From whom and when was the Great Wall of China built? Who built the Great Wall of China

The most grandiose wonder of the world - the Great Wall of China, which has a length of almost nine thousand kilometers, is perceived today by us far from being a fortification structure against enemy raids, but only in the form of a unique ancient monument. For this reason, few people think about which side of this wall were those same enemies?

The Chinese Wall was not built by the Chinese

But in 2011, British archaeologists excavated an unknown part of the Chinese Wall, and were extremely surprised: its loopholes were directed towards modern China. It turns out that famous wall was not built by the Chinese, then by whom and from whom?

From the north of Ancient China there lived nomadic tribes who could hardly build such a grandiose structure. And in general, scientists believed that even with modern technologies the construction of such a wall would require laying tens of thousands of kilometers of railways, using hundreds of thousands of machines, cranes and other equipment, abandoning tens of millions of people and spending at least a hundred years on all this.

In ancient times there were no such possibilities, which means building a gigantic wall, compared to which even Egyptian pyramids seem like toys in a sandbox, it took more than one thousand years. Why and who needed this, because it makes no sense both from an economic and military point of view. But someone built this wall, most likely with higher technology than we have today. But who? And for what?

The Chinese Wall was built by the Slavs

The medieval geographical atlas of Abraham Ortelius, published back in 1570, helped answer this question. It could be seen that modern China is divided into two parts - southern China and server Catai. It was between them that the wall was laid, which, apparently, was built by the inhabitants of the mysterious Tartary, which occupies the territory of Siberia and Far East modern Russia and the northern part of modern China.

Ancient vessels found in the northern provinces of China back in the sixties of the last century, but deciphered only recently, completely shed light on this mystery. As paradoxical as it may seem, they were written in runitsa - ancient Slavic writing. And the ancient treatises of China often talk about white people who live in the northern lands and communicate directly with the Gods. These were the ancient Slavs, descendants of Hyperborea, who lived in Tartary. It was they who built the Great Wall, not the Chinese, but the Slavic. By the way, in the runic language the word “China” only means “high wall.”

The truth about the Chinese wall is not needed by the powers that be

But against whom was this “high wall” built? It turns out that it was against the race of the Great Dragon, with whom the White race of Russians, who lived in Tartary, had been fighting for a long time. This battle is on the level of two extraterrestrial civilizations ended with the great victory of the White race more than seven and a half thousand years ago. It is this date that the Slavs consider the beginning of the creation of the World; the ancient Slavic calendar, which, to our regret, was canceled by Peter the Great.

And the fact that there was once a war of extraterrestrial civilizations is said by the legends of many peoples of the world; naturally, it is reflected in the legends of the Slavic and Chinese people. So why didn’t these civilizations leave any traces on Earth? It turns out they did, and the Great Wall of China is not the only unique evidence of this. A lot of such artifacts have been found, but no one is in a hurry or even dares to publish all this data: firstly, then all history and geography need to be rewritten, and secondly, for many peoples, say, the Americans or the Chinese, this is not at all profitable .

Even we, Russians, cannot restore our true history - the history of the ancient Slavs, which, as it turns out, dates back not centuries, but millennia. However, look at the new one documentary“Ancient Chinese Rus'”, where you will find answers to these and many other questions that modern “fundamental” science is silent about.

The Great Wall of China is also called the Long Wall. Its length is 10 thousand li, or more than 20 thousand kilometers, and in order to reach its height, a dozen people must stand on each other’s shoulders... It is compared to a writhing dragon stretching from the very Yellow Sea to the Tibetan mountains. There is no other similar structure on earth.

Temple of Heaven: Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing

Construction of the Great Wall of China begins

By official version, construction began during the Warring States period (475-221 BC), under Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, in order to protect the state from the raids of the Xiongnu nomads, and lasted ten years. About two million people built the wall, which then amounted to a fifth of the total population of China. Among them were people of various classes - slaves, peasants, soldiers... The construction was supervised by the commander Meng Tian.

Legend has it that the emperor himself rode on a magical white horse, plotting the route for the future structure. And where his horse stumbled, then a watchtower was erected... But this is just a legend. But the story about the dispute between the Master and the official looks much more plausible.

The fact is that the construction of such a huge building required talented builders. There were plenty of them among the Chinese. But one was especially distinguished by his intelligence and ingenuity. He was so skilled in his craft that he could accurately calculate how many bricks were needed for such a construction...

The imperial official, however, doubted the Master's ability and set a condition. If, they say, the Master makes a mistake by only one brick, he himself will install this brick on the tower in honor of the craftsman. And if the mistake amounts to two bricks, then let him blame his arrogance - severe punishment will follow...

A lot of stones and bricks were used for the construction. After all, in addition to the wall, watchtowers and gate towers also rose. There were about 25 thousand of them along the entire route. So, on one of these towers, which is located near the famous ancient Silk Road, you can see a brick, which, unlike the others, noticeably protrudes from the masonry. They say this is the same one that the Official promised to lay in honor of the skilled Master. Consequently, he escaped the promised punishment.

The Great Wall of China is the longest cemetery in the world

But even without any punishment, so many people died during the construction of the Wall that this place began to be called “the longest cemetery in the world.” The entire construction route was covered with the bones of the dead. In total, experts say, there are about half a million of them. The reason was poor working conditions.

According to legend, she tried to save one of these unfortunate people loving wife. She hurried to him with warm clothes for the winter. Having learned on the spot about the death of her husband, Meng - that was the woman’s name - began to cry bitterly, and from the profuse tears her part of the wall collapsed. And then the emperor himself intervened. Either he was afraid that the whole Wall would crawl from the woman’s tears, or he liked the widow, beautiful in her sadness, - in a word, he ordered to take her to his palace.

And she seemed to agree at first, but it turned out only in order to be able to bury her husband with dignity. And then faithful Meng committed suicide by throwing herself into a stormy stream... And how many more such deaths have happened? However, is there a record of victims when great state affairs are accomplished...

And there was no doubt that such a “fence” was an object of great national importance. According to historians, the wall not only protected the great “Celestial Middle Empire” from nomads, but rather guarded the Chinese themselves so that they would not flee from their dear fatherland... They say that the greatest Chinese traveler Xuanzang had to climb over the wall, stealthily, in the middle of the night, under a hail of arrows from the border guards...

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One of the most famous architectural structures in the world is the Great Wall of China. It attracts millions of tourists like a magnet. This large-scale fortification, erected in the northern part of China, is striking in its size:

the length of the continuous fortification is about 9 thousand km;
the length of the entire wall, taking into account individual sections, is 21,196 km;
maximum height – 10m;
minimum height – 6 m;
maximum width – 8 m;
minimum width – 5 m.

Since the 17th century, this architectural monument has been a symbol of China. But in last years many scientists express doubts that this largest fortification on the planet was actually built by the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire. So who built the Chinese Wall and what do the finds of archaeologists and historians say?

What caused doubts among scientists

Scientists from all over the world have shown interest in the Great Wall of China for many years. By studying ancient maps, historians have established that the fortified fortification was actually built on the border of China. But inexplicable is the fact that in some areas the walls of the loopholes in the wall are located towards the heavenly side. Then the question arises: why would the Chinese build a wall from which it is convenient to shell the territory of their state?

It is worth noting that there is another part of the fortification. On it, the loopholes are located on the side behind which the expanses of another state began. But this part was reconstructed, and reliable information about what the wall looked like before the restoration work could not be found. In addition, research on China's main architectural monument is not encouraged by the country's government, making it quite difficult for scientists to conduct research.

New version about the construction of the Great Wall of China

Today, scientists put forward a version according to which the construction of the Great Wall of China was carried out by residents ancient state Tartary. Artifacts found by archaeologists prove that people who are genetically similar to the Slavs lived on its territory. In ancient Chinese manuscripts they are described as white gods. Archaeological finds also showed that the development of the people of Tartary was quite high level, which made it possible to build such a massive fortification.

Interesting discoveries were made by scientists who examined objects found on the territory that belonged to Tartaria. On the vases discovered during excavations, symbols were found that are very similar to the letters of the Old Russian alphabet. Based on this discovery, historians suggest that Russians lived next door to China. True, reliable information about when and why these lands were abandoned by them has not yet been found.

Reasons why the Great Wall of China was built

Historians who have studied ancient records and maps claim that a bloody war continued for a long time between the inhabitants of Tartary and China. Over many years of fighting, a huge number of people died. But the warring parties managed to reach a peace agreement, after which the inhabitants of Tartary began to build a massive fortress wall.

Some scientists put forward a hypothesis that claims that the ancient Slavs still managed to defeat the Chinese. They refer to ancient records found that contain such information. Many historians claim that the reflection of that battle is on the coat of arms of the Russian capital, in which St. George slays a dragon with his spear. As you know, the symbol of China is the dragon. Based on this information, scientists concluded that the coat of arms shows how the Russian people defeated the Chinese.

Origin of the name of the state

Historians also put forward new version origin of the country's name. In Old Russian, the word ky meant wall, and the word tai meant peak. Consequently, the territories in which the dragon people lived, located behind the wall, were called China. It is worth clarifying that for now this is only a hypothesis. No documentary evidence has yet been found for this version.

Existing version of origin

In the 3rd century BC. China was a prosperous empire. Many of its settlements began to develop rapidly, turning into major centers trade. This attracted the attention of the ancient Xiongnu nomads, who made constant raids on the rich lands of the Celestial Empire. Many kingdoms that were part of the Chinese Empire began to build fortifications at that time. About a million people were collected for the construction of fortified walls. The construction of massive fortifications was mainly carried out by soldiers and slaves.

A huge contribution to the construction of the Great Wall of China was made by the emperors of the Qin dynasty. Individual sections of the fortification were built on and strengthened. They also began to build additional connecting sections between them. Thanks to this approach, the wall soon became a reliable border with neighboring countries. But dissatisfaction with the constant mobilization for construction work began to brew among Chinese residents. There were riots in many cities in the Middle Kingdom, which led to the fall of the Qin Dynasty.

Completion of construction

Almost every dynasty of emperors of the Celestial Empire was engaged in the construction of the Chinese Wall. Fortress structures extended further and further along the state border. The completion of the construction of fortifications dates back to the 17th century. Construction was completed by the Ming Dynasty. The sections of the wall erected at that time have survived to this day in excellent condition.

But the built fortifications did not help the Chinese Empire cope with its enemies. Nomadic tribes constantly made their way through the wall into the territory of the Celestial Empire, plundering settlements. There is an assumption that even the guards, constantly present on the wall, often let enemies through, receiving a substantial reward for this.

So who built the Great Wall of China?

So far, scientists have not been able to provide convincing evidence for their hypothesis that the Chinese Wall was built by Slavic peoples. In the overwhelming majority, the version is confirmed only by assumptions, which are not enough for it to be recognized by the world scientific community. Until the contrary is proven, the people who built this majestic architectural monument remain the Chinese.

Video

Who built the wall and why?

Since articles on the topic “Is the history being presented to us the right one?” have begun to appear here with noticeable regularity, I consider it necessary to speculate on the topic of who built the Great Wall of China.

The Chinese are very proud of the Great Wall of China and will be happy to tell and show you this landmark. Only bad luck, they will only show that part, a small branch, which has recently been restored, but all other parts of the wall have been destroyed almost to the foundation or are in the process of destruction, but the Chinese will keep silent about it.

A wall destroyed by time in Longkou County

Remains of a destroyed wall.

Section of the Wall west of Yinchuan Urban District

180 km north of Beijing. Unlike most other areas around the capital that have been restored for tourism, this part of the Wall, built around 1368, has been left in its original condition.

Many scientists are skeptical about the myth about the wall, that it has been in this form for 2000 years and they are right, the wall has long crumbled, and for tourists it is just a reconstruction.

Tourist part

According to the official historical version, the Great Wall began to be built in the 3rd century BC in order to protect the country from attacks by nomadic peoples.

But the fact is that the name Great Wall of China refers to at least three projects built in different historical eras. The wall is not homogeneous, all these three projects that make it up are scattered at different distances from each other and have many branches, adding up to a total length different parts The walls are at least 13 thousand km long.

And no one is embarrassed that between these three projects there are huge gaps through which the nomads, from whose raids, according to official history and the wall was being built, they could easily enter and exit China without paying any attention to any walls there.

So the Chinese excuse about nomads and barbarians does not find proper confirmation.

At the time of the construction of these walls, China did not have the required amount of military forces; it was unrealistic not only to defend itself, but also to simply control the entire wall along its entire length.

And here is another confirmation that the wall was most likely built for any, perhaps even fantastic, purpose, but not for defense: if you look closely, you can see that the wall branches, forming some completely meaningless loops and branches. Moreover, it was not built in a straight line, but along some kind of winding trajectory. And the features of the relief have nothing to do with it, because even in flat areas the wall “winds”. How can such construction be explained?

restored part of the wall

Restored wall fragment

So it turns out that there are many hypotheses and guesses surrounding the construction of the Chinese wall. Now I will tell you about some of them.

Or maybe it wasn’t the Chinese who built it?

In 2006, the President of the Academy of Basic Sciences, Andrei Aleksandrovich Tyunyaev, in his article “The Great Wall of China was built... not by the Chinese!” put forward the assumption that it is the creation not of the Chinese, but of their northern neighbors. Let's return to the story about Tartary, by following the link you can see that until the middle of the 18th century, the current northern part of China was part of Tartary, or more precisely, it belonged to the Slavs living in this territory. Please note that the border of Tartaria ends exactly at the place where the Chinese wall is located. To prove this, I provide you with a map below, on which not only is there a border between China and Tartaria, but the wall itself is also shown (the map can be enlarged).

It turns out that the Chinese appropriated the achievement of another civilization and changed the purpose of the wall in history: initially the wall was a defense of the north from the Chinese, and not vice versa as they now say. Proof of this can be seen in the loopholes, which are directed towards China, and not towards the north. China couldn’t build a wall and direct the loopholes onto its own territory - it’s not logical. Ancient loopholes aimed at China can be seen in ancient Chinese drawings, in old photographs and on the wall itself, but only in parts that are not modernized and not intended for tourists. According to Tyunyaev, the last sections of the Great Wall of China were built similarly to Russian fortifications, the main task of which was protection from the impact of guns. The construction of such fortifications began no earlier than the 15th century, when cannons became widespread on the battlefields.

To prove his hypothesis, Tyunyaev cites the following facts.

The architectural style of the Great Wall of China very clearly showed the handwriting of its creator. The same features of the elements of walls and towers can only be found in the architecture of ancient Russian defensive structures in the central regions of Russia.

For example, compare two towers - from the Chinese Wall and from the Novgorod Kremlin. The shape of the towers is the same: a rectangle, slightly narrowed at the top. From the wall there is an entrance leading into both towers, covered with a round arch made of the same brick as the wall with the tower.

Novgorod Kremlin

Round arch in the Chinese Wall

Each of the towers has two upper “working” floors. On the first floor of both towers there are round-arched windows. The number of windows on the first floor of both towers is 3 on one side and 4 on the other. The height of the windows is approximately the same - about 130–160 centimeters.

There are loopholes on the top (second) floor. They are made in the form of rectangular narrow grooves approximately 35–45 cm wide. The number of such loopholes in the Chinese tower is 3 deep and 4 wide, and in the Novgorod one - 4 deep and 5 wide.

On the top floor of the “Chinese” tower there are square holes along its very edge. There are similar holes in the Novgorod tower, and the ends of the rafters sticking out of them, on which the wooden roof is supported.

The situation is the same in comparing the Chinese tower and the tower of the Tula Kremlin. The Chinese and Tula towers have the same number of loopholes in width - there are 4 of them. And the same number of arched openings - 4 each. On the upper floor between the large loopholes there are small ones - in the Chinese and in the Tula towers. The shape of the towers is still the same. The Tula tower, like the Chinese one, uses white stone. The vaults are made in the same way: at the Tula one there are gates, at the “Chinese” one there are entrances.

Tula Kremlin

For comparison, you can also use the Russian towers of the Nikolsky Gate (Smolensk) and the northern fortress wall of the Nikitsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky, 16th century), as well as the tower in Suzdal (mid-17th century). Conclusion: the design features of the towers of the Chinese Wall reveal almost exact analogies among the towers of Russian Kremlins.

Nikolskie Gate, Smolensk

Moreover, the fact that quite recently Chinese archaeologists found ancient Slavic burials in the north, almost near the wall itself, may confirm that the construction of the wall was most likely done by the inhabitants of the north, and not by the Chinese.

Second hypothesis. Why was the wall built?

A. Galanin, a famous botanist, suggested that the wall was built not only for the purpose of defense. This researcher believes that the Great Wall of China was built to protect against sandstorms deserts Ala Shan and Ordos. He noticed that on the map compiled at the beginning of the twentieth century by the Russian traveler P. Kozlov, one can see how the Wall runs along the border of shifting sands, and in some places it has significant branches. But it was near the deserts that researchers and archaeologists discovered several parallel walls. Galanin explains this phenomenon very simply: when one wall was covered with sand, another was built. The researcher does not deny the military purpose of the Wall in its eastern part, but West Side The walls, in his opinion, served the function of protecting agricultural areas from natural disasters.

This hypothesis can also explain the presence of a wall on the territory of Mongolia and most recently found by British researchers.

There are other hypotheses for building the wall, some are even very fantastic and are still hard to believe. But who knows where exactly the truth is hidden. For now, I have limited myself to only these two hypotheses and will be glad if you express your point of view.

Destroyed parts of the Great Wall of China.

Original taken from nordsky V

Original taken from blogmaster The Great Wall of China was not built by the Chinese

The Great Wall of China is the largest architectural monument of mankind. The Great Wall runs across China for 8.8 thousand km (including branches). According to the official version, the construction of a large-scale fortification began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the Qin Dynasty, during the reign of the emperor of the first centralized Chinese state, Qin Shi Huang. The fortifications were supposed to protect the emperor’s subjects from the invasion of “northern barbarians” and serve as a base for the expansion of the Chinese themselves. Most of the sections of the Great Wall that have survived to this day were built mainly during the Ming Dynasty in 1368-1644. Besides, latest research revealed the fact that the earliest sites date back to the 5th century BC. e.

Almost six years ago, on November 7, 2006, an article by V.I. was published in the journal Organizmica. Semeyko “The Great Wall of China was built... not by the Chinese! “, in which the President of the Academy of Basic Sciences, Andrei Aleksandrovich Tyunyaev, expressed his thoughts about the non-Chinese origin of the “Chinese” wall:

- As you know, to the north of the territory of modern China there was another, much more ancient civilization. This has been repeatedly confirmed by archaeological discoveries made in particular in the territory Eastern Siberia. The impressive evidence of this civilization, comparable to Arkaim in the Urals, not only has not yet been studied and comprehended by world historical science, but has not even received proper assessment in Russia itself. As for the so-called “Chinese” wall, it is not entirely legitimate to talk about it as an achievement of ancient Chinese civilization. Here, to confirm our scientific correctness, it is enough to cite only one fact. THE LOOPS on a significant part of the wall ARE NOT DIRECTED TO THE NORTH, BUT TO THE SOUTH! And this is clearly visible not only in the most ancient, unreconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and works of Chinese drawing.

It was also suggested that in fact the “Chinese” wall was built for defense against the Chinese, who subsequently simply appropriated the achievements of other ancient civilizations.

After the publication of this article, its data was used by many media outlets. In particular, on November 22, 2006, Ivan Koltsov published the article “History of the Fatherland. Rus' began in Siberia,” in which he spoke about the discovery made by researchers from the Academy of Basic Sciences. After this, interest in reality in relation to the “Chinese” wall grew significantly.

The “Chinese” wall is made similarly to European and Russian medieval walls, the main direction of action of which is protection from firearms. The construction of such structures began no earlier than the 15th century, when cannons and other siege weapons appeared on the battlefields. Before the 15th century, naturally, the so-called “northern nomads” did not have guns.

From the experience of constructing structures of this kind it follows: the “Chinese” wall was built as a military-defensive structure marking the border between two countries - China and Russia, after an agreement was reached on this border. And this can be confirmed by a map of the time when the border between Russia and China passed along the “Chinese” wall.

Today, the “Chinese” wall is located inside China and demonstrates the illegality of the presence of Chinese citizens in the territories located north of the wall.

The name of the "Chinese" wall

An 18th-century map of Asia produced by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam shows two geographical formations: from the north - Tartarie, from the south - China (Chine), the northern border of which runs approximately along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along "Chinese" wall. On this map, the wall is marked with a bold line and signed “Muraille de la Chine”, now often translated from French as “Chinese Wall”. However, literally we have the following: muraille “wall” in a nominal construction with the preposition de (noun + preposition de + noun) la Chine expresses the object and its accessory, that is, “the wall of China”.

But in other variants of the same construction we find different meanings of the phrase “Muraille de la Chine”. For example, if it denotes an object and its name, then we get the “wall of China” (similar, for example, to place de la Concorde - Place de la Concorde), that is, a wall built not by China, but named in its honor - the reason for its formation was the presence of a nearby wall of China. A clarification of this position is found in another version of the same construction, that is, if “Muraille de la Chine” denotes the action and the object to which it is directed, then it means “the wall (from) China.” We get the same thing with another translation option for the same construction - the object and its location (similarly, appartement de la rue de Grenelle - apartment on Grenelle Street), that is, “a wall (in the neighborhood) of China.” The cause-and-effect construction allows us to translate the phrase “Muraille de la Chine” literally as “wall from China” (similarly, for example, rouge de fièvre - red with heat, pâle de colère - pale with anger).

Compare, in an apartment or in a house we call the wall that separates us from our neighbors the neighbor’s wall, and the wall that separates us from the outside the outer wall. We have the same thing when naming borders: Finnish border, “on the Chinese border,” “on the Lithuanian border.” And all these borders were built not by the states after which they are named, but by the state (Russia) that defends itself from the named states. In this case, the adjectives indicate only geographical location Russian borders.

Thus, the phrase “Muraille de la Chine” should be translated as “wall from China”, “wall delimiting from China”.

Images of the "Chinese" wall on maps

Cartographers of the 18th century depicted on maps only those objects that were related to the political delimitation of countries. On the mentioned map of Asia from the 18th century, the border between Tartarie and China runs along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along the “Chinese” wall. On the 1754 map “Carte de l'Asie” the “Chinese” wall also runs along the border between Great Tartary and China. In the academic 10-volume World History presents a map of the Qing Empire of the second half of the 17th - 18th centuries, which depicts in detail the “Chinese” wall, running exactly along the border between Russia and China.

Time of construction of the "Chinese" wall

According to Chinese scientists, the construction of the Great Wall of China began in 246 BC. Emperor Chi Hoang Ti. The height of the wall is from 6 to 7 meters.

Rice. Sections of the "Chinese" wall built in different time(data from Chinese researchers).

L.N. Gumilyov wrote: “ The wall stretches for 4 thousand km. Its height reached 10 meters, and every 60 - 100 meters there were watchtowers" The purpose of its construction is protection from northern nomads. However, the wall was built only by 1620 AD, that is, after 1866 years, clearly overdue for the purpose stated at the start of construction.

It is known from European experience that ancient walls, more than several hundred years old, are not repaired, but rebuilt - due to the fact that both the materials and the building itself become tired over a longer period of time and simply fall apart. Thus, many military fortifications in Rus' were rebuilt in the 16th century. But representatives of China continue to claim that the “Chinese” wall was built exactly 2000 years ago and now appears before us in its original form.

L.N. Gumilev also wrote:

“When the work was completed, it turned out that all of China’s armed forces were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall. In fact, if you place a small detachment on each tower, the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and send help. If large detachments are spaced out less frequently, gaps will form through which the enemy can easily and unnoticed penetrate deep into the country. A fortress without defenders is not a fortress.”

But let's use Chinese dating and see who built and against whom different areas walls.

Early Iron Age

It is extremely interesting to trace the stages of construction of the “Chinese” wall, based on data from Chinese scientists. It is clear from them that the Chinese scientists who call the wall “Chinese” are not very concerned about the fact that the Chinese people themselves did not take any part in its construction: every time another section of the wall was built, the Chinese state was far from the construction sites.

So, the first and main part of the wall was built in the period from 445 BC. to 222 BC It runs along 41° - 42° northern latitude and at the same time along some sections of the river. Yellow River.

At this time, naturally, there were no Mongol-Tatars. Moreover, the first unification of peoples within China took place only in 221 BC. under the kingdom of Qin. And before that there was the Zhanguo period (5th - 3rd centuries BC), in which eight states existed on Chinese territory. Only in the middle of the 4th century. BC. The Qin began to fight against other kingdoms and by 221 BC. e. conquered some of them.

Rice. Sections of the “Chinese” wall at the beginning of the creation of the Qin state (by 222 BC).

The figure shows that the western and northern border of the Qin state by 221 BC. began to coincide with that section of the “Chinese” wall, which began to be built back in 445 BC. and was built precisely in 222 BC.

Rice. Sections of the “Chinese” wall in the first five years of the Qin state (221 - 206 BC).

Thus, we see that this section of the “Chinese” wall was built not by the Chinese of the Qin state, but by its northern neighbors, but precisely from the Chinese spreading to the north. In just 5 years - from 221 to 206. BC. - a wall was built along the entire border of the Qin state, which stopped the spread of its subjects to the north and west. In addition, at the same time, 100 - 200 km west and north of the first, a second line of defense against Qin was built - the second “Chinese” wall of this period.

Rice. Sections of the "Chinese" Wall during the Han era (206 BC - 220 AD).

The next period of construction covers the time from 206 BC. to 220 AD During this period, sections of the wall were built, located 500 km west and 100 km north of the previous ones.

Early Middle Ages

In 386 - 535 17 non-Chinese kingdoms that existed in northern China united into one state - Northern Wei.

Through their efforts, and precisely during this period, the next part of the wall was erected (386 - 576), one part of which was built along the previous section (probably destroyed over time), and the second part - 50 - 100 km to the south - along the border with China.

Advanced Middle Ages

In the period from 618 to 907. China was ruled by the Tang dynasty, which did not mark itself with victories over its northern neighbors.

Rice. Sections of the “Chinese” wall, built at the beginning of the Tang dynasty.

In the next period, from 960 to 1279. The Song Empire established itself in China. At this time, China lost dominance over its vassals in the west, in the northeast (on the Korean Peninsula) and in the south - in northern Vietnam. The Song Empire lost a significant part of the territories of the Chinese proper in the north and northwest, which went to the Khitan state of Liao (part of the modern provinces of Hebei and Shanxi), the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia (part of the territories of the modern province of Shaanxi, the entire territory of the modern province of Gansu and Ningxia-Hui autonomous region).

Rice. Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Song Dynasty.

In 1125, the border between the non-Chinese Jurchen kingdom and China ran along the river. Huaihe is 500 - 700 km south of the site where the wall was built. And in 1141, a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Chinese Song Empire recognized itself as a vassal of the non-Chinese state of Jin, pledging to pay it a large tribute.

However, for now China itself huddled south of the river. Hunahe, 2100 - 2500 km north of its borders, another section of the “Chinese” wall was erected. This part of the wall, built from 1066 to 1234, runs through Russian territory north of the village of Borzya next to the river. Argun. At the same time, 1500 - 2000 km north of China, another section of the wall was built, located along the Greater Khingan.

Late Middle Ages

The next section of the wall was built between 1366 and 1644. It runs along the 40th parallel from Andong (40°), just north of Beijing (40°), through Yinchuan (39°) to Dunhuang and Anxi (40°) in the west. This section of the wall is the last, southernmost and the most deeply penetrating into Chinese territory.

Rice. Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Ming dynasty.

China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) at this time. At the beginning of the 15th century, this dynasty pursued not a defensive policy, but external expansion. For example, in 1407, Chinese troops captured Vietnam, that is, territories located outside the eastern section of the “Chinese” wall, built in 1368 - 1644. In 1618, Russia managed to agree with China on the border (mission of I. Petlin).

During the construction of this section of the wall to Russian territories included the entire Amur region. By the middle of the 17th century, Russian fortresses (Albazinsky, Kumarsky, etc.), peasant settlements and arable lands already existed on both banks of the Amur. In 1656, the Daurian (later Albazinsky) voivodeship was formed, which included the valley of the Upper and Middle Amur on both banks.

On the Chinese side, the Qing dynasty began to rule in China in 1644. In the 17th century, the border of the Qing Empire ran just north of the Liaodong Peninsula, that is, exactly along this section of the “Chinese” wall (1366 - 1644).

In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire attempted military force capture Russian possessions in the Amur basin. Christians also supported China. China demanded not only the entire Amur region, but all the lands east of the Lena. As a result, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Russia was forced to cede its possessions along the right bank of the river to the Qing Empire. Argun and on parts of the left and right banks of the Amur.

Thus, during the construction of the last section of the “Chinese” wall (1368 - 1644), it was the Chinese side (Ming and Qing) that waged wars of conquest against Russian lands. Therefore, Russia was forced to wage defensive border wars with China (see S.M. Solovyov, “History of Russia since ancient times,” volume 12, chapter 5).

The “Chinese” wall, built by the Russians in 1644, ran exactly along the Russian border with Qing China. In the 1650s, Qing China invaded Russian lands to a depth of 1,500 km, which was secured by the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties.

conclusions

From the above we can formulate the following conclusions:

The name "Chinese" wall means "wall demarcating from China" (similar to the Chinese border, Finnish border, etc.).
At the same time, the origin of the word “China” itself comes from the Russian “whale” - a string of poles that were used in the construction of fortifications; Thus, the name of the Moscow district “China City” was given in a similar way back in the 16th century (that is, before the official knowledge of China), the building itself consisted of a stone wall with 13 towers and 6 gates;
The construction time of the “Chinese” wall is divided into several stages, in which:
- The non-Chinese began building the first section in 445 BC, and having built it by 221 BC, they stopped the advance of the Qin Chinese to the north and west;
- The second section was built by non-Chinese from Northern Wei between 386 and 576;
- The third section was built by non-Chinese between 1066 and 1234. two rapids: one at 2100 - 2500 km, and the second at 1500 - 2000 km north of the borders of China, passing at that time along the river. Yellow River;
- The fourth and final section was built by the Russians between 1366 and 1644. along the 40th parallel - the southernmost section - it represented the border between Russia and China of the Qing Dynasty.
In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire captured Russian possessions in the Amur basin. The “Chinese” wall ended up inside Chinese territory.
All of the above is confirmed by the fact that the loopholes of the “Chinese” wall face the south - that is, the Chinese.
The “Chinese” wall was built by Russian settlers on the Amur and in Northern China to protect against the Chinese.

Old Russian style in the architecture of the Chinese Wall

In 2008, at the First International Congress “Pre-Cyrillic Slavic Literature and Pre-Christian Slavic Culture” in Leningrad state university named after A.S. Pushkin (St. Petersburg) a report was made “China - the younger brother of Rus'”, in which fragments of Neolithic ceramics from the territory of the eastern part of Northern China were presented. It turned out that the signs depicted on the ceramics have nothing in common with the Chinese “hieroglyphs”, but show an almost complete coincidence with the ancient Russian runic - up to 80% [ Tyunyaev, 2008].

In another article - “In the Neolithic, Northern China was inhabited by Russians” - based on the latest archaeological data, it is shown that in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, the population of the western part of Northern China was not Mongoloid, but Caucasian. These geneticists made a clarification: this population was of Old Russian origin and had the Old Russian haplogroup R1a1 [ Tyunyaev, 2010a]. Mythological data says that the movements of the ancient Rus in the eastern direction were led by Bogumir and Slavunya and their son Scythian [ Tyunyaev, 2010]. These events are reflected in the Book of Veles, whose people in the 1st millennium BC. partially went west [ Tyunyaev, 2010b].

In the work “The Chinese Wall - the great barrier from the Chinese”, we came to the conclusion that all sections of the Chinese Wall were not built by the Chinese, since the Chinese were simply not present at the construction sites of the wall at the time of construction. In addition, the last section of the wall was most likely built by the Russians between 1366 and 1644. along the 40th parallel. This is the southernmost section. And it represented the official border between Russia and China under the control of the Qing dynasty. That is why the name “Chinese Wall” literally means “wall demarcating from China” and has the same meaning as “Chinese border”, “Finnish border”, etc.

Rice. 1. Sections of the “Chinese” wall, built during the reign of the Ming dynasty.

In 1644, the Manchu army captured Beijing, beginning the period of dominance of the Qing dynasty. In the 17th century, the border of the Qing Empire was located just north of the Liaodong Peninsula, that is, exactly along the section of the “Chinese” wall created in the 14-17 centuries. The Qing Empire came into conflict with Russia and tried to seize Russian possessions in the Amur River basin by military force. The Chinese demanded that not only the lands of the entire Amur region be transferred to them, but also the territories east of the Lena River. The Qing Empire was able to capture part of the Russian possessions in the Amur basin. As a result of the Chinese expansion of the so-called. The “Chinese” wall ended up inside the territory of modern China. Thus, it is clear that the Great Wall (often just a rampart) was not created by the Chinese, but by their northern opponents from the late Iron Age (5-3 centuries BC) until the time of the Qin Empire and Russia in the mid-17th century. It is clear that further large-scale studies are needed to confirm this fact. But it is already becoming more and more obvious that the modern historical myth, which has been drummed into our heads almost from the time of the cradle, has little in common with true history Russia and humanity. Since ancient times, the ancestors of the Russian people inhabited vast territories from Central Europe to the vast expanses of Siberia and the lands of modern Northern China.

In the article “Old Russian style in the architecture of the Chinese Wall,” Andrei Tyunyaev made several more noteworthy conclusions. Firstly, the towers of ancient Russian fortresses-kremlins and fortress walls, on the one hand, and the towers of the Great Wall (the last section of the wall, built during the Ming Empire) on the other, were created, if not in a single, then in a very similar architectural style. For example, the towers of European castles and fortress walls on the one hand and the fortifications of Rus' and the “Chinese” wall on the other are completely different. Secondly, on the territory of modern China two types of fortifications can be distinguished: “northern” and “southern”. The northern type of fortifications is designed for long-term defense; the towers provide maximum opportunities for fighting. It can be concluded that the battles on this line of fortifications were of a strategic nature and were fought between completely alien cultures. For example, it is known that the early Chinese kingdoms practiced mass sacrifice of captives. For the “northern barbarians,” surrender was an unacceptable step. The southern type of fortifications was of a tactical nature and, apparently, was built in lands long ago developed by Chinese civilization. Often, during conquests, only the ruling dynasty was replaced, the bulk of the population did not suffer. Therefore, fortifications can actually be decorative in nature, or designed for a short-term siege. Towers and walls of fortresses do not have a developed defensive combat system. Thus, the architecture of defensive structures confirms the presence of two powerful cultures on the territory of modern China: southern and northern. Northern civilization was in the lead for a long time, giving the south ruling dynasties, a military elite, and advanced achievements of spiritual and material culture. But in the end the South prevailed.

1. Features of medieval defensive towers

Hence the architectural style of the Chinese Wall, which imprinted with its striking features the handprints of its true builders. In the Middle Ages, we find elements of walls and towers similar to fragments of the Chinese Wall only in the architecture of ancient Russian defensive structures in the central regions of Russia.

In Fig. 1.1 shows two towers - from the Chinese Wall and from the Novgorod Kremlin. As can be seen from the comparison, the shape of the towers is the same: a rectangle, slightly narrowed at the top. From the wall there is an entrance leading into both towers, covered with a round arch made of the same brick as the wall with the tower. Each of the towers has two upper “working” floors. On the first floor of both towers there are round-arched windows. In the presented “Chinese” tower, the first floor is located on the same level as the entrance, so the place of one of the windows is occupied by the entrance opening. The number of windows on the first floor of both towers is 3 on one side and 4 on the other. The height of the windows is approximately the same - about 130 - 160 cm.

On the top, second floor there are loopholes . They are made in the form of rectangular narrow grooves, approximately 35 - 45 cm wide (judging by the photo). The number of such loopholes in the “Chinese” tower is 3 deep and 4 wide, and in the Novgorod one - 4 deep and 5 wide.

On the top floor of the “Chinese” tower, along its very edge there are square holes. There are the same holes in the Novgorod tower, and the ends stick out of them rafters , on which the wooden roof rests. This type of roof and rafter design is still common today.

In Fig. 1.2 shows the same “Chinese” tower. But there is another tower of the Novgorod Kremlin, which on the top floor has 3 loopholes in depth, like the “Chinese” one, but 5 loopholes in width (the “Chinese” one has 4). The arched openings of the lower floors are almost identical.

In Fig. 1.3 on the left is the same “Chinese” tower, and on the right is the tower of the Tula Kremlin. Now the “Chinese” and Tula towers have the same number of loopholes in width - there are 4 of them. And the same number of arched openings - 4 each. On the upper floor between the large loopholes there are small ones - both the “Chinese” and the Tula towers. The shape of the towers is still the same. In the Tula tower, as in the “Chinese” one, white stone was used. The vaults are made in the same way: at the Tula one there are gates, at the “Chinese” one there are entrances.

In Fig. 1.4 shows two more towers - on the left is the “Chinese” one (photo from 1907) and on the right is the Novgorod Kremlin. The design features are the same as above. At the “Chinese” tower, two fragments protrude from the wall between floors; perhaps these are logs on which the ceiling between floors is built (similar to the rafters that we mentioned above). The tower of the Novgorod Kremlin, among other things, has a protruding brick belt. It is similar to the same belt in the “Chinese” towers, but is located one floor lower.

The same photograph from 1907 shows another tower (see Fig. 1.5). It has only a floor with arched openings - 3 openings on each side. The tower of the Zaraisk Kremlin also has only a floor with arched openings (4 on each side). In Fig. 1.6 shows “Chinese” towers with different features, in Fig. 1.7 presents Russian analogues.

Rice. 1.7. Russian towers: on the left - Nikolsky Gate (Smolensk, photo Pogudin-Gorsky); in the center - the northern fortress wall of the Nikitsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky, 16th century); on the right is a tower in Suzdal (mid-17th century).

As can be seen from the presented materials, the design features of the towers of the Chinese Wall reveal almost exact analogies among the towers of Russian Kremlins.

2. Comparison of architectural features of medieval towers in Europe, Asia and the Chinese Wall

Some researchers argue that, in terms of their architectural features, the towers of the Chinese Wall are more similar to the towers of European defensive structures. For comparison, here are a few photographs of towers from different countries Europe and Asia.

In Fig. Figure 2.1 shows two fortress walls - the Spanish city of Avila and the Chinese city of Beijing. As you can see, they are similar to each other. Especially in the fact that the towers are located very often and have practically no architectural adaptations for military needs. The Beijing towers are especially primitive. They only have an upper deck with loopholes. Moreover, the Beijing towers are laid out at the same height as the rest of the wall. Neither the Spanish nor the Beijing towers show such a high similarity with the towers of the Chinese Wall, as do the towers of Russian kremlins and fortress walls.

Shown in Fig. 2.2 variants of the towers of European fortress walls clearly show that the architectural tradition of defensive structures in Europe was very different from the tradition of construction of both ancient Russian fortifications (kremlins) and the Chinese Wall. European towers and walls are much thinner; the towers are practically blank and are not suitable for access from their territory. a large number of armed people were under active fire.

Rice. 2.3. Asian towers (from left to right): Liaoyang Tower (China); Ark fortress wall; fortress wall and tower (Baku); tower and fortification wall of the Red Fort (Delhi).

In Fig. 2.3 presents options for Asian towers. None of them have anything in common with the towers of the Chinese Wall, not even the Chinese one - the Liaoyang Tower.

All presented options for fortress towers can be divided into two large streams and the following conclusions can be drawn:

The first stream is the towers of ancient Russian kremlins and fortress walls on one side and the towers of the Chinese Wall on the other. The towers of this stream are made, if not in a single, then in an almost identical architectural tradition.
The second stream is the towers of European castles and fortress walls on one side and the towers of eastern defensive structures. The towers of this stream also show some similarities with each other, but are absolutely different from both the ancient Russian fortress towers and the towers of the Chinese Wall.
The differences between the architectural features of the towers of these two streams are so distinct that they allow us to speak about the existence of two traditions: let’s call them conventionally “northern” and “southern”.
The northern tradition of building fortress towers indicates that these towers, like structures in general, were built with the expectation of waging long defensive battles, in which architectural features towers provided the defenders with maximum opportunities for combat. The structure of these structures also suggests that the clashes at this barrier were of a strategic nature and took place between two populations of purely unrelated human species, when the conclusion of a tactical peace was impossible due to the subsequent complete extermination of the defenders by the attackers.
Southern tradition says more that southern defensive structures were of tactical importance and were located inside territories inhabited by the same type of person, and only separated the possessions of one nobleman from the possessions of another. When captured, the civilian population did not always suffer at the hands of the conquerors, therefore, as we know from history, there were frequent surrenders of fortresses without a fight and without serious consequences. Therefore, most of the southern towers and walls have a tactical purpose or even a semi-decorative one (such as a fence). The towers and walls of such fortresses do not have a developed structure for conducting defensive battles. Even with a large thickness and height of the walls, such as the Beijing city wall, its purpose in defensive terms is rather more passive.
A comparison of these two streams may indicate that there were two massive civilizations of antiquity: northern and southern. The Kremlins and the Chinese Wall were built by the northern civilization. The fact that the walls of the structures of the northern civilization are better suited for combat indicates that in most cases the aggressors were representatives of the southern civilization.

Literature:

Solovyov, 1879. Solovyov S.M., History of Russia since ancient times, volume 12, chapter 5. 1851 - 1879.
Tyunyaev, 2008.
Tyunyaev, 2010. Tyunyaev A.A. Ancient Rus', Svarog and Svarog’s grandchildren // Studies of ancient Russian mythology. - M.: 2010.
Tyunyaev, 2010a. Tyunyaev. In the Neolithic, Northern China was inhabited by Russians.
Tyunyaev, 2010b. About the journey of the people of VK.

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