Incredible facts about the universe. Interesting facts about the universe
Until now the Universe is huge and very mysterious place. For centuries, people have looked into space and tried to explain why we are here and where we came from. Although it may take more than one century to get answers to any of these questions. In the meantime, scientists offer us their theories.
It should also be noted that these are just theories. Therefore, naturally, they may not coincide with each other and even contradict.
Why is dark matter so difficult to detect?
At this point we will talk about something called dark matter. The Universe consists of 22% Dark Matter, 74% Dark Energy. The remaining matter, which includes stars, planets, and interstellar gas, accounts for only about 4% of the Universe. Dark matter is invisible because it does not interact with light, but it affects gravity, that is, it affects the movements of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Due to the fact that dark matter has only a gravitational effect, it can pass through “ordinary” matter almost unnoticed. For all these reasons, dark matter has not yet been discovered, but physicists are confident that it exists.
In the photo: A detailed picture of the early Universe, namely the cosmic background radiation (CMB). The image reveals temperature fluctuations, which correspond to the birthplaces of galaxies.
The question is, why is it so difficult to detect dark matter in experiments conducted on Earth? One possible answer comes from particle physics. During the experiment, it was discovered that dark matter can interact with ordinary matter if they are both in conditions close to the beginning of the creation of the Universe, namely, in extremely high-temperature plasma. If their simulation is true, this means dark matter could have been observed in the early days of the Universe.
It was hoped that by creating these conditions in the Large Hadron Collider, it would be possible to detect dark matter. But this did not happen. Some scientists believe that a more sensitive detector is needed, and some argue that there is no point in looking for something that is not there.
Dark matter killed the dinosaurs
The most likely culprit for the death of dinosaurs is an asteroid or volcanic activity of Siberian volcanoes. However, discussions continue about the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Despite this, physicist Lisa Randall believes dark matter was to blame.
The basis of the theory takes us back to the 1980s, when paleontologists David Raup and Jack Sepkoski found evidence that every 26 million years after the Permian Mass Extinction (which occurred about 252 million years ago and 96 percent of life was wiped out), there were also animal extinctions . After further research, going back one and a half billion years, it seems that approximately every 30 million years the Earth was struck by cataclysms, to which the planet suffered or devoted several million years. Just look at the prices we recently wrote about.
However, scientists have never been sure why the cataclysms occurred on such a schedule. Randall's theory is that it is dark matter. Dark matter is thought to be scattered throughout the universe and used as the scaffolding on which galaxies are built, including our home, the Milky Way. As our solar system orbits the Milky Way, it "floats" and at times it bobs like a cork in water. And this happens approximately every 30 million years.
In such situations, our solar system may collide with a disk of dark matter. The disk would have to be one-tenth the thickness of the visible disk of Milky Way stars and have a density of at least one solar mass per square light year.
Regular matter and dark matter can pass through each other, but dark matter can influence regular matter through gravity. As a result, when some matter floating in space comes into contact with dark matter, it can direct some objects in the universe to eventually collide with the Earth.
If Randall's theory is correct, then dark matter may be responsible for major parts of the formation of the Universe.
Life is spreading through the universe like an epidemic
When it comes to the Universe, one question always arises: is there intelligent life other than ours? Or are we just alone here in the Universe? Scientists also ask these questions, and are currently studying how life, including ours, came to be.
According to research from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the most logical answer is that life is spreading from star to star like an epidemic. The concept that life spreads from planet to planet and star to star is called panspermia. Of course, if you've seen Prometheus, this concept is the main plot point.
If life has moved from star to star, it means the Milky Way could be filled with life. If their theory is correct, then it is possible that other planets in the Milky Way could also harbor life.
Another interesting thing they found in their calculations is that life could be spread by microscopic organisms that arrived on the asteroid. Or it could have been spread by intelligent beings or a being.
Besides, in Lately Scientists agree that life on other planets should develop according to the same principles as on Earth. This suggests that aliens may be very similar to the inhabitants of our planet.
Why is the Universe made of matter?
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. The opposite of matter is called antimatter. When matter and antimatter come into contact, they destroy each other (annihilate) releasing enormous amounts of energy, which is what happened at the beginning of the creation of the Universe and contributed to its expansion.
In the beginning there should have been equal amounts of matter and antimatter. However, if there were equal amounts of matter and antimatter, they would destroy each other and the universe would cease to exist. This led physicists to believe that there was slightly more matter than antimatter. To spread matter throughout the Universe, a small particle of matter for every 10 billion particles of antimatter would be enough.
The problem was that although physicists knew there was more matter, they didn't know why. This was until 2008, when researchers from the University of Chicago observed subatomic particles who had a very short life, called B-mesons. Researchers who received Nobel Prize in physics for this discovery, they discovered that B-mesons and anti-B-mesons decay differently from each other. This means that it is possible that after being destroyed at the beginning of the Universe, B-mesons and anti-B-mesons decay differently, leaving enough matter to create all the stars, planets, and even you and everything you touch, including the air you touch. breathe.
Clutter made life possible
Entropy plays a huge role in the Universe. High entropy means disorder and chaos in the system. Low entropy tells us about greater organization and orderliness.
An example to visualize this is Lego. A Lego house would have low entropy, and a box of random, unrelated objects would have high entropy.
Interestingly, entropy may be the reason life exists. And even speaking about such highly organized things as the brain, this statement, although it seems incorrect, is true.
However, according to a theory by MIT assistant professor Jeremy England, higher entropy may be responsible for life in the universe.
England says that ideal conditions a random group of molecules can self-organize to efficiently dissipate more energy in the heterogeneous environment that is our Universe.
However, England's theory must pass many tests. If he is right, then experts suggest that his name will be remembered in the same way we remember Charles Darwin.
The universe has no beginning
The prevailing theory of the beginning of our Universe is that more than 13.8 billion years ago, in terms of the singularity, the Big Bang gave birth to the Universe and it has been expanding ever since.
The Big Bang was first theorized in 1927, and the model is based on Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The problem is that there are some holes in Einstein's theory. Basically, that the laws of physics break down before reaching a singularity. Other a big problem is that the other dominant theory in physics, quantum mechanics, does not agree with general relativity. Moreover, neither relativity nor quantum mechanics take dark matter into account. This means that although the Big Bang is one of the best theories about how the Universe came to be, the theory may be wrong!
An alternative theory is that the universe was never at a singularity point and there was no big bang. Instead, the universe is infinite and has no beginning or end. The researchers arrived at this theory by applying quantum corrections to Einstein's theory of general relativity, using an older interpretation model quantum mechanics, called Bohman mechanics.
Their method of testing the theory will also help explain dark matter. If their theory is correct that the Universe is infinite, it would mean that the Universe has pockets of superfluid filled with theoretical particles such as gravitons and axioms. If superfluidity matches the distribution of dark matter, then it is possible that the Universe is infinite.
And this is not the end...
This topic is so limitless that it can be continued for a very long time. You can read other, even more amazing theories about the Universe in
Space. There is nothing more interesting and mysterious. Day after day, humanity increases its knowledge of the universe, while simultaneously expanding the boundaries of the unknown. Having received ten answers, we ask ourselves a hundred more questions - and so on all the time. We have collected the most interesting facts about the universe in order not only to satisfy the curiosity of readers, but also to rekindle their interest in the universe with renewed vigor.
The moon is running away from us
The Moon is moving away from the Earth - yes, our satellite is “running away” from us at a speed of approximately 3.8 centimeters per year. What does this mean? As the radius of the lunar orbit increases, the size of the lunar disk observed from Earth decreases. This means that such a phenomenon as a total solar eclipse is under threat.
In addition, some planets orbit from their star at a distance suitable for the existence of liquid water. And this makes it possible to discover planets suitable for life. And in the near future.
What do they write in space?
American scientists and astronauts have long been thinking about the design of a pen that could be used to write in space - while their Russian colleagues simply decided to use an ordinary slate pencil in zero gravity, without changing it in any way and without spending huge sums on developing concepts and experiments.
Diamond showers
According to, diamond rains occur on Jupiter and Saturn - in upper layers In the atmosphere of these planets, thunder constantly rages, and lightning strikes release carbon from methane molecules. Moving towards the surface of the planet and overcoming hydrogen layers, subjected to gravity and enormous temperatures, carbon turns into graphite and then into diamond.
If you believe this hypothesis, up to ten million tons of diamonds can accumulate on gas giants! On this moment the hypothesis still remains controversial - many scientists are sure that the proportion of methane in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn is too small, and, having difficulty even converting into soot, methane most likely simply dissolves.
These are just a few of the huge number of mysteries of the universe. Thousands of questions remain unanswered, we still do not know about millions of phenomena and secrets - our generation has something to strive for.
But we will try to tell more about space on the pages of the site. Subscribe to updates so you don't miss a new episode!
The universe is simply huge, and there are countless wonders hidden in it. Our technologies are becoming more and more advanced, and this is helping scientists make more and more new amazing discoveries, which sometimes even disprove long-established theories in science. What's most amazing is that, to this day, one of the most complex and mysterious objects in the entire Universe is right here on Earth, and it's much closer than you can imagine...
10. Galactic years
We all know that on Earth, 1 year lasts on average 365 days, but there are also galactic years. It takes our entire solar system about 230 million years to orbit the Milky Way. This means that during our lifetime we will definitely not see the completion of such a galactic year.
The last time our planetary system made a complete revolution around the Milky Way, the human race was not even close to existing, although dinosaurs were still alive then. The next time our solar system finds itself in the same position in its orbit as today, the human species will probably disappear completely from the face of the Earth.
It is incredibly difficult to imagine how huge our galaxy is, but it is just a grain of sand compared to the entire Universe. Just think about it - our Universe is practically infinite, and our galaxy is also in a constant cycle of rotation in its orbit - around the Universe. I wonder how long it takes our Milky Way to rotate like this?
9. Rotation of the Earth around its own axis
Also in kindergarten for the first time you were told that one day lasts 24 hours. But if you think about it seriously, such accuracy sounds simply incredible. Does every day really last exactly 24 hours and not a second more or less? However, in fact, the rotation of the Earth around its own axis gradually slows down every century, so that we are no longer talking about 24 hours. According to the latest data from NASA, our planet is undergoing full turn in 24 hours and 2.5 milliseconds.
Probably, 2.5 milliseconds may seem like a completely insignificant period of time to you, but the Earth has existed for several billion years. If its rotation around its own axis slows down, we are already dealing with other numbers. For example, when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, there were approximately 23 hours in one day. In general, if sometimes it seems to you that the days are becoming increasingly fleeting, just imagine what it was like billions of years ago.
8. Alcohol cloud
Photo: mentalfloss.com
For those of us who like to have an extra glass of something stronger, a world with clouds of alcohol floating around us might seem like a real paradise. For some, this is probably a lifelong dream.
In the constellation Aquila there is a real cloud of ethyl alcohol. This is certainly not your average cloud. It is so large that it would not fit either in the earth’s atmosphere or in our entire solar system.
Moreover, the diameter of this alcohol cloud is 1000 times larger than our entire planetary system. Unfortunately for those who would love to taste this cloud, it is located about 10 thousand light years from Earth. In general, you have no chance of such a tasting, unless humanity suddenly discovers a fundamental new way space travel.
7. Burning Ice
Photo: NASA, ESA, STScI, and G. Bacon
Fire and ice are completely opposite phenomena, aren't they? However, such an idea in space can be challenged. For example, a huge exoplanet called Gliese 436b is covered in burning ice. It is located somewhere 33 light years away and looks incredibly spectacular! Astronomers suggest that the strange phenomenon of burning ice around this exoplanet occurs due to the state of aggregation of water unknown to terrestrial science. A mysterious set of conditions keeps the water surface of Gliese 436b in a solid state (ice) despite the fact that the temperature there is approximately 439 ° C. The interaction of all these factors ultimately leads to the burning of ice.
6. The smell of the universe
Photo: NASA
When thinking about space, we often try to imagine what astronauts see, feel or even hear beyond. earth's atmosphere. But how many of you have thought about what space smells like? Of course, no sane person would take off his spacesuit in outer space, to smell the Universe itself, so we are unlikely to find out what it is like. However, spacesuits and other equipment that astronauts use during their forays beyond orbital stations may give us a clue.
According to space mission participants, after walking in outer space they protective suits smelled like a mixture of hot metal and medium-rare steak. No one knows why these were the particular smells, but scientists suggest that this is how the human nose and brain perceive the aromas of dying stars. Moreover, according to a study by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, the center of the Milky Way may smell like raspberries. Scientists justify their theory by the fact that in this region of our galaxy they discovered a compound called ethyl formate, which is also part of wild raspberries.
5. Earth and the black hole
Photo: NASA
We all probably associate black holes with collapse. supermassive stars and supernova explosions, after which some of the most mysterious objects in our entire Universe appear. Black formation is a relatively rare occurrence. Even our Sun couldn't create a black hole if it died right now.
After all of the above, it would be completely illogical to assume that the emergence of a black hole can be associated with the Earth. However, scientists love to come up with theories about the craziest phenomena that can happen in the Universe. For example, they developed a hypothesis according to which if our planet were compressed to the size of ordinary glass balls, it would become so dense that its explosion would release enough material to form a black hole.
4. Human brain
We have been studying the Universe for a very long time, but most of its secrets still remain unsolved. Despite the fact that scientists have discovered a lot of interesting objects in space, the most complex and mysterious for us still remains... the human brain.
IN human brains There are billions of neurons forming about 100 trillion nerve connections. This number is simply incredible, and yet our brain is so small compared to the objects that we have already discovered beyond the Earth. Perhaps in the future scientists will find more complex systems, but for now it is our brain that remains the most exciting and mysterious subject for research.
3. Sizes of stars
We all know that the Sun is huge, and that it is extremely important to our planetary system as we know it today. Without the Sun we simply would not survive. However, most often, imagining our solar system, we think within larger scales, and there is some misconception in this.
It turns out that the Sun contains over 99% of the mass of our entire planetary system. It is already difficult for humans to imagine how huge gas giants such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are, but the Sun still makes up the vast majority of our planetary system. About a million Earth-sized planets could fit inside the Sun. These facts alone sound simply stunning, but ours is much smaller than most of the other luminaries scattered throughout the Universe. All this is very difficult to imagine and understand, you must agree.
2. Age of the Universe
Photo: space.com
This theory is, of course, controversial, but most scientists believe that the first ancestor modern man appeared on Earth about 6 million years ago. This sounds like a very significant amount of time until you think about the age of the Earth and the entire Universe in general. After this, the duration of our species' stay in this world will seem to you just an insignificant flash.
Scientists estimate that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. Theoretically, the first galaxies began to form about 13 billion years ago, and our entire Universe - about 14 billion years ago. This is simply unimaginably a lot! Even if the average person lived to be 100 years old, it would still be nothing compared to the age of the Earth, planetary systems, galaxies and the entire Universe.
1. Invisible objects
We know that the largest part The universe is absolutely invisible to the human eye or any man-made devices. Scientists have created a huge number of all kinds of devices that use electromagnetic waves to see corners of space that we certainly cannot reach in our entire lives. In their work, astronomers used radio waves, infrared radiation and X-rays, and all of them greatly helped us in making the most important discoveries, because with their help light was shed on some of the greatest secrets Universe.
At the same time, researchers discovered that a huge part of our Universe cannot be studied by any such waves. This means that there can be a huge number of curious phenomena happening in the world that we know absolutely nothing about. However, there is one thing we are sure of - black matter actually exists.
Dark matter does not absorb or emit light. However, although people cannot observe it with their own eyes or register it with complex equipment, many scientists suggest that we still have quite serious indirect evidence of the existence of this dark matter.
Have you met anyone who was completely confident that humanity had conquered space? If yes, then know that this person is a rare optimist. The cosmos has not revealed all its secrets to us. And even what we already know is sometimes more frightening than pleasing.
What is the value of the assumption about the existence of planets unknown to us, which can suddenly crash into the Earth, leading to a new end of the world? NASA is seriously considering this possibility. But besides the frightening and absolute darkness and uncertainty, space is fraught with real wonders... really, will we be able to observe them with our own eyes?
We present to you 11 interesting facts about our Universe that may surprise, amaze and even scare you.
Black holes
This phrase sounds quite scary, and for good reason. Black holes, as is known, are formed as a result of the destruction of stars, forming a real “whirlpool” that sucks in everything that gets in its way. Moreover, the word “path” is extremely appropriate here. Black holes actually move through the Universe, and their trajectory cannot be predicted. Sometimes they crash into massive objects that they cannot absorb, causing the black holes to change direction. All this is accompanied by the lowest sound that has been recorded so far. For incredulous musicians, let us explain: this sound is B flat, which is 57 octaves below the note to the first octave.
Planet with diamond icebergs floating in an ocean of carbon
No, this is not a line from a poem by some space-obsessed poet. This is exactly how scientists imagine the surface of Neptune and Uranus. Due to special conditions, it can even rain diamonds there.
Dark matter and dark energy
More than 90% of the entire Universe consists of this combination, and we cannot see or explore it. Both energy and matter are absolutely invisible to humans and cannot be measured in any way. And yet our entire world (including ourselves) consists almost entirely of dark energy and matter. It's not that we're saying that there are some creatures from other dimensions that we also can't notice... ...we're just not sure that they don't exist.
Hot planet
Another one incredible planet could well surprise us with a rain of molten glass, because due to its close position in relation to its “sun”, the temperature on its surface reaches more than 4000 C°. Yes, if we end up there, we will die immediately. Apparently, everything beautiful that is in space is deadly to humans.
Sometimes the satellites of planets are much more interesting than the planets themselves
For example, on Titan, a moon of Saturn, the gravity is so low that we could fly there like birds with our wings tied on. And we would float above the amazingly beautiful green and yellow surface... ...until the gasoline rain killed us. It's sad, isn't it?
The Phantom Menace
Besides giant asteroids, unknown planets and roaming black holes, our planet is also threatened by a huge cloud of gas. It weighs as much as one million stars and is slowly moving straight towards us. True, before it reaches our planet, millions of years will pass. But when this happens, it will definitely be the end of the world and the beginning of a new life cycle.
Stars have their own quirks
Stars are one of the few cosmic wonders that we can regularly observe with the naked eye. Everyone knows about their beauty, but how many have heard about their sound? Yes, stars can sing. True, unfortunately, we cannot hear their singing, because the height of this singing is about a trillion hertz. (18) However, these heavenly fireflies are not as cute as they seem at first glance. Among them there are real vampires and zombies. So, technically, a dead star can pull matter from its “living” neighbors. Usually such stars are called supernovae, and they are a subtype of white dwarfs. As a result, these cuties suck out all the energy of their neighbors, and what is left of these neighbors subsequently floats around the universe in the form of space debris.
Earthly things are not from Earth
Have you ever imagined that many of the things we are familiar with are actually of unearthly origin? For example, gold. All the gold on our planet came here as a result of numerous collisions with asteroids. What else? Yes, even life! Yes, you heard right: there is an assumption, the essence of which boils down to the fact that life in the form of microorganisms came to our planet from Mars. Why isn't she there now? Who knows... You never know what terrible secret the “red planet” hides about the death of all living things.
People as a phenomenon
That's right - we are one of the wonders of our Universe. And not only our existence in itself (which, of course, is amazing), but also our behavior. This is what really amazes us: we never tire of polluting our planet and are ready to kill each other for a ghostly idea. We all have some amazing craving for self-destruction possible ways. I don’t know how other intelligent representatives of this Universe are doing (if they exist, of course), but I wouldn’t want to come into contact with us. Just watch it, just for fun.
Contacts with extraterrestrial intelligence... ...or not?
At least two cases have been recorded in history that describe possible contact with extraterrestrial life forms. So, in August 1977, the Big ear radio telescope (translated as “Big Ear”), located at the observatory state university Ohio, picked up a radio signal that later became known as “WOW!” The fact is that the telescope showed exactly the frequency and periodicity of the waves, which, as expected, would be characteristic of extraterrestrial sources. The scientist who recorded this signed the printed data - “Wow!” - hence the name.
Last interesting phenomenon was spotted in October 2016. It was a mysterious twinkling of stars. It would seem strange? However, such a bright pulsation is extremely atypical for stars. So, it is likely that these are some alien life forms that were sending us signals... or maybe not.
New house
Humanity has long been considering the need to search new planet, because, as we have already found out, sooner or later a new end of the world awaits us. So, the closest planet in terms of conditions is Gliese 581g, to which we will have to fly about 20 light years. True, there is one “but”: the peculiarities of the location of this planet are such that if a person located on its surface goes out into the “sunlight”, his skin will melt, and upon entering the shadow, he will immediately freeze. This is such an alternative... ...dubious.
Other Galaxies
This fact will certainly make you feel small. Scientists estimate that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe, none of which you can see without a telescope. Moreover, each of these galaxies has billions of stars, and the total number of stars in the universe leads to 10 billion trillion. The number of stars is greater than the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth.
Dark matter
All the stars, galaxies and black holes in the universe only make up about 5% of its mass. As crazy as it sounds, the remaining 95% is simply not accounted for. Scientists decided to label this mysterious material dark matter, and to this day they are still not sure what it is or what it looks like.
Cosmic cloud of alcohol
For those who dream of opening their own bar, there is no place better than the Sagittarius B cloud. Although located 26,000 light years away, this interstellar cloud of gas and dust contains billions of liters of vinyl alcohol. Although it is not in a potable state, it is a very important organic compound without which life cannot exist.
The moon smells like gunpowder
After sending lunar astronauts on the Apollo missions, they described lunar dust as extremely soft and smelling of gunpowder. Scientists, however, are still not sure exactly why this happens. The gunpowder has extremely varied compositions with moon dust consisting of mostly small particles of silicone glass dioxide.
Nuclear strike on the moon
In the late 1950s, something called Project A119 was born. The United States decided that this would be good idea- launch a nuclear missile, hitting the Moon. For what? Apparently they felt this would give them a head start in the Space Race? Fortunately, this plan was never implemented.
Ponzo illusion
Have you ever noticed that when the moon is directly on the horizon, it appears much closer and larger? In fact, this is a feature of the human brain, interpreting objects at a distance. Although objects in the distance are indeed small, your brain doesn't actually interpret them as tiny. The effect is known as the Ponzo illusion, where the brain inflates the size of the moon to make it appear larger. Don't believe me? Next time you see a huge moon, place your watch or hand in front of it and watch it get smaller
The biggest diamond
In 2004, scientists discovered the largest diamond ever recorded. In fact, it is a destroyed star. Approximately 4,000 km in diameter, containing billions of carats, it is located approximately 50 light years from Earth.
Venus's day is longer than her year
Strangely, Venus completes its entire orbit around the sun before it manages to turn around its own axis. This means that a day is actually longer than a whole year in Venus time. Thus, the second World War on the scale of Venus ended less than 100 days ago.
Floating Saturn
If you were to place Saturn in a glass of water, it would float. The reason for this lies in its density. 687 grams per cm cubed, while water is 998 grams per cubic cm. Unfortunately, you would need a glass that is over 120,000 km in diameter to witness this.
Cold welding
This is a phenomenon used to describe the fact that whenever two pieces of metal in space come into contact with each other, they stick together very tightly. While welding usually requires high temperature, in this case the vacuum of space plays a role. The question arises, how do the space shuttles resist this factor? Typically, metals on Earth have a layer of oxidized material covering their surface, which prevents cold welding in space. Thus, on missions, the risk of the shuttle accidentally welding to other objects is negligible.
Earth has several moons
Although they look more like lunar copycats, scientists have discovered several asteroids that more or less follow the Earth as it moves around the sun.
Space debris
The Earth actually has over 8,000 objects circling in orbit. Most of them are classified as "space debris", or debris from spaceships and missions in the past. It has already been mentioned that the earth’s orbit can be considered one of the most polluted places on Earth.
Lunar drift
Scientists have calculated that every year the moon moves 3.8 cm further from the Earth. As a result, the Earth's rotation has slowed by about .002 seconds every day for the past century.
The sun's rays on Earth are 30,000 years old
Most of us know our way to Earth Sun rays travels in 8 minutes, crossing the 93 million miles between the Earth and the surface of the Sun. But did you know that the energy in these rays began its life more than 30,000 years ago deep in the core of the sun? They were formed by an intense fusion reaction and spent most of the thousands of years making their way to the surface of the Sun.
The Big Dipper is not a constellation
In fact, the Big Dipper is an asterism. There are only 88 official constellations, and all others, including the Bucket, fall into the category of asterisms. However, it consists of the 7 most bright stars constellation Ursa Major, or Ursa Major
Spatial relativity of Galileo
How do you know that the bus you take to work is actually moving? What if you are sitting in the only stationary object in the known universe and everything else, including the road, moves? The truth is that there is no way to prove what moves relative to what. For you, the person outside the window will be static, because your frame of reference is the bus. For a person looking from the sidewalk, however, both you and the bus will be moving because his frame of reference is earth.
Speed of Light
The speed of light is constant and does not depend on any accompanying factors. The speed of light is approximately 300,000 kilometers per second.
