Research work: “Fly, my plane…. Research work

Scientific historical research work
Completed by: 11th grade student Ruzil Zaripova
Scientific adviser: Sarbaeva A.A.
MBOU secondary school with. Krasnaya Gorka

Introduction

Even the simplest aircraft model is a miniature aircraft with all its properties. Many well-known aircraft designers began with a passion for aircraft modeling. To build a good flying model, you need to work hard. Everyone has ever made paper airplanes and launched them into flight. Paper airplanes are gaining popularity all over the world. This led to the introduction of the new term aerogami. Aerogami - the modern name for the manufacture and launch of paper models of aircraft, one of the directions of origami (Japanese art of paper folding).
The relevance of this work is due to the ability to use the acquired knowledge to conduct lessons in primary school in order to arouse students' interest in the world of aviation and develop the necessary qualities and skills to use creative experience and knowledge in the study and development of aviation.
Practical significance is determined by the opportunity to conduct a master class on folding paper airplanes of different models with teachers primary school as well as the opportunity to hold competitions among students.
Object of study are paper models of airplanes.
Subject of study is the emergence and development of aerogi.
Research hypotheses:
1) paper plane models are not only a fun toy, but something more important for the world community and technical development our civilization;
2) if the shape of the wing and nose of a paper airplane is changed during modeling, then the range and duration of its flight may change;
3) the best speed characteristics and flight stability are achieved by aircraft with a sharp nose and narrow long wings, and an increase in the wingspan can significantly increase the flight time of the glider.
Purpose of the study: to trace the history of the development of airfoils, to find out what impact this hobby has on society, what assistance paper aviation provides in the technical activities of engineers.
In accordance with the goal, we formulated the following tasks:

• Study information on this issue;
• Familiarize yourself with various models of paper planes and learn how to make them;
• To study the range and flight time of different models of paper planes.

Aerogami - paper aviation

Aerogami originates from the world famous origami. After all, the basic techniques, technique, philosophy come from him. The date of creation of paper airplanes should be recognized as 1909. However, the most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop, the founder of the Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas while building real airplanes. He concentrated on the development of "flying wings", which he considered the next stage in the development of aviation. Today, paper aviation, or aerogami, has gained worldwide fame. Everyone knows how to fold an elementary airplane and launch it. But today it is no longer just fun for one or two people, but a serious hobby, in which competitions are held all over the world. The Red Bull Paper Wings is probably the biggest paper aviator competition in the world. The championship debuted in Austria in May 2006 and was attended by athletes from 48 countries. The number of participants in the qualifying rounds, held around the world, exceeded 9,500 people. Participants traditionally compete in three categories: "Flight Range", "Flight Duration" and "Aerobatics".

Ken Blackburn is the world record holder for the launch of airplanes

The name of Ken Blackburn is known to all fans of paper aviation, and this is not surprising, because he created models that broke records in terms of range and flight time, said that a small airplane is an exact copy of a large one and that the same laws of aerodynamics apply to it as for real ones. World record holder Ken Blackburn was first introduced to square paper airplane construction at just 8 years old while attending his favorite aviation section. He noticed that long-span aircraft flew better and higher than conventional darts. To the displeasure of school teachers, young Ken experimented with the design of airplanes, devoting a lot of time to this. In 1977, he received the Guinness Book of Records as a gift and was determined to break the current 15-second record: his planes were sometimes in the air for more than a minute. The path to the record was not easy.
Blackburn studied aviation at the University of North Carolina, trying to achieve his goal. By that time, he realized that the result depended more on the strength of the throw than on the design of the aircraft. Several attempts brought his result to the level of 18.8 s. By that time, Ken had already turned 30. In January 1998, Blackburn opened the Book of Records and found that he had been thrown off the podium by a pair of Britons who showed a result of 20.9 s.
Ken couldn't let that happen. This time, a real sports coach took part in preparing the aviator for the record. In addition, Ken tested many aircraft designs and chose the best ones. The result of the last attempt was phenomenal: 27.6 s! On this Ken Blackburn decided to stop. Even if his record is broken, which must happen sooner or later, he has earned his place in history.

What forces act on a paper plane

Why do devices heavier than air fly - airplanes and their models? Remember how the wind drives leaves and pieces of paper along the street, lifts them up. A flying model can be compared to an object driven by a stream of air. Only the air is still here, and the model rushes, cutting through it. In this case, the air not only slows down the flight, but under certain conditions creates lift. Look at Figure 1(Appendix). Shown here is a cross section of an airplane wing. If the wing is located so that between its lower plane and the direction of movement of the aircraft there is a certain angle a (called the angle of attack), then, as practice shows, the speed of the air flow around the wing from above will be greater than its speed from below the wing. And according to the laws of physics, in that place of the flow, where the speed is greater, the pressure is less, and vice versa. That is why, when the aircraft is moving fast enough, the air pressure under the wing will be greater than above the wing. This pressure difference keeps the aircraft in the air and is called lift.
Figure 2(Appendix) shows the forces acting on an aircraft or model in flight. The total effect of air on the aircraft is represented as an aerodynamic force R. This force is the resulting force acting on individual parts of the model: wing, fuselage, plumage, etc. It is always directed at an angle to the direction of motion. In aerodynamics, the action of this force is usually replaced by the action of its two components - lift and drag.
The lifting force Y is always directed perpendicular to the direction of movement, the drag force X is against the movement. The force of gravity G is always directed vertically downwards. The lift force depends on the wing area, flight speed, air density, angle of attack and aerodynamic perfection of the wing profile. The drag force depends on the geometrical dimensions of the fuselage cross section, flight speed, air density and the quality of surface treatment. Other equal conditions the model whose surface is finished more carefully flies further. The flight range is determined by the aerodynamic quality K, which is equal to the ratio of the lift force to the drag force, that is, the aerodynamic quality shows how many times the lift force of the wing is greater than the drag force of the model. In gliding flight, the lift force of the model Y is usually equal to the weight of the model, and the drag force X is 10-15 times less, so the flight range L will be 10-15 times more height H, from which the gliding flight began. Consequently, the lighter the model, the more carefully it is made, the greater the flight range can be achieved.

Experimental study of paper airplane models in flight

Organization and research methods

The study was conducted in MBOU secondary school in the village of Krasnaya Gorka.

In the study, we set ourselves the following tasks:

• Familiarize yourself with the instructions for various models of paper planes. Find out what difficulties arise when assembling models.
• Conduct an experiment aimed at studying paper planes in flight. Are all models equally obedient when launched, how long do they spend in the air and what is the range of their flight.

A set of methods and techniques that we used to conduct the study:

• Simulation of many models of paper planes;
• Simulation of experiments to launch paper plane models.

During the experiment, we have identified the following sequencing:
1. Select the types of aircraft that are of interest to us. Make models of paper planes. Conduct flight tests of aircraft to determine their flight qualities (range and accuracy in flight, time in flight), launch method and ease of execution. Enter the data into a table. Select the models with the best results.
2.Three of best models made from different types of paper. Carry out tests, enter the data in the table. Decide which paper is best suited for making paper airplane models.
Forms of records of the results of the study - record the data of the experiment in tables.
Primary processing and analysis of the results of the study was carried out as follows:

• Entering the results of the experiment into the appropriate forms of records;
• Schematic, graphic, illustrative presentation of the results (preparation of a presentation).
• Writing conclusions.

Description, analysis of the results of the study and conclusions about the dependence of the duration of the flight of a paper airplane on the model and launch method

Experiment 1 Purpose: to collect information about models of paper planes; check how difficult it is to assemble models of different types; check the made models in flight.
Equipment: office paper, schemes for assembling paper models of aircraft, tape measure, stopwatch, forms for recording results.
Location: school corridor.
After studying a large number of instructions for paper plane models, we chose five models that I liked. Having studied in detail the instructions for them, we made these models from A4 office paper. After completing these models, we tested them in flight. We have entered the data of these tests in the table.

Table 1

	Model name paper plane	Model drawing	Model assembly complexity (from 1 to 10 points)	Flight range, m (most)	Flight time, s (most)	Features at startup
1	Basic Dart		3	6	0,93	Twisted
2			4	8,6	1,55	Flying in a straight line
3	Fighter(Harrier Paper Airplane)		5	4	3	badly managed
4	Sokol F-16(F-16 Falcon Paper Airplane)		7	7,5	1,62	Poor planning
5	Space Shuttle Paper Airplane		8	2,40	0,41	Poor planning

Based on these test data, we have drawn the following conclusions:

• Collecting models is not as easy as one might think. When assembling models, it is very important to perform folds symmetrically, this requires some skill and skills.
• All models can be divided into two types: models suitable for launching for a flight distance, and models that perform well when launched for a flight duration.
• The model No. 2 Supersonic Fighter (Delta Fighter) behaved best when launched to a flight range.

Experiment 2

Purpose: to compare which paper models show the best results in terms of flight range and flight time.
Materials: office paper, notebook sheets, newsprint, tape measure, stopwatch, scorecards.
Location: school corridor.
We made the three best models from different grades of paper. The tests were carried out and the data were entered into a table. We concluded which paper is best used to make paper airplane models.

table 2

	Supersonic Fighter (Delta Fighter)	Flight range, m (most)	Flight time, s (most)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	8,6	1,55	Long flight range
2	Newsprint	5,30	1,13
3	Notebook sheet of paper	2,6	2,64	It is easier and faster to make a model from paper in a box; a very long flight time

Table 3

	Sokol F-16(F-16 Falcon Paper Airplane)	Flight range, m (most)	Flight time, s (most)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	7,5	1,62	Long flight range
2	Newsprint	6,3	2,00	Smooth flight, good planning
3	Notebook sheet of paper	7,1	1,43	Making a model from paper into a box is easier and faster

Table 4

	Basic Dart	Flight range, m (most)	Flight time, s (most)	Additional Notes
1	Office paper	6	0,93	Long flight range
2	Newsprint	5,15	1,61	Smooth flight, good planning
3	Notebook sheet of paper	6	1,65	It is easier and faster to make a model from paper in a box; a very long flight time

Based on the data obtained during the experiment, we made the following conclusions:

• It is easier to make models from notebook sheets in a box than from office or newsprint paper, but when tested, they do not show very good results;
• Models made of newsprint fly very beautifully;
• For getting high results in terms of flight range, office paper models are more suitable.

conclusions
As a result of our research, we got acquainted with various models of paper planes: they differ from each other in the complexity of folding, flight range and altitude, flight duration, which was confirmed during the experiment. The flight of a paper plane is affected by various conditions: paper properties, aircraft size, model .. The experiments made it possible to develop the following recommendations for assembling paper aircraft models:

• Before you start assembling a paper airplane model, you need to decide what kind of model is needed: for the duration or flight range?
• In order for the model to fly well, the folds must be made evenly, exactly follow the dimensions indicated in the assembly diagram, make sure that all folds are performed symmetrically.
• It is very important how the wings are bent, the duration and range of the flight depend on it.
• Folding paper models develops abstract human thinking.
• As a result of the research, we learned that paper airplanes are used to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft.

Conclusion
This work is devoted to the study of the prerequisites for the development of the popularity of paper aviation, the importance of origami for society, identifying whether paper airplane an exact copy of a large one, whether the same laws of aerodynamics apply to it as real aircraft.
During the experiment, our hypothesis was confirmed: the best speed characteristics and flight stability are achieved by aircraft with a sharp nose and narrow long wings, and an increase in the wingspan can significantly increase the flight time of the glider.
Thus, our hypothesis that paper models of airplanes are not only a fun toy, but something more important for the world community and the technical development of our civilization, was confirmed.

List of information sources
http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/aviaciya_i_kosmonavtika/PLANER.html
http://igrushka.kz/vip95/bumavia.php http://igrushka.kz/vip91/paperavia.php
http://danieldefo.ru/forum/showthread.php?t=46575
Paper planes. – Moscow // Cosmonautics News. - 2008 -735. – 13 s
Paper #2: Aerogami, Print Fan
http://printfun.ru/bum2

Application

Aerodynamic forces

Rice. 1. Aircraft wing section
Lift force -Y
Resistance Force X
Gravity - G
Angle of attack - a

Rice. 2. Forces acting on an aircraft or model in flight

creative moments

Making a paper airplane out of office paper

I sign

Preparation



Making a paper airplane out of newspaper



I make a paper airplane from a notebook sheet

Study (left stopwatch)

I measure the length and record the results in a table

My planes

Panaiotov Georgy

Goal of the work: Design aircraft with the following characteristics: maximum range and flight duration.

Tasks:

Analyze information obtained from primary sources;

Learn the elements of the ancient oriental art aerogs;

To get acquainted with the basics of aerodynamics, the technology of designing aircraft from paper;

Test the constructed models;

Develop skills for the correct, effective launch of models;

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Slides captions:

Research work "Investigation of the flying properties of various models of paper aircraft"

Hypothesis: It can be assumed that the flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on its shape.

Experiment No. 1 “The principle of creating a wing” The air moving along the upper surface of the strip exerts less pressure than the still air under the strip. He lifts the strip up.

Experiment No. 2 Moving air exerts less pressure than stationary air, which is under the sheet.

Experiment No. 3 "Blow" The still air at the edges of the strips exerts more pressure than the moving air between them. The pressure difference pushes the strips towards each other.

Trials: Model #1 Trial Range #1 6m 40cm #2 10m 45cm #3 8m

Trials: Model #2 Trial Range #1 10m 20cm #2 14m #3 16m 90cm

Trials: Model #3 Trial Range #1 13m 50cm #2 12m #3 13m

Trials: Model #4 Trial Range #1 13m 60cm #2 19m 70cm #3 21m 60cm

Trials: Model #5 Trial Range #1 9m 20cm #2 13m 20cm #3 10m 60cm

Test Results: Range Champion Model #4 Airtime Champion Model #5

Conclusion: The flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on its shape.

Preview:

Introduction

Every time I see an airplane - a silver bird soaring into the sky - I admire the power with which it easily overcomes the earth's gravity and plows the heavenly ocean and ask myself questions:

• How should an aircraft wing be constructed to support a large load?
• What should be the optimal shape of a wing that cuts through the air?
• What characteristics of the wind help an airplane in its flight?

• What speed can the plane reach?

Man has always dreamed of rising into the sky “like a bird” and since ancient times he has tried to make his dream come true. In the 20th century, aviation began to develop so rapidly that mankind could not save many of the originals of this complex technology. But many samples have been preserved in museums in the form of reduced models, giving an almost complete picture of real machines.

I chose this topic because it helps in life not only to develop logical technical thinking, but also to join the practical skills of working with paper, materials science, technology for designing and constructing aircraft. And the most important thing is the creation of your own aircraft.

We hypothesized - it can be assumed, that flight characteristics aircraft depend on its shape.

We used the following research methods:

• Study of scientific literature;
• Obtaining information on the Internet;
• Direct observation, experimentation;
• Creation of experimental pilot models of aircraft;

Goal of the work: Design aircraft with the following characteristics: maximum range and flight duration.

Tasks:

Analyze information obtained from primary sources;

To study the elements of the ancient oriental art of aerogami;

To get acquainted with the basics of aerodynamics, the technology of designing aircraft from paper;

Test the constructed models;

Develop skills for the correct, effective launch of models;

As the basis of my research, I took one of the areas of Japanese origami art - aerogami (from Japanese “gami” - paper and Latin “aero” - air).

Aerodynamics (from the Greek words aer - air and dinamis - force) is the science of the forces that arise when bodies move in the air. Air, thanks to its physical properties, resists the movement of solids in it. At the same time, interaction forces arise between bodies and air, which are studied by aerodynamics.

Aerodynamics is theoretical basis modern aviation. Any aircraft flies, obeying the laws of aerodynamics. Therefore, for an aircraft designer, knowledge of the basic laws of aerodynamics is not only useful, but simply necessary. While studying the laws of aerodynamics, I conducted a series of observations and experiments: “The choice of the shape aircraft”, “Principles of creating a wing”, “Blow”, etc.

Design.

Folding a paper airplane is not as easy as it seems. Actions must be confident and precise, folds - perfectly straight and in the right places. Simple designs are forgiving, while in complex designs a couple of imperfect angles can lead the assembly process to a dead end. In addition, there are cases where the fold needs to be intentionally not very precise.

For example, if one of the last steps requires you to fold a thick sandwich structure in half, the fold will not work unless you make a thickness adjustment at the very beginning of the fold. Such things are not described in diagrams, they come with experience. And the symmetry and precise weight distribution of the model determine how well it will fly.

The key point in "paper aviation" is the location of the center of gravity. Creating various designs, I propose to make the nose of the aircraft heavier by placing more paper in it, to form full-fledged wings, stabilizers, and a keel. Then the paper airplane can be controlled like a real one.

For example, through experimentation, I found that the speed and flight path can be adjusted by bending the back of the wings like real flaps, slightly turning the paper keel. Such control is the basis of "paper aerobatics".

Aircraft designs vary significantly depending on the purpose of their construction. For example, aircraft for long-distance flights resemble a dart in shape - they are just as narrow, long, rigid, with a pronounced shift in the center of gravity towards the nose. Planes for the longest flights are not rigid, but they have a large wingspan and are well balanced. Balancing is extremely important for street launched aircraft. They must maintain the correct position, despite the destabilizing fluctuations in the air. Indoor-launched aircraft benefit from a nose-down center of gravity. Such models fly faster and more stable, they are easier to launch.

Tests

In order to achieve high results at the start, it is necessary to master the correct throwing technique.

• To send the plane to the maximum distance, you need to throw it forward and up at an angle of 45 degrees as much as possible.

• In time-of-flight competitions, you should throw the plane to the maximum height so that it glides down longer.

Launching in the open air, in addition to additional problems (wind), creates additional advantages. Using updrafts of air, you can make the plane fly incredibly far and long. A strong updraft can be found, for example, near a large multi-storey building: hitting a wall, the wind changes direction to vertical. A friendlier airbag can be found on a sunny day in a car park. Dark asphalt gets very hot, and the hot air above it rises smoothly.

Main part

1.1 Observations and experiments

Observations

The choice of the form of the aircraft.(Annex 11)

Incredible Facts

Many of us have seen, or maybe made, paper airplanes and launched them, watching them soar in the air.

Have you ever wondered who was the first to create a paper plane and why?

Today, paper planes are made not only by children, but also by serious aircraft manufacturing companies - engineers and designers.

How, when and for what paper airplanes were used and are still used, you can find out here.

Some historical facts related to paper aircraft

* The first paper airplane was created about 2,000 years ago. It is believed that the first who came up with the idea of ​​making paper airplanes were the Chinese, who were also fond of creating flying kites from papyrus.

* The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne, also decided to use paper for flying. They are the ones who invented balloon and used paper for it. It happened in the 18th century.

* Leonardo da Vinci wrote about using paper to create ornithopter (aircraft) models.

* In the early 20th century, aircraft magazines used images of paper airplanes to explain the principles of aerodynamics.

See also: How to make a paper airplane

* In their quest to build the first human-carrying aircraft, the Wright brothers used paper planes and wings in wind tunnels.

* In the 1930s, the English artist and engineer Wallis Rigby designed his first paper airplane. This idea seemed interesting to several publishers, who began to cooperate with him and publish his paper models, which were quite easy to assemble. It is worth noting that Rigby tried to make not just interesting models, but also flying ones.

* Also in the early 1930s, Jack Northrop of the Lockheed Corporation used several paper models of airplanes and wings for testing purposes. This was done before the creation of real large aircraft.

* During World War II, many governments restricted the use of materials such as plastic, metal and wood as they were considered strategically important. Paper has become commonplace and very popular in the toy industry. This is what made paper modeling popular.

* In the USSR, paper modeling was also very popular. In 1959, P. L. Anokhin's book "Paper Flying Models" was published. As a result, this book became very popular among modellers for many years. In it, one could learn about the history of aircraft construction, as well as paper modeling. All paper models were original, for example, one could find a flying paper model of the Yak aircraft.

Unusual facts about paper plane models

*According to the Paper Aircraft Association, a paper plane launched in outer space, will not fly, it will glide in a straight line. If a paper airplane does not collide with some object, it can soar forever in space.

* The most expensive paper plane was used in the space shuttle during the next flight into space. The cost of the fuel used to get the plane into space on the shuttle alone is enough to call this paper plane the most expensive.

* The largest wingspan of a paper airplane is 12.22 cm. An airplane with such wings could fly almost 35 meters before hitting the wall. Such an aircraft was made by a group of students from the Faculty of Aviation and Rocket Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute in Delft, the Netherlands.

The launch was carried out in 1995, when the aircraft was launched inside the building from a platform 3 meters high. According to the rules, the plane had to fly about 15 meters. If not for the limited space, he would have flown much farther.

* Scientists, engineers and students use paper airplanes to study aerodynamics. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sent a paper airplane into space on the Space Shuttle.

* Paper planes can be made various forms. According to record holder Ken Blackburn, airplanes made in the shape of an "X," hoop or futuristic spaceship, can fly just like simple paper planes if made right.

* NASA specialists together with astronauts held a master class for schoolchildrenin the hangar of his research center in 1992. Together they built large paper planes with a wingspan of up to 9 meters.

* The smallest paper origami airplane was created under a microscope by Mr. Naito from Japan. He folded an airplane from a sheet of paper measuring 2.9 square meters. millimeter. Once made, the airplane was placed on the tip of a sewing needle.

* The longest flight of a paper plane took place on December 19, 2010, and it was launched by the Japanese Takuo Toda, who is the head of the Japan Origami Airplane Association. The flight duration of his model, launched in the city of Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture, was 29.2 seconds.

How to make a Takuo Toda airplane

Robot assembles a paper plane

Since childhood, we all know how to quickly make a paper airplane, and we have done it more than once. This origami method is simple and easy to remember. After a couple of times you can do it with your eyes closed.

The simplest and most famous paper airplane pattern

Such an airplane is made from a square sheet of paper, which is folded in half, then the upper edges are folded towards the center. The resulting triangle is bent, and the edges are again bent towards the center. Then the sheet is bent in half, and wings are formed.

That, in fact, is all. But there is one small drawback of such an aircraft - it almost does not soar and falls in a couple of seconds.

Experience of generations

The question arises - which flies for a long time. This is not difficult, since several generations have improved the well-known scheme, and have significantly succeeded in this. Modern ones vary greatly in appearance and in terms of quality.

Below are different ways to make a paper airplane. Simple schemes will not confuse you, but on the contrary, will inspire you to continue experimenting. Although, perhaps, they will require more time from you than the type mentioned above.

Super paper plane

Method number one. It does not differ much from the one described above, but in this version the aerodynamic qualities are slightly improved, which lengthens the flight time:

1. Fold a piece of paper in half lengthwise.
2. Fold the corners towards the middle.
3. Turn the sheet over and fold in half.
4. Fold the triangle up.
5. Change the side of the sheet again.
6. Bend the two right vertices to the center.
7. Do the same with the other side.
8. Bend the resulting plane in half.
9. Raise your tail and straighten your wings.

This is how you can make paper airplanes that fly for a very long time. In addition to this obvious advantage, the model looks very impressive. So play to your health.

Making the plane "Zilke" together

Now it's time for method number two. It involves the manufacture of the Zilke aircraft. Prepare a piece of paper and learn how to make a paper airplane that flies for a long time by following these simple tips:

1. Fold it in half lengthwise.
2. Mark the middle of the sheet. Fold the top in half.
3. Bend the edges of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a couple of centimeters remain to the middle on each side.
4. Turn over a sheet of paper.
5. Form a small triangle at the top in the middle. Bend the entire structure along.
6. Reveal upper part by folding the paper in two directions.
7. Bend the edges so that you get wings.

The aircraft "Zilke" is finished and ready for operation. This was another easy way to quickly make a paper airplane that flies for a long time.

Making a plane "Duck" together

Now consider the scheme of the "Duck" aircraft:

1. Fold a piece of A4 paper in half lengthwise.
2. Bend the top ends towards the middle.
3. Turn the sheet over reverse side. Bend the side parts again to the middle, and in the upper part you should get a rhombus.
4. Bend the upper half of the rhombus forward, as if folding it in half.
5. Fold the resulting triangle with an accordion, and bend the bottom top up.
6. Now bend the resulting structure in half.
7. At the final stage, form the wings.

Now you can make those that fly for a long time! The scheme is quite simple and understandable.

Making a Delta plane together

It's time to make a Delta plane out of paper:

1. Fold an A4 piece of paper in half lengthwise. Mark the middle.
2. Turn the sheet horizontally.
3. On one side, draw two parallel lines to the middle, at the same distance.
4. On the other hand, fold the paper in half to the middle mark.
5. Bend the lower right corner to the topmost drawn line so that a couple of centimeters remain intact at the bottom.
6. Bend the top half.
7. Bend the resulting triangle in half.
8. Fold the structure in half and bend the wings along the marked lines.

As you can see, paper airplanes that fly for a very long time can be made different ways. But that is not all. Because you will find several more types of crafts floating in the air for a long time.

How to make a "Shuttle"

Using the following method, it is quite possible to make a small model of the Shuttle:

1. You will need a square piece of paper.
2. Fold it diagonally to one side, unfold and fold it to the other. Leave in this position.
3. Fold the left and right edges towards the center. It turned out to be a small square.
4. Now fold this square diagonally.
5. At the resulting triangle, bend the front and back leaves.
6. Then fold them under the central triangles so that a small figure remains peeking out from below.
7. Fold the top triangle and tuck it in the middle so that a small top peeks out.
8. Finishing touches: unfold the lower wings and tuck in the nose.

Here's how to make a paper plane that flies for a long time in an easy and simple way. Enjoy the long flight of your Shuttle.

We make the plane "Gomez" according to the scheme

1. Fold the sheet in half lengthwise.
2. Now fold the top right corner to the left edge of the paper. Unbend.
3. Do the same on the other side.
4. Next, fold the top so that a triangle is formed. The bottom part remains unchanged.
5. Bend the lower right corner to the top.
6. Turn the left corner inwards. You should get a small triangle.
7. Bend the design in half and form wings.

Now you know that he flew far.

What are paper airplanes for?

These simple aircraft schemes will allow you to enjoy the game, and even organize competitions between different models, finding out who owns the championship in flight duration and range.

Boys (and maybe their dads) will especially like this activity, so teach them how to create winged cars out of paper, and they will be happy. Such activities develop children's dexterity, accuracy, perseverance, concentration and spatial thinking, and contribute to the development of imagination. And the prize will be those made that fly for a very long time.

Launch airplanes to open space in calm weather. And yet, you can take part in the competition of such crafts, however, in this case, you need to know that some of the models presented above are prohibited in such events.

There are many other ways that fly for a very long time. The above are just some of the most effective ones you can do. However, do not limit yourself to only them, try others. And perhaps, over time, you will be able to improve some of the models or come up with a new, more advanced system for making them.

By the way, some paper models of airplanes are capable of making aerial figures and various tricks. Depending on the type of construction, you will need to launch strongly and sharply or smoothly.

In any case, all of the above airplanes will fly for a long time and will give you a lot of fun and pleasant experiences, especially if you made them yourself.

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

average comprehensive school No. 41 p. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I Introduction ______________________________________________ pages 3-4

II. The history of aviation _______________________pages 4-7

III _________pages 7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of an exhibition of models

aircraft from different materials and holding

research ____________________________________________ pages 10-11

V. Conclusion ______________________________________________ page 12

VI. References. _________________________________ page 12

VII. Application

I.Introduction.

Relevance:"Man is not a bird, but strives to fly"

It just so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. modern world aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people travel long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people. So who built and made a controlled flight on it? Who took this step so important for humanity, which became the beginning new era, aviation era?

I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Goal of the work: study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built in 1882 an "aeronautical projectile". So it was written in the patent for it in 1881. By the way, the aircraft patent was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers patented their apparatus only in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real aircraft with all the parts that were due to him: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern aircraft than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of the Mozhaisky plane (from a drawing by the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

specially constructed inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky's plane simply did not have enough power for a full-fledged flight. power plant. Three years later he died, and for many years he himself stood in Krasnoye Selo under open sky. Then he was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaisky estate, and already there he burned down in 1895. Well, what can I say. It's a pity…

III. The history of the appearance of the first paper planes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is a co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft.

And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models and eventually in 1989 founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A-4 paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane must consist in bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, and also use foreign objects for fixing (paper clips, etc.). The competition rules are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Launch Championship was first held in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge glass-spherical building called "Angar-7".

The Glider plane, although it looks like a perfect raskoryak, glides well, so at the World Championship, pilots from several countries launched it in the competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but up. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice, any deformation is fatal for it. The world gliding record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed by American pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used in construction. We looked into encyclopedic Dictionary, here's what we learned:

Glossary of terms.

Aviette-airplane small size with a low power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 Horse power), usually single or double.

Stabilizer- one of the horizontal planes that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel- This is a vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, plumage, sometimes the chassis and the power plant.

IV. Practical part:

Organization of an exhibition of aircraft models from different materials and testing .

Well, which of the children did not make airplanes? I think these people are very hard to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and it was interesting and easy to make. Because the paper plane is very easy to make and does not require material costs. All that is needed for such an aircraft is to take a sheet of paper, and after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in the competition for the farthest or longest flight.

We also made our first airplane - the Kid at the technology lesson and launched them right in the classroom at recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft, where all the students performed. There were drawn planes: with paints, pencils. Application from napkins and colored paper, aircraft models made of wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, plastic bottle.

We wanted to learn more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students learn who built and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - history of the first paper planes. We found all the information about the aircraft on the Internet. When we learned about the paper plane launching competition, we also decided to hold such competitions for the longest distance and the longest planning.

For participation, we decided to make airplanes: “Dart”, “Glider”, “Kid”, “Arrow”, and I myself came up with the airplane “Falcon” (aircraft diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Dart", he is a prolem.

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Glider", it was in the air for 5 seconds.

Launched models 2 times. An airplane made from office paper won

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: the Dart flew the farthest (15 meters), the Glider was in the air the longest (5 seconds), the airplanes made of office paper fly best.

But we liked to learn everything new and new that we found on the Internet. new model aircraft from modules. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy, perseverance, but very interesting, especially assembling. We made 2000 modules for the aircraft. Aircraft Designer" href="/text/category/aviakonstruktor/" rel="bookmark">Aircraft Designer and will design an aircraft that people will fly on.

VI. References:

1.http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paper airplane...

2. http://www. *****/news/detail

3 http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Aircraft_Mozhaisky

4. http://www. ›200711.htm

5.http://www. *****›avia/8259.html

6. http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Wright Brothers

7. http:// locals. md› 2012 /stan-chempionom-mira…samolyotikov/

8 http:// *****› from modules MK aircraft

APPLICATION

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