AK-74 assault rifle
The Kalashnikov assault rifle is an individual weapon.It is designed to destroy manpower and defeatenemy firepower. To defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, a bayonet-knife is attached to the machine gun. For shooting and observation under natural night illumination conditions to machine guns can be attached to a night shooting sight universal (NSPU).Automatic or single fire is carried out from the machine gun. Avtomatic fire is the main type of fire: it is fired in short (up to 5 shots) and long (up to 10 shots) bursts and does notdiscontinuously.
|
Data |
AK-74 |
|
Caliber, mm |
5,45 |
|
Pritz. range, m |
1000 |
|
Far straight. shots: by growth. figure, m by chest figure, m |
625 440 |
|
Rate of arrows, in min. |
600 |
|
Shotcatch per min.: solitary queues |
100 |
|
Beginning bullet speed, m/s |
900 |
|
Slaughter. action, m |
1350 |
|
Previous far,m |
3150 |
|
Weight, kg: with unfortunate. shop with equipment. shop |
3,3 3,6 |
|
Capacity shop |
|
|
Bayonet - knife weight, gr. |
490 |
|
Machine length, mm: with bayonet - knife without bayonet - knife with a complicated butt. |
1089 940 |
|
Barrel length, mm |
415 |
|
Number of grooves, pcs. |
|
|
Rifling pitch, mm |
200 |
|
Duln. energy, J |
1377 |
|
Cartridge |
5.45x39 |
|
Cartridge weight, g |
10,2 |
|
bullet weight with steel heart,G |
3,4 |
|
Gunpowder weight. charge, g |
1,45 |
|
Approx. weight NSPU, kg |
2,2 |
The main parts and mechanisms of the AK-74.
The assault rifle consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: a barrel with a receiver, sighting device, stock and pistol grip (1); lids receiver(3); bolt carrier with gas piston (4); shutter (5); return mechanism (6); gas tube with handguard (7); trigger mechanism; forearm (8); shop (9). In addition, the machine has a muzzle brake-compensator (2) and a bayonet-knife (10). The machine kit includes: accessory (11, 12), belt and bag for magazines; the machine kit with a folding butt, in addition, includes a case for the machine gun with a pocket for the magazine; The kit of the machine with a night sight also includes a universal night shooting sight.
Automatic operation of the machine based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore into the gas chamber. When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston and the bolt carrier with the bolt to the rear position. When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt is unlocked, the bolt removes the sleeve from the chamber and throws it out, the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the trigger (puts it on the self-timer cocking). The bolt carrier with the bolt returns to the forward position underby the action of the return mechanism, the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine to the chamber and closes the barrel bore, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the cocking of the self-timer trigger.
The trigger becomes on a combat platoon. The shutter is locked by turning it around the longitudinal axis to the right, as a result of which the lugs of the shutter go beyond the lugs of the receiver. If the translator is set to automatic fire, then the shooting will continue as long as the button is pressed. trigger and there is ammo in the store. If the interpreter is set to single fire, then only one shot will fire when the trigger is pulled; to fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and pull it again.
Purpose of accessories to AK-74 and their composition.
Affiliationto the machine is used for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the machine and accelerated magazine equipment. Accessories include: a ramrod, a wipe, a brush, a screwdriver, a punch, a pencil case, an oiler, clips and an adapter. /. ramrod; 2.rubbing; 3. brush; 4. screwdriver; 5. drift; 6. pencil case; 7. cover; 8. oiler; 9. clip; 10. adapter
Order incomplete disassembly and assembly after incomplete disassembly of the AK-74.
Partial disassembly procedure:
1. Separate the store. Holding the machine with your left hand by the neck of the butt, right hand grab the magazine by pressing the latch with your thumb, move the bottom of the magazine forward and separate it. After that, check if there is a cartridge in the chamber, for which lower the translator down, pull the bolt handle back, inspect the chamber, release the bolt handle and pull the trigger from the cocking.
2. Take out the case with accessories. Drown the cover of the butt socket with the finger of the right Hand so that the pencil case comes out of the nest under the action of the spring, open the pencil case and remove the rubbing, brush, screwdriver, punch and hairpin from it.
3. Separate the cleaning rod. With your left hand, pull the end of the ramrod away from the barrel so that its head comes out from under the stop of the front sight base, and pull the ramrod forward. When separating the ramrod, it is allowed to use a punch.
4. Separate the muzzle brake compensator. Drown the muzzle brake-compensator lock with a screwdriver. Remove the muzzle brake compensator from the threaded protrusion of the front sight base by rotating it counterclockwise. In case of excessively tight rotation of the muzzle brake-compensator, it is allowed to unscrew it using a punch (ramrod) inserted into the windows of the muzzle brake-compensator.
5. Separate the receiver cover. Grasp the neck of the butt with your left hand, press the protrusion of the guide tube (rod) of the return mechanism with the thumb of this hand, lift it with your right hand upper part receiver and separate the cover.
6. Separate the bolt carrier with the bolt. Continuing to hold the machine gun with your left hand, with your right hand pull the bolt carrier back to failure, lift it together with the bolt and separate it from the receiver.
7. Separate the bolt from the bolt carrier. Take the bolt carrier left hand with the bolt up, pull the bolt back with your right hand, turn it so that the leading ledge of the bolt comes out of the figured cutout of the bolt carrier, and pull the bolt forward.
8. Separate the gas pipe with the receiver lining. Holding the machine with your left hand, turn the contactor away from you to a vertical position with your right hand and remove the gas pipe. Assembly of the machine after incomplete disassembly is carried out in the reverse order. It must be remembered that after attaching the receiver cover, it is necessary to pull the trigger from the cocking and put the weapon on the safety.
WEAPONS DEVICE
The 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle is an individual weapon. It is designed to destroy manpower and destroy enemy firepower. To defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat a bayonet-knife is attached to the machine. For shooting and observation in natural night lighting conditions, the AK74N, AKS74N assault rifles are equipped with a universal night shooting sight (NSPU).
For firing from a machine gun, cartridges with ordinary (with a steel core) and tracer bullets are used.
Automatic or single fire is carried out from the machine gun. Automatic fire is the main type of fire: it is fired in short (up to 5 shots) and long (up to 10 shots from a machine gun) bursts and continuously. The supply of cartridges during firing is made from a box magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds.
The effective firing range of the machine gun is 1000 m. The most effective fire on ground targets: on the machine gun is at a distance of up to 500 m, and on airplanes, helicopters and paratroopers - at a distance of up to 500 m. 1000 m
Direct shot range:
At the machine on the chest figure - 440 m,
According to the running figure - 625 m;
The rate of fire is about 600 rounds per minute.
Combat rate of fire: when firing bursts from a machine gun - up to 100; when firing single shots from a machine gun - up to 40,
The weight of the assault rifle without a bayonet-knife with a plastic magazine loaded with cartridges: AK74 - 3.6 kg; AK74N - 5.9 kg; AKS74 - 3.5 kg; AKS74N - 5.8 kg. The weight of the bayonet-knife with the scabbard is 490 g.
receiver covers;
shutter;
return mechanism;
Shop.
The machine kit includes: accessory, belt and bag for magazines; in addition, a rifle case with a pocket for a magazine is included in the kit with a folding butt, and a universal night sight is also included in the kit with a night sight.
The principle of operation of automation.
The automatic action of the machine is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore into the gas chamber.
The order of incomplete disassembly of the machine gun (machine gun):
1) Separate the store.
2) Remove the accessory case from the stock socket.
3) Separate the cleaning rod.
4) Separate the muzzle brake compensator from the machine.
5) Separate the receiver cover.
6) Separate the return mechanism.
7) Separate the bolt carrier with the bolt.
8) Separate the bolt from the bolt carrier.
9) Separate the gas tube with the handguard.
Assembly is carried out in the reverse order.
AK74: parts and mechanisms of the machine gun, their purpose; delays in firing, their causes and solutions.
The machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
Barrel with receiver, sighting device, stock and pistol grip;
receiver covers;
Bolt frame with gas piston;
shutter;
return mechanism;
Gas tube with handguard;
trigger mechanism;
Shop.
In addition, the machine has a muzzle brake-compensator and a bayonet-knife.
The barrel serves to direct the flight of the bullet.
The receiver is used to connect the parts and mechanisms of the machine, to ensure that the bore is closed with a bolt and the bolt is locked. A trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver. The top of the box is closed with a lid.
The receiver cover protects the parts and mechanisms placed in the receiver from contamination.
The aiming device is used to aim the machine when firing at targets at various ranges. It consists of a sight and a front sight.
The buttstock and pistol grip are used for the convenience of the machine gun when firing.
The bolt carrier with a gas piston is used to actuate the bolt and trigger mechanism.
The shutter serves to send the cartridge into the chamber, close the bore, break the primer and remove the cartridge case (cartridge) from the chamber.
The return mechanism serves to return the bolt carrier with the bolt to the forward position.
The gas tube serves to guide the movement of the gas piston.
The barrel pad serves to protect the hands of the submachine gunner (machine gunner) from burns when firing.
The trigger mechanism is used to release the trigger from the combat cocking or from the self-timer cocking, to strike the striker, to ensure automatic or single fire, to stop firing, to prevent shots when the bolt is unlocked and to set the machine gun (machine gun) to safety.
The fore-end serves for the convenience of action and to protect the hands of the submachine gunner (machine gunner) from burns.
The magazine serves to place cartridges and feed them into the receiver.
The muzzle brake-compensator of the machine serves to increase the accuracy of the battle and reduce the recoil energy.
The bayonet-knife is attached to the machine to defeat the enemy in battle. In addition, it is used as a knife, saw (for cutting metal) and scissors (for cutting wire).
Shooting delays, their causes and solutions.
Parts and mechanisms of the machine gun (machine gun) with proper handling and proper care for a long time work reliably and without fail. However, as a result of contamination of mechanisms, wear of parts and careless handling of the machine gun (machine gun), as well as malfunction of cartridges, delays in firing may occur.
The delay that occurred during firing should be tried to be eliminated by reloading, for which purpose the bolt carrier should be quickly pulled back by the handle to failure, released and continued firing. If the delay is not eliminated, then you need to find out the cause of its occurrence and eliminate the delay, as indicated below.
| Delays and their characteristics | Reasons for delays | Remedy | |
| Cartridge failure The shutter is in the forward position, but the shot did not occur - there is no cartridge in the chamber | 1. Dirty or faulty magazine 2. Faulty magazine latch | Reload the machine gun (machine gun) and continue firing. If the delay repeats, replace the magazine. If the magazine latch malfunctions, send the machine gun (machine gun) to the repair shop | |
| Cartridge sticking The bullet bullet hit the breech section of the barrel, the moving parts stopped in the middle position | Store malfunction | While holding the bolt handle, remove the stuck cartridge and continue firing. If the delay repeats, replace the magazine | |
| Misfire The bolt is in the forward position, the cartridge is in the chamber, the trigger is released - the shot did not occur | 1. Malfunction of the cartridge 2. Malfunction of the striker or trigger mechanism; contamination or solidification of the lubricant (no or small pinprick of the striker on the primer) / 3. Jamming of the striker in the gate | Reload the machine gun (machine gun) and continue firing. When the delay is repeated, inspect and clean the drummer and trigger mechanism; in case of breakage or wear of the trigger mechanism, send the machine gun (machine gun) to the repair shop Separate the firing pin from the bolt and clean the hole in the bolt under the firing pin | |
| Not extracting the sleeve The cartridge case is in the chamber, the next cartridge rests against it with a bullet, the moving parts have stopped in the middle position | 1. Dirty cartridge or dirty chamber 2. Dirty or defective ejector or its spring | Pull the bolt handle back and, holding it in the rear position, separate the magazine and remove the stuck cartridge. Remove the cartridge case from the chamber with a bolt or ramrod. Continue shooting. When repeating the delay, clean the chamber and cartridges. Inspect and clean the ejector from dirt and continue shooting. If the ejector malfunctions, send the machine gun (machine gun) to the repair shop | |
| Sticking or not reflecting the sleeve The sleeve was not ejected from the receiver, but remained in it in front of the bolt or sent back to the chamber by the bolt | 1. Contamination of rubbing parts, gas paths or chamber 2. Contamination or malfunction of the ejector | Pull the bolt handle back, eject the cartridge case and continue firing. When repeating the delay, clean the gas paths, rubbing parts and the chamber; lubricate moving parts. If the ejector malfunctions, send the machine gun (machine gun) to the repair shop | |
| Shutter frame in forward position | Return spring failure | Replace the spring (in a combat situation, turn the front part of the spring with the tucked end back and continue firing | |
St. Petersburg Cadet Corps of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Methodical development
Topic: "KALASHNIKOV AK-74M"
Position: educator
Saint Petersburg 2011
1. KALASHNIKOV AK-74M
2. INCOMPLETE DISASSEMBLY, PURPOSE OF PARTS AND MECHANISMS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KALASHNIKOV AK-74
3. WORLDWIDE APPLICATION
Literature
Introduction
Brief biographical information about the Soviet designer M.T.Kalashnikov
went down in history small arms not only as the creator of the best assault rifle in the world, but also as a designer who, for the first time in the world, developed and widely introduced into the troops a number of unified models of automatic small arms, identical in terms of automation scheme, device and principle of operation.
In 1950-1970. based on AK for service Soviet army adopted a number of unified models of small arms automatic weapons, developed by M.T. Kalashnikov: AKM, AKMS, AK74, AKS74, AK74U, RPK, RPKS, RPK74, RPKS74, PK, PKS, PKM, PKSM, PKT, PKMT, PKB, PKMB.
Automatic weapons of the M.T. Kalashnikov is widely used in the world. Automatic machines of the M.T. Kalashnikov of various modifications, according to information available in the literature, by the middle of 1990, about 70 million pieces were made in total.
1. KALASHNIKOV AK-74M
The Ak-74M assault rifle is an individual weapon and is designed to destroy manpower and destroy enemy fire weapons.
For shooting in natural night light conditions, the NSPUM sight is attached.
The machine gun can be used in combination with the GP-25 grenade launcher.
To defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, a bayonet-knife is attached to the machine gun. 
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Caliber: | 5.45mm |
| Cartridge type: | 5.45x39 |
| Mass of unloaded machine gun: | 3.07 kg |
| Weight with loaded magazine: | 3.8 kg |
| Weight with equipped magazine and bayonet: | 4.1 kg |
| Length: | 940 mm |
| Length with bayonet: | 1089 mm |
| Barrel length: | 415 mm |
| Right hand cuts: | 4 pieces, step - 200 mm |
| starting speed bullets: | 900 m/s |
| muzzle energy: | 1377 J |
| Fire mode: | single/continuous |
| Rate of fire: | 600 rounds/min |
| Combat rate of fire (single): | 40 rounds/min |
| Combat rate of fire (bursts): | 100 rounds/min |
| Sighting range: | 1000 m |
| Range of a direct shot at a growth figure: | 625 m |
| Range of a direct shot on the chest figure: | 440 m |
| The range up to which the lethal effect of the bullet is maintained: | 1350 m |
| Maximum range of a bullet: | 3000 m |
| Magazine capacity: | 30 rounds |
| Effective firing range: | 650 m |
Purpose, arrangement of parts and mechanisms of the machine
trunk serves to direct the flight of the bullet.
muzzle brake compensator serves to increase the accuracy of the battle and reduce the recoil energy.
gas chamber serves to direct powder gases from the barrel to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
coupling serves to attach the forearm to the machine.
receiver serves to connect the parts and mechanisms of the machine, to ensure the closing of the bore by the shutter and the locking of the shutter.
sighting device serves to aim the machine at the target.
receiver cover protects parts and mechanisms placed in the receiver from contamination.
stock and pistol grip serve for the convenience of automatic operation when firing.
bolt carrier with gas piston serves to actuate the shutter and trigger mechanism.
gate serves to send a cartridge into the chamber, close the bore, break the primer and remove the cartridge case from the chamber.
return mechanism serves to return the bolt carrier with the bolt to the forward position.
gas tube with handguard serves to direct the movement of the gas piston and protect the submachine gunner's hands from burns when firing.
firing mechanism serves to release the trigger from the combat cocking or from the self-timer cocking, striking the striker, ensuring automatic or single fire, stopping firing and for setting the safety.
handguard serves for convenience of action and for protection of hands from burns.
shop serves to place cartridges and feed them into the receiver.
bayonet knife serves to defeat the enemy in battle.
2.
INCOMPLETE DISASSEMBLY, PURPOSE OF PARTS AND MECHANISMS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KALASHNIKOV AK-74
Disassembly of the machine can be incomplete and complete. Incomplete - designed for cleaning, lubrication and inspection of the machine. Full - for cleaning when the machine is very dirty, after being in the rain or in snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs. Excessively frequent disassembly of the machine is harmful, as it accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms. To disassemble and assemble the machine on a table or clean bedding; put parts and mechanisms in the order of disassembly, handle them carefully, do not put one part on top of another and do not apply excessive force and sharp blows. When assembling the machine, compare the numbers on its parts.
The order of incomplete disassembly of the machine.
Initial position: the machine gun lies on the table with the barrel to the left, the bolt carrier handle up, the participant stands a step away from the table.
At the command of the judge, the competitor must make an incomplete disassembly in the prescribed manner (with the exception of: the muzzle brake-compensator is not separated, accessories are not removed from the case):
1. Separate store- holding the machine with your left hand by the neck of the butt or fore-end, grab the magazine with your right hand; pressing the latch with your thumb, move the lower part of the magazine forward and separate it.
2. Perform a checkout- lower the translator down, pull the bolt handle back, inspect the chamber, release the bolt handle and pull the trigger from the cocking.
3. Take out the pencil case with accessories- drown the cover of the butt socket with the finger of the right hand so that the pencil case comes out of the socket under the action of the spring; open the pencil case and remove the rubbing, brush, screwdriver, punch and hairpin from it.
4. Dress the ramrod- pull the end of the ramrod away from the barrel so that its head comes out from under the stop on the front sight base, and pull the ramrod up.
5. Separate the muzzle brake-compensator- Drown the muzzle brake-compensator lock with a screwdriver. Unscrew the muzzle brake compensator from the threaded protrusion of the base of the front sight by turning it counterclockwise. In case of excessively tight rotation of the muzzle brake-compensator, it is allowed to unscrew it using a ramrod inserted into the windows of the muzzle brake-compensator.
6.Remove the receiver cover.- grab the neck (front part) of the butt with your left hand, press the protrusion of the guide rod of the return mechanism with the thumb of this hand, lift up the back of the receiver cover with your right hand and separate the cover (turn the limiters of the angle of rotation of the cover to the stop into the support pads of the base for attaching the gas tubes and receiver covers).
7. Separate return mechanism- holding the machine with your left hand by the neck of the butt, with your right hand move forward the guide rod of the return mechanism until its heel comes out of the longitudinal groove of the receiver; lift the rear end of the guide rod and remove the return mechanism from the channel of the bolt carrier.
8. Separate the bolt carrier with the bolt- Continuing to hold the machine gun with your left hand, pull the bolt carrier back to failure with your right hand, lift it together with the bolt and separate it from the receiver.
9. Separate the bolt from the bolt carrier- take the bolt carrier in your left hand with the bolt up; pull the bolt back with your right hand, turn it so that the bolt leading ledge comes out of the figured cutout of the bolt carrier, and pull the bolt forward.
10. Separate the gas tube with the handguard- while holding the machine with your left hand, with your right hand, put the accessory case with a rectangular hole on the protrusion of the gas tube lock, turn the lock away from you to a vertical position and remove the gas tube from the gas chamber nozzle.
At the end of the incomplete disassembly of the machine, the participant takes a step back and reports: “I have finished the incomplete disassembly of the machine.” The judge fixes the time spent on incomplete dismantling of the machine from the moment the judge gives the command until the moment when the participant, having completed all the actions, takes a step back.
Gross errors include:
retraction of the bolt carrier handle back when the magazine is not open;
the control descent from the combat platoon was not made.
Initial position: the parts of the machine lie on the table in the position in which they ended up after the incomplete disassembly of the machine.
At the command of the judge, the participant of the competition must assemble the assault rifle in accordance with the statutory procedure (with the exception of: the muzzle brake-compensator is not attached):
1. Attach the gas tube with the handguard.
2. Attach the bolt to the bolt carrier.
3. Attach the bolt carrier with the bolt to the receiver.
4. Attach the return mechanism.
5. Attach the receiver cover.
6. Pull the trigger from the cocking and put on the safety.
7. Attach the muzzle brake-compensator
8. Attach the cleaning rod.
9. Insert the pencil case into the butt socket.
10. Attach the magazine to the machine.
At the end of the assembly of the machine, the participant takes a step back and reports: "Assembly of the machine has finished." The judge fixes the time spent on assembling the machine from the moment the judge gives the command until the moment when the participant, having completed all the actions, takes a step back.
If you make gross mistakes, the result will be canceled! The participant receives the worst time shown in the competition as a credit.
Gross errors include:
attaching the store before making the control descent;
connecting the store to the machine that is not on the fuse;
the product of the control descent, if the barrel is directed at an angle of less than 45 degrees from the horizontal plane;
lack of fixation of the gas tube;
the presence of extra parts after assembling the machine or the loss of parts of the machine.
In case of violation of the established procedure for disassembling or assembling the machine, when parts fall on the floor or on each other, the judge assigns a penalty time for each mistake.
Note: removal of the ramrod is allowed in any (safety) way. If a participant is injured, the doctor records this in the protocol, the participant receives a penalty time.
3. WORLDWIDE APPLICATION
Geography of distribution of Kalashnikov assault rifles: operators of AK operators only modernized machines countries producing / releasing their own versions based on AK
AK is so cheap to manufacture and so widespread throughout the world that it costs less than live chicken in some countries. It can be seen in reports from almost any hot spot peace. AK is in service with the regular armies of more than fifty countries of the world, as well as an uncountable number of terrorist groups and just gangs. AK was and remains the most deadly weapon on Earth: a quarter of a million people die every year from his bullets. In the years cold war The US and the USSR competed for spheres of influence around the world, including through the supply of weapons. The AK was noticeably superior to the American M1 Garand and M14 rifles in terms of reliability and ease of maintenance, making it much more suitable for poor countries that did not have a developed weapons infrastructure.
In addition, "fraternal countries" received licenses for the production of AK free of charge, for example, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, China, Poland, North Korea and Yugoslavia. It doesn’t take long to learn how to handle an AK (a full army training course for owning a machine gun is only 10 hours), this explains such a distribution of the machine gun among partisans, rebels and terrorists.
First combat use
The first case of mass combat use AK on the world stage took place on November 1, 1956, during the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Until that moment, the machine gun was hidden from prying eyes in every possible way: the soldiers wore it in special covers that concealed the outlines, and after firing all the shells were carefully collected. AK has proven itself well in urban combat.Vietnam War
AK also became one of the symbols Vietnam War, during which it was widely used by soldiers of the North Vietnamese army and guerrillas of the NLF. In the unfavorable conditions of the jungle, the "black rifles" M16, due to the economy of the command on the quality of gunpowder, quickly failed, and their repair was difficult, as a result of which American soldiers sometimes replaced them with captured AKs.Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, 56th Air Assault Brigade, 1987
The war in Afghanistan accelerated the spread of AK around the world. Now they were armed with rebels and terrorists. The CIA generously provided the Mujahideen with Kalashnikovs, mostly made in China (in the PRC, AKs under the designation Type 56 were produced in huge quantities under license), through Pakistan. The AK was a cheap and reliable weapon, so the US preferred it.
Even before the withdrawal of Soviet troops, Western media paid attention to a large number of AK in the region, and the concept of "Kalashnikov Culture" entered the lexicon. After the last Soviet units left Afghanistan on February 15, 1989, the developed weapons infrastructure of the Mujahideen did not disappear anywhere, but, on the contrary, was integrated into the economy and culture of the region. For example, the almost entire economy of Pakistan (groups of robbers and kidnappers, drug lords, village arms dealers) was directly dependent on AK. ”, answered: “Kalashnikov, of course.”
After the introduction of NATO troops into Afghanistan, the Americans were forced to face the same AKs that the CIA purchased for the Mujahideen. According to The Washington Post, Sergeant 1st Class Nathan Ross Chapman, being shot by a Kalashnikov by an Afghan teenager, became the first American to die in this war from enemy fire (according to the independent website iCasualties.org, the first American to die in Afghanistan from enemy fire, was Johnny Spann
War in Iraq
To the surprise of the coalition forces, the soldiers of the newly created Iraqi army abandoned the American M16 and M4, demanding AKs. According to Walter B. Slocombe, senior adviser to the interim coalition administration, "every Iraqi over the age of 12 can take it apart and put it back together with their eyes closed and shoot pretty well."
Marine USA with MPi-KMS-72, East German equivalent of AKMS
After the collapse of the USSR
After the collapse of the USSR, many ATS countries began to sell their arsenals, but this did not lead to a collapse in prices for AKs. A noticeable decrease in the cost of the machine from about $ 1100 to $ 800 at the turn of the 1980-1990s occurred only in the Middle East, in Asia and America prices even increased (from about $ 500 to $ 700), and in Eastern Europe and Africa they practically did not change ( about 200-300$)Venezuela
In 2005, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez decided to sign a contract with Russia for the supply of 100,000 AK-103 assault rifles. The contract was completed in 2006, but Hugo Chavez is already talking about his readiness to purchase another 920,000 assault rifles and is negotiating the establishment of licensed production of AK-103 in the country. The main reason for the increase in arms purchases, Hugo Chavez calls the "threat of an American military invasion."Estimates and prospects
The Kalashnikov assault rifle has found a wide variety of ratings throughout its long service life.At the time of its birth, AK was effective weapon, far surpassing in all the main indicators the models of submachine guns for pistol cartridges available at that time in the armies of the world, and at the same time not inferior to automatic rifles for rifle and machine gun ammunition, having an advantage over them in compactness, weight and efficiency of automatic fire.
Fedor Tokarev once described the AK as distinguished by "reliability in operation, high accuracy and accuracy of fire, and relatively low weight."
The high combat effectiveness of the weapon was confirmed during the local conflicts of the post-war decades, including the Vietnam War.
The reliability and non-failure operation of weapons, due to a whole range of technical solutions adopted in it, are almost a benchmark for its class. There are suggestions that the AK is the most reliable military weapon since the Mauser 98 rifle. Moreover, it is provided even with the most careless and unskilled care, in the most difficult conditions.
However, as the weapon became obsolete, its shortcomings began to appear more and more, both characteristic of it initially and identified over time due to changes in the requirements for small arms and the nature of hostilities.
At the present time, first of all, it should be noted that even the latest modifications of the AK are outdated weapons in general, with practically no reserves for significant modernization.
The general obsolescence of weapons also determines many of its specific significant shortcomings.
First of all, there is a significant mass of weapons by modern standards, due to the widespread use of steel parts in its design. At the same time, the AK itself cannot be called unnecessarily heavy, however, any attempts to significantly modernize it - for example, lengthening and weighting the barrel to increase the accuracy of fire, not to mention the installation of additional sights - inevitably take its mass beyond the limits acceptable for army weapons, which is well shown by the experience of creating and operating the Saiga and Vepr hunting carbines, as well as RPK machine guns. Attempts to lighten the weapon while maintaining an all-steel structure (that is, the existing production technology) also lead to an unacceptable decrease in its service life, which partly proves the negative experience of operating early batches of AK74, the rigidity of the receivers of which turned out to be insufficient and required strengthening of the structure - that is, here the limit has already been reached and there are no reserves for modernization. In addition, in AK, the shutter is locked through the cutouts of the receiver liner, and not the barrel process, as in more modern samples, which does not allow the receiver to be made from lighter and more technologically advanced in production, although less durable materials. Two lugs are also simple, but not optimal solution, - even the bolt of the SVD rifle has three lugs, which provide more uniform locking and a smaller angle of rotation of the bolt, not to mention modern Western models, in relation to which we are usually talking about at least six bolt lugs.
A significant drawback in modern conditions is a collapsible weapon receiver with a detachable lid. This design makes it impossible to mount modern types of sights (collimator, optical, night) using Weaver or Piccatini rails: placing a heavy sight on a removable receiver cover is useless due to the presence of significant structural play. As a result, AK-like weapons for the most part allow the installation of only a limited number of models of sights that use a very outdated side bracket, which also shifts the center of gravity of the weapon to the left and does not allow the stock to be folded on those models where this is provided for by the design.
The only exceptions are rare variants such as the Polish Beryl assault rifle, which has a separate pedestal for the aiming bar, which is fixedly attached to the lower part of the receiver, or the South African bullpup " assault rifle» Vector CR21, in which the red dot sight is located on a bar attached to the standard base for the AK sight - with this arrangement, it ends up right in the area of \u200b\u200bthe shooter's eyes. The first solution is rather palliative, significantly complicates the assembly and disassembly of weapons, and also increases their bulkiness and weight; the second is only suitable for weapons made according to the bullpup scheme.
On the other hand, it is precisely due to the presence of a removable receiver cover that the assembly and disassembly of the AK is carried out quickly and conveniently, and this also provides excellent access to the details of the weapon when cleaning it.
All parts of the trigger mechanism are compactly assembled inside the receiver, thus playing the role of both the bolt box and the body of the trigger mechanism (trigger box). By modern standards, this is a lack of weapons, since more modern systems(and even for the relatively old Soviet SVD and the American M16) USM is usually made in the form of a separate easily removable unit that can be quickly replaced to obtain various modifications (self-loading, with the ability to fire in bursts of a fixed length, and so on), and in the case of the M16 platform - and modernization of weapons by installing a new receiver unit on the existing USM unit (for example, to switch to a new caliber of ammunition), which is a very economical solution.
To speak of a deeper degree of modularity characteristic of many modern small arms systems - for example, the use of quick-change barrels of various lengths - with respect to the AK is even less necessary.
The high reliability of the AK family, or rather, the methods used in its design to achieve it, is at the same time the cause of its significant drawbacks. The increased momentum of the gas exhaust mechanism, coupled with a gas piston fixed to the bolt frame and large gaps between all parts, on the one hand, leads to the fact that the automatic weapon works flawlessly even with heavy pollution (contamination is literally “blown out” of the receiver when fired), - but at the same time, the shutter frame, which comes to the extreme rear position at a speed of about 5 m / s (for comparison, for systems with “softer” operation of automation, even at the initial stage of the shutter retracting, this speed usually does not exceed 4 m / s), guarantees the strongest shock of the weapon when firing, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of automatic fire. According to some of the available estimates, the weapons of the AK family are generally not suitable for effective aimed fire in bursts. This is also the reason for the relatively large slide overrun, and hence the greater length of the receiver, to the detriment of the length of the barrel while maintaining the overall dimensions of the weapon. On the other hand, the AK bolt runout occurs completely inside the receiver, without using the butt cavity, which allows the latter to be folded, reducing the dimensions of the weapon when carried.
In fact, the shortcomings already described above are quite sufficient to come to the conclusion that in order to radically improve the tactical and technical characteristics of the AK, it essentially needs to be designed anew, with fundamental changes in all key components and manufacturing technology.
Other shortcomings are less radical, and can be characterized more as individual features of the sample.
As one of the shortcomings of the AK associated with the design of its USM, the inconvenient location of the translator-fuse is often called (on the right side of the receiver, under the cutout for the cocking handle) and a clear click when the weapon is removed from the protection, supposedly unmasking the shooter before opening fire. However, it is noted that in combat conditions, if there is at least some probability of opening fire, there is no need to put the weapon on the fuse at all - even in the cocked state, the probability of an accidental shot, for example, when the weapon is dropped, is practically zero. On many foreign variants (Tantalum, Valmet, Galil), an additional translator-fuse has been introduced, conveniently located on the left, which can significantly improve the ergonomics of the weapon. The AK release is considered to be quite tight, but it is noted that this is completely corrected by a simple skill.
The cocking handle located on the right is often considered a disadvantage of the AK family; it should be noted, however, that such an arrangement was at one time taken on the basis of quite practical considerations: the handle located on the left, when carrying the weapon “on the chest” and crawling, would rest against the body of the shooter, giving him significant discomfort. This was typical, for example, for German submachine gun MP40. The experimental Kalashnikov assault rifle of 1946 also had a handle located on the left, but the military Commission considered it necessary to move it, like the fuse-translator of types of fire, to the right.
An AK magazine receiver without a developed neck has also often been criticized as not ergonomic - sometimes there are claims that it increases the magazine change time by almost 2-3 times compared to a system with a neck. However, it is noted that the AK magazine adjoins, although not in the most convenient way, but in any conditions, unlike, for example, the M16 rifle, in which dirt is often stuffed into the receiving neck in extreme conditions, after which installing the magazine into it becomes very problematic. In addition, in combat conditions, the practical rate of fire of a weapon is more determined by the design of the magazine pouch than by the speed of its change.
The ergonomics of all variants of the AK has often been criticized. The stock of the AK is considered to be too short, and the fore-end is considered too "elegant", however, it must be borne in mind that this weapon was created for the relatively undersized soldiers of the 1940s, as well as taking into account its use in winter clothes and gloves. The situation could be partially corrected by a removable rubber butt pad, variants of which are widely offered on the civilian market. IN Russian divisions special purpose and in the civilian market, it is very common to use non-serial versions of stocks, pistol grips, and so on on various AKs, which increases the usability of weapons, although it does not solve the problem in itself and leads to a significant increase in its cost.
From a modern point of view, standard AK sights should be recognized as rather rough, and a short sighting line (the distance between the front sight and the rear sight slot) does not contribute to high accuracy. Most of the significantly reworked foreign variants based on the AK first of all received just more advanced sights, and in most cases - with an entirely diopter-type shooter located close to the eye (for example, see the photo of the sight of the Finnish Valmet machine gun). On the other hand, compared to the diopter, which has real advantages only when firing at medium-long ranges, the “open” AK sight provides a faster transfer of fire from one target to another and is more convenient when conducting automatic fire, as it covers the target less.
The accuracy of fire weapons was not his strong point from the very adoption, and, despite constant increase of this characteristic during the upgrades, remained at a lower level than that of similar foreign samples. Nevertheless, in general and in general, it can be considered acceptable for military weapons chambered for such a cartridge. For example, according to data obtained abroad, AKs with a milled receiver (that is, an early modification of 7.62 mm) with single shots regularly showed groups of hits with a diameter of 2-3-3.5 inches (~ 5-9 cm) at 100 yards ( 90 m). The effective range in the hands of an experienced shooter was up to 400 yards (approximately 350 m), and at this distance the dispersion diameter was approximately 7 inches (~ 18 cm), that is, a value quite acceptable for hitting a single person. Weapons for low-pulse cartridges also have the best performance.
In general and in general, although AK certainly has numerous positive traits and will be suitable for armies of countries in which they are accustomed to it for a long time, it is obvious that it needs to be replaced with more modern models, moreover, they have radical differences in design that would allow not to repeat the fundamental shortcomings of the outdated system described above.
Literature
1. Lovi A.A., Minin R.A. Organization of fire training classes. M., Publishing House of DOSAAF, 1970, pp. 51-64.
2. Instructions on shooting (extracts). M., Military Publishing House, 1973, pp. 98-115, 124-131.
3. Manual for the training of young soldiers. M., Military Publishing, pp. 109-130.
4. Tutorial for primary military training. Ed. 8th, rev. And extra. M., Publishing house DOSAAF, 1977, p. 215-225.
5. Materials from the site en.wikipedia.org
AK-74 AUTOMATIC
The AK-74 Kalashnikov assault rifle was developed in 1968 and put into service in 1974, is an individual weapon and is designed to destroy enemy manpower, as well as paratroopers and low-flying targets.
AK-74 consists of:
1. Barrel with receiver, butt, pistol grip and sighting device, consisting of a front sight and an aiming bar.
2. Trigger mechanism.
3. Receiver covers.
4. Return mechanism.
5. Bolt carrier with gas piston.
6. shutter.
7. Gas tube with handguard.
8. Forearm.
9. Shop.
10. Ramrod.
11. Muzzle brake compensator.
12. Bayonet - knife.
13. Pencil case (brush, rubbing, screwdriver, drift). The machine kit includes accessories, a belt and a bag for magazines.
The automatic action of the machine is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
Combat properties of the AK-74 assault rifle.
Automatic or single fire is carried out from the machine gun. Automatic fire is the main type of fire:
caliber 5, 45 mm.
the maximum range of a bullet is 3150 m.
the range to which the lethal effect of the bullet is maintained is 1350 m.
effective range shooting - 1000 m.
concentrated fire on ground group targets -1000 m.
direct shot range:
a) on the chest figure - 440 m.
b) on the running figure - 625 m.
most effective fire
a) for ground targets - 500 m.
b) for aircraft and paratroopers - 500 m.
rate of fire - 600 rounds per minute
combat rate of fire:
a) when firing bursts - up to 100 rounds per minute
b) when firing single shots - up to 40 rounds per minute
the initial speed of the bullet - 900 m / s.
weight with loaded magazine 3.6 kg
weight without equipped magazine 3, 3 kg
magazine capacity -30 rounds
bayonet-knife weight - 490 gr.
Disassembly of the machine can be complete and incomplete. Complete disassembly of the machine, when switching to another lubricant and during repairs. In all other cases, incomplete disassembly is performed.
The order of incomplete disassembly of the AK-74 assault rifle.
separate store;
move the fire translator to the lower position;
pull the bolt handle back, check if there is a cartridge in the chamber, release the bolt handle and pull the trigger from the cocking at an angle of 45 degrees or more; "
take out the pencil case with accessories, open the pencil case and take out the rubbing, brush, screwdriver and punch;
separate the ramrod;
unscrew the muzzle brake compensator;
separate the cover of the receiver;
take out the return mechanism
separate bolt carrier with gas piston and bolt
separate bolt from bolt carrier
separate the gas tube with the handguard.
The order of assembly of the machine after incomplete disassembly:
connect the gas tube to the handguard
attach bolt to bolt carrier
attach the bolt carrier with the bolt to the receiver
attach return mechanism
attach receiver cover
pull the trigger from the cocking and put on the safety
attach muzzle brake compensator
attach cleaning rod
put the accessory in the case and put the case in the butt socket
connect the magazine to the machine
Questions:
1. Concentrated fire - firing at a given target as part of one or more units from all types of weapons.
2. Direct shot - a shot in which the trajectory of the bullet does not rise above the aiming line above the target throughout the aiming range.
3. Shot - ejection of a bullet from the bore under the action of powder gases generated during the combustion of a powder charge.
4. The initial speed of the bullet - the speed at which the bullet leaves the bore.
5. The cartridge consists of: a bullet, a cartridge case, a powder charge, a capsule.
Home hallmark appearance"AN-94" is a wide application of plastics (glass-filled, reinforced polyamide). The stock in the classical sense is replaced here with a carriage-type casing, inside which a firing unit moves along metal guides, consisting of a barrel connected to the receiver. Inside the box are a bolt carrier with an unusually short bolt and a trigger. The trigger mechanism is integrated with the pistol grip and, if necessary, can be easily disconnected from the general operating mechanism. What at first glance seems to be a gas tube with an unusual placement under the barrel, in fact, is a guide lever that supports the barrel when it rolls back according to the principle artillery piece. A regular 40-mm GP-25 grenade launcher is also mounted here with an adapter. It is also noteworthy that the bayonet-knife is not attached in the lower position, like in AK, but on the right side. This is done for reasons of ensuring the simultaneous attachment of both a grenade launcher and a bayonet-knife. In other designs, before installing a grenade launcher, you must make sure that the bayonet is removed. Seconds that are precious to a fighter’s life can be spent on this in battle. Besides, horizontal position provides greater, compared with the vertical, penetrating power into the intercostal space. In this position, a bayonet-knife can be used not only for stabbing, but also for lateral cutting blows. As for the gas tube, it, as well as the entire firing unit, together with the box, are placed inside the casing. When firing in the casing of the machine, two main movements occur:
- rollback of the barrel connected to the box and
- reciprocating movement of the bolt group.
At the same time, the shutter does not “overrun” the store, as happens in all types of automatic weapons. The design of the machine allows you to supply ammunition in two steps - preliminary removal from the magazine when the frame moves back and chambering into the chamber when it rolls forward after locking the chamber by turning the sliding bolt. In this case, the stroke length of the frame with the shutter barely exceeds the length of the used cartridge. This is another significant difference from the known shooting systems, where the rollback of the bolt group is limited by almost the length of the receiver. In addition, there is a shock absorber and a buffer inside the casing, which not only effectively dampen the impact of the rolling firing unit against the rear wall of the box, but also set an additional accelerating impulse to return it to its original position. All this is calculated to ensure a high rate of fire.
And here we come to the main advantage of Nikonov's sample! The machine has three modes of fire: single, short burst with a cut-off of two shots and automatic. But this is not the main thing. And the main thing is that the machine in the short burst mode of two shots and the first two shots of fully automatic fire gives 1800 (!) Rounds per minute at a high rate. When firing with automatic fire, the weapon independently, without additional manipulations, goes into a normal rate of 600 rounds per minute, i.e. the rate of fire of the Kalashnikov assault rifle. And such a cycle is repeated each time the next time the shutter is pressed. Considering that during operation the firing unit rolls back, during the rollback time the machine has time to make two cycles at a high rate and only after both bullets have left the barrel, it reaches its extreme rear point, hits the buffer and the shooter feels the summed recoil momentum of the first shots . The offset of the recoil momentum significantly increases the accuracy of shooting and the probability of hitting the target.
I often have to shoot different types new automatic weapon, and when I first took the Abakan into my hands, Nikonov warned me not to “prop up” the weapon with my shoulder, which is sometimes used to compensate for recoil. He said that from such compensation, although the shots were heaped, they fell below the target. And he was right. Surprisingly, Nikonov practically does not feel the recoil momentum! Shooters are well aware of the effect of "bullying" the barrel when firing in long bursts. Here, however, such a phenomenon is practically non-existent. And the point is not only that the design uses an unusually successful two-chamber muzzle brake, which received the name “snail” among Izhmashevsky designers. As we noted above, in all firing modes, the bolt does not run over the magazine. This prevents the firing unit from hitting the rear wall at a normal pace (600 rounds per minute). As a result, the Nikonov surpasses the Kalashnikov by one and a half times in terms of accuracy, and the American M16A2 automatic rifle by 0.5 times. And this despite the fact that, according to objective data, the 5.56 x 45 mm HATO cartridge itself has better accuracy in terms of accuracy than our 5.45 x 39. Thus, Nikonov created such a weapon that, with already existing model cartridge, solely due to its more advanced design, has achieved a sharp improvement in the quality of shooting.
If in 1974 the state made expenses on the development and implementation of the whole “cartridge + weapon” complex, now these expenses have been at least halved. This is the economic contribution of Gennady Nikonov to the treasury of the Fatherland.
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Tactical and technical characteristics |
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