Sandy efa - description, where it lives, features. Sandy Efa - Echis carinatus Schneid Sandy Efa
In India it is called “wound”, in Afghanistan and Pakistan - “Pashto”, in Uzbekistan - “boiling snake”. But, regardless of the name, sand epha (lat. Echis carinatus) causes fear wherever she appears. Its bite is fatal for every fifth person, and those who managed to survive cannot be called “lucky”: the venom of epha leads to kidney problems that bother the victim for the rest of his life.
This poisonous snake is found in Central Asia and North Africa. The Central Asian Efa (lat. Echis carinatus multisquamatus) is a subspecies of sand ephas, which is sometimes considered as separate species. Prefers lumpy sands with saxaul thickets, river cliffs and abandoned dwellings.
But he doesn’t like to get close to human habitation. It attacks only when the person himself disturbs it. Protecting himself and his offspring, he acts with lightning speed, putting all his strength and rage into the throw. By the way, she can jump to a height of up to half her body, so it is not recommended to approach her closer than 2-3 meters.
The sand faff warns the enemy of its attack not by hissing, but by a loud rustling sound, which it makes when the jagged side scales rub. The sound itself resembles the crackling of hot oil in a frying pan, for which it was nicknamed the “boiling” or “noisy” snake.
The method of movement of the sand faff is also interesting. She moves sideways, first throwing her head to the side, then moving the back of her body sideways and slightly forward, and finally pulling up the rest of her body. This makes it much easier for her to find support on unstable sandy soil. After such movement, separate oblique strips with hooked ends remain on the sand.
The sand faff moves quite quickly. In general, this is a nimble and active reptile that does not like to lie on a stone for a long time, like its other relatives. It is because of this that its diet includes mobile and small desert inhabitants: small rodents, frogs, lizards, toads and small snakes of other species. Young people are content with scolopedras, scorpions, locusts and very small lizards.
The sand epha hunts both during the day and at night. In the heat it hides, crawling out of its hiding places only at sunset. During the rest of the year, it prefers to look for prey during daylight hours. It may not hibernate if the winters are warm enough. In this case, mating begins in January, and young snakes are born in March. If winters are cold, then the breeding season shifts by a couple of months.
It is curious that this snake does not lay eggs, but immediately gives birth to from 3 to 16 snakes, 10-16 cm long. The sand epha shows itself to be a caring mother, so it will bite anyone who dares to approach its brood.
Young snakes grow quickly, reaching a length of 50-60 cm (maximum 75 cm) by adulthood. Moreover, males are slightly larger than females. The body of adult snakes of both sexes is golden-sandy in color with large white spots along the entire length. A zigzag pattern is clearly visible on the side of the body. The bottom is light yellow, and the head is decorated with a kind of cross. Probably to remind you: stay away from me!
We present to you the top 10 the most poisonous snakes on the planet. Snakes can be found anywhere, from the forests and steppes of Russia to Australian deserts and African tropics. According to statistics, snake bites cause about 125 thousand deaths per year worldwide.
The good news: The chances of dying from a snakebite are tiny compared to the risk of dying from cancer, heart disease, or a car accident. Bad news: Being bitten by a snake is a very painful way to die. Those lucky enough to survive described various horrific symptoms, such as the inability to breathe normally, numbness in their limbs and failure of various organs. And although doctors have developed many antidotes, the cure still needs to be obtained. However, even the most poisonous snake in the world does not sleep at all and sees how to bite a person. Usually these creatures want to be left alone. And it is better to fulfill this desire if you value your life.
10. Kaisaka, also known as labaria (Bothrops atrox) – lethal dose of poison 50 mg
Due to the yellow color of the chin, this representative of the pit viper family is also called the “yellow beard.” Kaisaka is an aggressive creature that often crawls into human habitation. Found in Central America and tropical South America. The venom of this snake acts very quickly and is fatal within a few minutes. Workers in coffee and banana plantations often become victims of labaria.
9. Black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) – 10-15 mg
The snake, sometimes called the "black mouth", also known as the black mamba, inhabits the savannas and woodlands of tropical Africa and can often be found near termite mounds. The body color varies from gray to dark brown, and the reptile's name comes from the black mouth cavity, this can be seen in the photo of the attacking mamba. Black Mamba - fast snake, which has an extremely powerful poison containing a toxic mixture of neurotoxin and cardiotoxin. It kills most victims, including humans, within 20 minutes. Despite its aggressive reputation, the mamba does not rush at a person first and attacks only when it is cornered or taken by surprise. The mamba is also the longest species of venomous snake in Africa and the second longest in the world.
8. Boomslang (Dispholidus typus) – lethal dose 10-12 mg
The most beautiful snake from the colubrid family lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and hunts by expanding the front part of its body. Usually it hangs motionless on a tree or bush, imitating a branch with its shape. For this it was named by the Dutch settlers “ tree snake"(boom - tree, slang - snake). Boomslang injects poison when chewing its victim, because its teeth are located almost in the middle of its mouth, and not at its beginning, like other representatives of the rating of the most poisonous snakes in the world. Its venom is dominated not by a neurotoxin, but by a hemotoxin, which causes the destruction of red blood cells. Boomslang is a very shy snake and thanks to its good eyesight is able to promptly avoid meeting a person. However, if you grab it, the bite is inevitable. This is how the famous herpentologist and zoologist Carl Paterson Schmidt died from a boomslang in 1957.
7. King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) – 7 mg
It is the longest venomous snake on Earth. Most individuals reach 3-4 meters in length, and there are also 5.6-meter giants. The queen snake's venom is so dangerous that it can kill an elephant in just a few hours. For a person, 15 minutes is enough. Fortunately for humans, the cobra prefers not to waste its main weapon and does not bite without warning. She can bite “idly”, without injecting poison or releasing a minimal amount of it.
Lives King Cobra V tropical forests South and Southeast Asia, and prefers to hunt rat snakes. She does not disdain poisonous “colleagues”.
6. Taipan (Oxyuranus) – 5 mg
In sixth place on the snake hit parade is the most dangerous snake in Australia and one of the most poisonous creatures on Earth. If you've ever heard the expression “be careful, you're dealing with a sensitive, excitable little bastard,” it perfectly describes the taipan. Any movement near this nervous reptile will most likely provoke an attack. The taipan's venom contains a neurotoxin that works by paralyzing the victim's muscles, which in turn stops breathing. Without an antidote, a taipan bite always ends in death. The person who has been bitten has approximately 30 minutes to get to the hospital.
5. Sandy epha (Echis carinatus) – 5 mg
About 5 mg of poison is enough to kill a person. This is perhaps the most dangerous and deadly snake on our list, as scientists believe that the sand epha has killed more people than other species of snakes combined. The poisonous reptile is so mobile and aggressive that it bites several times. Ephs are not afraid of people; they often crawl into homes, basements and utility rooms in search of food. Those who survive an epha attack may experience kidney problems due to blood coagulation defects.
4. Harlequin adder (Micrurus fulvius) – 4 mg
Mother Nature's brightly colored snake is found in the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico. This is the only snake in North America, laying eggs rather than giving birth to young. This poisonous beauty prefers not to attack people, but if he really has to, he attacks with lightning speed and without help, the death of the victim occurs within 20 hours. Therefore, it is better to admire him on video and never meet him in life.
3. Indian krait (Bungarus caeruleus) – 2.5 mg
These small reptiles and their relative, the ribbon krait (Bungarus multicinctus), are responsible for the deaths of thousands of people every year across South Asia. In their range from Pakistan to India and Sri Lanka, kraits often crawl into homes to hunt rodents and often bite people while they sleep. The bite of this snake causes paralysis of the facial muscles and sometimes the entire body. Death from respiratory failure can occur within 1 to 6 hours if antivenom is not administered.
2. Tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) – fatal dose 1.5 mg
It lives on the southern edge of Australia and nearby islands in the region. When this fierce, venomous predator prepares to strike, it bends its head and neck in the manner of Asian and African cobras. Tiger snakes are very aggressive and kill more people in Australia than any other snake on this continent.
1. Enhydrina schistosa – 1.5 mg
Although the question is which snake is the most poisonous is controversial, enhydrina is often considered to be the deadliest of all.
This reptile is known not only to be extremely poisonous, but also very aggressive. This species of sea snake is responsible for more than 50% of all sea snake attacks on humans and is responsible for about 90% of all deaths caused by sea snake bites.
Most sea snakes are poisonous, so if you see one in the water, swim away!
Fortunately, none of the top 10 most poisonous snakes are found in the Russian Federation. The most poisonous snake in Russia is the Viper, which is also one of the most common. The guaranteed toxic dose is 40-50 mg. The number of deaths is so small that scientists have not yet been able to determine a more accurate dosage.
Sand ephs are venomous snakes and are among the most dangerous reptiles on the planet. The epha's bite is fatal to humans. Also, one of the features of this type of snake is that they are not at all afraid to use their sharp and poisonous teeth against opponents who are many times larger.
The sand epha belongs to the order of scaly snakes (the viper family). The optimal living conditions for this reptile are a fairly arid climate, which is confirmed by its distribution area (African deserts and wastelands, southern regions of Asia).
Appearance
The climate features in the area in which the sand epha lives influenced not only its behavior, but also appearance. The main body colors of this very dangerous reptile are light, often with a characteristic golden tint. An intricate zigzag dark pattern stretches along the entire length of the snake, contrasting quite strongly with the light coloring of the snake. It should also be noted that the entire surface of snake skin is covered with scales, with a characteristic ribbed structure that helps this poisonous snake regulate temperature, which is important when living in arid climates.
Although the efa is a dangerous sand predator, this snake has rather modest dimensions; for example, the length of even the largest individuals does not exceed 800 mm. However, such small sizes are quite justified, which is explained by the fact that representatives of this species exist in conditions with rather limited natural resources.
Habitat
Ephas are quite active snakes that rarely stay in one place for a long time, so these reptiles are often found both in the open desert and in areas characterized by a predominance of rocky or steppe landscapes. Nevertheless, favorite place The habitat of this type of snake is dense vegetation and bush thickets, which allows the reptile to quickly hide from prying eyes. In addition, an area characterized by an abundance of vegetation is more attractive for efa as a feeding area.Who does the snake hunt?
Like most species of the viper family, the sand epha is, in fact, a born hunter, deftly obtaining the prey necessary for nutrition. The main diet of this reptile is insects, which are the easiest to catch. Larger inhabitants of the animal world are not so attractive to efa as prey, mainly due to the too modest size of the snake. However, this does not mean that efa is not capable of killing them - the venom of this creeping predator can kill an adult horse almost instantly. Therefore, if the efa hunts animals, then in this case its prey becomes a variety of small rodents.
Features of behavior
Efa, as mentioned above, is a fairly active snake that can hunt both during the day and at night, which, in fact, distinguishes this reptile from related species that prefer to share daily cycle for periods involving rest and hunting. At the same time, efa does not lose its activity even after a hearty meal.
Another feature of the efa is that this reptile does not hibernate, this is mainly explained climatic conditions the area in which this reptile lives and which actually do not affect the metabolism of the creeping reptile. However, if a sufficiently serious drop in temperature occurs, the snake will usually stop traveling and take refuge in some small crevice among the stones.
Reproduction
One of the remarkable features of such a reptile as the sand ephas is that this type the serpent gives birth living offspring. Start mating season– from mid-winter to early spring. The duration of gestation of future offspring is about 30 days, so young ephas are born by mid-spring. More than a dozen baby snakes are born at a time, which immediately after birth can not only move independently, but also search for the food they need to feed.Danger to humans
Efa is one of the most dangerous snakes on earth and, accordingly, its bite poses a huge threat to human life. Failure to provide professional medical care in a timely manner usually leads to fatal outcome. At the same time, the victim often experiences quite severe pain and suffering after a reptile bite, which is explained by the presence of toxins in the venom of epha that destroy blood cells.
Video: sand ephas (Echis carinatus)
Class: Reptilia = Reptiles
Subclass: Lepidosauria = Lepidosaurs, scaly lizards
Order: Squamata Oppel = Scaly
Suborder: Serpentes (Ophidia) Linnaeus = Snakes
Genus: Echis Merrem = (Sand) ephas
Species: Echis carinatus Schneid = Sand epha
Sandy Efa- Echis carinatus* Schneid* IN Lately an independent species living in the USSR, Echis multisquamatus, was identified.
Class Reptiles, or Reptiles - Reptilia Suborder Snakes - Ophidia, or Serpentes Viper Family - Viperidae
Ecology and biology. A small snake up to 80 cm long. The color varies, but the typical color of the body is grayish-sand with light zigzag stripes on the sides. Light transverse stripes are clearly visible along the top of the body. 
There is a characteristic light cross-shaped pattern on the head. With the help of small ribbed scales on the sides of the body, the efa produces a characteristic dry rustling sound. Another feature of the f-hole is the so-called “side passage”, traces of which are clearly visible in the sand.
It is found from the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to the Aral Sea, in Southern Uzbekistan and Southwestern Tajikistan. The habitats are very diverse: sands overgrown with saxaul, open forests, mountain slopes, river terraces, etc. In favorable conditions, the number of efa can be very high. From February to June there is a daytime service, and in the summer - night look life. 
They feed on mouse-like rodents, small birds, frogs, and sometimes other snakes. In July - August, females give birth to 3-15 cubs up to 16 cm long. Young ephs feed on invertebrates, including: centipedes, scorpions, locusts.
Efa is a very mobile snake, its throws are swift and therefore dangerous.
Picture of poisoning. Poisoning is accompanied by hemorrhagic edema, bleeding from the wound, nose, gums, extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages, foci of hemorrhage in internal organs, hematuria, shortness of breath, palpitations, muscle pain.
Chemical composition and the mechanism of action of the poison. The poison contains enzymes with proteolytic activity, as well as L-amino acid oxidase, phosphodiesterase, hyaluronidase, NGF, phospholipase A2. Among the proteinases and esterases, enzymes that hydrolyze casein, arginine esters, kininogenases and arylamidase have been characterized.
Toxicity (DL50) of whole venom for mice is 0.72 mg/kg with i.v. administration and 5.4 mg/kg with i.p. administration. In poisoned animals, there is a lack of coordination of movements, convulsions, and bleeding of mucous membranes. The poison causes necrosis of the renal cortex. The drop in blood pressure is explained by a decrease in peripheral resistance and the physiological effects of kinins released in the body. Disturbances in the blood coagulation system are dramatic. The most toxic (DL50 0.6 mg/kg) is the venom fraction that has a proteolytic effect and leads to coagulopathies. Venom enzymes cause direct activation of prothrombin, transforming it into thrombin. In addition, the poison inactivates antithrombin III. As a result, the resulting thrombin is not activated, but is only sorbed on fibrin. For these reasons, heparin therapy for DIC caused by epha poison is not advisable. Practical significance. Epha poison can be used as a diagnostic drug for diseases of the blood coagulation system, instead of expensive foreign ones. Used in the production of polyvalent anti-snake serum.....
Poisonous animals and plants of the USSR/B.N. Orlov, D.B. Gelashvili, A.K. Ibragimov. - M.: Higher. school, 1990. - 272 s.
In fact, these are not just stories. Of course, much of all the talk about this snake is exaggerated, but the truth is that its venom is indeed very toxic. Every year many die from ephas bites. The sand ephas ranks seventh among the twenty most dangerous snakes to humans. In Africa, more people die from its poison than from all other African snakes combined.
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Efa is a not very large snake, half the size of a cobra or viper, its length is about 70-80 cm. Males, on average, are slightly larger than females. But, despite its small size, by snake standards, the efu is very difficult not to notice. It is golden sandy in color. Large white spots appear throughout the body, with a light zigzag drawn on the side. The underside is light yellow, sometimes with brown dots arranged in the form of stripes, and on the head you can see a kind of cross.
Efa lives throughout northern Africa to Algeria, and in the south it is distributed to Abyssinia. In addition, it is found in Palestine, Arabia, Persia and the west of the Hindustan Peninsula. Lives in lumpy sands overgrown with saxaul, in clay deserts, thickets of bushes, on river cliffs and in ruins. In favorable conditions, efa can be very numerous. For example, in the valley of the Murgab River, over an area of about 1.5 km, snake catchers produced more than 2 thousand ef.
Efa - amazing snake. In many ways it differs from its cold-blooded counterparts. For example, ephas may not hibernate if the winter is not cold. They can mate in January. And by March, small snakes appear, while in other snakes they appear no earlier than June. Surprisingly, the efa does not lay eggs and gives birth to live snakes. The female brings from 3 to 16 young reptiles 10-16 cm long.
Despite the fact that the epha is one of the most poisonous snakes, it rarely attacks living creatures that are larger than a vole. Most often, its prey is centipedes, spiders, grasshoppers, and midges. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the efa is quite nimble and cannot, like many snakes, simply lie in the sun. But in order to digest big catch, you need to be at rest for a long time.
Efa is characterized by sideways movement. She throws her head to the side, then brings the back of her body forward and pulls up the front of her body. This method creates better body support on a loose substrate. Because of this method of movement, a characteristic mark remains on the sand - individual oblique stripes with hooked ends.
Efa very rarely crawls into people's houses, but it still happens sometimes. Similar cases have been recorded in Egypt. You need to be especially careful with ruins or abandoned houses. In 1987, three children died in Cairo after finding a nest in an abandoned house where no one had lived for many years. The children entered this house out of curiosity and accidentally disturbed the ef family hiding there. The snake, protecting its newly born offspring, attacked the children. They could not be saved because the poison acted very quickly.
In India, sand faff is very common. Settles in the area where there is sandy soil. Here she is credited with most of the deaths caused by snake bites; Workers in the fields especially suffer from it.
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Although efa is considered one of the most dangerous snakes, but more than half of all her attacks occurred due to the negligence of the person himself. If the snake thinks that it or its offspring are in danger, it will defend itself fiercely. The energy, mobility and speed with which the efa defends and attacks makes a great impression. As soon as the snake senses danger, it begins to wriggle in a special way, forming two semi-lunar curves from its body and keeping its head ready to attack in the middle of one of these curves. At the same time, she does not remain calm for a minute, but constantly turns right and left. The snake remains in an offensive position as long as a person or animal is nearby and sinks its teeth into every object it can reach. She is said to be able to make jumps as high as half her body. Therefore, it is better not to approach the snake at a distance of less than three meters. During a defensive position, this snake still makes a characteristic sound. Its sandy fret is produced by friction of the side scales.
As already noted, the poison of efa is very toxic. It sharply reduces the level of fibrinogen in the blood, which causes heavy bleeding, both in the bite area and in other “weak” places, especially from the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth. The remaining symptoms of poisoning are typical for most venomous snakes. Every fifth person bitten by ephas dies. To stop the effect of the poison that has entered the body until doctors arrive or until the victim is taken to the nearest hospital, a number of actions must be taken. A first aid measure for a bite is to immediately suck out the venom from the wounds, so that a significant part of the venom can be removed from the body. Squeezing out the venom with your fingers and suctioning should be done within 7-10 minutes after the bite. Suctioning is completely safe for the people doing it. A tourniquet should not be applied. It practically does not delay the process of absorption of poisons.
To avoid having to use these actions in life, you must be careful, especially if you know that there may be a sand efa nearby. Because of its light spots, the efu is easy to spot on the sand. The snakes themselves try to avoid people and go around the houses in which a person lives. And then - the efa never attacks without warning; it will certainly warn the uninvited traveler with its rustling sound, and can only bite when a person walks towards it or tries to grab it.
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Length: 70–80 cm. Habitat: found in the foothills and valleys of Central Asia, throughout northern Africa to Algeria. |
