What is interethnic relations? What are interethnic relations Interethnic cooperation in the modern world is developing predominantly.
Lecture:
Interethnic relationsRelations between different states, as well as between different peoples of the same state, are called interethnic.
Let us consider two trends in interethnic relations in the modern world. First - integration– close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economics, and culture. In modern global world rapidly growing productive forces are cramped within the framework of one nation or one state. A process of broad cooperation between countries is underway. A striking example of the economic integration of nations and states is the European Union, which unites about 30 European states. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations led by the UN. An example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of humanity. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance and mutual respect between nations.
The second trend in interethnic relations is differentiation, this is the reverse process of integration, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. Characteristic feature differentiation is, for example, strengthening protectionist measures in international trade, nationalist and extremist views. The desire of nations for differentiation has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as:
nationalism and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations;
segregation– forced separation of one nation from another on some basis, for example, racial discrimination;
genocide– physical destruction of a nation is a particularly grave crime against humanity;
separatism, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity;
ethnic cleansing – the policy of forcibly expelling people of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country.
The third trend in interethnic relations is globalization(more details).
Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (unstable relations). We talk about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. Ethnic conflict arises as a result of a clash of interests different nations and often develops into armed struggle.
Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them
The causes of ethnic conflicts can be:
territorial claims;
struggle for political power or political independence;
inequality in possession material resources and benefits;
infringement of the rights, values, interests of an ethnic group;
ethnocentrism - superior views of an ethnic group towards its own culture and rejection of another culture;
deterioration of the environmental situation in the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another, and others.
Ethnic conflicts lead to dire consequences, people die, cultural values are destroyed. The resolution of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on internal installations the person himself. It is very important that every person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views on resolving ethnic issues and supports tolerant interethnic relations.
Maintaining stable interethnic relations is main goal national policy any state. Its main directions are:
ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;
creating conditions for preserving ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;
organizing events that bring nations closer and expanding cultural ties, for example, holding international song and dance festivals;
preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.
Interethnic cooperation. Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - a tendency towards cooperation and periodic outbursts of conflict. The modern division of labor also has national shades. (Thus, some nations succeed better in trade affairs, others in the production of high-tech products.) It would seem that there is nothing reprehensible in this, but in certain situations it provokes interethnic conflicts. For example, in economic crisis-stricken Indonesia, residents of Jakarta set fire to and looted stores owned by the Chinese, who monopolized the country's trading environment. At the same time is running the process of interpenetration and mutual enrichment of cultures different nations. However, constructive interethnic cooperation is hampered by differences between nations, ignorance and misunderstanding of foreign cultures and traditions, and ethnocentric attitudes. It is the understanding of the culture and traditions of another national group that is the source of constructive, civilized interethnic cooperation. Researchers on the problem of interethnic contacts have developed a code of ethics that promotes communication between different cultures. 1. Treat other cultures with the same respect that you treat your own. 2. Do not judge the values, beliefs and customs of other cultures based on your own values. Each culture has its own value system, and the same values represent different degrees of importance (see Table 5.2). It is necessary not only to know this, but to take it into account when communicating with people of other nationalities. 3. Never assume the superiority of your religion over someone else’s. 4. When communicating with representatives of another religion, try to understand and respect it. 5. Strive to understand the cooking and eating customs of other peoples, which have developed under the influence of their specific needs and resources. 6. Respect other cultures' ways of dressing. 7. Do not demonstrate aversion to unusual smells if they may be perceived as pleasant by people of other cultures. 8. Remember that every culture, no matter how small, has something to offer the world, but no culture has a monopoly on all aspects. 9. Always remember that no scientific evidence confirms the superiority of one ethnic group over another. Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Non-essential Individuality 3 P V M Motherhood h,v M,3 - - Hierarchy 3, V, M,A H - - Masculinity H, M, V, 3, A - - - Power V, A m, h 3 - Peace V h 3, A m Money 3, A, H m V - Modesty V H, A, M - 3 Punctuality 3 H m, VA Rescue 3 M - V, H, M Karma V - - M, 3,4, A Championship 3 h - V, A, M Aggression 3.4 m A, B - Collective responsibility B, A, M ch - 3 Respect for elders B, A, M ch - 3 Respect for youth 3 M, A, Ch, V - - Hospitality B, A Ch - 3 Inherited property V - M, A, Ch, V - Preservation of the environment V Ch, A 3 m Skin color V, 3.4 M - A Sanctity of arable land V A - 4, M,3 Equality of women 3 v, h A m Human dignity 3.4 V, A, M - - Efficiency 3 H V, M - Patriotism H, M, A, V 3 - - Table 5.2 Continuation of table. 5.2 Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Irrelevant Religion 3, Ch, M, A, V - - - Authoritarianism V, M, A z, h - - Education 3.4 V, A, M - - Spontaneity 3 H, V, M, A - - Source: See: Sitaram, K., Cogdell, G. Decree. Op. P. 116. In table. 5.2 are indicated: 3 - Western cultures; B - eastern cultures; H - black cultures of America; A - African cultures; M - Muslim cultures. Interethnic conflicts. Social, including national, contradictions are an irremovable feature of our existence. Interethnic conflicts are also becoming inevitable. The subjects of interethnic conflicts are: ethnic groups, national communities (including indigenous peoples and national minorities), international entities, nation states, various national organizations. National movements are really involved in the conflict - organized groups, united national idea and mobilizing their supporters to fight to defend their interests. The nationalism of the participants in these movements is often caused by the infringement of the rights of their people, which makes it understandable. In this case, interethnic conflict can restore justice. Conflict becomes destructive in cases where national movements develop into nationalist ones, whose goal is to assert the superiority of one nation over another. The limit of this superiority is the desire to satisfy one’s national interests at the expense of other nations. An extreme form of nationalism is fascism, in which the interests of “inferior” races are sacrificed to the interests of one superior race. The practices and results of the actions of the fascists are notorious. Almost all corners of the world are engulfed in ethnic conflicts - Africa, Europe (for example, Northern Ireland, Spain, Serbia, Cyprus), North America(Canada), Asia (China, Indonesia, India), etc. There are many hotbeds of interethnic conflicts in the territory former USSR and present-day Russia (Karabakh, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, North Ossetia - Alania, etc.). The causes of interethnic conflicts are determined by the socio-economic problems of the development of nations. The process of regulating and resolving a specific interethnic conflict is, as a rule, complex, lengthy, intense, multi-stage and unique. Interethnic conflicts on everyday grounds “do not have clear stages of development and resolution; they are spontaneous in nature, and their process can be regulated general activities on the international education of the population and democratization of society"1. An important direction in preventing destructive interethnic conflicts is the prevention of nationalist sentiments by imparting to national claims and aspirations features acceptable to surrounding nations. Keywords and concepts of interethnic cooperation. Code of Ethics. Interethnic conflicts. Subjects of interethnic conflicts. Regulation of interethnic conflicts. Control questions and tasks 1. What prevents constructive interethnic cooperation in modern world? 2. What role does the code of ethics play in organizing interethnic cooperation? 3. What types of interethnic conflicts exist? 4. Compare national and nationalist movements. 5. Prove that understanding another's culture and respecting cultural differences is the basis of interethnic cooperation. 9.
Interethnic relations are a multidimensional phenomenon. They are divided into two main areas - relations between nationalities within one state and relations between different nation-states. In Russian, the terms and are similar in meaning, which is why interethnic relations are often also called interethnic relations.
Based on the forms of interaction between ethnic groups, a distinction is made between peaceful cooperation and ethnic conflict.
The main forms of peace include ethnic mixing and ethnic absorption. With ethical mixing, different ethnic groups spontaneously mix with each other over many years, the result is the formation of a single one. This often happens through interethnic marriages (for example, this is how many Latin American nations were formed).
As a result of ethnic absorption (assimilation), one people dissolves into another. Assimilation can be peaceful or violent.
The most civilized way to unite peoples is a multinational state in which the rights and freedoms of each nation are respected. In such states, several languages are the state languages and not a single national minority dissolves into the general culture. The concept of cultural pluralism is closely related to a multinational state. It reflects the successful adaptation of one culture without compromising another.
Today, most states are multinational. Proportion of states in which the main ethnic community constitutes an absolute majority - less than 19%. Thus, in most cases, different nationalities have to coexist on the same territory. True, they do not always manage to do this peacefully.
Interethnic conflict is a form of socio-political conflict between groups of people belonging to different ethnic groups. Its main features include ethnic division of conflicting groups and politicization based on ethical factors. Such ethnic conflicts are not based on values and occur around group interests. New participants in interethnic conflicts unite based on a common ethnic identity, even if they do not share the group’s position.
Trends in the development of interethnic relations
In the modern world, there are a number of trends in the development of nations, which may contradict each other. Among them are:
Interethnic differentiation is the separation or even confrontation of different nations; it can manifest itself in the forms
self-isolation, manifestations of nationalism, religious fanaticism;
Interethnic integration is an opposite process that involves the unification of nations through various spheres public life;
Globalization is a historical process of interethnic integration, as a result of which traditional boundaries are gradually erased; evidence of this process are various interethnic economic and political unions (for example, the EU), TNCs, and cultural centers.
Social relations.
Social structure.
This is the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups. The main types of social groups include classes, castes, estates. These groups have different positions in society and have unequal access to such social benefits as money, power, prestige. This is what social inequality consists of. The formation of social classes in their modern understanding is associated with the formation of industrial society. The origins of class differences and inequality are in the economic sphere of society. For example, peasants, workers, employees, owners of firms and companies, farmers, and entrepreneurs have unequal opportunities to earn income and purchase goods.
2. Social relations – these are certain stable connections between people as representatives social groups. They arise independently of the will and consciousness of people in the process of their interaction with each other in conditions of this company. They can take on the nature of cooperation or social conflict.
Social groups.
This is any group of people who have some common socially significant feature (gender, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.)
According to their size, number, and the nature of relationships between members, social groups are divided into big and small.
Social groups include:
· family, school class, company of peers;
· workers, peasants, intelligentsia;
· children, youth, veterans;
· urban and rural residents.
4. Social status – is the position occupied by a person with social structure society.
Some statuses (gender, age, nationality) do not depend on a person’s personal qualities, they are given from birth - prescribed (or innate)
Others require the individual’s own efforts - getting an education, mastering a profession, starting a family. This is an achieved (acquired) status.
Social roles.
A person’s social status gives him certain rights, imposes responsibilities and presupposes appropriate behavior. Expected behavior from a given person social status called social role.
Social conflict and ways to resolve it.
A social conflict is a collision of opposing interests, views, aspirations, and directions of social development. Participants in a social conflict can be individuals, social groups, various organizations and associations. All social conflicts go through three stages:
· pre-conflict (contradictions accumulate)
· conflict (clash of parties)
· post-conflict (measures are taken to finally eliminate contradictions)
The following types of behavior of participants in a social conflict are distinguished: suppressing the enemy, reaching an agreement, abandoning one's demands.
The best way prevention and resolution of social conflict - compromise (agreement through mutual concessions without damaging the fundamental interests of the parties).
The consequences of conflicts lead to negative and positive results.
Negative consequences increase bitterness, lead to destruction and bloodshed, and disruption of public order.
Positive consequences lead to problem resolution, enhance group cohesion, lead to alliances with other groups, lead to understanding of group interests.
Family.
Family - social group, based on family ties(by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.
The family performs a number of functions related to the needs of the individual and society:
· reproductive (biological procreation);
· educational (preparing the younger generation for life in society);
economic and economic (maintenance household and guardianship of disabled family members);
· spiritual and emotional (personal development, spiritual mutual enrichment, maintaining friendly relations);
· leisure (organization of normal leisure);
· sexual (satisfaction of sexual needs).
Legal basis marriage and family.
Family law.
The set of legal norms that regulate relations between people in connection with marriage, creation of a family, birth and upbringing of children form one of the branches of private law - family law.
The main source of family law is
Family code Russian Federation(RF IC).
Goals of family law.
According to Article 1 of the RF IC, the main goals family legislation are: strengthening the family; construction family relations on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance; responsibility to the family of all its members.
4). Basic principles legal regulation(SK):
1. Voluntariness of the marriage union.
2. Equality of rights of spouses in the family.
3. Resolution of issues by mutual agreement.
4. Priority of family education.
5. Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of minors and disabled family members.
To enter into a marriage, the parties to the marriage must have mutual consent and have reached the age of marriage (18 years is the age of civil majority).
5). Barriers to marriage:
1. Undissolved marriage.
2. Close relatives in the direct line (father, daughter, granddaughter) and between siblings.
3. Incapacity of a person recognized by the court ( mental disorder or risk of transmission of a dangerous disease).
4. Between the adoptive parent and the adopted child (as long as the adoption exists)
6). Personal rights of spouses:
· the right to free choice of occupation, profession,
· place of stay and residence.
· choice of surname;
· have equal rights and responsibilities in relation to their children
7). The legal freedom of spouses is not unlimited. They are obliged:
· build family relationships based on mutual respect and mutual assistance;
· cares about the well-being and strengthening of the family;
· cares about the well-being and development of their children: educate, provide education (basic general education), protect their rights and interests.
Marital property.
The property of the spouses is divided into general (acquired during marriage) and personal (acquired before marriage, or received as a gift, inherited during marriage).
Personal property is the private property of everyone and is not taken into account when dividing property between spouses.
Common property is recognized by law as joint property and is called legal regime of their property. For such property, each spouse has the right to all property, enjoys equal rights. When the marriage ends, it is divided equally. Only the court can deviate from the principle of equality.
By mutual consent, spouses can enter into transactions to dispose of property (sell, donate). On movable enough property verbal consent, and on real estate property is necessary written agreement, certified by a notary.
9). Personal rights of the child.
1. The right to a name and citizenship.
2. The right to live and be raised in a family.
3. The right to communicate with parents and other relatives.
4. To express one’s opinion when resolving an issue affecting one’s interests (legal value from 10 years of age)
5. Right to defense. Until the age of 14, go to the guardianship and trusteeship authorities, and from the age of 14 to the court.
6. Right to content.
7. The right to the funds he has earned. Can manage independently.
Responsibility of children.
Children are obliged to take care of their parents, provide them with help and support.
Until adulthood, this obligation has moral character, and upon reaching 18 years of age acquires legal force
Ethnos.
ETHNOS - historically established ethnic community - tribe, nationality, nation.
Nation.
1. A historically established stable community of people, formed in the process of forming the commonality of their territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural characteristics and spiritual appearance.
2. In some combinations: country, state (community of citizens of the state). The highest form of ethnicity.
International cooperation.
Interethnic relations can be direct (contacts between people of different nationalities in the process of work, everyday life, education, leisure, cultural and family life) And indirect(exchange of material and cultural values, information, relations between states). There are two interrelated trends in the modern world:
· one is manifested in the economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers;
· the other is in the desire of a number of peoples to gain national independence, to protect national culture from the onslaught of mass culture.
The basis of interethnic cooperation is the principles equality, mutual assistance and respect for the national dignity of peoples, their interests and traditions. Non-compliance these principles leads to interethnic conflicts , overcoming which is a difficult task. In the modern world, there are several ways to resolve it: negotiations, mutual concessions by the parties, mediation by a third party or the UN. All of them presuppose mutual recognition of universally significant and national values and the requirements of international legal documents. These actions are guided by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the value of every person.
Social politics.
Social policy - the activities of the state and political parties, associations, movements in social sphere public life. This activity is aimed at implementing social programs providing support for the standard of living, material well-being of the population, and ensuring employment. Purpose social policy is to achieve prosperity in society, harmonization of social relations, political stability and civil harmony.
They highlight social policy in the field of education, health care, employment and social and labor relations. There are also cultural, housing, family, pension, women's and youth social policies.
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, which consists of a huge number of communities, collectively representing an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century There is an increase in integration trends of two directions:
economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within a multinational country. This may be in the interests of peoples living in single state, help strengthen this unity.
Significant domestic experience interethnic cooperation. Multinational teams worked fruitfully in all sectors of the economy and culture of the USSR. The unity of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, labor, and everyday life during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of bright, original art small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while hundreds of small cultures disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples unjustly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused big damage the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people, had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics developed widely. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activity European Union(EU), uniting (2005) 25 states with a population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, humanitarian legal space with several countries included in the Commonwealth of Independent States created after the collapse of the USSR;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of economics, justice, security, science, education, and culture. Great place The partnership documents focus on joint actions to comply with the principle of non-discrimination, including countering any forms of intolerance and racism, and respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a tendency towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. The formation of independent post-Soviet states and the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - took place largely peacefully. Armed action accompanied the collapse of Yugoslavia.
