Lesson summary "Organisms in the World Ocean. The impact of organisms on the earth's shells"
People have long been accustomed to the existence of diverse animals and flora on the land. What do we know about life in the ocean? How diverse is it? Who else but commercial fish, can be found in its waters? Let's look for answers to these questions together.
Amazing variety
Life in the ocean is amazing and diverse. Scientists are confident that life began its development in the waters of the World Ocean. This can explain the fact that more than 150 thousand different species of representatives of the animal and plant world live here. If you try to count total weight of all forms of life in ocean waters, then the figure will be huge - in fact, it is 60 billion tons. The ocean as a habitat is suitable for all types organic world. Huge mammals are also found here. Of the huge diversity of wildlife, only spiders, centipedes and amphibians have not taken root in ocean waters.
Differences between water and air
Argue that air and differ in physical properties, hopeless. In an aquatic environment, temperatures are distributed differently, and water pressure increases in accordance with depth. And also presence sunlight observed only in the upper layers. These features of life in the ocean affect the existence and development of all living things.
Thus, due to the fact that water is able to support organisms in a certain position, they do not need to form particularly strong skeletons or roots. Therefore, life in the ocean is represented by the largest mammal in nature, which is called the blue whale. This animal is 25 times heavier than itself large inhabitant sushi - elephant.
Well, since ocean algae do not have to resist the elements of air, they do not need to grow a powerful root system, but at the same time they can stretch for several tens of meters.
What is benthos?
This incomprehensible word defines the collection of living creatures that live on and in the ocean soil. There are two types of life on the ocean floor: zoobenthos and phytobenthos. There are much more representatives of zoobenthos, that is, the animal world, and as we approach the shores of continents and islands, their number increases in shallow waters.
Zoobenthos consists of crustaceans, mollusks, large and small fish. Phytobenthos includes various bacteria and algae.
What is plankton?
Well, what kind of life is there in the ocean without special ones that are not tied to the bottom, but are also not capable of actively moving. Virtually all plankton movements occur due to currents. The upper layers of water, where sunlight reaches, are inhabited by phytoplankton. It consists of different types of algae. But zooplankton lives throughout the entire water column.
Most of the animal plankton are crustaceans and protozoa. These are various ciliates, radiolarians and other representatives. In addition, there are coelenterate organisms: siphonophores, jellyfish, ctenophores and small pteropods.
Thanks to the huge amount of plankton, fish and aquatic animals are always provided with abundant food.
What is nekton?
The term "nekton" is not used very often, but it refers to life forms that are well known to us. Nekton are organisms that can actively move in water. These include turtles, pinnipeds, and cetaceans. Nekton also includes all types of fish, squid, penguins and water snakes.
Division into zones
Life in the ocean is interesting because it creates different conditions for the inhabitants of different depths. Thus, shallow water off the coast is called the littoral zone. Here, water disturbances, ebbs and flows are common phenomena. This forced living organisms to adapt to the daily change of being in water and in air. In addition, these organisms are constantly affected by temperature fluctuations, changes in environmental salinity, and surf. To survive in these conditions, mollusks are firmly attached to the rocks, crabs are held with tenacious claws, and fish have acquired special suction cups. And the shrimp have learned to burrow into the ground.
The next zone is bathyal. It begins at a depth of 200 m and ends at a depth of 2000 m. The bathyal zone is located within the continental slopes. The flora of this zone is very poor, because Sun rays They don’t get to that depth. But many fish live here.
Further, the habitat zone is called abyssal. It is located at depths of more than two km. There is low-moving water and a consistently low temperature. The salinity of the ocean at this depth can reach 34.7%, and there is no light at all. The vegetation in this area consists of species of bacteria and algae. A animal world ocean depths is very unusual. Animals' bodies are delicate and fragile. Many species have acquired long appendages in order to rest on sticky soil and be able to move. Some living organisms have huge eyes, while others lack them completely. Many species are flat, some organisms are capable of glowing.
The deep-sea flora and fauna have still not been fully studied, since descent to great depths is difficult not only for humans, but also for research instruments. Research using self-propelled bathyscaphes has become widespread. But the life of the littoral and bathyal zones is being actively studied.
The riches of the World Ocean provide humanity with a huge food source. And most importantly, this food source is rich in vitamins and easily digestible protein. Representatives of not only the animal, but also the plant world are suitable for food. The main thing is that a person does not consider this source inexhaustible and learns to treat it carefully and economically.
Ocean water contains substances necessary for life. Living things are found in the ocean at any depth. They exist even at the bottom of the Mariana Trench - the deepest point of the World Ocean - at a depth of 11 thousand meters, even where hot magma comes from the depths of the Earth through faults, even where there are high temperatures and enormous pressure. We can safely say that life in the ocean is all-pervasive.
Life in the ocean is incredibly diverse - more than 200,000 species of organisms live there, due to the fact that its conditions are very different from the poles to the equator, from the surface of the water masses to the deep. In terms of diversity of plant and animal species, the ocean is comparable to land. The ocean is still full of secrets even now. When researching depths of the sea find organisms unknown to science. 
Inhabitants of the World Ocean
All inhabitants of the World Ocean can be divided into 3 groups according to their living conditions: 1) Organisms that live on the surface of the ocean and in the water column and do not have active means of transportation (plankton). 2) Organisms that actively move in the water column (nekton). 3) Organisms that live on the bottom (benthos).
Plankton
2) Organisms that actively move in the water column (nekton). 3) Organisms that live on the bottom (benthos).
Plankton
Plankton
Analysis of living organisms and their habitats suggests that the ocean is unevenly populated by organisms. Coastal areas with depths of up to 200 meters, well illuminated and warmed by the sun's rays, are especially densely populated. On the mainland shallows you can see forests and meadows of seaweed - pastures for fish and other ocean inhabitants.
Far from the coast, large algae are rare, since the sun's rays have difficulty penetrating the water column. Plankton reigns here (Greek planktos - wandering). These are plants and animals that are unable to withstand currents that carry them over long distances. Most of these organisms are very small, many of them visible only under a microscope. There are phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are various algae. Zooplankton inhabits the entire water column: these are small crustaceans and numerous protozoa.
Plankton is the main food of most ocean inhabitants. Naturally, areas rich in it are also rich in fish. Baleen whales can also live here, in whose diet plankton occupies the main place. 
Actively moving organisms - nekton (Greek nektós - floating, swimming) live everywhere in the ocean. nekton includes most fish, pinnipeds (seals and walruses), cetaceans (whales, sperm whales), cephalopods(squid, octopus, etc.), sea snakes and turtles. All nektons usually have a well-streamlined body shape, which helps them move quickly in the water. 
Benthos lives at the bottom of the sea or ocean (Greek benthos - deep). This is a collection of plant and animal organisms that live on the ground or in the soil of the seabed. Benthos includes brown and red algae, mollusks, crustaceans and others. Benthos serves as food for many fish and other aquatic animals.
Vertical zoning is observed in the distribution of benthos: mollusks and crustaceans predominate in the upper horizons, mollusks and echinoderms predominate in the middle horizons, and crustaceans and echinoderms predominate in the deeper horizons. 
Depths of the ocean
The depths of the ocean are sparsely populated, but they are not lifeless. Of course, there are no plants there anymore, but in complete darkness, under great pressure, in cold water swim amazing fish: they have huge toothy mouths, glowing bodies, “lanterns” on their heads. Some of them are blind, others can see poorly in the dark. They feed on the remains of organisms falling from above, or eat each other 
Life placement
Life in the ocean is distributed unevenly not only in depth, but also depending on geographic latitude. Polar waters due to low temperatures and the long polar night are poor in plankton. It develops most in the temperate waters of both hemispheres. There are currents here strong winds contribute to the mixing of water masses and the rise of deep waters, enriching them with nutrients and oxygen. Due to the strong development of plankton, various types of fish also develop, so temperate latitudes are the most fishy areas of the ocean. In tropical latitudes, the number of living organisms decreases, since these waters are very heated, highly saline and poorly mixed with deep water masses. At equatorial latitudes, the number of organisms increases again. The ocean has long been man's breadwinner. 
The work was prepared by 6th grade student Nikita Khrabrov
LLC Training Center
"PROFESSIONAL"
Abstract on the discipline:
« Physical geography of continents and oceans and teaching methods with ICT»
On this topic:
“Life in the World Ocean. Distribution of living organisms in the ocean"
Executor:
Baklanova Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Moscow 2018
Page
Introduction
Distribution of life in the ocean
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The world ocean is one of the few unique natural formations on our planet. It has many faces in perception: it arouses genuine interest and admiration, excites the imagination with its abyss and power, and serves as a home, food and protection for its inhabitants. Water surface, occupying approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, which is almost 3/4 of the surface globe a layer about 4000 m thick, still hides many mysteries. And no wonder: for thousands of years man “traveled across three seas”, caught fish, but began to study it only three centuries ago.
Almost all living space is concentrated in the oceans. Below the surface of the ocean lies 4/5 of all living organisms. The deep-sea zone of the ocean, still poorly studied by man, is home to many species of animals.
Life in the ocean exists everywhere - from the surface to the very bottom and from the equator to the Arctic latitudes. However, the diversity of organisms and the saturation of water spaces with them depend on many factors. The main ones among them are depth, geographic latitude, and distance from the coast.
Goal of the work- study the diversity of living organisms in the World Ocean.
The ocean is the cradle of life on Earth
About 3.4 billion years ago, life began in the oceans. Only three billion years later the first inhabitants appeared on land.
The development of life in it led to changes in the properties of water masses (salinity, gas content, etc.). For example, the appearance of green plants in the ocean led to an increase in the oxygen content in the water. Oxygen was released from the water into the atmosphere, changing its composition. The appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere led to the possibility of the settlement of land by organisms native to the oceans.
All inhabitants of the World Ocean can be divided into 3 groups according to their living conditions:
1) organisms that live on the surface of the ocean and in the water column and do not have active means of transportation;
2) organisms actively moving in the water column;
3) organisms living at the bottom.
Analysis of living organisms and their habitats suggests that the ocean is unevenly populated by organisms. Coastal areas with depths of up to 200 meters, well illuminated and warmed by the sun's rays, are especially densely populated. On the mainland shallows you can see forests and meadows of seaweed - pastures for fish and other ocean inhabitants. Far from the coast, large algae are rare, since the sun's rays have difficulty penetrating the water column. Plankton reigns here (Greek planktos - wandering). These are plants and animals that are unable to withstand currents that carry them over long distances. Most of these organisms are very small, many of them visible only under a microscope. There are phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are various algae developed in the upper, illuminated layer of water. Zooplankton inhabits the entire water column: these are small crustaceans and numerous protozoa (single-celled animals of microscopic size). Plankton is the main food of most ocean inhabitants. Naturally, areas rich in it are also rich in fish. Baleen whales can also live here, in whose diet plankton occupies the main place.
Benthos lives at the bottom of the sea or ocean (Greek benthos - deep). This is a collection of plant and animal organisms that live on the ground or in the soil of the seabed. Benthos includes brown and red algae, mollusks, crustaceans and others. Among them, shrimp, oysters, scallops, lobsters, and crabs are of important commercial importance. Benthos is an excellent food source for walruses, sea otters and some species of fish.
The depths of the ocean are sparsely populated, but they are not lifeless. Of course, there are no plants there anymore, but in complete darkness, under great pressure, in cold water, amazing fish swim: they have huge toothy mouths, luminous bodies, “lanterns” on their heads. Some of them are blind, others can see poorly in the dark. They feed on the remains of organisms falling from above, or eat each other. In the water column there are many bacteria that live in the deepest water masses. Thanks to their activity, dead organisms decompose and the elements necessary for the nutrition of living beings are released.
Actively moving organisms live everywhere in the ocean. These are a variety of fish marine mammals(dolphins, whales, seals, walruses), sea snakes, squids, turtles and others.
Life in the ocean is distributed unevenly not only in depth, but also depending on geographic latitude. Polar waters, due to low temperatures and the long polar night, are poor in plankton. It develops most in the temperate waters of both hemispheres. Here, currents and strong winds contribute to the mixing of water masses and the rise of deep waters, enriching them with nutrients and oxygen. Due to the strong development of plankton, various types of fish also develop, so temperate latitudes are the most fishy areas of the ocean. In tropical latitudes, the number of living organisms decreases, since these waters are very heated, highly saline and poorly mixed with deep water masses. At equatorial latitudes, the number of organisms increases again.
Diversity of living organisms in the ocean
The living world is huge and diverse : More than 150 thousand species of animals and more than 10 thousand species of algae live in it. Even now, when land animals and plants have developed, there are much more of them living in the aquatic environment than on land. The largest animals live here, such as the whale, which is 25 times heavier than the elephant, the largest animal on land; the largest plants are algae, extending for many tens of meters. The conditions for the existence of all living things in water are much more favorable than on land: there are no sharp temperature fluctuations, surrounding water It supports the body of the organism well in space and does not need such a powerful skeleton or roots as land dwellers who resist the effects of the air elements.
In the organic world of seas and oceans there are - And , and , i.e., a set of organisms living on the ground and in the ground of seas, lakes, and rivers. Benthos is divided into animal ( ) and plant ( ). More - , especially in coastal shallow waters.
1. What animals and plants do you know that live in the ocean?
Plankton, crabs, whales, dolphins, killer whales, sharks, fish, algae.
2. How do the living conditions of organisms in the ocean differ from their living conditions on land?
Significant differences between living conditions on land and in water are: the method of oxygen consumption; features of adaptation to gravitational influence; features of photosynthesis in plant organisms; features of methods of movement in space; features of reproduction methods, etc. Some organisms that previously lived on land returned to the water, for example, whales and dolphins, sea turtles. Some feel equally good both in water and on land, for example, amphibians.
3. How do people use marine organisms?
Catch and eat.
4. How does the global water cycle work?
The water cycle in nature is the process of cyclical movement of water in the biosphere. Consists of evaporation of water, transfer of vapors by air currents, their condensation, atmospheric precipitation and the transfer of water in rivers and other bodies of water. Most of water evaporates from the surface of the world's oceans.
5. Why does movement happen? air masses?
Due to the uneven heating of the Earth.
Questions and tasks
1. What is the peculiarity of the distribution of life in the ocean?
Life in the world's oceans is widespread, but the species composition and density of plants and animals in the ocean waters are extremely diverse and uneven.
2. What determines the distribution of organisms in the surface layer of water?
The distribution of organisms in the surface layer of water depends on the amount of oxygen in the water and light. Warm waters have little oxygen and little life, especially at depth. In the north and in temperate latitudes, there is a lot of oxygen in the water, due to seasonal mixing of water, when heavy cold water with oxygen sinks down, and warm water rises to the top, where it cools and, in general, this is mixing. Cool water contains more living organisms due to the abundance of oxygen. And its greatest concentration occurs at a depth of up to 200 m; sunlight can penetrate to such a depth.
3. Which parts of the ocean are especially rich in life?
In its upper layers, somewhere up to 100 m, there remains sufficient illumination and a lot of oxygen dissolved in the water. This is the most favorable layer for life in the ocean. Plankton and plants live here. There is no light deeper than 1 kilometer. It's completely dark here. Only bacteria and animals can live here. The number of living organisms here is much less than in the layers above. Life in the ocean changes not only with depth, but also depends on latitude, that is, on climate. There are few living organisms in the region of the Earth's poles, since the water there is too cold. Plankton appears here only in summer. Since it serves as food for fish and animals, they also swim here only for a time when the ice melts. In temperate latitudes, not only are the temperatures higher, but there is also a lot of oxygen dissolved in the water. Therefore, there are many living organisms here. IN tropical zones the temperature is very favorable for life, but the high salinity and low amount of oxygen in the water do not allow plankton to multiply greatly. As a result of this, there are not so many fish here. However, in tropical waters there is a much greater diversity of living organisms. IN equatorial belt a lot of corals. Many living organisms live near the mouths large rivers, since nutrients are brought from rivers. Regardless of latitude and climate, there is a pattern that there is more life in shallow waters, shelves of seas and oceans than in areas of the ocean remote from them.
4. How is heat and moisture exchanged between the ocean and land?
The ocean warms slowly, but retains heat longer. It transfers this heat to the atmosphere through the process of evaporation. Moisture falling from clouds is transferred to land through air circulation. Further, through underground and surface runoff it returns to the ocean. That is, the water cycle in nature.
5. How are the air masses formed over land and ocean different?
Air masses formed over land differ from air masses formed over the ocean, having higher humidity and slight differences in temperature between seasons.
6. Why does life in the ocean need protection?
Because the preservation of all species of organisms living in the World Ocean depends on it. The ocean will be empty, and so will we. 80% of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from ocean algae, not forests. The ocean is the lungs of the planet, a storehouse of water and food, and a climate regulator.
7. Give examples marine organisms belonging to each of the three groups, differing in lifestyle.
Nektons are actively swimming. These include more than 20,000 species of fish, squid, cetaceans, pinnipeds, water snakes, turtles, penguins, etc. Plankton are passive swimmers. These include bacteria, protozoa, some coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans, eggs and larvae of fish, larvae of various invertebrate animals and other benthos living at the bottom. These include starfish, oysters, flounder, mussels, methiola, mya, sea cucumber, brittle stars, anemones, oysters, crabs, etc.
8. What professions do people need to master to work at sea?
Sailor, oceanographer, scuba diver, diver.
MBOU Narmonskaya secondary comprehensive school with in-depth study of individual subjects of Laishevsky municipal district RT
“Features of life in the ocean. Distribution of life in the ocean"
Developed by: geography teacher
II qualification category
MBOU Narmonskaya secondary school
Laishevsky district
Zadovskaya A.A.
S.Narmonka 2012-2013
Lesson type - learning new material.
Lesson objectives - form an idea of the characteristics and distribution of life in the ocean.
Tasks:
- find out the features of the distribution of life in the ocean, factors influencing the features of the distribution of the organic world, introduce new concepts;
- improvement of work with sources of geoinformation, development of speech and memory of students;
- continue to develop a worldview, a positive attitude towards the subject, the ability to behave in class, and careful handling of school supplies
Concepts: plankton, nekton, benthos, their features, diversity of marine organisms, factors influencing the distribution of life in the ocean, the relationship between depth, climate and distance from the coast and the diversity and richness of the organic world, ways of adapting marine plants and animals to aquatic living conditions.
Equipment: map of the hemispheres or map of the World Ocean, encyclopedias, TV, video film “Life in the Ocean,” tables, drawings, student reports.
During the classes.
“Look at the ocean, professor, isn’t it a living creature?..”
From a conversation between Captain Nemo and Professor Aronnax.
I. Teacher: Today in class we will learn a lot of interesting things about the organisms that inhabit the World Ocean. What groups are divided into, what living conditions and distribution of organisms exist in the World Ocean, what does it depend on.
The ocean is full of life and mysteries that amaze the imagination. Many of them have not yet been revealed. Huge contribution Thor Heyerdahl and Jacques Cousteau contributed to the study of life in the oceans. Let's write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook.
II. Updating students' knowledge:
What kingdoms of living organisms exist on Earth?
What is the biosphere? Name the boundaries of the biosphere(upper - ozone layer level, lower - Earth's crust about 5 km);
How do living bodies differ from nonliving ones?
Name the conditions for the existence of organisms;
What is the ozone layer? What altitude is it at?
III. Introductory conversation: “On the diversity of marine organisms.”
The world's oceans are populated by many animals, plants, bacteria. Unlike land, where plants predominate among organisms, the ocean is an environment dominated by animals. (Look at Fig. 160, slide). There are now about 160,000 species of animals and 10,000 species of plants known to live in the ocean.
Algae predominate among plants. They are very diverse - from tiny single-celled organisms to giants tens of meters long. (See Fig. 161).(Word to the student).
Marine animals are more diverse (Fig. 162). Their sizes range from tiny single-celled animals to whales weighing 200 tons (or 50 elephants!).(Word to the student).
Teacher: “Features of life in the ocean.”
Water is a special habitat. Up to a depth of 200 meters, many small organisms live in suspension. They seem to float in water. This is where the name of the organism comes from - plankton (from Greek wandering). Plankton in the seas and oceans has 20 times more mass than all other organisms combined (Fig. 163). This is the main food of fish and whales. Areas rich in plankton are also rich in fish.
Non-planktonic animals move independently. They swim quickly, overcoming obstacles. For this they have special devices: a streamlined body shape, flippers, and fins. They populate the entire thickness of water from the surface to the bottom.
Special animals inhabit the ocean floor. Some of them are never separated from it (corals, sea anemones, sea lilies), others swim in bottom waters (flounder, stingrays). There are also creatures that burrow into the ground (worms, some mollusks, crustaceans).
We will enter all subsequent data into the table:
Regions of life in the ocean | Groups of marine organisms | Representatives of the animal and plant world |
1. water surface | 1. plankton (Greek: wandering) - algae and animals passively moving (with currents) | 1. crustaceans, jellyfish, krill, diatoms and planktonic algae. |
2. the entire water column | 2. nekton (Greek floating) - actively moving organisms | 2. fish, cetaceans, mammals, mollusks - octopuses, squids; turtles |
3. ocean bottom | 3. benthos (Greek depth) - organisms living at the bottom | 3. brown and red algae, crustaceans, sea stars, mollusks, sea anemones, sea spruce |
Teacher: In the ocean there are three areas of life and three groups of marine organisms according to their lifestyle:
water surface(inhabits plankton - from the Greek wandering - algae and animals passively moving (with currents)(students enter data into a table).Most of the organisms that form plankton are very small, many are visible only under a microscope. Plankton is the main food of most ocean inhabitants, including baleen whales, not to mention fish.
Teacher: -Now attention! Let's listen to the guys, they will read to us excerpts from the novel “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Captain Nemo". - What did Captain Nemo and his passengers see?
1 A student reads an excerpt from a novel:« In the first minutes of the dive, when the sun's rays gilded the water, life was seething overboard. We could observe many living organisms: from the smallest algae to giant jellyfish. However, when passing through various water layers, one cannot help but notice that they are unevenly populated. The most populated depth is up to 50 meters.”
Water thickness ( nekton, which in Greek means floating. These organisms actively move in the ocean and do not depend on sea currents and winds. This group of organisms is more diverse(students fill out the table).
2 Student: This is how Professor Aranax, a member of Captain Nemo's expedition, described his impressions:“The fish frolicked and splashed, competing with the beauty of their colors, the shine of their scales and their agility. I noticed a green wrasse, a red mullet marked with a double black stripe, a white goby with purple spots on the back and a rounded tail, a Japanese mackerel, a wonderful mackerel with a silver head and a blue body, brilliant bluefish, the name of which alone replaces all descriptions, ribbed sparids, with various fins, blue and yellow, striped sparids, with a black band on the tail, moray eel, a genus of serpentine eel, with small live eyes and a wide mouth bared with teeth, you can’t list everything...”
Teacher: -Which external signs can be noted in fish that live in shallow depths? What other inhabitants of the water column, besides fish, can you see? Students name the representatives and write them down in the table.
Ocean floor ( benthos from Greek - depth). The depths of the oceans are sparsely populated, but not lifeless, although at great depths there are not even algae. In almost complete darkness, under high pressure, amazing-looking fish swim in cold water. They feed on the remains of organisms that “fall” from upper layers water, or eat each other.
3 The student reads: “While diving, we passed the 200-meter mark, ocean depths changed their color from turquoise to dark blue, the sun's rays almost do not penetrate to such a depth. Our companions - flocks - began to disappear sea fish. We sank deeper and deeper. And so, at a depth of about 500 m, the last ray of light died out. Pitch darkness fell... Captain Nemo ordered the spotlights to be turned on, and we were surprised to discover that there was life here too. Taking a closer look, we noticed some features of deep-sea creatures: predator fish had huge mouths that glowed from the inside, almost all creatures were colorless, and many had poorly developed eyes.”
Teacher: - Why are they like this? What features? appearance did you notice? Students write down their answers in the table.
Teacher: “On the distribution of organisms depending on depth.”When exploring the depths of the sea, organisms unknown to science are still being found. Life in the ocean is pervasive. It also exists at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 11 thousand meters, and even where new earth’s crust is formed.
Living conditions in the ocean from the poles to the equator, from the surface to the maximum depths are very different. What influences the distribution of organisms in the vast waters of the ocean?
Teacher: - What do you guys think, what is the most important condition for the existence of organisms in the ocean?
Light - the first condition for the existence of green algae in water, which other organisms feed on. There is less light in water than in air, and the illumination decreases with depth. Therefore, the upper 50-meter water column is most populated. The amount of sunlight decreases with depth. The upper layer of water to a depth of 100 m is well lit. This layer contains almost all plants and all plankton. The middle layer of water with twilight lighting extends to a depth of 1000 m. Even deeper, to the very bottom, is the lower layer, which does not receive light at all. There are no plants in it, here is the kingdom of animals and bacteria. Due to complete darkness, animals have developed special adaptations -luminous organs.They are used to attract prey, camouflage or deceive the prey or hunter.
Students write in their notebooks:
The distribution of life in the ocean depends on the following conditions:
1.. light
Teacher: -What do you guys think, what other conditions affect living organisms in the ocean?
2. availability nutrients;
3. water temperature;
4. salinity and density of water;
5. amount of dissolved oxygen;
6. currents;
8. water pressure. (the greater the depth, the higher the pressure. In deep-sea animals, water pressure is balanced by the pressure of the fluid in the body. Life in water columns with different pressures is often reflected in the body shape of fish (Fig. 164)
Teacher: We will enter all subsequent data into the table:
Conditions for the existence of living organisms | Examples of living organisms |
|
| ||
climate | ||
Arctic and Antarctic belt | ||
Temperate zone | ||
Tropical zone | ||
Equatorial belt | ||
|
Teacher: “On the distribution of organisms depending on climate.”
Due to climate change from the equator to the poles, the properties of water and, consequently, the characteristics of the organic world change.
1. In the Arctic and Antarctic poleslife is very poor. There are few species of living organisms here, as well as the individuals themselves. Plankton develops only in the short summer and only in places freed from ice. Fish and the walruses and seals that feed on them.
2. B temperate zones t all year above 0 0 C. the abundance of oxygen dissolved in water leads to the rapid development of life. In temperate zones, the diversity of organisms is not very large, but there are many individuals of each species. Temperate latitudes are rich in fish, and there is active fishing here (herring, hake, cod, saury, salmon).
3. In tropical zonesall year round high water temperature and increased salinity. The water has little oxygen and nutrients, less plankton, and therefore less fish. However, in hot zones there is a huge variety of heat-loving fish and bottom organisms (corals, mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans).
4. In the equatorial zonet water is high all year round. Rapid development is observed near the mouths of large rivers that carry nutrients into the ocean. There are many coral structures at the bottom. Fishing is carried out in equatorial waters sea turtles, shellfish, tuna, sardines, mackerel.
Students fill out the table in their notebooks:
Teacher: “On the distribution of organisms depending on the distance of the coast.”
The most favorable conditions for both plants and animals are found in shallow water areas. These are the shelves of seas and oceans. They make up 9% of the world's oceans. There is a lot of light, heat, nutrients, oxygen. Towards the open ocean, the saturation of life decreases hundreds of times.
A rich world of bottom animals has been discovered in areas of the ocean floor where there are outlets of hot groundwater and gases. Large mollusks live here, vestimentifera - strange creatures that look like worms (up to 1 m in length)
- What do you think these living organisms eat?
These and other animals feed on special bacteria that are created not through photosynthesis, but through chemical reactions.
IV. Teacher: Now the guys will introduce you to the most amazing inhabitants World ocean. (Speeches are accompanied by a slide show). Computer presentation.
1.The northernmost mammals - Polar bear.
Although the bear does not live permanently in the water, its life is inseparable from the ocean. The polar bear is an inhabitant of the Far North. It is primarily a carnivore of food, primarily seals, musk oxen, lemmings, fish, as well as whales and walruses. Its body is elongated up to 2.50 m in length, the neck is long and thin, the head is long and narrow, and the ears are small. Thick fur and a layer of fat under the skin protect the body from the cold. Since polar bears are good swimmers, they have small membranes of skin between their toes. A mother bear gives birth to cubs, usually two, in December. Polar bears live up to 25 years. They live on the southern border of the ice zone of North Asia and North America, is rare on the mainland.
2. The fastest sea animal is the killer whale.
The killer whale reaches speeds of up to 65 km/h. This is a black and white whale from the dolphin family, about 8 meters long and weighing up to 7 tons. The killer whale is called the “killer whale,” but this is unfair: the killer whale only kills its prey, just like other predatory animals.
3. The largest animal is the Blue (blue) whale.
Blue whale- the largest animal on Earth, its length is 35 m and its weight is about 130 tons. Its weight is equal to the weight of 30 elephants, 150 cars or 1600 people. As a result of hunting, the number of blue whales has sharply decreased; their number is now estimated at 10,000 heads. The blue whale is on the verge of extinction.
4.The southernmost animal is the Weddell seal.
The Weddell seal lives in the sea, resting on the shore and on ice floes located around Antarctica. It feeds mainly on fish. Length over 3 meters, weight up to 500 kg. It has a rather small head, the color is dark gray-brown, with black spots and margins above, lighter below. The Weddell seal is a record holder in diving. It can dive to depths of up to 600 m and remain underwater for up to 73 minutes.
5.The largest cluster of corals is Large barrier reef(BBR).
Corals are creatures of animal origin; scientists classify them as invertebrate animals. Corals vary greatly in shape, size and color. In the struggle for living space, corals can intertwine, destroy each other and ultimately grow together. Adding an average of one meter of living space per century, after a thousand years, corals form reefs. The largest stretches along the east coast of Australia for more than 2000 km. From the point of view of biologists and geologists, this is one of the greatest miracles Sveta. He was recognized natural heritage, biosphere and marine park. The Great Barrier Reef resembles a fortress wall half submerged in water. This is the largest coral formation in the world: it is so huge that it can be seen from space.
V. The ocean needs protection.
The World Ocean is vast and great. A serious danger threatens the ocean: substances alien to the oceanic environment are rushing into the ocean, drop by drop, poisoning the water and destroying living organisms.
One of the most dangerous pollutants in the ocean environment is oil. Oil pollution is detrimental not only to aquatic organisms, but also for birds living on the coast. Many types of bacteria, yeast, fungi and unicellular algae, in the process of their life activity, destroy petroleum products and pesticides, and also neutralize some heavy metals. As a result, in the seas, especially in their coastal, shallow water areas, gigantic processes of water clarification, improvement and maintenance of its quality at a certain level take place.
However, self-cleaning processes are not enough for the ocean. Therefore, man must come to the aid of the cradle of earthly life. The ocean does not belong only to people, so we must constantly take into account the interests of other living beings who enjoy its benefits. And carry out various environmental activities.
(The student's talk about marine reserves is accompanied by a presentation.)
1) Far Eastern Marine State Nature Reserve.In 1978, not far from Vladivostok, in the Peter the Great Gulf, the first state marine reserve in our country was created. The main task of which was the preservation of marine communities and individual species, inhabiting the richest sea plants animals of the water area.
Experts count two thousand species of invertebrate animals, 278 species of fish, about 300 species of birds and about 20 species of mammals in Peter the Great Bay. And although the reserve occupies only 5% of the bay's area, it represents almost all of this diversity of life forms.
2) In 2005 and 2006, one of the largest marine sanctuaries in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands was created, covering 140,000 square miles of pristine reefs, shoals and islands.
3) The largest marine reserve is the reserve around the Chagos Islands in the Indian Ocean, an area controlled by Great Britain and the Diego Garcia military base of the United States of America. The natural reserve covers about 210 thousand square miles.
VI. Consolidation and conclusion of the lesson.
Thus, we have proven that life in the ocean is present in all its parts: from the surface to great depths, from the coasts to the central parts. We determined the conditions affecting the distribution of life in the ocean. 13
***Now let’s complete the task:Determine which group of ocean inhabitants the organisms listed below belong to. Read the names of the organism and name the group.
Now, to end the lesson, let's watch a clip from a film about life in the ocean.
VIII. Screening of an excerpt from the film "Ocean Inhabitants".
