Presentation on the topic "Opek oil industry and Russia". Presentation on the theme of the characteristics of the guardianship countries Diploma for active participation in the work on improving the quality of education in conjunction with the project "Infourok"

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A presentation on the topic "OPEC" (Grade 10) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 11 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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The presentation was made by a student of class 10 "A" Gridin Evgeniy

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What is OPEC?

OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is also an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to control oil production quotas. Often viewed as a cartel. OPEC includes 14 countries: Algeria, Angola, Venezuela, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Equatorial Guinea and Ecuador. The headquarters is located in Vienna. Secretary General (since August 01, 2016) - Mohammed Barkindo OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for ~35% of world production or half of world oil exports. The proven oil reserves of OPEC countries currently amount to 1,199.71 billion barrels.

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History of OPEC

OPEC was founded in the capital of Iraq, the city of Baghdad, in September 1960. The initiators of its creation were the world's major oil exporters - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Venezuela. According to modern historians, the period when these states came up with a corresponding initiative coincided with the time when an active process of decolonization was underway. Former dependent territories were separated from their mother countries both in political and economic terms.

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The world oil market was controlled mainly by Western companies such as Exxon, Chevron, Mobil. There is a historical fact - a cartel of the largest corporations, including those named, came up with a decision to lower prices for "black gold". This was due to the need to reduce the costs associated with oil rent. As a result, the countries that founded OPEC set the goal of gaining control over their natural resources outside the influence of the world's largest corporations. In addition, in the 60s, according to some analysts, the planet's economy did not experience such a great need for oil - supply exceeded demand. That is why the activity of OPEC was designed to prevent the decline in global prices for "black gold".

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The goals of OPEC

As we noted above, the original purpose of creating OPEC was to establish control over national natural resources, as well as to influence global price-forming trends in the oil segment. According to modern analysts, fundamentally given goal hasn't changed since then. Among the most pressing tasks, apart from the main one, for OPEC is the development of the oil supply infrastructure, the competent investment of income from the export of "black gold".

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OPEC as a player in the global political arena

OPEC members are united in a structure that has the status of an intergovernmental organization. That is how it is registered with the UN. Already in the first years of its work, OPEC established relations with the UN Council on Economic and Social Affairs, began to participate in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Meetings are held several times a year with the participation of the highest government positions of the OPEC countries. These events are designed to develop a joint strategy for further building up activities in the global market.

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Oil reserves in OPEC

OPEC members have total oil reserves, which are estimated at more than 1,199 billion barrels. This is approximately 60-70% of the world's reserves. At the same time, as some experts believe, only Venezuela has reached peak oil production. Other countries that are members of OPEC can still increase their performance. However, opinions modern experts regarding the prospects for growth in the production of "black gold" by the countries of the Organization disagree. Some say that the states that are part of OPEC will strive to increase their respective indicators in order to maintain their current positions in the global market.

The fact is that now the United States is an exporter of oil (largely related to the shale type), which, in the potential, can significantly squeeze the OPEC countries on the world stage. Other analysts believe that the increase in production is unprofitable for the states that are members of the Organization - the growth of supply in the market reduces the price of "black gold".

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Managment structure

An interesting aspect in the study of OPEC is the characteristics of the organization's management system. The leading governing body of OPEC is the Conference of the Member States. It is usually convened twice a year. The OPEC meeting in the format of the Conference involves the discussion of issues related to the admission of new states to the organization, the adoption of the budget, and personnel appointments. Topical topics for the Conference are formulated, as a rule, by the Board of Governors. The same structure exercises control over the implementation of approved decisions. Within the structure of the Board of Governors there are several departments responsible for a special range of issues.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Odessa State Economic University

Individual work on the topic:

"Analysis of the activities of OPEC as an international and supranational regulator of world trade"

Odessa-2010

INTRODUCTION

More than 4,000 international intergovernmental organizations are currently active. Their role in the global economy is difficult to overestimate.

Sooner or later, the states face the task of their interaction, the purpose of which is mutual assistance, as well as the solution of common problems in various fields of activity: political, economic, cultural, legal, scientific and technical, and others.

For example, to solve problems related to the facilitation of international trade, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT (WTO) was created, to solve the world food problem - the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and to solve problems international settlements- IMF.

Thus, in the late 1950s, the formation of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was a natural way of developing the world economy. OPEC is a voluntary intergovernmental economic organization, the task and main goal which is the coordination and unification of the oil policy of its member states. OPEC is looking for ways to ensure the stabilization of prices for petroleum products in the world and international oil markets in order to avoid fluctuations in oil prices that have harmful consequences for OPEC member states. The main goal is also to return to Member States their investment in the oil industry with a profit. OPEC in modern conditions has a significant impact on the regulation of the world oil market by setting prices for it.

MAIN GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES

With the start of oil production in the countries of the Middle East and Africa, the fields of these regions were in the category of the best. Extremely favorable natural conditions for production (shallow depth of occurrence, the presence of flowing wells, etc.), along with low salary labor force led to a very low level of production costs in these regions.

By 1960, oil production in the capitalist countries reached 885 million tons, of which 496 million tons were in the developing countries. 53% of this amount was provided by the countries of the Middle East, whose share in world capitalist oil production increased from 17% in 1950 to 30% in 1960.

However big influence on world economy from the International Oil Cartel, which was formed in 1928 by the seven largest oil companies: Gulf oil, Standard oil, Mobil oil, Texaco, British petroleum, Royal Dutch and France petrol , did not allow these states to develop fully.

For a long period of time, mineral and agricultural raw materials were pumped out of the developing countries in large part by methods left over from the colonial period. Chief among them was the direct control of foreign capital over the production and export of raw materials in the form of concessions that were extremely disadvantageous for developing countries and monopolistically low purchase prices for exported raw materials.

For example, since the mid-1950s, an ever-increasing amount of oil produced in the Near and Middle East has been sent to the United States, where the cost of extracting its own oil was more than 10 times higher than in the Middle East countries. The influx of cheap oil, which allowed the monopolies to make super profits from the difference in production costs, contributed to the rapid growth of idle production capacity in the United States. American oil could not withstand the competition of cheap fuel imported from the countries of the Middle East and Africa. This prompted the US governments to introduce quantitative restrictions on imports from 1959 in the amount of 12.2% of the previous year's production. Under these conditions, the prices of actual oil transactions began to deviate more and more from the reference ones. In order to bring reference prices in line with the situation on the market, as well as in order to reduce payments to the governments of oil-producing countries, in 1959 the monopolies lowered reference prices for oil from Venezuela and the Middle East. Venezuela alone lost $140 million in 1959.

These and other actions of the international oil cartel caused sharp discontent in the Arab world and Venezuela, which contributed to the rapprochement of oil exporting countries.

It was necessary to radically change the whole situation on the world market. Exactly real threat further stabilization of the incomes of developing countries was a decisive circumstance that persuaded the oil-producing countries to create special body in order to collectively protect their interests. At a conference convened at the initiative of the Iraqi government in September 1960 in Baghdad, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed.

Currently, OPEC includes 11 countries: Algeria (since 1969), Indonesia (since 1962), Iraq (since 1960), Iran (since 1960), Kuwait (since 1960), Lebanon (since 1962), Nigeria (since 1971), Qatar (since 1961), Saudi Arabia (since 1960), United Arab Emirates (since 1967) and Venezuela (since 1960) .

OPEC is organized by oil exporting countries to fulfill the following main goals and objectives:

1. coordination and unification of the oil policy of member countries;

2. determination of the most effective collective and individual funds protection of their interests;

3. use the necessary means and methods to ensure price stability on the world oil market;

4. protecting the interests of oil-producing countries by providing them with sustainable incomes;

5. Ensuring efficient, regular and cost-effective oil supply to consumer countries;

6. ensuring that investors receive fair returns from investments in the oil industry;

7. security environment;

8. cooperation with non-OPEC countries in order to implement initiatives to stabilize the world oil market.

The supreme body of OPEC is the Conference, which consists of delegations representing member states, headed by the ministers of the oil industry or energy. Meetings of the Conference are held twice a year at the headquarters of OPEC, located in the city of Vienna (Austria).

OPEC AND THE WORLD OIL MARKET

To weaken competition and conquer the world oil market in 1928, the seven largest oil companies: Gulf oil, Standard oil, Mobil oil, Texaco, British petroleum, Royal Dutch and France petrol formed a cartel that controlled almost the entire world oil market (according to 1965 data, the cartel had 79% of reserves and 60% of oil production in the capitalist world). The basis of their dominance was control over the sources of oil in developing countries in the form of concessions. They not only ensured the profits of the monopolies, but also guaranteed the imperialist states an uninterrupted supply of liquid fuel. By setting low prices, the cartel has achieved the expansion of sales markets and the reorientation of the world economy to liquid fuels.

By dividing sales markets, sources of raw materials among themselves and coordinating the size of production, the cartel members for a long time almost single-handedly regulated world market prices, forcing other competitors to follow. In addition, oil corporations controlled not only oil production, but also operations for the transportation, processing and marketing of liquid fuels.

For a long period until the end of the 1940s, oil prices were maintained by the cartel at a level that corresponded to the highest world production costs - in the worst US fields.

However, after the Second World War, the colonial system began to disintegrate, after which the developing countries began to fight against their imperialist exploitation by the United States and Western countries. Important integral part This struggle is the movement of developing countries for the conquest and consolidation of national sovereignty over their most important natural wealth.

The struggle of this group was aimed primarily at changing the terms of concession agreements, which served as a serious brake on the economic development of oil-producing countries.

Regulations on the mandatory reduction of concession areas began to appear from the mid-1950s. But only after the formation of OPEC did the developing countries - exporters of petroleum fuels come to the realization of the need, first of all, to change in their favor the conditions of foreign concessions, which are the basis for the exploitation of these countries.

The first step of the governments of these countries was the organization of state oil companies. In 1960, a national company was formed in Kuwait, 1962 in Saudi Arabia, 1963 in Algeria, 1964 in Iraq. But the oil monopolies still maintained low prices on the world market. Then the leadership of the oil-producing countries moved to more decisive action. Early 70s. mining countries and processing enterprises of foreign monopolies were fully or partially nationalized on a reimbursable basis. In January 1973, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Kuwait entered into force with nine oil monopolies to subsidiaries, mining on their territory, the state will own 25% of the shares, and in 10 years - 50%.

The real result was already visible in 1974, when the concession system was abolished in most of the oil-exporting countries and state control, albeit incomplete, was established over the oil industry.

According to various scientists, in mid-1974, 59% of all oil produced in them was under state control in the OPEC countries. Characteristically, in that period, as a result of nationalization, control was established over 32% of all production and, through the acquisition of equity participation in concessions, over 26%.

Having achieved a significant increase in the price of oil, developing countries have increased their income many times over. At this expense, the existing and built new oil-producing and oil-refining enterprises were re-equipped, other sectors of the economy were developed.

Two large centers began to operate on the world oil market - the West and the East.

This structure of the oil market has been preserved to this day, however, as a result of the coordinated policy of the OPEC member countries, the states of the Eastern Hemisphere currently have a much larger share in the world oil market than the countries of the Western Hemisphere.

Despite this, OPEC is not able to cope with the difficulties that it does face from time to time. In the world oil market today, such countries as the USA, Mexico, Russia and others also play an active role. OPEC has to reckon with these countries and negotiate cooperation in order to stabilize oil prices.

THE ROLE OF OPEC IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

In modern conditions, the volume of industrial production in the structure of world GDP is 60%, and industrial production in the structure of world trade is 70%. This shows that the development of the world economy directly depends on the development of industry. At the same time, the world industry depends on oil as one of the cheapest and most common sources of energy in industrial enterprises. Oil also has a large economic importance, the operation of road, air, sea and a significant part of rail transport depends on it. Therefore, we can safely say that the oil factor is essential in maintaining the stability of the functioning of the world economic system.

However, despite the importance of the oil factor, not every country producing this species raw materials, can really affect the global economy.

Currently on the world oil market real power capable of fully exploiting this factor is OPEC. By strictly regulating the extraction and export of oil, the OPEC countries have a real opportunity to dictate world oil prices, taking into account, first of all, their national interests. This possibility is the result of many factors.

First, the OPEC countries have the richest oil reserves, accounting for more than three-quarters of all proven world reserves.

Secondly, today OPEC produces about 24 million barrels of crude oil per day, providing about 40% of the world's supply.

Thirdly, the cost of oil production at OPEC fields is significantly lower than in other regions of the planet, so OPEC can quite easily change the level of oil production, both downward and upward. According to EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimates, without attracting significant investments, the oil cartel can increase oil production up to 35 million barrels per day. At the same time, investments in increasing the level of production by 1 barrel per day. are only about $2.8.

So, OPEC is really capable of influencing the level of oil prices, its role in the world economy is to maintain the stability of oil prices, balancing supply and demand by increasing or decreasing oil production.

However, for a more complete understanding of its role in the global economy, it is necessary to consider the functioning of the cartel in crisis situations.

In October 1973, the fourth Arab-Israeli war began. In response, OPEC first reduced and then completely imposed an embargo on oil exports to Israel's allies: the United States, Holland, Portugal, and South Africa.

These actions by OPEC, along with factors such as the rise in the capitalist economy, which caused a sharp increase in demand for oil, the speculative transactions of monopolies in oil inventories, the growing imbalance between supply and demand, all this inevitably led to the first energy crisis, which lasted five months. until March 18, 1974, while the cartel's embargo against the United States was in effect. During this time, prices soared from $4.5 to $12 per barrel.

The second crisis, which broke out in 1979, was even more dangerous. There was a revolution in Iran, and since April 1, OPEC has increased prices by 14.5%. This caused the market price to rise to $14.6 per barrel. Since July, the cartel has increased prices by another 15%. This was followed by the capture of Western hostages by Iran and the rupture of relations with the United States. At the same time, the actions of Saudi Arabia led to an increase in prices from $19 to $26 per barrel. In 1980, the Iran-Iraq war aggravated the situation. The Saudi Light blend rose to $34 per barrel, hitting its all-time high.

The first and second energy crises showed the low efficiency of OPEC's activities, and the lack of a well-oiled mechanism for coordinating the oil policy of its member countries. In both cases, the situation on the market developed spontaneously, with the participation of OPEC member countries, but not under the control of the organization as such.

But speaking of OPEC's inability or at least weak impact on the world economy during crises, it should be noted that its role in stabilizing oil prices in subsequent years is enormous. During the period of rising prices, total supplies from these countries remained virtually unchanged. It was this aspect that made it difficult for OPEC to intervene in the rapid development of energy crises. But in those moments - respectively, in 1975 and from the end of 1980 - when the reduction in demand caused by the rise in the price of liquid fuel began to be felt, the members of the association of oil exporters significantly reduced production and thereby set a new price level.

For 5 years, there was calm and a gradual decline in oil prices, but when in December 1985 OPEC sharply increased oil production to 18 million barrels per day, a real price war provoked by Saudi Arabia began. OPEC announced that it was abandoning the role of "regulator" of the market and decided to defend a higher market share. OPEC member countries have sharply increased oil production in their countries. However, the new strategy did not bring the expected success: within a few months, crude oil more than doubled in price from 27 to 12 dollars per barrel - the capitalist market was struck by another crisis - a crisis of overproduction.

The fourth oil crisis erupted in 1990. On August 2, Iraq attacked Kuwait, prices jumped from $19 a barrel in July to $36 in October. However, oil then fell back to its previous level even before the start of Operation Desert Storm, which ended in the military defeat of Iraq and the economic blockade of the country, which continues to this day.

After the crisis in Southeast Asia in 1997. stock markets crashed all over the world. However, OPEC did not pay attention to the alarming symptoms. Moreover, at the November meeting it was decided to increase production by 10% - up to 27.5 million barrels per day. The whole untimeliness of this step was manifested in 1998, when the growth in the supply of oil against the background of a reduction in its consumption in Asia led to an increase in industrial oil reserves and a collapse in prices. For a whole year, OPEC could not turn the tide, and this called into question the very existence of the cartel. Twice in March and June, OPEC decided to cut production, but low discipline within the organization significantly undermined market confidence. By December 1998, prices were down to $10 a barrel, and US industrial stocks reached 330 million barrels. Only in March 1999, the cartel not only made a decision to reduce production, but also managed to fulfill it. Decrease in oil production from 25.5 million barrels per day. to almost 23, along with the recovery of the economies of Southeast Asia, have done their job. Almost the entire year after the historic decision, oil prices were constantly growing, and if in February 1999 Brent cost about $ 10 per barrel, then in March 2000 it was all 30.

Current situation shows that OPEC is more than ever interested in maintaining stability in the world oil market, firstly, because the economies of some countries that have not completely recovered from the last crisis will not be able to endure another crisis. The existence of not only OPEC, but also the countries included in it, depends on the competent policy of this organization.

CONCLUSION

By uniting, the oil-exporting countries were able to resist the international oil cartel, fight against imperialist exploitation by the United States and Western countries, and ultimately oust the cartel from the world oil market, begin to manage their own national wealth setting a "fair" price for it. However, having real power in the world oil market, OPEC not only failed to prevent oil crises, but also contributed to their growth by their actions.

At present, OPEC continues to play a huge role in the functioning of the world economy, but it is obvious that its role in the international arena is becoming lower and lower every year. This is due to many factors. Here are the main ones. First, due to the fact that even today OPEC is not able to cope with the fall in oil prices on its own, it has to seek support from other oil exporting countries, i.e., its dependence on other countries is increasing. Secondly, increased in Lately rationalization in the use of natural resources and the transition to the use alternative sources energy, leads to a reduction in demand for oil. Under these conditions, OPEC is pursuing a policy of reducing the production of "black gold". But, with a reduction in oil production in the OPEC member countries, the states that are not members of it, on the contrary, seek to increase production, gradually ousting OPEC from the world oil market.

In the long term (80-100 years), in my opinion, OPEC faces a much more serious problem: the depletion of natural resources. The economies of most OPEC countries are predominantly dependent on the oil factor. Most of the income these states receive from the sale of oil. Therefore, the economies of this group of countries must be urgently diversified, otherwise, with full exhaustion natural resources threaten their continued existence.

In addition, I believe that the collapse of the economies of states dependent on more than 70% of oil will occur much earlier than the actual depletion of natural resources. This is explained by the fact that soon (20–40 years) oil will no longer play the role of an energy source. And in this case, the need for the world market in liquid fuel will also disappear.

HISTORY OF OPEC Organization exporting countries oil was founded at a conference in Baghdad on September 10-14, 1960 at the initiative of five developing oil-producing countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The purpose of the creation of the organization was the desire of the new independent states to gain control over their resources and their exploitation, taking into account national interests. In the 1960s, there was an excess supply of oil on the world markets, and therefore one of the goals of the creation of OPEC was to prevent a further fall in prices. OPEC developed its collective vision of oil production and created the organization's Secretariat, which was initially located in Geneva, and from September 1, 1965, in Vienna. In 1968, OPEC adopted the Declaration on the Petroleum Policy of the Member Countries of OPEC, which emphasized the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources in the interests of their national development.

COMPOSITION Currently 13 countries are members of the organization Algeria Angola Venezuela Gabon Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia Ecuador

OPEC STRUCTURE Chief Secretary President Ministerial Conference of States (Board of Governors) Secretariat (three departments) Economic Commission

THE OBJECTIVE OF OPEC Member countries of OPEC control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. The peak of oil has not yet been passed only by the OPEC countries and Canada (from large exporters).

OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION The purpose of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among participating countries organizations, maintaining stable oil prices, ensuring stable supplies of oil to consumers, obtaining a return on investment in the oil industry. Energy and oil ministers of the OPEC member states meet twice a year to assess the international oil market and forecast its development for the future. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.

OPEC BASKET The term "OPEC basket" was officially introduced on January 1, 1987. Its price value is the arithmetic average of spot prices for grades of oil produced by members of the organization. Arab Light (Saudi Arabia) Basra Light (Iraq) Bonny Light (Nigeria) Es Sider (Libya) Girassol (Angola) Iran Heavy (Iran) Kuwait Export (Kuwait) Merey (Venezuela) Murban (UAE) Oriente (Ecuador) Qatar Marine ( Qatar) Saharan Blend (Algeria)

RUSSIA AND OPEC Since 1998, Russia has been an observer in OPEC. Since this period, Russia has been participating in the sessions of the OPEC Conference, as well as in expert meetings and other events of the organization with representatives of countries that are not members of it. Russian ministers meet regularly with OPEC leaders and colleagues from OPEC countries. Russia took the initiative to organize a regular Russia-OPEC Energy Dialogue, to conclude an Agreement (Memorandum) on Energy Dialogue, the authorized representative of which from the Russian side will be the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. Relations with Russia have a significant impact on the policy of the organization. Out of fear that Russia will increase its market share, OPEC refuses to cut production unless Russia does the same. This situation is the main obstacle to the recovery of world oil prices. In 2015, OPEC offered Russia to join it, but the country decided to remain an observer.

PROBLEMS OF OPEC COUNTRIES Problems of large-populated countries Irrational investment of money Backwardness of OPEC countries from the leading countries of the world Insufficient qualification of national personnel.

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Description of the presentation on individual slides:

PRESENTATION ON THE THEME: ORGANIZATION OF OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES

HISTORY OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization. It was created by the five founding countries (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela) in September 1960 during a conference in Baghdad. September 2015 — 55 years Opek

Currently, 12 countries are members of the organization: Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Kuwait Qatar Libya United Arab Emirates Algeria Nigeria Ecuador Venezuela Angola The already mentioned founding countries were joined by: Qatar (in 1961), Libya (in 1962), United Arab Emirates ( in 1967), Algeria (in 1969), Nigeria (in 1971), Ecuador (in 1973), Angola (in 2007). At one time, this organization also included: Indonesia (from 1962 to 2009) and Gabon (from 1975 to 1994). Compound

OPEC STRUCTURE: Chief Secretary President Ministerial Conference of States (Board of Governors) Secretariat (three departments) Economic Commission

The goal of OPEC is to coordinate and unify the oil policy of the member countries of the organization in order to ensure fair and stable oil prices on the world market, efficient, economically justified and regular supplies of oil to consumer countries, as well as to provide investors who have invested their capital in the development of the oil industry a fair return on investment.

OBJECTIVES OF THE OPEC ORGANIZATION Coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member states. Determination of the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests. Ensuring price stability on world oil markets.

OBJECTIVES OF THE OPEC ORGANIZATION Attention to the interests of oil-producing countries and the need to ensure: 1. Sustainable income of oil-producing countries; 2. Efficient, cost-effective and regular supply of consumer countries; 3. Fair income from investments in the oil industry; 4. Protecting the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. 5. Cooperation with non-OPEC countries in order to implement initiatives to stabilize the world oil market.

OPEC BASKET The term "basket" OPEK was officially introduced on January 1, 1987. Its price value is the arithmetic average of spot prices for grades of oil produced by members of the organization. Arab Light (Saudi Arabia) Basra Light (Iraq) Bonny Light (Nigeria) Es Sider (Libya) Girassol (Angola) Iran Heavy (Iran) Kuwait Export (Kuwait) Merey (Venezuela) Murban (UAE) Oriente (Ecuador) Qatar Marine ( Qatar) Saharan Blend (Algeria)

WORLD OIL RESERVES

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! ?

Bakhmetova Elena Viktorovna
07.07.2016

Material Number: DB-139652

The author can download the certificate of publication of this material in the "Achievements" section of his website.

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Opec presentation

Presentation for a lesson in geography (1. Presentation on the topic.

Presentation on the topic: "Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries". THE OBJECTIVE OF OPEC Member countries of OPEC control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. Grade 10 presentation on the topic: ‘ international organization OPEC The work was done by Student 10"B" class Evgeniya Lipantyeva.'. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated as OPEC, eng.

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Opec presentation

Pupil 1. 0 "b" class Batyarkin Alexander. Download for free and without registration. Members of this organization are countries whose economy largely depends on income from oil exports. OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 4. These five countries that founded the organization were later joined by nine more: Qatar (1. Indonesia (), Libya (1.

United Arab Emirates (1. Algeria (1.96.9), Nigeria (1. Ecuador (, 2.00.

Gabon (), Angola (2. Currently, OPEC is 1. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.

To download this presentation, please recommend it to your friends in any social media. Then the download will start automatically! Here you can study and download a lesson presentation on the topic Characteristics of the OPEC countries for free. Presentation for the class on various topics contains 18 slides.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; From Published on 25.09.2013 - 18:16 - Latko Irina Ivanovna. Slide 18 OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel. Presentation ‘International Organization of OPEC’. International organization OPEC, Lipantieva E., 10 b class.

OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices. Presentation of the 10th grade on the topic: 'The international organization OPEC The work was done by the Student of 10"B" class Evgenia Lipantyeva.'. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated as OPEC, eng. Annotation to the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: 'OPEC oil industry and Russia', created by a student. Thanks to this work, we will learn what oil geology studies.OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador. "International organizations".

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Opec presentation

Presentation ‘International Organization of OPEC’.

Lesson presentation for interactive whiteboard by geography (1. OPEC countries. Animated stencil. Dalnerechensk Primorsky Krai Slide 2.

Instruction The table shows the names of the countries of the world. According to the task, you need to click on the names of those states that are members of OPEC. When clicked, the color changes from black to red. To check the correctness of the completed task, click on the "Check" button. The resulting rectangle will cover the table. In small boxes, the names of the countries in red will show the correct answers, in black - not indicated by the student. Slide 3. Ecuador USA Algeria Russia Angola Kazakhstan Nigeria Brazil Kuwait Italy United Arab Emirates Libya Egypt France China Qatar Norway Argentina Mexico Iraq Venezuela Canada Indonesia Brunei Denmark Saudi Arabia India Germany Japan Iran Verification Slide 4.

Resources used Astvatsaturov G. O. Reception Stencil http: //rupresentations. Templates-fruit/1.

OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador. Slide 17 from the presentation "International cooperation" to the lessons of economics on the topic "International organizations".
Annotation for the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: ‘OPEC oil industry and Russia’, created by a student. Thanks to this work, we will learn what petroleum geology studies.
Posted on 25.09.2013 - 18:16 - Latko Irina Ivanovna. Slide 18 OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel.
OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices.

Presentation on the topic: OPEC oil industry and Russia. Download this presentation. OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (English The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated as OPEC, English. Presentation for a lesson in geography (Grade 11) on the topic: Centers of Economic Power in Asia. You can view and download the Opec Presentation. The presentation contains 12 slides.Presentations for any class can be downloaded for free.If you liked the material and our presentation site.

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Opec presentation

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - Wikipedia. Not to be confused with APEC.

Organization. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; OPE for short. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization established by oil-producing countries to control oil production quotas. Often viewed as a cartel.

Annotation for the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: ‘OPEC oil industry and Russia’, created by a student. Thanks to this work, we will learn what petroleum geology studies. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; C. OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices. Presentation on the topic: "Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries". THE OBJECTIVE OF OPEC Member countries of OPEC control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador. Slide 17 from the presentation "International cooperation" to the lessons of economics on the topic "International organizations".

OPEC is made up of 1. headquarters located in Vienna. General Secretary (since 0.

Mohammed Barkindo. OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for

Presentation ‘International Organization of OPEC’. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated as OPEC, English. Presentation for a lesson in geography (grade 11) on the topic: Centers of economic power in Asia.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was founded at a conference in Baghdad 1. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The process of decolonization and the formation of new independent states was characteristic of 1.96.0-s. During this period, world oil production was dominated by the seven largest multinational companies, the so-called "Seven Sisters": Exxon, Royal Dutch Shell, Texaco, Chevron, Mobil, Gulf Oil and British Petroleum. OPEC was established after the Seven Sisters cartel unilaterally reduced the purchase price of oil, on the basis of which they paid taxes and rents for the right to exploit natural resources to oil-producing countries.

In 1.96.0-s there was an excess supply of oil on the world markets, and therefore one of the goals of the creation of OPEC was to prevent a further fall in prices. OPEC developed its collective vision of oil production and created the organization's Secretariat, which was initially located in Geneva, and from September 1, 1. Vienna. In 1.96.8, OPEC adopted the Declaration "On the Petroleum Policy of the Member Countries of OPEC", which emphasized the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources in the interests of their national development. During the 1.96.0s, the number of OPEC member countries doubled due to the addition of five more oil-producing countries: Qatar (1. Indonesia (1. 96. Libya (1. 96. 2), United United Arab Emirates (1.

Algiers (1.96.9). On November 1.96.2, OPEC was registered with the UN Secretariat as a full-fledged intergovernmental organization. B 1. 96. 5 OPEC established official relations with the UN Economic and Social Council, became a member of the UN Conference on Trade and Development. This was facilitated by two major events in the world: the oil embargo by Arab countries in 1. OPEC expanded its powers, starting with the first summit meeting of heads of state and government in Algiers in 1. OPEC called for new era cooperation in international relations in the interests of world economic development and stability. This led to the creation of the OPEC Fund for international development in 1.

Member countries have undertaken ambitious socio-economic development schemes. In the period 1.97.0-s, the number of OPEC member countries grew to 1. Nigeria (1.97.1), Ecuador (1. Gabon (1.97.5). OPEC was captured by a group of six armed terrorists led by with Carlos the Jackal, killing three people: an Austrian policeman, a member of the Libyan delegation and an Iraqi security officer.

This was achieved through the harmonization and establishment of oil production quotas for OPEC member countries and the establishment of a pricing mechanism based on the OPEC basket. In the same years, it was possible to establish a dialogue and establish cooperation with countries that are not members of OPEC. Prices changed less dramatically during this decade compared to the previous one. Timely action by OPEC avoided an oil supply crisis due to military events in the Middle East 1. However, excessive volatility and general price weakness prevailed this decade due to the economic downturn in Southeast Asia and a mild winter in the Northern Hemisphere in 1. Nevertheless , the world experienced a steady recovery, which arose due to the greater integration of the oil market, which took into account the changes that took place in the world after the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the socialist system.

This period was also characterized by the growing processes of globalization, the revolution in communications and other high-tech areas. Serious changes have taken place in the dialogue between oil producers and consumers, as well as in the relationship between member countries OPEC and non-OPEC members. After Earth Summit 1.

The United Nations is gaining momentum in climate change negotiations. Under these conditions, OPEC seeks to balance the supply of oil to the world market. During this decade, there was a change in the composition of OPEC: Gabon withdrew from OPEC, and Ecuador suspended its membership in the organization until October 2. In 1.99.8, Russia became an observer in OPEC. The innovative OPEC pricing mechanism helped strengthen and stabilize oil prices in the early years of this decade. But a combination of market forces, speculation and other factors changed the situation in 2. Prices soared to record levels in the middle of 2.

OPEC has become a well-known organization in supporting the oil sector as part of the global effort to combat the economic crisis. Thanks to the second and third OPEC summits in Caracas and Riyadh in 2. In these years, Angola joined OPEC (2. Indonesia since January 2.

Indonesia continues to export light oil, but imports much larger volumes of sour oil. This approach is economically justified, since the price of light oil is higher. At 2.00.8, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in OPEC. On January 2, 5, Indonesia again applied for a return to OPEC.

However, December 1st is 2. This means that the Organization currently has a total of 1. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences. The supreme body of the organization is the Conference of the Member States, which is convened, as a rule, 2 times a year. The Conference decides on the admission of new members, approves the composition of the Board of Governors, the budget and financial report, appoints the Chairman of the Board of Governors, the Secretary General, his deputies and the Auditor.

The Board of Governors prepares questions for the Conference, manages the work of the Secretariat, which is a permanent body. The Secretariat conducts studies and prepares proposals for the Board of Governors and the Conference, oversees the implementation decisions taken drafts annual OPEC budgets. It consists of administrative, economic, legal, information and technical departments.

Orange line - inflation-adjusted price (in dollars 2. The OPEC Reference Basket of crudes term was officially introduced on January 1, 1. The price of the "basket" is defined as the arithmetic average of the physical prices of the following grades of oil: Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia), Basra Light (Iraq), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Es Sider (Libya), Girassol (Angola), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Iran), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Merey (Venezuela), Murban (UAE), Oriente (Ecuador), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Saharan Blend (Algeria) Since January 2, 01, 6, Indonesia has been included in the basket again. physical prices 1.

Data on OPEC countries for March 2. Since this period, Russia has been participating in the sessions of the OPEC Conference, as well as in expert meetings and other events of the organization with representatives of countries that are not members of it.

Russian ministers meet regularly with OPEC leaders and colleagues from OPEC countries. Russia took the initiative to organize a regular Energy Dialogue Russia-OPEC, conclude an Agreement (Memorandum) on Energy Dialogue, the authorized representative of which on the Russian side will be the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. Out of fear that Russia will increase its market share, OPEC refuses to cut production unless Russia does the same. This situation is the main obstacle to the recovery of world oil prices. Saudi Arabia and the other countries of the Arabian Peninsula are sparsely populated but have huge oil reserves, large foreign investments, and very close relations with the Seven Sisters. Other OPEC members, such as Nigeria and Venezuela, are characterized by high population and poverty. These poorest countries are undertaking costly economic development programs and are heavily indebted.

They are forced to extract and sell significant volumes of oil, especially if the price of crude oil declines. Also in 1.98.0-s, Iraq and Iran, which entered into war with each other, increased oil production in order to pay for military expenses. Saudi Arabia has been pressuring Iran and Iraq to return to quota compliance. Although OPEC countries successfully negotiate oil production quotas, there are no mechanisms within OPEC to monitor and regulate compliance with them. Therefore, quotas are often not met. OPEC countries produced an average of 3. Iranian officials have repeatedly announced their intention to increase oil production by 1 million barrels per day after the likely lifting of economic sanctions, despite the fact that OPEC quotas have already been exceeded.

This was due to large-scale oil production by non-OPEC countries: Russia (1. USA (1. 2%), China (5%), Canada (4%), Brazil (3%), Kazakhstan (2%). Partly The success of these countries in production is due to the development of the so-called "unconventional oil" (shale oil in the USA, oil sands in Canada).With the onset of the global economic crisis in 2.

Despite an oversupply and a two-fold drop in oil prices, OPEC members are not cutting production, fearing that their market share will be occupied by competitors. As a result, some OPEC countries face a decline in revenues, others face budget deficits, even if high level oil production. Another problem of OPEC is political instability in some countries of the organization.

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