Deciduous and coniferous trees. Larch is an unusual coniferous tree Lesson: Deciduous and coniferous trees

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34Isaev ValeryBiology13 July 10:02
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feeling small and fragile.

If favorable conditions are created for the growth of larch, the tree will grow up to 50 meters in height. The trunk of such a huge tree reaches one meter in diameter. In young trees, the crown shape resembles a cone. In mature trees, the crown is looser; it is all translucent so that the rays of the sun can freely penetrate through it.

Larch bears fruit with reddish cones. Seeds ripen inside each cone, and their germination rate is extremely low. Abundant fruiting is repeated every 7 years. The seeds take a very long time to ripen.

Larch is a coniferous tree belonging to the pine family. This type of tree is quite popular and they grow mainly in the northern part of Russia. The age of larch is 300-400 years. although there are individual specimens whose age exceeds 800 years. From our own experience we can say that the tree is very stately and majestic. Next to an adult larch you feel
feeling small and fragile.

If favorable conditions are created for the growth of larch, the tree will grow up to 50 meters in height. The trunk of such a huge tree reaches one meter in diameter. In young trees, the crown shape resembles a cone. In mature trees, the crown is looser; it is all translucent so that the rays of the sun can freely penetrate through it.

Larch bears fruit with reddish cones. Seeds ripen inside each cone, and their germination rate is extremely low. Abundant fruiting is repeated every 7 years. The seeds take a very long time to ripen.

Larch calmly tolerates low temperatures, in the far north the tree can withstand temperatures down to -60 degrees. But the tree may not be able to withstand strong winds. Since the tree has a superficial root system, windbreaks can be destructive for larch.

• Larch (Larix) is a genus of woody plants of the Pine family (Pinaceae), one of the most common species of coniferous trees.

• Lives up to 300-400 years; larches up to 800 years old have been recorded.

• The most common tree species on the planet and in Russia.

• In favorable conditions it grows quickly. Until the age of 20, it is capable of gaining from 50 to 100 cm per year.

• In favorable conditions it grows up to 50 meters or more in height with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m or more.

• Larch is resistant to spring frosts, very resistant to low winter temperatures. In the north it can withstand temperatures below −70 °C

• Larch is an extremely light-loving tree; it does not renew itself or grow in shade.

• Due to its strength and durability, larch wood is widely used - from construction work to the chemical industry.

• As the wood dries, its density increases so much that it is impossible to hammer a nail into it, and it is no longer possible to remove hammered nails from old larch boards, since the metal of the nail is torn.

• Despite the widespread prevalence of larch and the high quality of wood, from total volume A relatively small part of logging in Russia is for larch. The reasons for this are that, due to its high density, freshly cut larch wood sinks (immediately or after a short time in water) and cannot be floated along rivers, which in some cases means it is impossible to transport from harvesting sites to processing sites.

• Everything made from larch is made to last. A clear example of this is Venice, built on stilts made of Siberian larch.

This lesson will cover the topic “deciduous and coniferous trees”, which will help schoolchildren learn about two groups of trees - deciduous and coniferous. Let's look at them features.

Lesson: Deciduous and coniferous trees

As you know, each tree has its own distinctive features. One of these signs is leaves. Sheet- This is one of the main organs of the plant, performing the functions of respiration and nutrition. The leaves of trees are very diverse in shape and size.

Birch has small carved leaves.

Linden leaves are shaped like a heart.

Oak leaves will expand at the top of the leaf.

Maple has a wide leaf plate with pointed ends.

Rowan has a complex leaf, with up to 15 small leaves on the central petiole.

Chestnut also has a complex leaf. The slightly pointed leaves meet at the apex of the main petiole.

Birch, rowan, oak, maple, linden are deciduous trees. They have their own distinctive features.

1) Presence of leaves.

2) In autumn, the color of the leaves changes.

3) All deciduous trees shed their leaves. This phenomenon is called leaf fall.

A large number of treesform a deciduous forest.

Let's get acquainted with some representatives of deciduous trees.

The most powerful tree in the forest is considered oak. Our ancestors considered oak sacred tree. The height of the oak is about 50 meters, life expectancy is 500 years. But there are also long-livers for more than a thousand years. In autumn the oaks ripen acorns.

These are hearty and nutritious fruits. The squirrel loves to eat acorns and will hide them in the hollow as a reserve. The forest bird jay is also a lover of tasty fruits. They rush for acorns and wild boars, because they need to accumulate fat to survive the winter.

Our ancestors knew: there are many acorns on an oak tree - to harsh winter. Wheat should be sown when the oak leaves unfurl. Oak is also considered a symbol of power and strength. Oak wreaths were awarded to the bravest warriors.

People say about cowardly people: “Trembles like an aspen leaf.” In reality, an aspen leaf trembles at the slightest breath of wind. This is due to the structure of the petiole . The aspen petiole is very thin and long, even in calm weather, the aspen leaves rustle quietly. In the spring, before the leaves appear, catkins appear on the aspen. People say: “The fluff has flown from the aspen tree, go into the forest for some aspen boletus.”

These are mushrooms that love to grow under aspen trees. The caps of these mushrooms resemble the autumn color of aspen leaves.

What tree is this riddle about?

Takes from my flower

The bee has the most delicious honey.

And everyone insults me

The thin skin is removed.

This Linden. Fragrant fragrant linden flowers attract bees. And it’s not for nothing that bees produce linden honey, it has healing properties. Our ancestors went to the linden tree for bast. This inner part bark. Thin strips were removed from the tree and bast shoes were woven. Linden wood is very soft and white. Furniture, dishes and musical instruments are made from it.

The second group of trees is conifers. Needles are modified leaves. Coniferous trees include spruce, cedar pine, fir, and larch. A forest consisting of coniferous trees is called coniferous. Unlike deciduous trees, coniferous trees do not shed their needles in the fall, so their other name is evergreen.

Spruce is an evergreen coniferous tree. The crown of the tree reaches down to the ground, so the spruce forests are dark and damp. Spruce forests are called spruce forests. Spruce roots are located close to the surface of the earth. Therefore, from strong winds, spruce trees fall, forming impenetrable thickets and windfalls. This is what a spruce branch with cones looks like. The cones are oblong.

Spruce is a very interesting and useful tree. Its wood is used for manufacturing musical instruments and paper. Coniferous trees emit special substances that fill the air with a pleasant aroma and purify it. How much joy the green beauty brings to the house under New Year!

Pine is a coniferous tree. The crown of the tree is at the very top, so it is light in the pine forests. Such a forest is called pine forest. The pine tree has powerful roots, so it is not afraid of strong winds. Pine can also grow on rocks and ravines. This is what a pine branch with a cone looks like.

Pine has longer needles than spruce. Needles grow on a branch, two at a time. The cones are short, round in shape.

Among coniferous trees, there is a tree with unusual properties - this larch. Like spruce and pine, larch has needles; in the fall, larch turns yellow and sheds its needles like leaves, which is why it is called larch. In spring, young needles emerge from the buds again.

If a forest contains both coniferous and deciduous trees, such a forest is called mixed.

Trees are the lungs of our planet. By absorbing harmful substances, trees release air and oxygen. Leaves retain smoke and soot. Trees need to be protected.

The next lesson will cover the topic “Autumn in the life of plants.” During the lesson we will learn about the most important seasonal changes, which occur in almost all plants. Let's see how autumn manifests itself, and then find out the role of autumn in the life of plants.

1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world 1. - M.: Russian word.

2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: Enlightenment.

3. Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: VITA-PRESS.

1. Describe deciduous trees.

2. Describe coniferous trees.

3. Guess the riddles.

1. I have longer needles than a Christmas tree.

I am growing very straight - in height.

If I'm not on the edge,

The branches are only at the top of the head. (Pine)

2. You can always find her in the forest -

You will go for a walk and you will meet:

Stands prickly like a hedgehog

In winter in a summer dress. (Spruce)

3. In this sleek box

Bronze color

A small oak tree is hidden

Next summer. (Acorn)

4. Who knows what kind of tree this is?

A relative has a Christmas tree

Non-prickly needles.

But unlike the Christmas tree -

Those needles fall off. (Larch)

5. Takes from my flower

The bee has the most delicious honey.

But they still offend me

The thin skin is peeled off. (Linden)

2. Class: 3 "B"

3 Date:10.10.15

4. Lesson topic: “Larch”

5 . The purpose of the lesson: To form in students an idea of ​​the role of coniferous trees (larch) in life

To familiarize people with the environmental problems of the forest that arose due to the fault of people

6. Educational resources: teacher’s PC, media projector, text, handouts

Stage name

Form of work

Content of interaction with students

Teacher activities

Student activities

Formed UUD

1.Motivation for educational activities

Getting into the business rhythm. Emotional attitude to work.

The lesson begins

It will be useful for the guys.

Try to understand everything

Learn to reveal secrets.

Give complete answers,

To get paid for work

Just the “five” mark!

Slide No. 1

Motivates students to educational activities, monitors readiness for the lesson.

Showing interest. Emotional mood for the lesson.

- Regulatory:

control

- Personal:

self-determination to activity

-Communicative:

planning educational collaboration with the teacher and peers

2. Updating knowledge. Setting lesson goals

Formulating the goals, objectives and topics of the lesson.

Work in pairs.

This is home. Huge house.

There is enough space for everyone in it.

And the little squirrel and the little bunny,

And a toothy wolf cub.

What house is the poem talking about?

What is the topic of our lesson? Teacher: and I’ll tell you a legend to clarify the topic of the lesson

“Once upon a time, a flock of birds made their flight to warmer regions. One of the birds fell behind the flock because its wing was broken. The wounded bird fluttered from tree to tree, seeking shelter from the cold. The birch tree, swaying in the wind, did not pay attention to the bird’s pleas. The willow tree, grieving over some secret grief of its own, did the same, bending over the stream. And the proud oak tree, directed upward, did not condescend to the little bird at its foot. Finally the bird reached the spruce tree, which kindly received it. A pine tree spread out its branches nearby to further shelter the bird from the approaching cold, and a juniper offered the bird a handful of its berries. The forest spirit was angry with the proud trees and made them pay for their cruelty. When the wind blew after the first frost, it tore off all their leaves from the birch, willow and oak. Since then, they are always doomed to suffer from winter frosts, while the merciful trees forever retain their green decoration.”

What trees will we talk about? (About coniferous trees)

Creates a problematic situation, a situation of cognitive contradictions, encourages students to accept the topic and purpose of the lesson.

They accept a problematic situation, enter into a discussion, voice the topic and purpose of the lesson, and formulate their questions.

- Regulatory:

goal setting, forecasting

- Communication:

ability to build productive interaction with peers and teacher

- Cognitive:

analyze, prove

3.Problematic explanation of the lesson

Observation, experimentation, independent work, collective form of work.

What questions do we need to answer about conifers?

*representatives of conifers (pine, spruce, cedar, larch)

*where the tree that interests us grows (in the north, high in the mountains, in the taiga)

*what benefits do they bring (in medicine, in construction)

*we’ll find out some interesting things (frost-resistant, doesn’t rot, but petrifies, symbol of Russia)

Which tree is of interest?

-(Children have text on their tables).

Organizes repetition of knowledge, identifies typical shortcomings.

Demonstrate knowledge and skills.

Cognitive:

Structuring knowledge,

Conscious construction of a speech utterance inwriting

Communicative:

The ability to fully and accurately express one’s thoughts

Regulatory:

The ability to fix an educational problem, determine the area of ​​knowledge and ignorance, and the method of action

Personal

development of educational and cognitive motivation

4. Musical exercise for the eyes

Slides No. 5, 6, 7.

5. Discovery of new knowledge

Partially – search activity, team work

What a strange tree!” - Alexander Solzhenitsyn begins his story about the forest beauty with such an exclamation. And in fact, if we talk about her, we will always have to start with the word “MOST”.

Now move the red stripe and read one line at a time.

THE MOST common tree in Russia

THE MOST resistant and hardy

Removing the blue stripe

THE MOST northern and frost-resistant

THE MOST durable

Removing the green stripe

THE MOST unusual of all conifers Drawing of larch

(it looks like a coniferous tree, but it drops its leaves)

Creates a problematic situation, organizes a leading dialogue, includes students in the work, encourages discussion of the text

They analyze a problem situation, look for a solution, engage in a leading dialogue, follow the logic of reasoning, work in groups of permanent members, discover and record new knowledge, and enter into dialogue.

Cognitive:

Structuring knowledge, conscious and voluntary construction of oral speech statements, semantic reading

Regulatory:

Planning, correction, volitional self-regulation

Personal:

Self-determination for activity, development of educational and cognitive motivation

6. Physical education for a minute

Slide number 9

7. Independent work in groups

Children are divided into groups “botanists”, “researchers”, “ecologists”

Children are divided into groups and sort out the strips.

Red are ecologists, green are botanists, blue are researchers

On the tables there is material for each group to work on.

Organizes a situation of choice.

Use acquired knowledge in practical activities. Self-esteem.

Cognitive:

The ability to use information and isolate what is necessary to solve a learning problem

Personal:

Clarifying your own capabilities

Regulatory:

Forming an attitude to search for ways to resolve difficulties

1.group “Botanists” Larch is a coniferous tree. The trunk of the larch is smooth, the bark is rough at the bottom, with many cracks of a dark brown color, with a shade of gray. The branches are located sideways and downwards (shown in the illustration). Khvoinkigrow in bunches from one bud. The needles remain soft and tender, regardless of age. Its color changes from soft green in spring to green in summer and yellow in autumn. In late autumn, larch needles fall off, and in the spring they emerge from the buds again. Larch cones are tender, soft, small, oval. The color is grayish-brown. Larch belongs to fast-growing, long-lived species: some live 700-900 years

2.group “Researchers” Scientists count 20 speciesbreeds, the most famous: European, American, Siberian. Siberian larch wood is considered the best. In Russia, until the mid-19th century, it was forbidden by law to sell Siberian larch wood to private individuals. It was used for the construction of ships, bridges, piers and sleepers. St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg stands on larch piles. Buildings made of larch stand centuries. Archaeologists have found ancient buildings. which stood underground for thousands of years, and the woodpetrified, but did not collapse. Tree resin protects teeth from caries and strengthens gums. IN modern medicine Wood is used to produce drugs for the treatment of heart disease, asthma and diabetes. A little-known fact: the symbol of Russia is not birch, but larch. It is also frost-resistant, withstands minus 60-65 degrees below zero

3rd group “Ecologists”

Oh what environmental problem does the poem say? .

Sasha cried as the forest was cut down,

Even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.

How many curly birches there were here!

There, because of the old frowning spruce,

The red clusters of rowan berries looked...

Yes, Nekrasov wrote about deforestation. People thought that there were so many forests that it was impossible to cut them down. It has now become clear that the forests are in danger. (slide 25)

Making fires in the forest is very dangerous. One small spark or ember can start a fire. Popular proverb says: “You can make a million matches from one tree, and you can burn a million trees with one match.” You cannot light fires inforest during fire danger. You can't dilute it unnecessarily. It is better to make a fire in an old fire pit. When leaving, you must definitely extinguish the fire.

No one should forget that he is a guest in the forest, and must follow certain rules:

do not tear, do not break, do not frighten, do not make noise, do not litter. Entering the forest as a friend, a master, but not cruel, notindifferent, but caring, attentive, sensitive. And then the forest will repay you with kindness!!!

Drawing up a memo “How to behave in the forest”

Organizes systematization and generalization of joint achievements.

They navigate information, demonstrate knowledge, and identify the limits of applicability of new knowledge.

Cognitive:

The ability to consciously and voluntarily construct a speech utterance

Communicative:

Initiative collaboration with the teacher and peers to consolidate and clarify known knowledge and methods of action

Regulatory:

Control, assessment, correction

Personal:

Self-determination

9. Reflection and self-analysis

Conversation

-

Complete the statements:

I picked a flower…..(and it faded)

I caught a moth……..(and it died in my palm)

And then I realized......(that you can touch beauty only with your heart.) (Rurik Ivnev)

Think about these words and decide how you can help nature?

Our lesson has come to an end

Have we received answers to all questions?

Now, who liked the activity, attach an emoticon with a smile to our larch, and who did not like the boring emoticon

Creates a situation related to pleasant emotions, a sense of satisfaction from work, a sense of one’s own competence, self-esteem.

Carry out self-assessment of their own educational activities, the degree of its effectiveness.

Regulatory:

Assessing your achievements in class

Personal:

Self-determination

Cognitive:

Reflection on motivation, methods of communication

Larch is the most common tree in Russia. In my message I will talk in detail about it, its features and use in the national economy.

Description

Larch belongs to the coniferous species of the pine family. Its closest relatives are spruce and pine. She grows tall up to 40 meters, less often - up to 50 m. The trunks are smooth, like columns, with a diameter of 1-1.5 meters. Young trees have light bark and a crown tapering upward; the trunks of old trees are covered with gray-brown bark and have a rounded, sparse spreading crown. The root system is powerful, highly branched, without a pronounced central taproot.

Features of growth and reproduction

Larch grows very quickly per year it extends by 50-100 cm. After 20 years of age, growth slows down. This is a long-lived tree. Lives 400-600 years.

Two unique features of larch:

• Despite the fact that it belongs to coniferous trees, for the winter sheds its needles, which before this turn yellow like ordinary foliage. And in the spring, the larch is again covered with young bright green needles.
• Larch needles are not prickly, but soft and pleasant to the touch.

Larch is a monoecious plant, growing on one tree female cones up to 5 cm in length and male spikelets. In nature, it reproduces by seeds, which ripen in cones by autumn.

The tree is very unpretentious: It tolerates frost and drought well, is undemanding to soil, although it grows best on moist soils with a high content of clay and sand (river valleys, gentle slopes of ravines). Resistant to diseases and pests. But for good larch growth need sunlight. In shaded places it languishes.

Spreading

Total 20 species are known of this tree, the most common is Siberian larch. Deciduous forests widespread throughout to the globe. Grows in temperate latitudes. But nowhere are there such vast larch forests as in Russia. Wood occupies 40% of all forest areas countries, i.e. an area equal to the area of ​​5 countries such as France! No other tree in the world covers such a vast area.

Tree found everywhere: from west to east from Lake Onega to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, throughout the Eastern and Western Siberia, from the tundra in the north to Altai, going down further to the very south of Primorye. In Transbaikalia, forests of Daurian larch have grown powerfully.

On heavy and marshy soils, in areas permafrost Pure larch forests grow. Under the best natural and climatic conditions, larch grows in coniferous and mixed forests. Goes well with pine.

National economic significance

Venice stands on a foundation whose base is larch. Recently, experts decided to check how firmly this amazing city stands on the water, because the piles were driven in almost 700 years ago. Divers went underwater and carefully examined the condition of the foundation. The results shocked everyone: not even a sign of rot or other damage was found, larch piles, having spent centuries under water, became strong as iron, They couldn’t even put a notch on the bars.

Larch wood has the following unique properties:

• does not rot in water;
• not damaged;
• has very high strength and elasticity;
• has a high resin content.

Thanks to these qualities, larch is widely used in the construction of ships, the production of cars, automobiles, and airplanes. Without additional impregnation, the wood is used for telegraph poles and sleepers. Great for building bridges, dams and piers. Logs cannot be demolished.

The use of this tree in construction is somewhat limited. A fresh larch board is so dense that it is difficult to hammer a nail into it, and it is impossible to remove a nail from an old larch board.

Rosin, sealing wax, turpentine, and acetic acid are obtained from this tree. From one cubic meter larch forest it is possible to obtain 2000 pairs of stockings or 1500 meters of synthetic silk.

In addition, a very durable dye for textiles, leather, and hides is made from the bark of this tree. Larch needles are widely used in medicine. She has bactericidal and anti-inflammatory properties, rich in vitamin C.

If this message was useful to you, I would be glad to see you