The main environmental problems of Africa. Human influence on the nature of Africa

Human influence on nature. Back in the 19th century. Africa was presented as a continent of virgin nature. However, even then the nature of Africa was significantly changed by man. The area of forests, which had been uprooted and burned for arable land and pastures for centuries, has decreased. Especially great damage to the nature of Africa was caused by European colonialists. Hunting, carried out for profit, and often for sport, led to the mass extermination of animals.

Many animals were completely destroyed (for example, some species of antelope, zebra), and the number of others (elephants, rhinoceroses, gorillas, etc.) was greatly reduced. Europeans exported expensive wood to their countries. Therefore, in a number of states (Nigeria, etc.) there is a danger of complete disappearance of forests. Territories in place of cleared forests were occupied by plantations of cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, etc. So, in place of equatorial and variable-humid forests savannas formed (Fig. 59). The nature of primary savannas has also changed significantly. There are huge areas of plowed land and pastures here.

Due to poor agricultural practices (burning, overgrazing, and cutting down trees and shrubs), savannas have been giving way to deserts for many centuries. Over the last half century alone, the Sahara has moved significantly south and increased its area by 650 thousand km 2. The loss of agricultural land leads to the death of livestock and crops, and to starvation of people.

To save savannas from the onset of deserts, a wide forest belt in the Sahara, 1,500 km long, is being created, which will shield agricultural areas from the dry winds of the desert. There are several projects for watering the Sahara. Great changes in natural complexes have occurred in connection with the development of mineral resources and the development of industry.

Rice. 59. Boundaries of natural zones in Africa: A - in the past, B - modern. Using the maps, determine how the area of each natural zone in Africa is changing. Which areas were hit the hardest?

Natural disasters. Natural natural phenomena(earthquakes, droughts, floods, hurricanes, etc.) can bring enormous disasters to the population. One of the most destructive natural Disasters Africa - periodically recurring droughts. This especially affects the population of savannas adjacent to the Sahara. As a result of droughts, people, livestock and other living organisms die. The cause of worsening droughts is the cutting down of bushes and trees, as well as excessive grazing.

Some countries suffer disasters from floods, plant diseases, and locust invasions, which can destroy the entire harvest of fields or plantations in a few hours.

Reserves and National parks. Currently, humanity increasingly understands the need to protect nature on Earth. For this purpose, nature reserves (territories where natural complexes are preserved in their natural state) and national parks are organized on all continents. Only people leading research work. National parks, unlike nature reserves, can be visited by tourists who are required to comply with the rules established there. In many African countries, the protection of wild animals and the most interesting natural complexes (forests, savannas, volcanic areas, etc.) is given priority great importance. Nature reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas. There are especially many of them in Southern and Eastern Africa. A number of them are world famous, for example the Serengeti and Kruger national parks. Thanks to measures taken the numbers of many animals have now been restored.

Why is it important to know the geographical location of the continent? What are the features geographical location Africa?
Name the researchers of Africa and indicate what the role of each of them was in the study of the continent.
Why are Africa dominated by plains?
What are the features of the nature (terrain, climate, rivers, natural areas) of Africa?
Why is latitudinal zonation clearly visible in Africa? How does it manifest itself?
Based on the analysis of the maps, indicate what connection exists between climatic regions and natural areas.
On a map of Africa, find nature reserves and national parks, indicate in which natural areas they are located and what the largest of them are called.
What activities do you think should be done in Africa to reduce disasters caused by droughts?
What changes have occurred in the nature of Africa due to human economic activity?

help me find the report. on the topic "human influence on the nature of Africa" or simply on nature and received the best answer

Answer from Dorji Lejiev[expert]
6. Human influence on nature. Reserves and parks
Back in the 19th century. Africa was presented as a continent of virgin nature. However, even then the nature of Africa was significantly changed by man. The area of forests, which had been uprooted and burned for arable land and pastures for centuries, has decreased. Especially great damage to the nature of Africa was caused by European colonialists. Hunting, carried out for profit, and often for sport, led to the mass extermination of animals. Many animals were completely destroyed (for example, some species of antelope, zebra), and the number of others (elephants, rhinoceroses, gorillas, etc.) was greatly reduced. Europeans exported expensive wood to their countries. Therefore, in a number of states (Nigeria, etc.) there is a danger of complete disappearance of forests. The territories in place of cleared forests were occupied by plantations of cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, etc. Thus, savannas were formed in place of equatorial and variable-humid forests. The nature of primary savannas has also changed significantly. There are huge areas of plowed land and pastures here.
Due to poor agricultural practices (burning, overgrazing, and cutting down trees and shrubs), savannas have been giving way to deserts for many centuries. Over the last half century alone, the Sahara has moved significantly southward and increased its area by 650 thousand km2. The loss of agricultural land leads to the death of livestock and crops, and to the hunger of people.
To save savannas from the onset of deserts, a wide forest belt in the Sahara, 1,500 km long, is being created, which will shield agricultural areas from the dry winds of the desert. There are several projects for watering the Sahara. Great changes in natural complexes have occurred in connection with the development of mineral resources and the development of industry.
Natural disasters (earthquakes, droughts, floods, hurricanes, etc.) can bring enormous disasters to the population. One of Africa's most devastating natural disasters is recurrent droughts. This especially affects the population of savannas adjacent to the Sahara. As a result of droughts, people, livestock and other living organisms die. The cause of worsening droughts is the cutting down of bushes and trees, as well as excessive grazing.
Some countries suffer disasters from floods, plant diseases, and locust invasions, which can destroy the entire harvest of fields or plantations in a few hours.
Currently, humanity increasingly understands the need to protect nature on Earth. For this purpose, nature reserves (territories where natural complexes are preserved in their natural state) and national parks are organized on all continents. Only people conducting research work are allowed in the reserves. National parks, unlike nature reserves, can be visited by tourists who are required to comply with the rules established there. In many African countries, the protection of wild animals and the most interesting natural complexes (forests, savannas, volcanic areas, etc.) is given great importance. Nature reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas. There are especially many of them in Southern and Eastern Africa. A number of them are world famous, for example the Serengeti and Kruger national parks. Thanks to the measures taken, the numbers of many animals have now been restored.

Answer from Evgeniy Fomichev[newbie]
Malamute, so what?

Answer from Alexander Rodnov[newbie]

Answer from Galina Steglenko[newbie]
Read the text of the textbook and the result will be the same.

“Continent of Africa” - Africa is usually divided into three parts: Northern, or Arabian, Tropical (sub-Saharan, located south of the Sahara Desert) and Southern. It is separated from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar and from Asia by the Suez Canal. Africa is the most hot continent peace. The area of Africa is 29.2 million square km. Vegetable and animal world Tropical and South Africa extremely rich and diverse, many waters are endemic.

“Economy of Africa” - The number of users of the World Wide Web. What Main way overcoming the economic backwardness of African countries? Sorghum. Gabon. Africa is the stepchild of globalization. Nigeria. Egypt. Hoe farming in Africa. Consumer cultures. Coat of arms of Mozambique. Monocultures of African countries. Boiling continent. Tunisia. Incidence of malaria.

“Africa Geography Lesson” - Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, South Africa. East Africa. “Copper Belt” The largest state by area. An inland state. The state is the richest mineral resources. 1.A country where 98% of the population is concentrated on 4% of the territory. Main field of activity Agriculture. South Africa.

"Test Africa" - Malagasy - inhabitants. Rowenala Lecanora Seiba. Egypt. Addis – Ababa Kinshasa Luanda. Most big island off the coast of Africa: Cape Agulhas Almadi Cape Ben Sekka. South Africa Ethiopia Nigeria. extreme southern point of Africa: Arabian Libyan Taklamakan. Mali. Currency unit in Morocco: Equatorial Caucasoid Mongoloid.

"Mainland Africa" - Geographic coordinates 15 gr. n.sh and 16 gr. w.d. On contour map apply extreme points Africa and sign the geographical coordinates. 1. What are the features of the continent’s geographical location? More than 6,000 samples of cultivated plants were collected. Vasily Vasilyevich cadet. 3. How rugged is the coastline?

"Art of Africa" - Modern forms arts in countries Tropical Africa- in the process of formation. Modern architecture of Africa Hotel. Terracotta head 12-14th century. Modern African architecture City of Cape Town. Terracotta head. Contemporary art of the peoples of Africa. Contemporary wood sculpture of Africa.

There are a total of 27 presentations in the topic

SUBJECT . Human influence on the nature of Africa. Reserves and national parks of Africa.

The purpose of the lesson : establish the main reasons that influenced the change in the nature of Africa and the consequences to which they led; find ways to solve environmental problems; continue the formation of students’ cognitive activity, the ability to independently work with different sources of information individually and in a group, obtain knowledge, work with a map, analyze, draw conclusions;

Equipment: physical and political map of Africa, presentation, atlases, video “Serengeti - a reserve of Africa”, student reports on environmental problems and ways to solve them.

Preparatory stage.

The class is divided into groups in advance and studies material on a specific problem.

In each group, the guys must solve the following problems:

1) Find and study information on this problem.

2) Establish causes and consequences.

3) Talk about ongoing activities in African countries and suggest your own ways out of the current environmental situation.

During the classes

Ι. Organizing time.

The teacher introduces the class to the goals and objectives of the lesson.

Teacher. Today we will talk to you about the problems associated with human intervention in the nature of Africa as a result of economic activity. We will need to establish the causes of the current environmental problems on the African mainland and find ways to solve them. During the lesson we will listen to prepared presentations from each group on one environmental issue. For each presentation on an issue, you will be required to establish cause-and-effect relationships and display them as a diagram in your workbook.

ΙΙ. Learning new material.

Teacher: The nature of Africa is amazing and diverse, but today it is experiencing, like the nature of other continents, ecological problems of a global nature. Back in the 19th century, Africa was represented as a continent of virgin nature. Especially great damage was caused to the nature of Africa by European colonialists.

1st problem. "African rainforest decline"

Teacher: the children of the first group will speak on this problem.

Researchers : Our group, using various sources of information, studied this problem in detail and came to the conclusion that over the past decades, a lot of forest has been destroyed in Africa. In the course of our work, the main reasons for the reduction in forest area were identified. The reasons are as follows:

1) Clearing forest areas for various economic needs of the population, and, above all, for slash-and-burn farming. Each African family annually clears new land for arable land on average from 0.5 hectares to 1 hectare, destroying forests in the process. For this reason, ¾ of the forest area was cleared.

Every year, 3 million hectares of forest are burned for crops. In the West African Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, shifting agriculture has reduced forest cover by a third over the past decade. Not better position and in neighboring countries– Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Nigeria.

2) Use of wood by the population as fuel.

Wood is used as fuel by peasants throughout Africa, who cannot afford more expensive kerosene and gas, and are forced to cut down more and more trees, devastating the area.

around villages. In the countries of the Sahel - the region separating the Sahara from the savannahs West Africa, more than 14 million tons are burned annually for cooking and heating homes. wood and charcoal. In Ethiopia, 95% of its energy needs are met by forests. Peasant women dragging a bundle of firewood on their backs for 10-15 km for the family hearth is one of the most common sights on African roads.

3 )Increasing timber exportsto developed countries of the world due to commercial agreements between developed Western capitalist countries and developing African ones, which provide for export to countries Western Europe untreated wood. Over the past 100 years, since active logging, the country of Congo has almost completely cleared the forests on the coast Atlantic Ocean. Grow here, in great demand on the world market valuable species trees: okume, akaju, sapeli. With modern

intensive exploitation of the area, in which French, Swiss, Algerian, and Libyan firms take part, will last for several decades.

Ecologists : 1) Area African forests in 200 years it has almost halved. This has led to the disappearance or reduction rare species animals and plants.

2) We should not forget that rainforests- This is the main “oxygen production factory”. About a third of the oxygen contained in the atmosphere is produced here, which means its amount will decrease throughout the planet;

3) Wet equatorial forests clean the atmosphere of pollutants and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide. But today, as a result of deforestation, the amount of carbon dioxide increases, which leads to the “greenhouse effect”, which means a warming of the climate throughout the planet, which in turn causes the melting of glaciers and leads to an increase in water levels in the World Ocean.

4) The destruction of vegetation leads to disruption of the seasonal rainy cycle and drying up of rivers.

5) Hylea holds and preserves poor and unstable soils. When forests are cleared, the soil will be completely destroyed, turning into a desert.

Exercise.

Reduction of tropical forest area. Scheme No. 1.

Slash-and-burn agriculture Wood - fuel Export of wood

Extinction and decline of rare species

Animals and plants of the rainforest

Reducing the amount of oxygen

And an increase in carbon dioxide.

"Greenhouse effect", warming of the Earth's climate.

Melting glaciers and rising water levels in the World Ocean.

2nd problem. "Soil deflation"

Teacher : The guys from the second group will tell us about the second problem.

Researchers : our group worked on a problem - soil deflation, i.e. blowing away the fertile soil layer. This phenomenon is often observed in the Sahel zone and in savannas, which are located in the tropical and subequatorial climate zones.

We have established the main causes of soil blowing:

1) Destruction of savannah vegetation for slash-and-burn farming;

2) Intensive grazing in countries with arid climates;

3) The proximity of the desert also speeds up the blowing process, since there are often strong winds Samum, reaching speeds of up to 50 km per hour.

Ecologists : having studied this problem, we saw the consequences that resulted from the destruction of the grass cover of savannas as a result of slash-and-burn agriculture, intensive grazing in countries with arid climates - Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger. This consequence is the ever-increasing soil deflation on the continent.

Exercise. Draw up a diagram of cause-and-effect relationships for this problem.

Soil deflation. Scheme 2.

Slash-and-burn agriculture Intensive grazing

Destruction of vegetation

Soil destruction

Soil deflation

3rd problem. "Desert Offensive"

Teacher: The third group will speak on the third problem.

Researchers : African countries are facing an acute problem of the onset of the desert. Over the course of many centuries, due to poor management, savannas began to give way to deserts. Over the last half century alone, the area of the Sahara has increased by 650 thousand km². It may happen that almost all of Africa turns into a desert. Their area is increasing more and more, and they are getting closer and closer to the equator. We have studied and established the reasons for this attack:

1) Africa is the hottest and driest continent, characterized by a continental and dry climate. There are often droughts here. 44% of the continent's territory is subject to drought, which leads to soil deflation.

2) Deforestation, intensive grazing, and destruction of the grass cover of savannas also increase soil deflation and erosion. All this leads to the formation of shifting sands and an increase in the area of deserts.

You see that all the problems that we have discussed are the causes of the onset of the desert. This suggests that in nature everything is interconnected.

Exercise. Draw up a diagram of cause-and-effect relationships for this problem.

The coming of the desert. Scheme No. 3.

Continental climate Slash-and-burn agriculture Deforestation

Formation of shifting sands

Increase in desert area

4th problem. "Destruction of African Animals"

Teacher: The guys from the fourth group will tell us about this problem.

Researchers: Africa is a land of deserts and savannas, in which both people and animals live according to the laws of nature. The animals of Africa are diverse and amazing. The mainland has a rich and diverse fauna; 1 thousand species of mammals and 1.5 thousand species of birds live here.

Savannas and woodlands occupy more than 40% of the continent, so the bulk of the fauna consists of those animals that live there: rhinoceroses, gazelles, buffalos, elephants, cheetahs, jackals. Deserts occupy vast areas of the continent, but the difference in fauna between the north and south is quite noticeable. Northern deserts are very similar to the deserts of Asia: they are inhabited by a large number of jerboas, gerbils, jackals and hyenas. Southern deserts, in turn, are characterized by a large number of endemics and turtles. The moist equatorial forests do not boast a variety of fauna, but, nevertheless, you can find them: gorilla, hippopotamus, okapi, monkeys, chimpanzees and crocodiles.

Ecologists: The African fauna, unique and one of the richest faunas on Earth, has been greatly damaged by human activity:

1) Long years of European colonialism;

2) The population satisfies 80% of its need for meat food by hunting animals;

3) Trade in ivory, leather or animal skins plays a large role in the budget of a number of countries.

All this cannot but lead to the impoverishment of the fauna. IN old times Everywhere, as far as the eye could see, one could see huge herds of grazing animals. Now the largest herds are concentrated in national parks, mainly in the Serengeti - Tanzania, Tsavo - Kenya. For the sake of sport, elephants were killed for their tusks during hunting, so their number sharply decreased, and the number of rhinoceroses, gorillas and other animals also decreased significantly. Quagga zebras were completely destroyed - bags were made from their skins. At the same time, in a number of African countries, great attention is paid to the protection of fauna, and many species only thanks to this have avoided complete destruction. However, the vast and diverse biological heritage in all subregions of Africa is under threat. Civil wars and armed conflicts sometimes cause irreparable damage to the continent’s biodiversity. Thus, in 2002, 289 species of mammals, 207 species of birds, 127 species of fish, 48 species of reptiles and 17 species of amphibians were threatened with extinction.

5th problem. "Construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River"

Teacher: The floor is given to the children of the fifth group.

Researchers: Africa's largest river flows through long river in the world - Nile. The Nile Valley is very fertile, there are peasants all year round are engaged in farming. In 1964, on the Nile River, with the assistance of the USSR, the Aswan Dam, a hydroelectric power station, and a reservoir were built. The high dam saved Egypt from the devastating Nile floods, and Egypt was also saved from droughts, which are frequent here. The water from the reservoir was used not only for irrigating fields, but also for fish farming. Every year 35-40 thousand tons are caught here. fish. All villages and industrial enterprises were electrified.

Ecologists : I would like to note that the construction of the Aswan Dam

had not only positive side, but also negative consequences:

1) The Nile annually carried a fertile layer of silt onto the fields during floods.

After the construction of the dam, silt began to settle in the reservoir, and soil fertility deteriorated.

2) The destruction of the banks in the northern part of the river delta has intensified.

3) Fish migrations of sardines have decreased due to obstacles - dams.

Exercise. Guys, draw up a diagram of cause-and-effect relationships for this problem.

Teacher: guys, today we heard from you the problems that the inhabitants of African countries have faced, but which concern every person on our planet, since they are global. During the lesson, you all made diagrams of cause-and-effect relationships that can be used to judge the consequences of human intervention in the nature of Africa. This means that you can identify ways to improve the current situation on this continent. Guys, suggest your measures to solve environmental problems.

The guys come up with their proposals for solving environmental problems on the African mainland.

Let's listen to the message.

In many African countries, great importance is attached to the protection of wild animals and interesting natural complexes (forests, savannas):

1) Afforestation was carried out (1973 - 1993). A grandiose project was created in Algeria - to grow a green wall of 7 billion trees along the path of the Sahara. The forest protection belt stretches for 1500 km and is 20 km wide. On the way the desert is planted different trees: date palm, which grows at temperatures from + 50 to - 14º C, which grows in any soil; heat-loving acacia, evergreen hard-leaved Australian eucalyptus.

2) Africans love their nature, treat it with care, and try to preserve its uniqueness and originality. For this purpose, nature reserves and national parks have been created in Africa to preserve and protect the continent’s animals and plants. In Ethiopia - Simen in the mountains, in Tanzania-Serengeti, in Kenya - Tsavo, in South Africa - Kruger, etc.

Nature reserves and national parks on the mainland occupy large areas, their total number is about 400. (Message).

3) In the Republic of Mali since 1986. The Forest Law applies: “Citizens who burn forests will be subject to imprisonment for up to 2 years or a large fine.”

3) In the Republic of Niger, an annual holiday is held - Tree Day, on this day everyone plants trees.

4) The UN adopted the document “Stop the advance of the desert.”

The problem of the onset of the desert remains open today. It is necessary for the government of all African countries to hold a joint conference to consider the reasons for the onset of desert on the continent and take more radical measures to solve it. Only together can all African countries solve this global problem humanity.

Lesson summary.

Teacher: Guys, we have established that the nature of Africa suffers from the fact that people do not wisely use its wealth and do not always conduct agriculture correctly. But Africa, the continent of the Earth, which is also subject to the largest number natural Disasters.

Our lesson has come to an end. I hope that today you received a lot of useful information about the current environmental situation in African countries and made the right conclusion - “Nature is ours.” common Home"and the fact that in nature everything is interconnected. The problem of nature conservation throughout the world is considered the most important after maintaining peace on Earth. Any natural complex is a fragile ecosystem on the planet. Human intervention must be very deliberate and limited. Let's take care of nature, protect everything that it has given us.

Giving assessments to active children

Homework. § 21, questions 4-8, repeat the nomenclature of Africa.

Thanks for the work.

Additional material.

Reports on reserves and national parks in Africa.

Creation national parks– the main condition for the conservation of protected areas, where nature and its fauna remain untouched by humans. African national parks, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated, are now visited not only by foreign tourists, but also by Africans themselves, especially schoolchildren and students. National parks preserve nature and serve as natural research laboratories for critical observations.

1. Kruger.

The very first reserve in Africa, founded in 1898 by Transval President Paulus Kruger, located in the north-east of South Africa.Until 1926 bore the name Sabi - Game, then was transformed into national park, and was given the name of its creator, Paulus Kruger. It has a length from north to south - 345 km, and from west to east - 54 km. Its area (20 thousand km²) The territory of the park is crossed by several relatively large rivers, flowing from west to east.

The flora is represented by 1968 plant species, of which 457 are trees and shrubs, 235 are cereals, 27 are ferns, 16 are lianas, 1,213 are herbs and flowers. The national park contains more than 800 species of animals: 147 mammals, 34 amphibians, 114 reptiles, 49 fish, 507 fish. As of 2009, there were 9,000 impala antelopes, 27,000 African buffaloes in the national park,9600 – blue wildebeest,5400 – white rhinoceroses, 2500 – spotted hyenas, 300 – Eland antelope (the largest in the world) 200 – cheetahs.

On the territory of the national park in Lately restoration of the population of such animals as black and white rhinoceros, a giant elephant.

2.Serenghetti ( video film “Serengeti - African reserve)

The Serengeti National Park was founded in 1951, it is one of the largest in Africa, is world famous, and is located in East Africa, on the border of Tanzania and Kenya. About 30 species of animals live here, including the “big five”: elephants, rhinoceroses, lions, cheetahs, buffalos.The national park has played an important role in the conservation of elephants; recently their numbers have increased sharply. Some of the elephants are being transported today.

In 2005, the world's largest pack of lions, or as scientists call it, was discovered in the Serengeti Park. LION'pride, it consists of 41 lions.

The sun-scorched savannas of the Serengeti remember the “great white hunters”: Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, Ernst Hemingway, who loved to have fun on safari.

Sections: Geography

Target: Give an idea of the human impact on nature, characterize natural disasters, nature reserves and national parks.

Equipment: Physical card Africa, tables depicting the most famous reserves in Africa, illustrations depicting reserved and protected areas of the continent, atlases, additional messages, video film “Serengeti - a reserve of Africa”, student reports on environmental problems and ways to solve them.

During the classes

I. Organizing time.

II. Repetition of previously studied material.

1. Survey homework(Front survey)

a) what natural areas stand out on the mainland? List and show on the map.

b) what are the features of the location of natural zones in Africa?

c) what connection exists between climate zones and natural zones?

d) name the essential features of the zones of equatorial forests, savannas, and tropical deserts.

2. Individual written survey of students - according to the answer form.

Write the names of natural areas on the board:

a) equatorial forests;

b) savanna;

c) tropical deserts.

Answer form
Last name, first name
Class Date
1 a b c	2 a b c	3 a b c	4 a b c	5 a b c	6 a b c
7 a b c	8 a b c	9 a b c	10 a b c	11 a b c	12 a b c
13 a b c	14 a b c	15 a b c	16 a b c	17 a b c	18 a b c

Students answer questions with an x to mark the correct answer.

1. Occupies almost a third of the continent, especially in the northern part (1c)

2. Located along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and near the equator (a)

3. Occupies almost 40% of the continent’s area (b)

4. Precipitation for almost a year, especially after 12 noon (at)

5. Dry and wet seasons are distinguished (b)

6. Sometimes it doesn’t rain for years (c)

7. Soils are practically absent (c)

8. Soils are red-yellow, ferrallitic (b)

9. Red-brown soils rich in humus (b)

10. Forest vegetation is arranged in tiers (a)

11. Vegetation is concentrated in oases (c)

12. Herbs predominate and rarely standing trees(b)

13. The most valuable plant is the date palm (c)

14. Lots of trees with valuable wood(A)

15. The most common trees are baobab and umbrella acacia (b)

16. habitats of the camel, velvichia, fennec fox (c)

17. The richest and most diverse animal world on Earth (b)

18. Monkeys, leopards, okapi are the inhabitants of this zone (a)

What's happened?	Who it?
Madagascar	Guinean	Wadi
Gibraltar	Somalia	Chad
Suez	Vasco da Gama	Atlas
Almadi	D. Livingston	Kilimanjaro
Tunisia	Nyasa	Diamond
Congo (Zaire)	Vavilov	Victoria
Zenith	Simoom	Khartoum
Aswan	Nile	Niger
Zambezi	“Roaring smoke”	Junker
Tanganyika	Kenya	Phosphorites

(Guess what each word means)

3. Studying new material.

1. Human influence on nature.

(Studying the topic using supporting notes and logical chains).

XIX century -> change in the nature of Africa -> reduction S of forests (uprooting and burning for arable land and pastures)

plant diseases,

locust invasion

(textbook – page 130, figure 59)

3. Nature reserves and national parks.

Reserves are territories where natural complexes are preserved in their natural state.

National parks - they can be visited by tourists who are required to comply with the rules established there.

There are especially many nature reserves and national parks in Southern and Eastern Africa.

The most famous natural reserves.

Name	A country	S, ha
Savannah:
Amboseli	Kenya	225000
Bamingi	Central African Republic	1000000
Buna	Ivory Coast	900000
Kafue	Zambia	2249000
Kruger	South Africa	1820000
Selous	Tanzania	3293120
Serengeti	Tanzania	1450000
Wet eq. forests:
Victoria Falls	Zambia	52900
Kivu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	800000
Ngorongoro	Tanzania	39000
Odzala	Congo	110000
Deserts:
Dinder	Sudan	715000
Kalahari-Gemsbok	South Africa	1105000
Etosha Pan	Namibia	6734000

Watching the video “Serengeti”.

Additional message.

1. The creation of national parks is the main condition for the conservation of protected areas, where nature and its fauna remain untouched by humans. African national parks, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated, are now visited not only by foreign tourists, but also by Africans themselves, especially schoolchildren and students. National parks preserve nature and serve as natural research laboratories for critical observations.

Animals in such parks have forgotten what a shot is, and you can drive a car very close to an elephant, giraffe, antelope, or lion - they look at people trustingly, and this serves as the best propaganda for nature conservation and the need to create national parks.

Millions of tourists flock to protected areas and, after spending at least a few hours among trusting animals, they leave as friends and protectors for life.

Thanks to the work of two famous zoologists - father and son Grizhmen - the Serengeti National Park is especially attractive to people.

2. Kruger National Park.

Kruger National Park is located in the northeast of the Republic of South Africa in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpulanga. In the north of the river Limpopo separates it from Zimbabwe, and in the east the state border separates it from Mozambique.

The park is one of the ten largest natural parks in the world. It has a length from north to south of 345 km, and from west to east – 54 km. Its area (20 thousand km 2) is comparable to the area of our Ivanovo region.

Most of the territory of the Kruger Park is occupied by an undulating plain, turning in the east into low rocky foothills of the Lebombo ridge.

The climate here is tropical, with hot and rainy summers and warm, dry winters.

The territory of the park is crossed by several relatively large rivers flowing from west to east - Crocodile, Sabia, Olifants, Letaba, Shingwedzi, Luvuvhu.

Many small watercourses are plowed over in winter, forming dry sandy channels. Water shortage is one of the main problems of the park, as well as South Africa as a whole.

From flora there is “elephant” grass, bearded vulture, papyrus and an abundance of trees and shrubs; from the animal world - elephants, buffalos, zebras, giraffes, antelopes, monkeys, warthogs, jackals, crocodiles, hippos, lions, hyenas and others.

In the territory of the national park, the population of such animals as black and white rhinoceros and giant elephant has recently begun to recover.

Every year, more than a million tourists from all over the world visit the Kruger National Park and its adjacent protected areas.

(From the magazine “Geography at School” No. 8, 2006)

III. Consolidation. Listening to reports and messages. Grading.

IV. Homework.

§29, write an essay “One day in Africa”.

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