Presentation on interethnic cooperation. Interethnic marriages
ETHNOSIS IS A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE, UNITED BY: LANGUAGE CULTURE HISTORY UNITY OF TERRITORY INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIP BLOOD RELATIONSHIP COMMON IDENTITY
NATION A nation is a historically established community of people, which is characterized by the formation of common economic ties, a common historical life, language, territory, and certain features of psychology, art and everyday life. Historically the highest form of ethnosocial community of people
Interethnic relations 1. relations between different nationalities within one state; 2. relations between different nation-states. Forms of interethnic relations Peaceful cooperation Ethnic conflict (from the Latin conflictus - clash).
Ways of peaceful cooperation: Ethnic mixing (Latin American peoples) Ethnic absorption (assimilation) USA Creation of many nation state Russian Federation
Question for reflection: What difficulties and problems related to the national question currently exist in our country?
Russian Federation: population - 143 million people. nationalities – over 160 Census 2010
Main trends in the development of nations Interethnic differentiation is the process of separation Interethnic integration is the process of gradual unification of various ethnic groups 1. Self-isolation in general 2. Protectionism in the economy 3. Nationalism in various forms in politics and culture 4. Religious fanaticism 1. Economic and political unions 2. International and cultural centers 3. Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values 4. Transnational corporations (TNCs) Interethnic conflict GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a historical process of bringing nations and peoples closer together, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased, and humanity turns into a single political system. What are the pros and cons of globalization?
Interethnic conflict is one of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by the state mutual claims, open confrontation of peoples and nations with each other, which tends to increase contradictions up to armed clashes, open wars
Types interethnic conflicts: 1. State-legal (dissatisfaction legal status nations, the desire for their own statehood; conflict with government agencies power, which includes the nation). 2. Ethno-territorial (defining the boundaries of the nation). 3. Ethnodemographic (protection of the rights of indigenous peoples). 4. Socio-psychological (lifestyle changes, violation of human rights).
Modern sociologists offer the following classification of the causes of interethnic conflicts: Socio-economic - inequality in living standards, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, and government bodies. - Cultural-linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life. - Ethnodemographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the numbers of contacting peoples due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth. - Environmental - deterioration in quality environment as a result of its contamination or depletion natural resources due to use by representatives of a different ethnic group. - Extraterritorial - discrepancy between state or administrative boundaries and the boundaries of settlement of peoples. - Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, past dominance-subordination ratio, etc.). - Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and denominations, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population. - Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.
National policy Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 19, 26, 29) “Concept national policy Russian Federation" Principles: Equality of rights and freedoms Prohibition of restriction of rights on grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic, religious affiliation Equality of subjects of the Russian Federation The right of a citizen to indicate his nationality Peaceful resolution contradictions and conflicts Ban on activities aimed at inciting social, racial, national, religious hatred, hatred Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders, etc.
Concepts NATIONALISM – ideology and politics, which are based on the ideas of national exclusivity and national superiority, the interpretation of the nation as the highest form of society. CHAUVINISM is the ideology and policy of militant nationalism, preaching the national and racial exclusivity of one people, hatred and contempt for other peoples and inciting national and racial enmity. RACISM is an ideology and policy based on the principles of the physical and mental inequality of human races and the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of society, the primordial division of people into superior and inferior races, of which the former are the only creators of civilization, called to dominate , while the latter are not capable of creating and even assimilating high culture and are doomed to exploitation. GENOCIDE is the policy of exterminating entire population groups based on ethnicity.
Nations and interethnic relations
- Developed by:
- Social studies teacher, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Moscow State University" regional college information technologies of economics and management” MO Zaitseva O.Yu.
- There are now about 2 thousand nations, nationalities, and tribes on Earth. Among them there are numerous and sparsely populated ones, the latter are called ethnic minorities. All of them are part of almost 200 states. It is not difficult to realize that there are many more nations and nationalities than states in the world, therefore among these states there are many that are multinational.
- Data. It is generally accepted that the Russian Federation is one of the world's largest multinational states, home to more than a hundred peoples, each of which has unique characteristics of material and spiritual culture. The overwhelming majority of the peoples of the country have developed over the centuries as ethnic communities on the territory of Russia, and in this sense they are indigenous peoples who played a historical role in the formation of Russian statehood. Thanks to the unifying role of the Russian people, unique unity and diversity have been preserved on the territory of the country, spiritual community and the union of different peoples.
- - a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
- A group of blood relatives
- Descent from a common ancestor
- Has a common family name
- Relationships are calculated on the maternal or paternal side
- Arose at the boundary of the Upper and Lower Paleolithic
- Type of ethnic community and social organization primitive era
- What are the characteristics of a tribe?
- Signs:
- - consanguinity
- - common territory, economic elements, identity, customs and cults
- - self management
- Historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people
- An autonomous political grouping, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and institutions
- Switzerland has 4 equal languages (German,
- French, Italian, Romansh),
- however, the Swiss are one nation
- The British and Americans speak the same language
- but these are different nations
- Common historical path
- - historical memory
- - national culture
- Nationality- a person’s belonging to a particular nation
- National identity
- it is necessary to maintain your originality and uniqueness
- enrich your culture with contacts
- Differentiation
- desire for self-development,
- national independence,
- development of national culture.
- Integration
- expansion of ties between different nations, a tendency to perceive the best that has been created by other nations.
- The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made part of public policy extermination of the Jewish population
- From the 30s and during the Second World War, about 6 million people were shot, burned and exterminated in concentration camps (Treblinka, Auschwitz, Buchenwald) - almost half of the entire Jewish population
- This greatest tragedy is now called the Greek word Holocaust, which means “annihilation through burning”
- In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, a British mandate territory, Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine.
- The Jews did not have their own national state; the policy of oppression of Jews by the Nazis in World War II also played a role in making this decision.
- Neighboring Arab states reacted with hostility to the UN decision
- May 1948 – proclamation of the creation of Israel
- From this time a conflict began that continues to this day.
- Palestine did not have its own state
- Yasser Arafat, the leader of Palestine, together with the Fatah movement, began the struggle to gain national borders; by the mid-90s, with the help of the mediation of European states, they managed to achieve the creation of the Palestinian National Autonomy
- At the same time, on one of international conferences with the mediation of the United States, it was possible to obtain a decision from Israel that they would give 7% of their territory to the Arabs; in fact, 4% of the territory was occupied by military structures and equipment
- In the fall of 2000, the conflict escalated; the agreement to end the conflict, reached at a meeting of world leaders with the warring parties in Sharm al-Sheikh (Egypt), was violated the next day. The Israelis put forward the slogan “Let the army win.” In response, the Palestinians promised to “open the road to hell for the Israelis.”
- In the early 90s, in connection with perestroika in the USSR, proclaimed by Gorbachev, the countries of Eastern Europe were liberated from communist influence
- Yugoslavia in the early 90s - a symbiosis of various modern states(Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro)
- The leader of Serbia at that time was S. Milosevic, who tried to maintain the dominant position of his republic in the union state
- In 1991, Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia declared their independence.
- In the spring of 1992, a war began in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Serbs, Croats and Muslims who inhabited it. This conflict was stopped only with the help of the intervention of the world community.
- Only Serbia and Montenegro remained in Yugoslavia
- In the autonomous region of Kosovo, populated mostly by a national minority - Albanians - a separatism movement (desire for secession) began.
- Milosevic is trying to maintain the integrity of the state
- His actions global community interpreted as genocide
- The NATO bloc intervened in the situation and decided to punish Serbia with a series of powerful airstrikes.
- As a result of the 2000 elections, the democratic opposition came to power in Yugoslavia
- Milosevic was sent to prison without waiting for a verdict; he died under mysterious circumstances
- Ireland being integral part The British Empire haunted the government, demanding independence
- At the beginning of the 20th century the conflict escalated
- In an effort to prevent an explosion in the most troubled part of the empire, the liberals were forced to make concessions: in April 1912, a bill on Home Rule (self-government) of Ireland was introduced into parliament
- Through the efforts of the House of Lords, its adoption was delayed until 1914
- The situation was especially difficult in Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, where, unlike the rest of Ireland, the majority belonged to Protestants who had close ties with England and therefore advocated maintaining a union with London
- Both Catholics and Protestants had strong extremist sentiments, and there were many people who were ready to take arms in their hands to prove that they were right.
- This is how the IRA was created - the Irish Republican Army
- As a result, the English government had to make concessions: although the law on Irish self-government was adopted, the most developed province of this island - Ulster - was excluded from its scope
- Genocide – extermination of certain population groups on racial, national, religious principles
- Anti-Semitism – national intolerance towards Jews
- Racism is the existence of unequal races, divided into superior and inferior
- Apartheid is racial discrimination legally enshrined and supported by state authorities.
- Nationalism is the idea of exclusivity and superiority of one nation over another.
- Chauvinism is an extreme aggressive form of nationalism
- Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin
- Tolerance - tolerance
- Xenophobia – obsessive hostility towards “strangers”
- Discrimination – infringement of rights
- How do you understand the statement of the German thinker G. Lessing (1729 – 1781): “I am completely convinced that not a single people in the world is gifted with any ability preferentially over others”
- Can nationality influence activities, attitudes towards work, choice of professions, and mastery of culture? Explain your answer
- TO ALL THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD The entire universe is in your great power, yours - “Let it be!” it finally happened. You, God the Father, created the world for happiness, And man is the crown of your labors. We are all from the progenitor Adam, And our nature is from one root, And I want to tell you people directly: - Do not kill your brother. What should we share? The land is dear to everyone, a cradle for everyone, feeds and waters everyone. Just as a mother does not share her children, the Earth treasures any people. And you blow it up, tear it into pieces, Can you be called the crown of creation? In your pride, you won’t understand that a son does not kill his own mother. For everyone, the same one rotates to this day, the Earth! Live without wars and without adversity. Every existing people is obliged to take care of you as a shrine.
- At first glance, so different - Snub-nosed, blue-eyed, Curly-haired and dark-skinned - You are still somehow similar: Let every country know: You need peace, not war!
- What documents determine national policy in the Russian Federation and what are their main provisions?
- In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, driving along the busy Kyiv Highway, saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to tear it down, but it was booby-trapped. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. Some media called the installation of the poster a fascist attack. How do you explain why Tatyana didn’t drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; d) statements made in the media.
In a multinational state, interethnic relations are an integral part of political relations. The state establishes and regulates relations between nations and nationalities. The set of principles, norms, and rules by which national relations are managed constitutes national policy. In each multinational country, national policy has its own characteristics. At the same time, there are ways and methods of solving the national issue and optimizing national relations, proven by historical experience.
In the system of national relations, political aspects are key and decisive. Directly related to the sphere of politics are such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in the structure of power and some other issues. At the same time, the formation national idea, political attitudes, political behavior, political culture, a noticeable impact is exerted by historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural living conditions of nations and nationalities. Essentially, all issues of interethnic relations acquire political significance and can be resolved at the political level. The most important expression of the essence of national relations is the national question.
National question These are, first of all, relations of national inequality, inequality in the levels of economic and cultural development of different nations, the lag of unequal and oppressed nations from privileged, great-power nations. This is an atmosphere of national discord, hostility and suspicion on national grounds, naturally arising on the basis of inequality and actual inequality of nations in access to economic and cultural values. The national question is not so much an ethnic problem as a socio-political one.
The national question always has a specific historical and social content, including a set of national problems at a certain stage of development of a given country. The specific content of the national question reflects the features of the historical development of the country and its peoples, the specifics of their socio-economic and political structure, social class structure, national composition of the population, historical and national traditions and other factors. Moreover, with the solution of some problems, others arise, sometimes more complex, due to the increasing level of development of the nations themselves. Therefore, there cannot be a complete and final solution to the national question in all aspects and social dimensions.
National question in former USSR was resolved in several aspects: national oppression and, to a certain extent, national inequality (economic and cultural) were destroyed, conditions were created for the economic, social and cultural progress of the former national borderlands. At the same time, serious mistakes and violations were made in the implementation of national policy. Contradictions and conflict situations were generated by the very fact that more than 130 nations, nationalities, national and ethnic groups lived together in one union state. National entities differed significantly in ethnosocial, ethnocultural, and ethnodemographic characteristics. These differences led to differences in the interests and needs of peoples, which gave rise to contradictions.
The collapse of the USSR caused numerous tensions and conflicts at different levels and in different regions of one sixth of the planet. Against the backdrop of an intensifying trend towards national self-determination and a rise in national self-awareness, centrifugal, separatist aspirations of ethnopolitical forces emerged, putting their ambitions above the vital interests of peoples. The following can be considered the causes of interethnic conflicts on the territory of Russia: committed acts of injustice and lawlessness against certain peoples (for example, the resettlement of entire peoples); uneven economic, social and cultural development of the republics, national and cultural entities; the predominance of the sectoral management principle, as a result of which national conditions and traditions, social and economic interests of the integrated development of territories were not always taken into account; the general socio-economic crisis that has gripped the state; changes in the ethnic composition of the population of certain regions as a result of demographic and migration processes; the problem of relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations of the regions; growth of national self-awareness; underestimation of the national factor by power structures.
The search for mechanisms and ways to solve them is being intensively carried out today in many directions. The conclusion of the Federal Treaty, the adoption of a new Constitution and a number of laws directly or indirectly regulating relations between the subjects of the Federation, bilateral agreements on the division of powers - all this creates a legal basis not only for the development of interethnic relations, but also for the normal functioning of the entire social organism, the successful formation of a new federal statehood. The experience accumulated in this direction requires its timely and comprehensive analysis, taking into account the fact that interethnic relations are closely connected with all other types of social relations, and their content and forms of manifestation are determined by the general situation in the country.
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INTERETHNIC RELATIONS AND NATIONAL POLITICS. LESSON ON SOCIAL STUDIES IN 11TH GRADE. PROFILE LEVEL. SMIRNOV EVGENY BORISOVICH - TEACHER OF THE ILYINSKAYA SCHOOL. [email protected]
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Let's test ourselves! The student wrote down the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of a sociology test, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover his lost records. Write down the concepts whose definitions are given below: 1) people’s awareness of their belonging to a particular ethnic group, their unity and difference from other similar entities; 2) the ideals of a given ethnic community, which are one of the sources of motivation for its behavior;
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3) historically established socio-economic and spiritual community of people, which arises during the formation of capitalism, strengthening economic ties, and the formation of the internal market; 4) a way of thinking characteristic of a given ethnic group, a state of mind, a predisposition to think and feel, act and perceive the world in a certain way;
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5) a person’s belonging to a certain ethnic community; 6) historically developed on certain territory a community of people who have common, relatively stable characteristics of language, culture, and psyche; 7. elements of socio-cultural heritage that have been preserved in a given ethnic community for a long time.
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Let's test ourselves! The student wrote down the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of a sociology test, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover his lost records. Name the concepts whose definitions are given below: 1) Ethnic identity 2 Mentality; 3) Nation 4) Mentality; 5) Nationality 6) Nation 7) Tradition
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“When the power of the state and nation is declared to be a greater value than a person, then, in principle, war has already been declared, everything has already been prepared for it spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” N.A. Berdyaev How right is the philosopher? Isn't he painting a too pessimistic picture for us?
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Ethnology Ethnology is a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, and individual interactions
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INTERETHNIC RELATIONS - RELATIONS BETWEEN ETHNOUSES (PEOPLES), COVERING ALL SPHERES OF LIFE INTEGRATION DIFFERENTIATION
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ALONG WITH THE TREND TO INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION, PROCESSES OF DIFFERENTIATION ARE TRACKED
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THERE ARE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS. INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS ARE NOT GENERATED BY THE EXISTENCE OF ETHNIC HOUSES, BUT BY THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY LIVE AND DEVELOP - EXAMPLE - HISTORICAL GRIEVANCES (POLAND, CHECHNYA)
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TERRITORIAL REASONS - THE STRUGGLE FOR CHANGING BORDERS, FOR JOINING ANOTHER (“RELATED” FROM A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW) STATE, FOR THE CREATION OF AN INDEPENDENT STATE EXAMPLES – KOSOVO, SOUTH OSSETIA, ABKHAZIA. ECONOMIC REASONS - THE STRUGGLE OF ETHNIC GROUPS FOR THE POSSESSION OF PROPERTY, MATERIAL RESOURCES - LAND, SUBSOIL. EXAMPLE - SCOTLAND. SOCIAL REASONS - REQUIREMENTS OF CIVIL EQUALITY, EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW, IN EDUCATION, WAGES. EXAMPLE: THE POSITION OF RUSSIAN SPEAKERS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE. CULTURAL-LANGUAGE REASONS – REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE, CULTURAL COMMUNITY. EXAMPLE - BALTICS.
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THE IDEA OF NATIONAL EXCLUSIVITY LEADS TO GENOCIDE - THE EXTERMINATION OF SO-CALLED INCOMPLETE PEOPLES: THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE. HOLOCAUST WAR IN THE BALKAN IN 90 OF THE 20TH CENTURY,
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Plan
- Ethnic communities.
- Development of national relations in the modern world.
- Interethnic conflicts.
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Ethnos
Ethnicity (from the Greek Ethnos - people) is a historically established stable collection of people in a certain territory who have common, relatively stable characteristics of language, culture, psyche, as well as a consciousness of their unity and difference from others similar formations, fixed in self-consciousness. (according to Yu.V. Bromley)
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- Do you agree with the author’s statement about the decisive role geographical environment on the history of the country and the psychology of its inhabitants?
- Give me a map of the country, its outlines, climate, waters, winds - all of it physical geography, give me its natural fruits, flora, zoology, and I will undertake to say in advance what kind of person this country is, what role this country will play in history, and not by chance, but by necessity, and not in one era, but in all eras. V.Kuzen
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Ethnic communities
- Modern humanity is represented by approximately 3000 peoples.
- At the same time, there are about 200 independent states.
- What do these facts indicate?
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Forms of association of people
- Tribe
- Nationality
- Nation
The formation of ethical communities is associated with:
- growth of productive forces;
- expansion of economic ties;
- features of culture formation.
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Genus
- A group of blood relatives
- Descent from a common ancestor
- Has a common family name
- Arose in the era of primitive society
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Tribe
- Type of ethnosocial community, as well as social organization of the primitive era
Signs of the tribe:
- consanguinity
- division into genera
- community of territory, economic elements, identity, customs and cults - self-government
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Nationality
Historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people.
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Compare the points of view of O. Bauer and P. Sorokin on the nation. What signs stand out?
- Based on a certain production and distribution of means of subsistence, a certain spiritual culture arises. A nation is always nothing more than a cultural community. A nation is a collection of people united by a common destiny into a community of character. (O. Bauer)
- A nation is a multi-connected, solidary organization, a semi-closed socio-cultural group, at least partially aware of the fact of its existence and unity. This is a group of individuals who: 1) are citizens of one state; 2) have a common language; 3) occupy a common territory in which. Their ancestors lived. P.A.Sorokin
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Nation
An autonomous political form of existence of an ethnic group, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and institutions.
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Signs of a nation
- Territorial
- Cultural-historical
- Cultural-spiritual
- Socio-political
- Economic
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Forms of interethnic differentiation
- Self-isolation in general
- Protectionism in the economy
- Religious fanaticism
- Nationalism in politics and culture
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Trends in the development of national relations
Integration is the process of gradual unification of different ethnic groups through spheres of public life
Causes:
- Economic and political interconnection of countries;
- The inability of states to live in isolation, which is associated with fundamental changes in the economy of almost all modern countries
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Forms of interethnic integration
- Economic and political unions
- Transnational corporations
- International cultural and folk centers
- Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values
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Interethnic conflicts
Give examples of interethnic conflicts known to you
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Interethnic conflict
One of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by a state of mutual claims, open confrontation of ethnic groups with each other, which tends to increase confrontation up to armed clashes, open wars.
Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts
- Awareness of the unacceptability of violence, development of respect for the national feelings of all ethnic groups and peoples.
- Carrying out a loyal, thoughtful policy of taking into account the interests of all peoples and nationalities.
- Creation of effectively operating international commissions, councils, and other organizations for the peaceful resolution of national disputes.
- Providing national and cultural autonomy to all national minorities that wish to do so, which will allow them to preserve their customs, language, and culture as a whole
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Workshop
Essay on the topic: “A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Like the individual, the nation is the goal of many efforts and sacrifices” (J. Renan)
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