Non-Self-Governing Territories. United Nations and Decolonization Careers

Article 159. Invalidity of a marriage entered into on the territory of the Russian Federation or outside the territory of the Russian Federation

Territories

Territories - I, comrade chief, to Kolyma - only with an escort. "Don't tell a bad joke," said Filippov. Six years later I was brought with an escort to Kolyma and stayed there for 17 years. Varlam Shalamov. "Vishera" We came here young, we gave our best years to this region and

The United Nations (UN) occupies a special place among international organizations.

General Assembly. All members of the UN are represented in it, each state has one vote. Decisions on important issues such as maintenance international peace and security, the admission of new members or the approval of the UN budget, including the budgets for peacekeeping operations, are adopted by a 2/3 majority vote. Decisions on other issues are taken by a simple majority of votes. The Assembly's recommendations are a reflection of world public opinion.

Security Council is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security and may be convened at any time when a threat to peace arises.

The Council consists of 15 members. Five of them - China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and France - are permanent members. The remaining 10 members of the Council are elected by the General Assembly for two years on regional quotas - five seats for Asia and Africa, one for Eastern Europe, two for Latin America, two for Western Europe. Decisions of the Council are considered adopted when the votes of nine of its members are cast in favor of them. However, a decision cannot be taken even if one of the permanent members votes against, i.e., uses his veto. Council decisions are binding on all Member States.

In the event of a war, the Council makes efforts to end it, it can also send a peacekeeping mission. The Council can impose economic sanctions, impose an arms embargo, and even organize joint military action.

Economic and Social Council coordinates the activities of the UN and its agencies in the economic and social areas, in the sphere international cooperation. Five regional commissions promote economic development and strengthening economic relations in their regions.

International Court is the main judicial organ of the UN and deals with the settlement of disputes between states.

Secretariat carries out the operational and administrative work of the UN in accordance with the instructions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary-General, who recruits the staff necessary for the operation of the Organization and provides general administrative direction.

In 2007, the Secretariat consisted of nine departments and a number of offices, employing 8,700 people from almost 160 countries.

Peacekeeping operations can last from several months to several years. For example, the UN operation deployed along the ceasefire line between India and Pakistan in the state of Jammu and Kashmir has been going on since 1949, and UN peacekeepers have been in Cyprus since 1964. At the same time, the operation in the Aozu strip between Libya and Chad in 1994 was completed within a month. Since 1948, the UN has carried out about 50 peacekeeping operations, in which military personnel from more than 100 countries participated.

International organizations are created to solve specific political problems in accordance with the provisions of international law and on the basis of an agreement between the participants. Their most important tasks are to ensure collective security member countries, preventing the development of conflict situations, influencing the integrated solution of political, economic and social issues.

characteristic of the second half of the 20th century. the growth of regional interstate organizations and turning them into international ones due to the entry of countries located in other regions. The United Nations (UN) occupies a special place among international organizations.

United Nations was created on October 24, 1945 by the 51st country in order to preserve peace, develop international cooperation, and ensure collective security (Fig. 46).

Rice. 46. ​​UN Headquarters in New York (USA)

As of January 1, 2012, the UN included 193 independent states, including Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga that joined in 1999 and Tuvalu and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and in 2006 city ​​- Montenegro, in 2011 - South Sudan (Fig. 45).

When joining the UN, a state assumes the obligations set forth in the Charter, which reflects the principles international relations and the main goals of the UN:

• maintain international peace and security;
• develop friendly relations between nations;
• to carry out international cooperation in solving international problems;
• to encourage respect for human rights and to be a center for the concerted action of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

If the state does not fulfill its obligations, then it is recognized as illegitimate (i.e. illegal) and can be excluded from the UN. For example, Taiwan until 1971 represented China in the UN, and the PRC itself was actually outside the UN for more than 20 years from the date of its formation. In 1971, at the request of the PRC, Taiwan was expelled from the UN, although it has all the attributes of an independent state.

For the policy of apartheid, South Africa in 1974 lost the right to participate in the meetings of the General Assembly and was restored to its rights only in 1994.

The United Nations is not world government and does not pass laws, however, it has powerful levers for resolving political conflicts: troops, financial resources generated from contributions from participating countries.

According to the UN Charter, member countries that are in arrears in the payment of monetary contributions are deprived of the right to vote in the General Assembly.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice.

General Assembly. All members of the UN are represented in it, each state has one vote. Decisions on important matters, such as the maintenance of international peace and security, the admission of new members, or the approval of the UN budget, including budgets for peacekeeping operations, are taken by a 2/3 majority vote. Decisions on other issues are taken by a simple majority of votes. The Assembly's recommendations are a reflection of world public opinion.

Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security and can be convened at any time when a threat to peace arises.

The Council consists of 15 members. Five of them - China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and France - are permanent members. The remaining 10 members of the Council are elected by the General Assembly for two years according to regional quotas - five seats for Asia and Africa, one for Eastern Europe, two for Latin America, two for Western Europe. Decisions of the Council are considered adopted when the votes of nine of its members are cast in favor of them. However, a decision cannot be made even if one of the permanent members votes against, i.e., uses his veto. Council decisions are binding on all Member States.

In the event of a war, the Council makes efforts to end it, it can also send a peacekeeping mission. The Council can impose economic sanctions, impose an arms embargo, and even organize joint military action.

Career. International law

Knowledge of the features of the formation of the political map of the world, the history of the emergence of territorial disputes is especially important for those who have chosen international law as their specialty.

Specialists in the field of international law are in demand today more than ever. They must, in addition to being fluent in English and French know international law, specifics of legislation different countries in public and private law, maritime law, must have experience of participating in processes related to the settlement of territorial disputes and claims.

Specialists in international law can work as government bodies, as well as in international organizations and private firms.

You can get an education at the law faculties of leading universities - MGIMO, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Russian University Friendship between nations.

UN peacekeeping mission on the border of Libya and Chad

The Aozu strip - the northern outskirts of Chad, was occupied by Libya in 1973. The protocol on the delimitation of the borders between Libya and the French colonies served as the basis for the capture. The treaty was concluded between France and Italy, which owned respectively the modern territories of Chad and Libya, in 1935. The current border was established in 1898 by convention between Great Britain and France.

The justification for the seizure of this desert territory is the uranium ore reserves available here, which Libya needs. Military operations between Libya and Chad and the impossibility of a peaceful resolution of the conflict required the presence of a group of UN observers in this territory.

Rice. 47. Disputed territory on the border of Libya and Chad - Aozu strip

Economic and Social Council coordinates the activities of the UN and its agencies in the economic and social fields, in the field of international cooperation. Five regional commissions promote economic development and strengthening of economic relations in their regions.

Guardian Council was established to provide international surveillance of the Trust Territories administered by seven Member States. By 1995, all of the Trust Territories had become self-governing or independent, either as independent states or by joining neighboring independent states. The work of the Council has been largely completed to date, it is planned to transform the Trusteeship Council into a forum for the protection environment planets.

international Court is the main judicial organ of the UN and deals with the settlement of disputes between states.

Secretariat carries out the operational and administrative work of the UN in accordance with the instructions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary General, who recruits the staff necessary for the operation of the organization and provides general administrative direction.

The Secretariat consists of nine departments and a number of offices, employing 8,700 people from nearly 160 countries.

peacekeeping missions. One of the main tasks of the UN is to maintain world peace. According to the Charter, Member States must resolve international disputes by peaceful means and refrain from resorting to military force against other states. However, there are still many such conflicts.

For many years the UN has played important role in the prevention of international crises and in the settlement of protracted conflicts, carrying out operations to establish and maintain peace and provide humanitarian assistance.

Peacekeeping operations can last from several months to several years. For example, the UN operation deployed along the ceasefire line between India and Pakistan in the state of Jammu and Kashmir has been going on since 1949, and UN peacekeepers have been in Cyprus since 1964. At the same time, the operation in the Aozu strip between Libya and Chad in 1994 was completed within a month (Fig. 47).

Since 1948, the UN has carried out about 50 peacekeeping operations, in which military personnel from more than 100 countries participated (Fig. 48).

Rice. 48. UN peacekeepers

Career. UN peacekeeper

IN peacekeeping operations The UN employs both the famous "blue helmets" - military personnel provided directly to the United Nations by Member States, and civilian personnel performing a wide range of tasks: from monitoring human rights to managing human and material resources. Peacekeeping missions require specialists in areas such as politics, law, human rights, elections, humanitarian aid, public information, general management services, procurement, logistics, civil engineering and electronic data processing.

Candidates must be in excellent health and be prepared to work in challenging and sometimes hazardous conditions. Requirements for candidates for work in missions are the presence of a scientific degree not lower than a master's degree, four years of work experience in the specialty and fluency in English and (or) French.

Main ideas of the section

• Monarchies (absolute, constitutional, theocratic) and republics (presidential and parliamentary) have the status of independent states.
• The Commonwealth states recognize the Queen of Great Britain as head of state.
• According to the form of government, unitary states and federations are distinguished.
• Unrecognized (self-proclaimed) states appear, as a rule, in the areas of operation of separatist movements in multinational countries or as a result of a change state borders, "cut" the areas of residence of ethnic groups.
• Right of use international territories and water areas belong to the entire world community.
• Territories with an undetermined status include neutral, leased, occupied territories.
• The development and colonization of territories in the New World by Europeans led to the emergence of dependent (non-self-governing) territories. These are colonies, protectorates, dominions, condominiums, mandated and trust territories, associated states.
• Decolonization began in the 18th century. During the 19th century most of the colonies in Latin America gained independence, the countries of Asia became independent mainly after the Second World War, Africa - after 1960.
• The number of Non-Self-Governing Territories in the world continues to decline.
• International organizations are created to solve specific political problems, ensure the collective security of member countries, and prevent the development of conflict situations.
• the most important international organization is the UN with 193 member countries.

Review questions

1. In what part of the world is the most big number monarchies, federal republics, non-self-governing territories? Why?
2. Why was the Commonwealth (British) created? Which countries are its members? On what grounds were some (give examples - what?) countries excluded from the Commonwealth?
3. What is the difference between federal and unitary states?
4. Why do self-proclaimed states appear on the political map of the world? Give examples.
5. Which territories are international and what is their status?
6. What international rivers, straits, canals do you know? What territories do they connect?
7. What territories are neutral, leased and occupied? Why are they called territories of uncertain status?
8. Which modern states had the status of wards? When and in connection with what events did these territories change their "masters" and status?
9. What Non-Self-Governing Territories exist in early XXI where are they located, what metropolises do they belong to?
10. What changes have occurred on the political map of the world in the last decade of the 20th century; at the beginning of the 21st century?
11. What interstate conflicts are the most relevant today?
12. Name the states that do not exist on the political map of the mmra. What factors are associated with their appearance? What are the main functions of the UN? What organizations are part of the UN system?
13. What current UN operations have you heard about on television and radio or read in the newspapers during the past month?

Dictionary

• Leased territories
• Associated States
• States within the Commonwealth
• Decolonization
• Dominions
• overseas departments
• overseas territories
• Colonization
• Colonies
• Condominiums
• Confederation
• International territories
• Monarchies (absolute, constitutional, theocratic)
• Neutral territories
• Occupied territories
• Mandatory (trust) territories
• Protectorates
• Republic
• self-proclaimed states
• Freely associated states
• Territorial administrative units with a special status
• Unitary States of the Federation

Legal status of the ward

As for the rights of children under guardianship (guardianship), they are regulated in Art. 148 RF IC. It should be noted that they include all the rights that children brought up in a family have. In particular, this is the child’s right to communicate with parents and other relatives (Article 55 of the RF IC), the right to protect their rights and legitimate interests (Article 56 of the RF IC), the right to express their opinion when resolving any issue in the family that affects their interests , as well as to be heard in the course of any judicial or administrative proceedings (Article 57 of the RF IC).

In addition, they have a number of rights arising from their status as wards. These rights are directly enshrined in Art. 148 of the RF IC, include the right to:

Education in the family of a guardian (trustee), care by the guardian (trustee), living together with him, except in cases where, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 36 of the Civil Code, separation of a trustee from a ward who has reached sixteen years of age is allowed with the permission of the guardianship and guardianship authority, provided that this does not adversely affect the upbringing and protection of the rights and interests of the ward;

Providing them with conditions for maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development and respect for their human dignity;

Alimony, pensions, allowances and other social payments due to them;

Retention of the right of ownership to a dwelling or the right to use a dwelling, and in the absence of a dwelling, they have the right to receive a dwelling in accordance with housing legislation (according to paragraph 2 of article 57 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, out of turn, living quarters under social tenancy agreements are provided to orphans and children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care upon termination of guardianship (guardianship)) Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 01/03/2005, No. 1 (part 1), art. 14. .

Protection from abuse by the guardian (custodian).

In addition, according to paragraph 3 of Art. 148 of the RF IC, children under guardianship or guardianship have the right to maintenance, cash for which they are paid monthly in the manner and in the amount established by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with the exception of cases where guardians or trustees are appointed at the request of parents in the manner specified in Part 1 of Art. 13 of the Federal Law "On guardianship and guardianship". These funds are spent by guardians or trustees in the manner prescribed by Art. 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, unlike parents and adoptive parents, guardians and trustees are not required to support their ward.

Children left without parental care may be placed in special (correctional) educational institutions(including in a special educational institution for children and adolescents with deviant behavior) in cases of deviation from the norms or public dangerous behavior including the commission of an offence. At the same time, they are subject to the norms of material support provided for by federal legislation for children left without parental care.

In those regions of the Russian Federation where there are no educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, orphans and children left without parental care can be admitted to a boarding school.

Guardians (custodians) are not appointed to children who are in full state care in the relevant educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions social protection population and other similar institutions (hereinafter - educational institutions). Full state care means that the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minor children, their material support, upbringing, education takes over the state in the face of the relevant institution. In such cases, the duties of guardians (trustees) are assigned to these institutions Kozlov S.S., Mitchina L.A. Forms and methods of placement of children left without parental care // Family and housing law. 2011. No. 3. P. 14 - 19..