Who financed Komsomol organizations in Soviet times. What did the pioneers do in the USSR, how were they accepted into the Komsomol and who were the Octoberists? Squads and units

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I joined the Komsomol in 1988, at the end of 8th grade. I remember we went to some classes after school - one of the teachers told us about the charter, how many orders the Komsomol had and what they gave it for, etc. I didn’t bother to memorize all this information, I thought that somehow later... And then one fine spring day we were interrupted from classes (hurray!), and on the way we learned that we were being taken to the district committee to be accepted into the Komsomol. The first thought is that they will fail. My classmate and I, who, in principle, was very exemplary, but within reasonable limits, so he didn’t really study all this either, decided to go in the last rows. Like, let’s see if they’re pushing hard, and if so, we’ll fade away so as not to embarrass ourselves. Not so. They herded us all into the first secretary's office, lined us up in a semicircle and... began calling us in alphabetical order and handing us Komsomol tickets. And no interview. And with the recommendations, everything was simple - one was signed en masse by the school Komsomol organizer, others were taken from friends. One figure actually created for himself an employee of a trolleybus depot, a member of the CPSU, and signed for it himself. It's gone through the channel.
It was more fun when, in the 11th grade (which I moved directly to from the 9th grade), I tried to leave the Komsomol due to political convictions - by that time I no longer believed in the “only correct” policy of the CPSU. At first, my application was kept under wraps for a long time, then after my visit to the district committee, where they had soul-saving conversations with me for a long time, after which the first secretary (as I remember now, by the name of Mokry) personally stated “we have no right to persuade you,” they nevertheless granted request. It turned out that this was the first case in the area and almost the only one in the city. Then Zavrono personally decided to carry out educational work with me, and he interrogated me with passion in the director’s office. In particular, he threatened with “organs”. And then, after 1991, for the first time this guy tried to remain “for the Reds”, he even tried to persuade the management of schools where there were polling stations to falsify them in favor of the communists in the next elections. By the way, our head teacher of educational work, whom I especially hated for her condescending Sovietism, categorically refused to do this. She said that she is only for those communists who are for justice, and justice is how the people actually voted, even if the people are wrong. When they told me about this, I respected her.
Well, the former head of the district department, Viktor Padlovich Garkavets, then received a promotion to the head of the district department, after which he quickly changed his color. I do not rule out that this classic red-yellow-blakty bastard rules the education system of the city of Kharkov to this day. But no independent bodies were certainly involved in his person. It's a pity. I have a generally negative attitude towards Bandera’s people, but they rarely hanged people like this Garkavets.

Unfortunately, for today's youth, "Komsomol" is a meaningless word. Meanwhile, this organization, which united millions of boys and girls throughout the country in its ranks, turns 100 years old on October 29, 2018. Those who joined this socio-political organization in the last year of its existence are now over 40, and those who took Active participation in her work she is already well over 50. The most active period of life, the period of formation as a person, is associated in our generation with the Komsomol, an organization designed to rally around itself the leading part of youth. Komsomol is not just age, although there was an age limit: from 14 to 28 years old, Komsomol is a school of life. The Sandovsky district Komsomol organization was created in 1939. In the 80-90s of the last century, the Sandovsky district Komsomol organization united more than 1000 boys and girls in its ranks. Every year, about a hundred new members joined the Komsomol, who took on certain obligations. The Komsomol was no longer accepted en masse; the most worthy were accepted into its ranks. The district Komsomol committee managed the district organization, which included up to 60 primary organizations. The work of Komsomol organizations was not limited to holding Komsomol meetings at which issues of civic and political activity, discipline, and leisure were discussed. Competitions were organized, Komosomol youth cleanup days were held for harvesting pine needles and spreading flax trust. The district committee was the initiator of many youth initiatives. So at one time a cross-country race was established among schoolchildren for the prize named after Sergei Elyakov, a warrior and internationalist. 19 ex internationalist warriors, Komsomol members worked in various areas of production, setting an example of conscientious work and high personal responsibility. Meetings of three generations were organized. On the initiative of the district committee, ceremonial farewells to the Army began to be held in the area for the first time. A defense sports camp was created. Tourist gatherings of students and the military sports game “Zarnitsa” were held annually. To assist the department of internal affairs in establishing public order and preventing crime among minors and youth, an operational Komsomol detachment of vigilantes was created annually. A special place in the work of the Komosomol was occupied by the creation of Komsomol youth detachments, brigades, units and crews in organizations, collective farms and state farms in the region. There were such groups in MPMK, PMK-29, and the collective farm named after. Sverdlov, state farm "Rainbow", state farm "Severny". Komsomol youth groups of livestock breeders were formed from among graduates of Sandovskaya high school on the collective farm "Druzhba", the collective farm "Winner". And what was the cost of the first money and clothing lottery, the first video salon, the first youth cafe, the first alcohol-free wedding? Did Komsomol members have any benefit from their membership in the Komsomol? Definitely not. On the contrary, there was strict demand from Komsomol members. Of course, there were also measures of moral and material encouragement. For success in work, active social activities Komsomol members were awarded Certificates of Honor, anniversary Badges, as well as vouchers to international youth camps, their names were entered in the Book of Honor of the regional Komsomol organization. The district Komsomol organization was rightfully proud of the names of Maria Gushchina, a milkmaid at the Zhdanov Memory collective farm, Sergei Gonastarev, a machine operator at the Pobeditel collective farm, and Alexander Kudryavtsev, a machine operator at the Pobeditel collective farm. Krupskaya, Alexander Vorobyov - machine operator at the Leninsky Put collective farm, Alexander Smirnov, PMK-29 machine operator, Andrey Smirnov - foreman of the MPMK construction team, Sergei Ershov - machine operator at the Leninsky Put collective farm, Andrey Krotkin - mechanical operator at the "For Peace" collective farm, Viktor Shilov - machine operator collective farm "Leninsky Put" and many others who made a significant contribution to the development of the Sandovsky district. At the head of the primary Komsomol organizations were the secretaries, real youth leaders Viktor Sirotkin, Tatyana Gradova, Andrei Storozhevykh, Natalya Gudkova, Nikolai Chistyakov, Pyotr Artamonov, Tatyana Lebedeva, Mikhail Golubkov, Victoria Taturina, Olga Gonastareva, Gennady Orekhov, Svetlana Lebedeva, Lyudmila Lebedeva and others . The tasks and goals of the Komsomol of the 80-90s were not much different from the Komsomol of previous generations, but the style of work certainly changed. IN last years In its activities, the Komsomol was literally in a fever from the changes taking place in society; the Komsomol increasingly strived for independence and independence from party and Soviet bodies. Independence, consistency in all matters, participation in the struggle for the real participation of boys and girls in the management of public affairs is what the Komsomol of the 90s strived for. The generation raised by the Komsomol gave birth to a huge number of people who were not afraid to make decisions, take risks, solve problems, and independently took their positions on issues of concern. We were lucky, we had freedom of choice, the right to risk and failure, responsibility and we just learned to use it. O.A. Artyushina, Sandovo village.

After the victory October revolution Red children's organizations, groups and associations arose in various cities. May 19, 1922 2nd All-Russian Conference The Komsomol decided to create pioneer units everywhere.

In the first years of Soviet power, pioneers helped street children and fought against illiteracy, collected books and set up libraries, studied in technical circles, cared for animals, went on geological hikes, nature study expeditions, collected medicinal plants. The pioneers worked on collective farms, in the fields, guarded crops and collective farm property, wrote letters to newspapers or to the relevant authorities about violations that they noticed around them.

"AiF" recalls how in Soviet times they accepted Octobrists, pioneers and who could become a Komsomol member.

From what class were you accepted into October?

Schoolchildren in grades 1–3 became Octobrists, united on a voluntary basis into groups under the school’s pioneer squad. The groups were led by counselors from among the school's pioneers or Komsomol members. In these groups, children prepared to join the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin.

Upon joining the ranks of the Octobrists, children were given a badge - a five-pointed star with a child's portrait of Lenin. The symbol was the red October flag.

In honor of the victory of the October Revolution, since 1923, schoolchildren were called “Octobers.” The Octobrists were united into stars (analogous to the pioneer unit) - October 5 and also the “sickle” and “hammer” - the leader of the star and his assistant. In an asterisk, an October child could occupy one of the positions - commander, florist, orderly, librarian or sportsman.

In the last decades of Soviet power, all students were accepted in October primary school, usually already in first grade.

Who were accepted as pioneers?

The pioneer organization accepted schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. The selection of candidates was made by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment (usually corresponding to the class) or at the highest - at the school level - pioneer body: the Council of the squad.

A student joining a pioneer organization gave the solemn promise of a pioneer at the pioneer assembly Soviet Union(The text of the promise could be seen on the back cover of school notebooks in the 1980s). A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer presented the newcomer with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. The pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to pioneer organization, a piece of her banner. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable connection of three generations: communists, Komsomol members and pioneers; the pioneer was obliged to take care of his tie and protect it.

The pioneers' greeting was a salute - a hand raised just above the head demonstrated that the pioneer put public interests above personal ones. "Be ready!" - the leader called on the pioneers and heard in response: “Always ready!”

As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.

Punishments were applied to members of the organization who violated the Laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union: discussion at a meeting of the unit, detachment, or squad council; comment; exception warning; as a last resort - exclusion from the pioneer organization. They could be expelled from the pioneers for unsatisfactory behavior and hooliganism.

Collecting scrap metal and waste paper and other types of socially useful work, helping elementary school students, participating in military sports “Zarnitsa”, classes in clubs and, of course, excellent studies - this is what the pioneer’s everyday life was filled with.

How did you become a Komsomol member?

They became Komsomol members at the age of 14. The reception was carried out individually. To apply, you needed a recommendation from a communist or two Komsomol members with at least 10 months of experience. After this, the application could be accepted for consideration by the school Komsomol organization, or it could not be accepted if the submitter was not considered a worthy figure.

Those whose application was accepted were scheduled for an interview with the Komsomol committee (council of Komsomol members) and a representative of the district committee. To pass the interview, you had to memorize the Komsomol charter, the names of the key leaders of the Komsomol and the party, important dates and the main thing is to answer the question: “Why do you want to become a Komsomol member?”

Any of the committee members could ask a tricky question during the trial stage. If the candidate successfully passed the interview, he was given a Komsomol card, which documented the payment of dues. Schoolchildren and students paid 2 kopecks. per month, working - one percent of salary.

They could be expelled from the Komsomol for sloppiness, going to church, for non-payment of membership dues, or for family troubles. Expulsion from the organization threatened the lack of good prospects and career in the future. Former Komsomol member did not have the right to join the party, go abroad, and in some cases he was threatened with dismissal from his job.

At the origins of the pioneer organization was Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. In 1921, she delivered a report “On Boy Scoutism,” in which she advised Komsomol members to pay attention to the experience of children’s scout groups and create an organization “scouting in form and communist in content.” The resolution adopted on May 19, 1922 at the II Komsomol Conference read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children's movement and the use of the reorganized scouting system in it.” Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.”
The Pioneers were created from the very beginning as a communist organization of proletarian children. “We are pioneers, children of workers!” - sang in a song well known to everyone. The pioneer organization accepted, first of all, children from working and poor peasant families. The children of “class enemies” - representatives of the bourgeoisie and kulaks - were barred from joining the organization. However, it is unlikely that they wanted to go there, because the first pioneers had to really live up to the ideals of the builders of communism, including being active fighters against religion and other “remnants of the past.” The pioneers helped elders fight homelessness, taught those who wanted to read and write, and worked on an equal basis with adults when the fight against devastation was announced.
Later, in the 1930s, enrollment in pioneers became widespread; pioneer organizations existed in all schools. The children's lives became more orderly, and pioneer responsibilities included good studies and exemplary behavior at school. During this period, children of “enemies of the people” were not accepted as pioneers. There are many memories of those who had to go through the humiliating procedure of expulsion from the pioneers - their tie was removed in front of the entire school.

Today we invite you to consider interesting topic, directly related to the history of our country. Namely pioneer movement in USSR. Of course, in a short article we are unlikely to be able to cover all aspects of this large-scale phenomenon. But we will try to give the modern young reader an idea of ​​the basic principles of the existence of a pioneer organization. What was the pioneer movement like? At what age were you accepted as a pioneer? What were they doing?

People aged “forty and older” know very well the answers to these questions - in what class they were accepted into pioneers, how pioneer training camps and meetings were held, what the peers of current schoolchildren did during extracurricular hours. And for representatives of the younger generation below - a small “educational education”.

During the Soviet era, everyone knew the All-Union Pioneer Organization, which bore the name of V.I. Lenin - it could not have been otherwise. This mass children's movement was one of the communist organizations that existed in the USSR. The pioneer organization was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference in 1922 (May 19). Since then, this day has been celebrated as Pioneer Day.

Initially, the organization was named after Spartak. In 1924, she received the name of Lenin - after his death. The pioneers traced their origins to the scout movement, but a number of aspects significantly distinguished these formations. The pioneering organization had the character of universal state coverage with a clearly expressed goal - the ideological education of children as citizens devoted to the Communist Party. Organizationally, the pioneer movement was integral part structure of the Komsomol and was controlled centrally. “Pioneers” in countries of Western culture (in the USA and England) were called reconnaissance soldiers, pioneers who explored new lands.

A little history

The scout movement in Russia at the time of the 1917 revolution was quite developed and consisted of a network of children's organizations. The total number of scouts was about 50,000 people. During Civil War Scouts provided assistance in searching for street children, formed children's police units and provided social assistance. The motives of scout ideology were based on the postulates of play, work and mutual assistance.

The Bolsheviks decided to unify the principles scout movement with communist ideology. Komsomol members, in turn, considered scoutism a bourgeois phenomenon, far from communist ideas. Already in 1919, the congress of the RKSM adopted a resolution to disband scout troops.

At the same time, the need to create our own communist organization grew. children's direction. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who suggested that the Komsomol use scouting methods to create a new children's organization. Initially, this idea was received with extreme caution, but with the adoption of a positive decision in 1921, the search for suitable organizational forms began. The new movement was called "pioneers", which was also borrowed from scouting practice. At what age were you accepted as a pioneer in those years? Initially, it was decided to take the Scout movement as the basis for the Komsomol organization being created, but later it was decided to unite younger children in a similar format.

Other symbolism

Symbols of the new children's movement were a slightly modified version of the scout ones. Instead of a green tie, a red one appeared, and a white (rather than green) blouse was also approved. The scout motto “Be Prepared!” remained unchanged. and the answer is “Always ready!” We inherited from scouting the organization of children in the form of groups, gatherings around the fire, playful forms of working with students, and the institute of counselors.

During 1922, many pioneer detachments arose in a number of villages and cities. The age at which people were accepted into pioneers and other formal aspects in those years were not yet strictly regulated. At the congress of the RKSM, it was decided to unite the scattered pioneer detachments into a children's organization of a communist orientation. The movement received its last official name - the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin - in March 1926.

About the structure of the pioneer organization

Initially, such organizations were created by RKSM cells in villages, institutions and enterprises. In 1923, their formation ceased to depend on place of residence and moved to schools. They were called “bases” and “outposts”. In fact, communist control was established over the school. Since 1929, the pioneer organization began to rebuild, focusing on school principles. The detachments corresponded to classes, the squads corresponded to schools. The age at which people were accepted as pioneers became uniform in the USSR in those years.

The scale of the organization acquired such a scale that a couple of years later they were talking with condemnation about attempts to extinguish the pioneer movement by merging it with the school system. In addition, there has been a tendency to transfer educational functions from the school to the pioneer movement. The school determined in which class they were accepted as pioneers, established a system of rewards and punishments, etc. But the process nevertheless continued.

Being the centralized link of the communist system, the all-Union pioneer movement in the USSR united organizations of different levels - republican, regional, regional, district, city, district. The formal basis of the organization is at a school or children's educational institution squad was the presence of three pioneers. If the squad consisted of more than 20 people, it was divided into pioneer detachments.

The groups existing at pioneer camps or orphanages were of different ages. If the detachment consisted of 15 or more people, it was divided into links, at the head of each of which a leader was appointed. In fact, each detachment united students of a particular class, and the squad united students of a particular school.

About the senior pioneers

Changes affected the organization's structure in 1982 with the introduction of the concept of "senior pioneers". In what class were these guys accepted as pioneers? The senior pioneers usually included students in the seventh and eighth grades. They were a kind of intermediate link between pioneers and Komsomol members and wore badges that combined elements of both. Theoretically, senior pioneers were instructed to continue wearing a red tie, but many tried their best to switch to new uniform clothes.

Who led the organization

The direct leadership of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was entrusted to the Komsomol - Komsomol members. Those, in turn, were controlled by the bodies of the CPSU. Any council of a pioneer organization worked under the leadership of the Komsomol committee. Reports from the councils of the pioneer organization were heard at conferences and congresses of the Komsomol. The leadership of the pioneer organization at all levels was also approved by plenums of Komsomol committees.

Methodological and organizational work with pioneer personnel was organized on the basis of numerous Houses and Palaces of Pioneers, as well as other non-school institutions. Personnel for work in these institutions, in the person of senior counselors, were “supplied” from Komsomol committees, which were involved in their selection, education and advanced training. The leadership of circles, sections, clubs and candidates for the positions of squad leaders were selected in a centralized manner.

If we talk about the so-called pioneer self-government, then supreme body The collective unit (detachment, unit, squad) served as a pioneer gathering. At the gathering of the detachment, schoolchildren were accepted into the pioneers, and the worthy ones were recommended to the ranks of the Komsomol. They assessed the activities of the detachment and planned the upcoming work as a whole (as well as the contribution of each pioneer to the common cause) at the council of the squad. The composition of the detachment was selected by the detachment assembly, the link member was selected by the unit assembly. Each of the councils, in turn, elected its own chairman.

In pioneer organizations at a higher level (All-Union, Republican, regional, territorial, etc.), a pioneer rally, held once every few years, served as a form of self-government. The most active and active elite of the pioneer organization gathered in city headquarters, created under the councils of the pioneer organization at the district or city level.

In what class were you accepted as a pioneer?

Any representative of the older generation will give you the answer to this question. The age when they were accepted into pioneers ranged from 9 to 14 years. A nine- to ten-year-old child was most often a third grader. Here is the answer to the question: “In what class were they previously accepted as pioneers?”

Formally, this action was carried out on a voluntary basis. It was carried out individually in the form of an open vote, held at a meeting of the squad or pioneer detachment. The atmosphere of the event when they were accepted into pioneers was always presented in the USSR in a very pompous manner.

A schoolchild who joined the organization read out a solemn promise to his senior comrades (Komsomol members, communists or other pioneers) on the line. He was given and tied a red tie. Most often, the procedure for admission to pioneers was carried out in a solemn atmosphere and coincided with communist holidays.

Often it was held in some memorable historical and revolutionary place. For example, there was a widespread practice of recruiting pioneers near the Lenin monument on April 22. First of all, the admission of excellent and good students was carried out.

A little ideology

Anyone who joined the ranks of this children's organization was required to know the laws of the pioneers by heart. These postulates taught children to emulate communists, prepare to join the ranks of the Komsomol, study well and actively work for the good of the Motherland, prepare to defend it from enemies, fight for peace and build communism in everything globe. The pioneer was instructed to value the honor of the organization, be a reliable comrade, respect elders and take care of children, and act in accordance with the concepts of duty and honor.

The rights of a pioneer were proclaimed to be the opportunity to participate in the election of pioneer self-government bodies, discuss the work of the organization at meetings and in the press, criticize shortcomings and make proposals at any level, and ask for recommendations for the procedure for joining the Komsomol.

About pioneer camps

For the most part, pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. Their number in the USSR was enormous - about 40,000 summer and year-round summer and year-round pioneer camps. About 10 million children were sent there on vacation every year. The most famous of them is the All-Union Pioneer Camp international status"Artek". The second most prestigious place was occupied by the All-Russian level camp "Orlyonok", located in the Krasnodar Territory.

The pioneer organization, of course, had its own motto and anthem, ideologically “tied” to the declared goal - educating young fighters for the ideas of the Communist Party. The “March of Young Pioneers,” written back in 1922, was performed as the organization’s anthem. Other attributes of pioneer symbols were the red triangular tie known to any Soviet person and the pioneer badge of the approved form. Other elements of the organization's attributes are the squad banner, squad flags, drums and bugles. None of the solemn pioneer rituals could take place without them.

Each squad had its own pioneer room, in which all these attributes were to be stored. The squad council also met there. Most often, such a room was decorated with a counter of a ritual nature and a Lenin corner. In each class, the pioneers were instructed to publish and hang handwritten detachment and squad wall newspapers.

What did the pioneer uniform look like?

On weekdays they wore regular school uniform along with pioneer symbols in the form of a badge and a red tie. For special occasions, a dress uniform was provided, consisting of red caps in combination with the same ties and badges, uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and emblems on the sleeves (for both boys and girls), blue trousers for boys or the same colors of girls' skirts. In the banner group dress uniform complemented by a red ribbon worn over the shoulder, as well as white gloves.

In the Soviet Union, pioneer magazines and newspapers were published, in addition, a lot of other children's literature. Representatives of the older generation remember very well such publications as “Pionerskaya Pravda” (the main newspaper of the organization), magazines “Koster”, “Pioneer”, etc. Pioneer broadcasts were broadcast on radio and television every day, even in cinemas they played documentary magazines before the start of the film .

About the life of children in those years when they were accepted into pioneers

Many wonderful children's films created in Soviet period, were dedicated to children of pioneer age and showed the life of schoolchildren in pioneer camps and detachments. Undoubtedly, these films, despite their ideological “impregnation,” contributed to truly high-quality education of children and adolescents in the USSR. In addition, filmed by true masters of their craft, they were genuine works of cinematic art and it was no coincidence that they were loved by millions of viewers - both children and adults.

The Pioneer Palaces that existed in every city were repurposed after the dissolution of the pioneer organization in DDT in 1991 (at home children's creativity). The children who visited them in those years were busy collecting scrap metal and waste paper, took part in the military sports game "Zarnitsa", as well as in competitions of football and hockey yard teams organized at the all-Union level. There was even a simplified version of the volleyball game - pioneerball (a team game with a soccer ball).

Voluntary youth fire brigades were organized. The pioneers were involved in all kinds of patrols monitoring the protection of forest and water resources, or as young assistant traffic inspectors on the roads. In addition, many children were involved in sports sections and clubs of various types.