Description of chestnut mushroom. Chestnut mushroom: features of appearance and photo Chestnut mushroom

Description

In Latin, the chestnut mushroom is called Gyroporus castaneus (chestnut gyroporus), and popularly – chestnut mushroom, hare mushroom or sand mushroom. Previously, this species belonged to the Boletaceae family, genus Gyroporus. Today, the Gyroporidae subfamily has been transformed into the Gyroporidae family. Outwardly, it looks like a porcini or Polish mushroom and has the following description:

• in young specimens the cap is convex, its size is 3-9 cm in diameter;
• the surface is velvety-fleecy;
• skin color is brown or beige;
• hymenophore tubular;
• spores oval, ellipsoid;
• spore powder white-yellow;
• brown leg is hollow inside, height up to 8 cm.

The older the body, the fewer fibers remain on its cap, what can you do, everyone goes bald... It can crack around the edges if the summer is dry. The cut of the flesh on the cap and stem does not darken. The old chestnut mushroom has a hollow tubular stem that thickens towards its base. Its height depends on weather conditions, height from 3 cm to 8 cm.

The pulp of the chestnut mushroom is characterized by its fleshiness and White color. It is fragile in a young organism, but the old hare mushroom has hard and dry pulp.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

Indeed, initially the chestnut tree has a convex cap, but then it becomes flattened, thin-felt, or almost smooth. The spongy layer (hymenophore) is finely porous, white or whitish. The leg is one color along its entire length with a cap, smooth, without a ring (“skirt”) - the remains of a private veil covering the hymenophore.

Grows in coniferous and deciduous (usually broad-leaved) forests. In the territory of the post-Soviet space, this species is more often found in the southern half of the European part, sometimes in the Volga region, Leningrad and Moscow regions, the Caucasus and the Far East. You can also find it in Europe, Asia (Japan), and North America.

This rare forest species, the chestnut mushroom, is listed in the Red Book of Russia. It grows under broad-leaved trees. It forms mycorrhizae with beeches, oaks and conifers.

This mushroom or chestnut gyroporus has several similar species, edible and non-edible. The edible species include the blue gyroporus (Gyroporus cyanescens), and the poisonous species include the gallfish (Tylopilus felleus).

Gyroporus blue

It is listed in the Red Book of Russia and is known under several other names: bruise, birch gyropor. Description:

• the cap has a characteristic convexity;
• the size of the upper part is from 6 cm to 16 cm in diameter;
• color light yellow or grayish, with a brown tint;
• the skin is dry and velvety to the touch;
• the leg can reach 10 cm in height;
• the leg is hollow inside;
• the taste is pleasant, delicate, without bitterness.

When broken, the flesh has a characteristic blue or cornflower blue color, which is where its name comes from. In young specimens the leg is dense, thickened downwards, and with age it becomes hollow and fragile.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The bruise, or gyroporus lividus, is characterized by a rather thick pale yellow stalk without a ring, of the same color with a cap (directly under the cap - light). You can find the mushroom in forests and meadows. Capable of forming mycorrhiza with birch, chestnut, oak and presumably pine. Since this mushroom is often found in meadows, the question of mycorrhiza is open.

Creates mycorrhizae with birch and oak trees. Grows well on sandy soils, in moderate climatic zone, bears fruit from mid-July to the end of September.

Gall mushroom

Gall is inedible double Gyroporus chestnut. Belongs to the genus Tylopilus from the Boletaceae family. Fruits from July to October, on sandy, light soils, in coniferous or mixed forests.

Description:

• cap size up to 12-14 cm in diameter;
• the shape of the “hood” is convex;
• skin color from brown to brown;
• the flesh is white and soft;
• When cut, the flesh turns pink;
• the leg grows up to 10 cm;
• base diameter up to 3.5 cm;
• leg color is pale beige;
• The taste of the pulp is bitter.

The white tubes of the hymenophore of young gall fungi, as it develops, become pale pink and dirty with age. Their aroma is weak, not pronounced. The taste is reminiscent of quinine.

The mushroom is considered inedible precisely because of its disgusting taste. However, some mushroom pickers soak it in salt water and then cook it. Some specialists Western countries On the contrary, we are sure that the gall fungus is poisonous and its pulp contains toxins (even in small quantities), which, when absorbed into the blood after eating it or even simply touching it, cause disturbances in the liver, which ultimately can lead to cirrhosis of this organ.

Beneficial features

Chestnut tree has mass useful properties, thanks to its unique chemical composition, which includes fiber, natural protein, minerals, vitamins and microelements. It has antioxidant effects due to the presence of theanine. Medicines based on mushrooms have the following beneficial properties:

• calm the nervous system;
• stabilize blood pressure;
• increase immunity;
• promote weight loss;
• help in the fight against cancer.

The polysaccharides and amino acids that the forest organism contains actively counteract the cells that cause the development of Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma.

Mushrooms. Polish mushroom. Bavarian vegetable garden.

Polish mushroom (Boletus badius). Collecting chestnut moss and boletus in the pine forest (10/16/2017)

Application

Preparations made from chestnut mushrooms help with cerebral vascular spasms and epilepsy.

A water tincture is used to treat joints and psoriasis. If necessary, decoctions are used as an emetic and anthelmintic.

Chestnut mushroom has a weak aroma and a specific taste. To enhance the smell, it is subjected to heat treatment; it is more suitable for frying or boiling, as well as for drying, which reveals its qualities. It is not suitable for pickling due to its bitter taste. Hares love it, hence the second name of the mushroom - hare.

Conclusion

The large and beautiful chestnut mushroom is considered a desirable prey for lovers of “ quiet hunt", who know how to prepare it correctly. It is rare and grows in small groups. But it’s better to pass by and not cut off this endangered species of forest organisms. In Russia, their collection is prohibited by law and is considered poaching.

STATUS OF THE SPECIES IN OTHER REGIONS ANDON THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY

Taken under protection in the regions: Belgorod (3), Vladimir (5), Volgograd (4), Kaluga (4), Kursk (3), Lipetsk (3), Moscow (3), Rostov (2), Saratov (3) , Tambov (3), Tver (3), Tula (3), Yaroslavl (3) regions, republics of Adygea (3NT), North Ossetia (*), Tatarstan (2En), Chuvashia (3), Krasnodar region(3NT), Primorsky Krai (Vu).

DESCRIPTION

The cap is 4-10 cm in diameter, dry, reddish-brown or chestnut, matte, at first convex, velvety, later flat and smooth. The hymenophore is tubular, free or weakly attached to the cap, with small rounded pores, first white, then creamy yellow. The leg is 5-7 cm long, the same color as the cap or slightly lighter, cylindrical or slightly thickened at the base, velvety or smooth, hollow or with chambers. The pulp is white and does not change color when cut. Spores are ovoid-ellipsoid, smooth; spore powder is yellowish.

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE SPECIES

Chestnut mushroom (Kashtanovik) forms mycorrhiza with broad-leaved tree species. Lives in light-colored broad-leaved and mixed forests, on the edges, prefers sandy soils. Fruiting bodies are formed from August to September. Edible.

SPREADING

The species' extensive range in the Northern Hemisphere consists of several fragments confined to the area of ​​broad-leaved forests. IN Ryazan region noted in Spassky and Kasimovsky districts. In the Kasimovsky district, near the villages of Aleshino and Samylovo, the species was found by V.S. Gubanov, and near the village. Samylovo was celebrated annually from 2000 to 2006. In Spassky district near the village. Brykin Bor species is not recorded annually, in very small numbers - singly or in a group of 3-5 specimens.

NUMBER AND NEGATIVE IMPACT FACTORS, THREATS

Chestnut mushroom grows singly or in small groups. The number, although low, is stable. Negative factors are violation natural places habitats as a result of deforestation, trampling; collection of fruiting bodies.

Chestnut mushroom (from Latin Gyroporus castaneus)- an edible mushroom of the genus Gyroporus of the Boletaceae family. It is considered a so-called “semi-white” mushroom, according to nutritional value belongs to the second category. Semi-white mushrooms also include boletus, boletus, boletus, semi-white mushroom and bruise. There are such names as chestnut gyroporus, chestnut mushroom, sand mushroom, hare mushroom. Good for storing for future use, drying, but not eaten boiled as it becomes bitter when cooked.

External signs

It is quite similar to a porcini mushroom, although there are differences, in particular, a hollow brownish stem. It is impossible to confuse them with poisonous mushrooms, since they are different.

hat in diameter from three to eleven centimeters, convex in young mushrooms, becomes flattened with age. The surface of the cap is dry. Initially pubescent or velvety, with age it becomes smooth and bare. In drought it can become covered with cracks. The color is rusty-brown, red-brown, orange-brown, light chestnut or brownish. The tubes adhere to the stem, then become free; in young mushrooms they are painted white, becoming yellowish with age. The pores are small, round, and also change color with age from white to yellow. When you press on them, brown spots appear.

Leg in height from three to eight centimeters, in diameter from one to three, in young mushrooms it is solid, with age it becomes hollow inside, which makes it possible to distinguish chestnut from porcini mushroom. The stem is thickened towards the base, as for the color - it usually matches the color of the cap, or can be a little lighter.

Pulp white, has a weak nutty aroma and taste. In young mushrooms it is fleshy and elastic, in adults it becomes brittle and fragile. When cut, the color of the pulp remains unchanged.

Spore powder pale yellow or yellowish brown. The spores are colorless or yellowish, elliptical in shape.

Habitats

Fruits in the period from July to September, both singly and in small groups. It grows in both deciduous and coniferous forests, forms mycorrhiza with beech, chestnut, oak, and less often with pine. Loves soil containing sand, prefers warm and dry climates. The distribution area is from France to the Far East. In Russia it is found in the south of the European part, in the Far East, in Western Siberia, in the Caucasus.