Angler fish reproduction. Monkfish fish
How a monkfish gets married February 28th, 2015
Sea devils are a group of angler fish. They live at great depths, can withstand enormous pressure and have an extremely unattractive appearance.
But you knew, for example, how anglerfish reproduce. In order for eggs to be fertilized, two different fish - a male and a female monkfish - must fuse into one organism.
When a male anglerfish finds itself suitable pair, he digs into the female’s stomach and tightly clings to her. Over time, the two fish merge into a single creature with common skin, common blood vessels, etc. At the same time, some organs of the male atrophy - eyes, fins, etc.
It was precisely because sea devils live most of their lives in the form of such a monster creature that scientists at first could not find male anglerfish in nature - they only came across females. It turned out that the males (or rather, what was left of them) were “hiding” inside.
Let's find out more about this fish...
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Are there many people in Russia who can boast that they ate the devil? Apparently, there are no such people at all. And this pleasure is quite accessible to the average European. The fact is that angler although disgusting in appearance, it is a tasty fish. It also lives off our coasts, including in the Barents and even the Black Sea, but here no one specifically catches it.
Angler, or European anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius), is a large fish up to one and a half meters long, two-thirds of which is on the head, and weighs up to 20 kilograms. The mouth is outrageously large and lined with a palisade of sharp teeth. The bare skin with a fringe of leathery lobes gives the fish an extremely disgusting appearance. On the head there is a fishing rod - the first ray of the dorsal fin moved forward, from which hangs an appetizing “bait” - a small leathery bulb. All day long the devil lies motionless on the bottom and patiently waits for some fish to be tempted by his bait. Then, without hesitation, it opens its mouth and swallows the prey.
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European angler belongs to the family of angler fish. They live at a depth of 50-200 meters and are considered quite common inhabitants of coastal waters. Only recently has it become known that their close relatives live in the depths of the ocean. They were called deep-sea anglers. About 120 species are now known. These amazing creatures are classified as small or very small fish. Females range in length from 5-10 to 20-40 centimeters, only the ciracy grows up to a meter, and males are dwarfs measuring 14-22 millimeters.
Only females have a fishing rod. Often this gear is clearly divided into a rod, a fishing line and a luminous bait suspended at its end. For each type of angler, the bait has a shape and size unique to these fish and emits light rays of a strictly defined color. The bait is a bag filled with mucus in which glowing bacteria live. In order to emit light, bacteria need oxygen. When the anglerfish has had lunch and is busy digesting food, it no longer needs light. It can attract attention to the anglerfish large predator. Then the devil squeezes the blood vessels of the fishing line and temporarily extinguishes his flashlight.
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The rod, located above the fish's head, is directed upward and forward, and the bait dangles near the mouth. This is where gullible game is lured. Gigantaxis have a rod with a fishing line that is 4 times longer than the fish itself. This allows you to cast the bait far and, teasing the prey, lure it to its mouth, which is always ready to open. Each type of bait attracts a very specific game. This is confirmed by the fact that in the stomachs of some anglers there are constantly found fish that are rarely caught in deep-sea trawls and are considered very rare.
Everything about deep-sea anglerfish is unusual, especially reproduction. Males and females are so different from each other that they were previously considered different species of fish. When the male becomes an adult, he goes in search of a female. Suitors have large eyes and an impressive olfactory organ to help locate the female. For a tiny fish, finding a bride is a difficult task. Nobody knows how much time they spend on this. It is not surprising that, having found a bride, the male immediately sinks his teeth into her.
Soon the male’s lips and tongue grow onto his wife’s body, and she takes her husband as her full dependent. Through the vessels grown into his body, the female supplies him with everything he needs. The male no longer needs the jaws, intestines and eyes, and they atrophy. In the male’s body, only the heart and gills continue to work, helping to supply oxygen to his body, and even the testes. During breeding, the female spawns eggs, and the male regularly waters them with milk.
Spawning takes place at great depths, but the eggs are lighter than water and float to its surface. Here they hatch into larvae. They feed intensely, grow quickly and gradually drown until they return to their homeland in their favorite depths.
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Some species of deep-sea anglerfish are considered edible. They are caught in the USA, Africa and East Asia. Especially popular in North America meat from the tail of an anglerfish, called Monkfish or Goosefish. It tastes like lobster meat. In Japan and Korea, goose fish liver is a delicacy.
White, dense, boneless and extremely tender meat of this fish can do honor to anyone. festive table. It is suitable for frying in pieces and opened in the shape of a butterfly, or for grilling, cut into cubes and placed on skewers, as well as for boiling and stewing. Monkfish is especially popular in France, where the meat from its tail is prepared in many ways, for example with boiled vegetables, and the head, if you can get it, is used for soup.
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Why is monkfish called "tail fish"
The fishermen quickly deal with the monster's head. All that remains of the fish is practically only an edible tail, which goes on sale without the skin. Therefore, monkfish is often called the “tail” fish, whose white, dense, boneless and extremely tender meat can do honor to any holiday table. Being a master of camouflage, the monkfish, with its dark, often spotted, top part body, almost invisible against the background of the bottom of small coastal reservoirs, among stones, pebbles and fucus. There he usually likes to lie, watching for prey. On both sides of the head, along the edges of the jaw and lips, fringed patches of skin hang down, moving in the water like algae. On the sides of the body there are wide fins, and on the back there are thin spines with a spherical thickening at the end, which lure prey. This sea monster can reach 2 m with a weight of 30-40 kg. Smaller specimens usually go on sale. But even a monkfish of this size can swallow enough big fish. They say that in the belly of one monkfish, 65 cm long, a young cod, 58 cm long, was found. Monkfish is found in many seas, mainly in the Atlantic and the North Sea, up to Iceland.
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The monkfish is also called a “frog” because it can jump
Sometimes during a hunt, the monkfish moves in a very unusual way: it jumps along the bottom, pushing off with its pectoral fins. For this they called him “frog”.
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In one species of monkfish, the “fishing rod” is retracted into a special channel on the back. The fish regulates the glow of the bubble by narrowing or expanding the walls of the arteries. And in the bottom-dwelling Galatetauma, the “fishing rod” is generally located in the mouth. Another species uses glowing teeth as bait.
To hunt, the angler just needs to swim or rest quietly on the sand, from time to time opening his mouth and swallowing an overly curious fish. She has no chance to escape: the monkfish’s mouth sucks in water along with everything that swims nearby: mollusks, crustaceans, sometimes even stingrays and sharks. A very hungry anglerfish can catch a waterfowl. However, in this case, he often chokes on the feathers and dies.
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The monkfish does not know how to compare the size of its prey with the feeling of hunger. Ichthyologists have more than once observed cases where a predator caught and bit a large fish, much larger than itself, but could not let go due to the structural features of the teeth.
Anglerfish breed as unusually as they hunt. Males do not have “fishing rods” at all, and they themselves are very tiny. While females often reach two meters in length, males rarely exceed 5 millimeters. Each female carries several males: they dig into her, grow together and gradually turn into genitals.
Hungry sea devils are dangerous for scuba divers. They have very poor vision, which is compensated by courage and gluttony, so it is better to stay as far away from a hungry anglerfish as possible.
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However, where does such a big name come from? According to one version, this fish received it for its, to put it mildly, extravagant appearance, even against the generally bright and diverse background of the inhabitants of the depths of the sea. A flat body, a huge ugly head with a huge mouth, in some species making up two-thirds of the total length, crowned with a palisade of sharp teeth, evokes a feeling of horror. These teeth are capable of turning prey into a mess of torn tissue and bones.
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In general, the monkfish is incredibly voracious and therefore boldly rushes even at a seemingly obviously unattainable goal. And in “hungry” moments, a large anglerfish, suffering from an almost complete lack of vision, rises to the upper layers of water from the depths and at such moments it is capable of attacking scuba divers.
You can meet such an inhabitant of the deep sea just at the end of summer, after a grueling hungry spawning, the “devils” go to shallow water, where they eat intensively until the fall, after which they go to wintering in greater depths.
However, compared to sharks, barracudas and octopuses, true sea devils or anglerfish do not pose an immediate danger to humans. Be that as it may, their terrible teeth can disfigure the hand of an unwary fisherman for life. However, the monkfish does much more damage not to humans, but to others commercial species fish Thus, there are legends among fishermen that, having fallen into a fishing net, he ate the fish that got there while he was there.
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Monkfish fish is another one most interesting representative underwater fauna of our planet.
They say that the devil is a fictional character... But no! IN sea waters, among the dark depths lives a creature whose appearance is so terrible and ugly that, other than monkfish, scientists have not come up with a name for it!
It is worth saying that in aquatic fauna There is also another monkfish - a mollusk, but now we will talk about a representative of ray-finned fish. Scientists attribute this sea creature to the order Anglerfishes, which includes the family Angleridae and the genus Anglerfish.
Currently, there are two species of monkfish on earth - European and American. Let's look at the photo of the monkfish and take a closer look at its appearance...
Anglerfish appearance
The first thing worth noting about the appearance of this unsightly fish is the “fishing rod”. This is a growth on the head of a monkfish that really looks a lot like a fishing rod. With this device, the fish lures its prey, as if “catching” it. That’s why they gave these fish the name – anglerfish.
The body length of the monkfish is about 2 meters, and the animal weighs almost 20 kilograms. The body has a slightly flattened shape. In general, the anglerfish is not a very pleasant-looking fish. It is all covered with some kind of leathery growths that look similar to driftwood and algae. The head is disproportionately large, the monkfish's mouth and mouth are huge and unpleasant.
The skin color is brown, on the abdominal part of the body it is lighter, almost white.
Where does monkfish live?
The habitat of this fish is considered to be the Atlantic Ocean. The anglerfish is found off the coast of Europe, off the coast of Iceland. In addition, monkfish have been found in the waters of the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, North Sea And Barents Sea.
The lifestyle and behavior of monkfish in nature
The depth at which these fish usually live is from 50 to 200 meters. Most often they are found at the very bottom, because there is nothing more pleasant for monkfish than just lying quietly on sand or silt. But it is only at first glance that the angler fish is idle. In fact, this is one of the ways of hunting. The animal freezes, waiting for its prey. And when it swims by, it grabs it and eats it.
The anglerfish also knows how to hunt in another way - with the help of its fins it jumps along the bottom and thus overtakes its prey.
What do sea devils eat?
Mainly, other, usually smaller, fish serve as food for these fish. The monkfish menu consists of Katrans, Silversides, Kalkans, Stingrays and others.
The gadget on the head in the form of a luminous fishing rod attracts small fish and brings them straight... into the mouth of the angler. How do angler fish reproduce?
When do these fish start mating season, they descend to depths of up to 2000 meters to lay eggs there. One female monkfish is capable of laying a clutch of about three million eggs. The entire accumulation of eggs forms a wide ten-meter ribbon, which is divided into hexagonal cells.
After a certain period of time, these honeycomb-shaped cells are destroyed. Freeing the eggs, which in turn float freely, being carried by the underwater current.
After a few days, small larvae are born from the eggs, which, after 4 months, become anglerfish fry. After the fry grow up to 6 centimeters in length, they sink to the bottom in shallow water.
Enemies of monkfish
This area of monkfish life has so far been little studied.
Is the anglerfish a danger to people?
In fact, monkfish do not have the habit of attacking humans. But if you accidentally stab your foot on an anglerfish spike, you can get hurt. In addition, the monkfish does not like “intrusive visitors” and can show all the sharpness of its teeth to those who are very zealously trying to get to know it!
These deep-sea fish differ from other representatives of Lophiiformes by the absence pelvic fins. The skin is scaleless, bare, but in some species it is covered with transformed scales in the form of plaques and spines. The body color is camouflage: dark brown or black. There is a misconception that deep-sea fish have bloated bodies with bulging eyes and ugly shapes. However, in reality, they acquire this appearance after they appear on the surface and this happens due to excess internal pressure. At a depth of 1500-3000 meters, where these fish usually live, the pressure is 150-300 atmospheres.A fish with a flashlight on its head or an angler fish.
Sexual dimorphism in deep-sea anglerfish is expressed in the fact that females are much larger than males and differ not only in body structure, but also in their mode of existence. They have a huge mouth; sharp, slightly inward-curved teeth and a stretchable stomach that allows them to digest prey that exceeds their own weight. The first ray of the dorsal fin in females, called the illicium, is located above the mouth in the form of a “fishing rod”; at its end there is a luminous “bait” - an esca, which serves not only for hunting, but also as a landmark that helps the male find the female.
Illicium in individuals different types may have different shape and size, and is also equipped with skin appendages. The glowing esca is a special gland with mucus that contains bioluminescent bacteria. By expanding the walls of the arteries that supply the gland with blood, the female Ceratioidea can cause bacteria that need an influx of oxygen to glow, or, conversely, stop it by arbitrarily narrowing the vessels. The glow in the form of a series of successive flashes occurs differently in each species of these deep-sea fish. The male angler fish has neither a “fishing rod” nor a “bait”.
The female Galatheathauma axeli, which lives at a depth of about 3,600 meters, has a luminous escutcheon in its mouth, allowing it to hunt while lying on the bottom. Adult female anglerfish feed on deep-sea fish, crustaceans and cephalopods; males prefer bristle-jawed crustaceans and copepods. The gluttony of female anglerfish sometimes leads to their death. Capturing very big catch, she will no longer be able to release the victim due to special structure its teeth, so it dies with a fish stuck in its mouth.
Anglerfish - reproduction and characteristics of sexual dimorphism.
Approaching the female, the male recognizes her, in which the structure of the esky, color and frequency of its flashes play an important role. The male clings to the female with his sharp teeth from the side. Soon the male's body is reduced in such a way that he fuses with the female's tongue and lips, and his jaws, teeth, eyes and even intestines shrink so much that he turns into her sperm-producing appendage. One female can carry up to three males at the same time. Such a male feeds on substances contained in the female’s blood, since their blood vessels also grow together.
Once attached, the male completely loses independence, which has important biological significance for deep-sea fish and is associated with the difficulty of mature individuals finding each other, as well as with the limited amount of food at great depths. Despite the fact that at a depth of two to three thousand meters there are practically no seasonal changes, the angler fish reproduces in the spring and summer. Spawning occurs at a fairly large depth, where females spawn from one to four million small eggs, the diameter of which is no more than 0.5-0.7 millimeters. Gradually the calf rises upward.
The larvae appear in the surface layer at a depth of thirty to two hundred meters. The average length of a Ceratioidea larva is two to three millimeters. Their food is copepods and bristlejaws. To the beginning of the transition to another form and the acquisition of a new appearance the juveniles manage to descend to a depth of more than a thousand meters. At the level of 1500-2000 meters live anglerfish that have already reached sexual maturity and gone through metamorphosis. Such vertical migration of angler fish is important, because in the near-surface warm layer, sedentary larvae can fully feed and accumulate nutrients for the upcoming metamorphosis.
Let's start with the fact that anglers spend their entire “conscious” lives at a depth of about 3000 meters, and the road sunlight it's closed there. Due to this, they have black or dark brown skin, so they are not visible there at all.
Their appearance can frighten any impressionable person. Such deep-sea fish are characterized by a spherical body shape, most which the head occupies. In addition to this, it has a huge mouth with terrifying razor-sharp teeth. Females are especially terrible.
The size of females can reach 1 meter, and males have a length of no more than 4 cm. Sometimes the difference in size can be incredible. Thus, on one female 119 cm long and weighing 7 kg, 3 males were found, each measuring 16-20 mm and weighing 14-22 mg. How they ended up on it, you will find out a little below.
Anglerfish are distinguished by pronounced sexual dimorphism, i.e. females are many times larger than males and are predators. While males lead a modest lifestyle and feed on tiny crustaceans, zooplankton and other small things, females hunt big.
These fish are very voracious. Their stomach can stretch to incredible sizes. So the female can swallow a prey many times larger than herself. As a result of such greed, she dies, since she cannot release it due to the peculiar structure of her teeth.
This fish got its name thanks to the “fishing rod with bait,” which is a process on the head of females. Scientists call it illicium. It was formed from the first ray of the fish's dorsal fin. And it is different for each species. For example, in Ceratias holboelli the process extends and retracts. This predator throws its bait further away and with small jerks lures the future meal directly into its mouth. And then the fish just has to open it more and close it in time.
At the tip of this process there is a small pouch that glows in the dark. It is filled with mucus containing bioluminescent bacteria. By regulating the flow of blood and oxygen to the pouch, the fish controls the brightness of the “light bulb”. In some species it is located directly in the mouth. This eliminates the need to “fish with a bait.” The prey itself swims into the predator's mouth.
Anglerfish, or sea devils (Lophius) are very striking representatives of the genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family of anglerfish and the order of anglerfish. Typical bottom inhabitants are found, as a rule, on a muddy or sandy bottom, sometimes half-burrowing into it. Some individuals settle among algae or between large rock fragments.
Description of monkfish
On two sides of the monkfish’s head, as well as along the edges of the jaws and lips, hangs fringed skin that moves in the water and resembles algae in appearance. Thanks to this structural feature, anglerfish become inconspicuous against the background of the ground.
Appearance
The European anglerfish has a body length of within a couple of meters, but more often - no more than one and a half meters. The maximum weight of an adult is 55.5-57.7 kg. The aquatic inhabitant has a naked body, covered with numerous leathery growths and clearly visible bony tubercles. The body is flattened, compressed towards the back and belly. The eyes of the monkfish are small, widely spaced. The dorsal area is brownish, greenish-brown or reddish in color with dark spots.
The American anglerfish has a body no more than 90-120 cm long, with an average weight of 22.5-22.6 kg. The black-bellied anglerfish is a marine deep sea fish, reaching a length of 50-100 cm. The body length of the Western Atlantic anglerfish does not exceed 60 cm. The Burmese monkfish, or Cape anglerfish, is characterized by a flattened head of enormous size and a fairly short tail, which occupies less than a third of the total body length. The size of an adult does not exceed a meter.
This is interesting! The devil is a unique fish in appearance and lifestyle, capable of moving along the bottom with peculiar jumps, which are carried out due to the presence of a strong pectoral fin.
The total body length of the Far Eastern anglerfish is one and a half meters. The aquatic inhabitant has a large and wide flat head. The mouth is very large, with a protruding lower jaw, on which there are one or two rows of teeth. Skin Monkfish are devoid of scales. The pelvic fins are located in the throat area. Wide pectoral fins are distinguished by the presence of a fleshy blade. The first three rays of the dorsal fin are separate from each other. The upper part of the body is brown in color, with light spots surrounded by a dark border. The lower part of the body is characterized by a light color.
Character and lifestyle
According to many scientists, the very first sea anglers or sea devils appeared on our planet more than a hundred million years ago. However, despite such a venerable age, characteristics behavior and lifestyle of monkfish on this moment not very well studied.
This is interesting! One of the anglerfish's hunting methods is to jump using its fins and then swallow the caught prey.
So big for a person predatory fish practically does not attack, which is due to the significant depth at which the anglerfish settles. When rising from the depths after spawning, too hungry fish can harm scuba divers. During this period, the monkfish may well bite a person on the hand.
How long do anglerfish live?
The longest recorded lifespan of the American anglerfish is thirty years. The black-bellied anglerfish lives in natural conditions about twenty years. The lifespan of the Cape monkfish rarely exceeds ten years.
Species of monkfish
The genus Anglerfish includes several species, represented by:
- American anglerfish, or American monkfish (Lophius americanus);
- Black-bellied anglerfish, or southern European anglerfish, or budegassa anglerfish (Lophius budegassa);
- Western Atlantic anglerfish (Lophius gastrophysus);
- Far Eastern monkfish or Far Eastern anglerfish (Lophius litulon);
- European anglerfish, or European monkfish (Lophius piscatorius).
Also known are the South African anglerfish (Lophius vaillanti), the Burmese or Cape anglerfish (Lophius vomerinus) and the extinct Lophius braсhysomus Agassiz.
Range, habitats
The black-bellied anglerfish has become widespread in the eastern Atlantic, from Senegal to the British Isles, as well as in the waters of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Representatives of the Western Atlantic anglerfish species are found in the west Atlantic Ocean, where such a sea devil is a bottom-dwelling fish that lives at a depth of 40-700 m.
The American sea devil is an oceanic demersal (bottom-dwelling) fish that lives in the waters of the northwest Atlantic, at a depth of no more than 650-670 m. The species has become widespread along the North American Atlantic coast. In the north of its range, the American anglerfish lives at shallow depths, and in the southern part, representatives of this genus are sometimes found in coastal waters.
The European anglerfish is common in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, near the coast of Europe, from the Barents Sea and Iceland to the Gulf of Guinea, as well as the Black, North and Baltic seas. The Far Eastern anglerfish belongs to the inhabitants Sea of Japan, settles along the coastline of Korea, in the waters of Peter the Great Bay, as well as near the island of Honshu. Part of the population is found in the waters of the Okhotsk and Yellow seas, along the Pacific coast of Japan, in the waters of the East China and South China Seas.
Anglerfish diet
Ambush predators spend a significant part of their time waiting for their prey absolutely motionless, hiding on the bottom and almost completely merging with it. The diet consists mainly of a wide variety of fish and cephalopods, including squid and cuttlefish. Occasionally, sea devil eats all kinds of carrion.
By the nature of their feeding, all sea devils are typical predators. The basis of their diet is represented by fish that live in the bottom water column. The stomach contents of anglerfish include gerbils, small stingrays and cod, eels and small sharks, as well as flounder. Closer to the surface, adult aquatic predators are able to hunt mackerel and herring. There are well-known cases when anglerfish attacked not too large birds, which sway peacefully on the waves.
This is interesting! When the mouth opens, a so-called vacuum is formed, in which a stream of water with the prey quickly rushes into the oral cavity of the sea predator.
Thanks to the pronounced natural camouflage, the monkfish, lying motionless on the bottom, is almost invisible. For the purpose of camouflage, the aquatic predator burrows into the ground or hides in dense thickets of algae. The potential victim is attracted by a special glowing bait, located in monkfish at the end of a kind of fishing rod, represented by an elongated ray of the dorsal front fin. At the moment when crustaceans, invertebrates or fish touch the eski, the lurking sea devil very sharply opens its mouth.
Reproduction and offspring
Individuals of various species become fully sexually mature in at different ages. For example, male European anglerfish reach sexual maturity at the age of six years (with a total body length of 50 cm). Females mature only at the age of fourteen, when individuals reach almost a meter in length. Spawning European anglers V different time. All northern populations living near the British Isles typically spawn between March and May. All southern populations inhabiting the waters near the Iberian Peninsula spawn from January to June.
During the period of active spawning, males and females of the genus of ray-finned fish, belonging to the family of anglerfish and the order of anglerfish, descend to a depth of forty meters to two kilometers. Having descended into the deepest water, the female angler fish begins to spawn, and the males cover it with their milk. Immediately after spawning, hungry, sexually mature females and adult males swim to shallow water areas, where they intensively feed until the onset of the autumn period. Preparation of monkfish for wintering is carried out at a fairly large depth.
Eggs laid sea fish, a kind of tape is formed, abundantly covered with mucous secretions. Depending on the species characteristics of the representatives of the genus, the total width of such a tape varies between 50-90 cm, with a length of eight to twelve meters and a thickness of 4-6 mm. Such ribbons are capable of drifting unhindered through water. sea expanses. A peculiar clutch, as a rule, consists of a couple of million eggs, which are separated from each other and have a single-layer arrangement inside special mucous hexagonal cells.
Over time, the walls of the cells gradually collapse, and thanks to the fat drops inside the eggs, they are prevented from settling to the bottom and freely floating in the water. The difference between hatched larvae and adult individuals is the absence of a flattened body and large pectoral fins.
A characteristic feature of the dorsal fin and pelvic fins is represented by highly elongated anterior rays. Hatched anglerfish larvae remain in the surface layers of water for a couple of weeks. The diet consists of small crustaceans that are carried by water currents, as well as the larvae of other fish and pelagic caviar.
This is interesting! In representatives of the European monkfish species, the caviar is large and its diameter can be 2-4 mm. The eggs laid by the American anglerfish are smaller in size, and their diameter does not exceed 1.5-1.8 mm.
In the process of growth and development, monkfish larvae undergo peculiar metamorphoses, which consist in a gradual change in body shape to the appearance of adults. After the anglerfish fry reach a length of 6.0-8.0 mm, they descend to a considerable depth. Sufficiently grown young individuals actively settle in the middle depths, and in some cases the juveniles move closer to the coastline. During the very first year of life, the rate of growth processes in monkfish is as fast as possible, and then the process of development of the marine inhabitant noticeably slows down.
