PM modernized 12 rounds. Modernized Makarov pistol (PMM)

The table above shows the data of a standard PM pistol when using cartridges general purpose with steel or lead core

Makarov pistol (PM)

In the territory former USSR, almost every man is familiar with the appearance of a Makarov pistol. It is not surprising, because there is not a single pistol more common in the post-Soviet space than the PM.

The pistol was finally developed in 1948, and since 1951 it began to fill both the army and law enforcement agencies, replacing the heavy and hefty TT pistols, which, moreover, were very unreliable and did not provide sufficient stopping power due to the high speed of the bullet. and relatively small caliber. Bullets from a TT pistol simply pierced the enemy, who sometimes did not even notice it right away and managed to commit unwanted actions (for example, shoot back). Also, the TT pistol was deprived of the ability to fire self-cocking; before the first shot, it was necessary to cock the hammer manually.

The Makarov pistol has become widespread among illegal armed groups and among ordinary bandits. Nowadays, this weapon is mainly used by police officers and the same bandits.

Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov


Initially, back in the forties of the last century, the PM was developed for the 9x18 cartridge, but this was not the case, the basis was the German 9x18 “Ultra” cartridge. This cartridge was a less powerful ammunition than required, and domestic weapons designers began to create a new pistol cartridge, which was supposed to be as powerful as possible for use in a pistol with a free cartridge. This cartridge became Soviet cartridge 9x18, and the most common pistol for this cartridge subsequently became the Makarov pistol. The German 9x18 "Ultra" cartridge was not a copy of the domestic 9x18 cartridge; it could not be loaded into the PM due to the slightly larger nominal caliber of the Makarov pistol.

A prototype of a 1947 Makarov system pistol


Makarov pistol, experimental model 1949


The Makarov system pistol was produced in the 70s, the same thing is in service with domestic law enforcement agencies and the army. The hammer is cocked


Makarov pistol and 8-round magazine


The development of the pistol was completed by Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov in 1948, and in 1949 it was submitted to the competition prototype chambered for the new Soviet 9x18 mm cartridge, which in all respects was recognized as the best among the pistols submitted to the competition in all respects. After minor modifications, this pistol was put into service Soviet army and the police in 1951. The pistol allows you to fire in semi-automatic mode, that is, for each next shot you must pull the trigger. The main advantages of PM are its widespread use and reliability of operation.

Makarov pistol diagram


The trigger mechanism of the Makarov system pistol is double action, that is, before the first shot you can cock the hammer manually and shoot with a softer trigger and a very short stroke trigger, which will make the hit accuracy much higher. After this shot, the automatic pistol will cock the hammer with each subsequent shot by rolling back the bolt casing, so each subsequent shot, or rather the force of pressing the trigger and the stroke of the hook, will be the same.

If you shoot by self-cocking, if the cartridge is already in the chamber, you need to pull the trigger, but the trigger stroke will be longer and more difficult. After all, when self-cocking, by force index finger on the trigger, you need to cock the hammer, squeezing the mainspring, and then, reaching extreme point, the trigger will break and hit the firing pin.

Therefore, such a trigger mechanism is called self-cocking, double-action (either we cock the trigger manually, or by pressing the trigger, using physical force.)

The self-cocking system allows you to cock the mainspring by pressing the trigger, pull the hammer back and fire, under the influence of one finger press on the trigger.

In other words, this means that if the cartridge is in the chamber, you can fire immediately without unnecessary manipulations. Just don’t forget about the safety, which must be turned off by moving the safety flag from top to bottom, if, of course, the weapon is on safety (according to the rules for handling weapons and according to all service instructions, with the exception of certain cases, there should not be a cartridge in the chamber and the weapon should be on fuse).

Automatic operation is based on a free shutter. In more detail it looks like this. By pressing the trigger, we release the spring-loaded hammer (if it is already cocked), which hits the firing pin, and the firing pin, in turn, hits the igniter primer of the cartridge. Next, a shot occurs, the powder gases between the bullet and the cartridge case press in both directions, the bullet moves forward along the barrel, and the cartridge case, under the influence of these gases, begins to move the bolt back, which reverse side held back by the return spring. Overcoming the resistance of the spring, the bolt frame begins to move backward (the bullet has already left the barrel). The ejector, located on the bolt frame near the extraction window, hooks the cartridge case into the groove and, through a reflector, ejects the cartridge case from the pistol, freeing up space in the chamber for a new cartridge. The bolt frame, having reached the rearmost point, cocks the hammer, after which, under the influence of the return spring, the bolt casing begins to move forward, simultaneously driving a new cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and locking it. Now the weapon is ready for a new shot, the hammer is cocked, the cartridge is in the chamber.

Scheme of automatic pistol operation based on blowback recoil This scheme is good for pistols using low-power cartridges, but in the case of more powerful ammunition, other automatic operation schemes are usually used. The reason for this approach is the blowback shutter. With a powerful cartridge, such a system may fail.

Comrade Makarov is quite often, and very wrongly, accused of licking his pistol from Walter RR/RRK. Scheme incomplete disassembly similar, this is a fact, the appearance is also very similar.

Walther RRK/S, the most natural, not pneumatic or traumatic, although licensed, made in the USA. Caliber 9 mm, pistol works with cartridge 380 ACP (9 mm Kurz)


But differences begin inside, and fundamental ones; the design and execution of parts differ significantly. Working on the principle of blowback recoil is used on hundreds, if not thousands, of pistol models, so we will omit this point of identity between the PM and Walter RR/RRK. A return spring mounted on a barrel is also not know-how; Browning began using it in this way at the beginning of the 20th century. In general, the main feature of the Makarov pistol, which distinguishes it from most of its brothers, is the plate mainspring located along the rear wall of the handle. It performs several functions at once. Its lower part springs the magazine latch, it is, in fact, a mainspring that acts on the trigger for firing, the wide feather of the spring carried out the release of the trigger after the shot, after releasing the trigger, the narrow feather of the same spring moved the trigger rod back, which was necessary for setting trigger to safety cock. This is such a tricky spring. It is stated that it performs 7 functions. In Walter RR/RRK there was nothing even close to this. In the Makarov pistol, through many unifications, it was possible to reduce the number of parts to thirty-two pieces.

This is the same multifunctional mainspring from the Makarov pistol, located in the rear handle, parallel to the magazine On the left is an early version, which turned out to be quite weak, on the right is a later version The problem of spring weakness was solved by increasing the width (thickness) of the pen.
 The PM has proven itself to be an easy-to-use and reliable melee weapon, quite comfortable to carry all the time and possessing sufficient firepower; two or three hits to the chest, or even to the limbs, will certainly stop any attacker. Although there were exceptions. To confidently use the PM, you should spend some time on training, because the wide and relatively thin handle is not always comfortable for the hand of a normal man of average build, as a result of which, without definitely having experience, the average point of impact moves away from the aiming point. To avoid this, you should put pads on the pistol grip (or make such pads yourself, adjust them to your own ergonomics, and shooting performance will increase significantly). For example, you can at least try to hold in your hands a PMM with a wider handle (or air gun“under Makar” MP-654K, the handle of which repeats the handle of the PMM). The difference in ergonomics and ease of aiming will be obvious. also in this moment You can purchase a plastic handle cover that matches the thickness and ergonomics of the PMM handle, and replace the standard PMA cover with it. Combat rate of fire is a flexible concept and is based on the principle: aim and fire. And the technical rate of fire in any case will not allow you to fully justify yourself in any self-loading pistol. This is a waste of ammunition, which is why we do not indicate the rate of fire of semi-automatic weapons here. The muzzle velocity of bullets, when using a standard 9x18 mm cartridge with an all-lead core or a steel core in a lead jacket, ranges from 300 to 330 m/s, depending on the cartridge manufacturer and many other parameters. But there are 9x18 ammunition intended for PM, and with completely different characteristics (expansive, armor-piercing, reduced penetration, increased penetration, tracer, etc.). The most significant ammunition for the PM pistol is the 9x18 PBM cartridge with a pointed thin heat-strengthened core in an aluminum jacket (piercing body armor of class 2 protection), and the regular 9x18 cartridge with both a lead and steel core. Cartridges with a bullet with a lead core are mainly used by the police, because they give less ricochets, which is a very important factor in a peaceful city.

9x18 PBM cartridge and armor-piercing bullet from it

Sectional view of a 9x18 PBM cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet.

Standard cartridge 9x18

Diagram of a standard 9x18 cartridge with a steel mushroom core

We will omit here such textbook indicators as a firing range of 350 m and an aiming range of 50 m, because all this is not applicable to this species weapons, and most importantly - to real life, if you do not take into account thoughtful shooting at the shooting range, or professionals highest classification, or lovers of conversation enhanced by hallucinogenic substances.

Be that as it may, the Makarov pistol has established itself as a very reliable weapon, with virtually no failures due to the fault of the design. Compared to the pistols of the time when it was adopted by the Soviet Army and for about twenty years, the PM was quite compact and convenient. This is precisely what has been the factor influencing the use of PM in the police and army to this day. If desired, you can shoot quite accurately from this pistol, at least at pistol distances, from 5 to 25 meters, the PM shows itself very well if it is in the hands of a shooter with sufficient experience. Many fighters can hit the head with a PM (or a target the size of human head) offhand from a distance of 15-20 meters. The author of the article personally observed this practice.

After many complaints regarding the accuracy of the battle and the weakness of the main ammunition of the Makarov pistol, it was decided to create a more powerful pistol. For these purposes, in the 90s of the last century, a competition was announced under the code name “Rook”. The PMM pistol (Modernized Makarov Pistol), developed on the basis of the PMA during the announcement of the competition, which provided sufficient power thanks to the new cartridge, was presented at the competition.

First of all, as always happens, as part of the Rook competition, a cartridge for a new weapon was created. The new cartridge had the same basic metric parameters as the old one - 9x18 mm, but had much greater energy, almost equal to Western pistol cartridges 9x19 Parabellum. The powder load in the new cartridge was increased, the bullet with a steel core became lighter than the old one by about 0.5 grams and weighed approximately 5.5 grams. The cartridge was assigned the GRAU 7N16 index; it is often called the 9x18 high-pulse cartridge (which is quite true) and the 9x18 PMM cartridge.

High-impulse cartridge 9x18 7N16 and its bullet

Diagram of the 7N16 cartridge. On the left is the entire cartridge, in the middle is the bullet, on the right is the steel core separately

A pistol was quickly designed for this cartridge - the same old PM, distinguished by a more powerful bolt frame and increased strength of parts and mechanisms. This decision was dictated by considerations of economy. material resources, since the production of PM pistols was mastered long ago, and new gun Structurally, it was practically no different from its predecessor. The new, more powerful pistol was called PMM (Modernized Makarov Pistol); designer Shigapov also took part in its modification.

Modernized Makarov Pistol (PMM)


The main disadvantage of this weapon is its automatic operation. If in an ordinary Makarov pistol the automation due to the recoil of the free bolt did not raise any questions, because the cartridge was relatively low-power, then in the PMM pistol the automatic operation was the same, the recoil of the free bolt, but only the cartridge there was, roughly speaking, one and a half times more powerful. With such pressures affecting the design of the pistol, such as those created by the 7N16 cartridge, in most cases, pistols use different principles of automatic operation, because a blowback bolt in a pistol justifies itself only when working with low-power cartridges. However, the PMM inherited its automatic operation from its “grandfather” - due to the recoil of the free shutter. This decision gave rise to a lot of disadvantages, the main one of which is the incomplete implementation of the cartridge’s capabilities, which leads to many negative nuances. But in order to unify production capacities with the PM pistol, they did not even bother to significantly lengthen the barrel of the PMM pistol and slow down the bolt rollback, which was simply necessary, but simply strengthened the design for more powerful ammunition. The only significant design difference of the PMM pistol is the screw grooves in the chamber, which somewhat slow down the rearward movement of the bolt frame after firing.

Partial disassembly of the PM pistol

Incomplete disassembly of the PMM pistol

The PMM has a double-row box magazine for 12 rounds, and can use both “native” high-pulse 7N16 cartridges and conventional 9x18 cartridges. But on the contrary, it is prohibited to shoot high-pulse 9x18 (7N16) cartridges intended for the PMM pistol from an ordinary PMA. A simple PM may not withstand the prohibitive pressures produced by the 7N16 cartridge. Suffice it to say that a standard 9x18 cartridge develops a muzzle energy of about 300 J in the barrel of a Makarov pistol, and a 7N16 cartridge in the same barrel produces about 500 J. This pressure, before the bullet leaves the barrel, is distributed to both the bolt housing and other mechanisms of the pistol. Simply put, a regular PM can simply explode from such ammunition.

Nevertheless, the new pistol went into mass production, but according to some sources only in the version chambered for the old 9x18 mm cartridge, out of fears of military officials that 7N16 cartridges would be used in conventional PMakhs and in APS pistols (Stechkin automatic pistol), which could also cannot withstand the energy of the new cartridge. But in addition to the PMM pistol, the 7N16 cartridge is quite suitable for use in some domestic submachine guns, where it fully realizes its potential.

But in the “Rook” competition, the PMM was not recognized as the best for obvious reasons stated above; Yarygin’s pistol won the competition.

The effectiveness of the new pistol, of course, is incomparably higher than the effectiveness of the PM. When it hits an unprotected human body, a bullet from the 7N16 cartridge causes severe damage, which is ensured, in addition to the high speed and high muzzle energy of the bullet, by its design. The tip of the bullet is flat, which makes the impact and shock effect several times higher than that of bullets from a conventional 9x18 cartridge. Also, this bullet design, in addition to the strongest stopping effect, also has high penetration ability. For example, bullets from the 7N16 cartridge have a 100% probability of piercing body armor of the 1st protection class, which, according to GOST, should easily withstand hits from bullets from a conventional 9x18 cartridge, both with a lead and a steel core. Also, PMM is quite dangerous for body armor of class 2 protection, which can withstand shots from TT cartridges 7.62x25. The masses of the bullets of the 7N16 and 7.62x25 cartridges are almost equal, and their initial velocities are also almost identical. But 9mm is still much larger than 7.62. Therefore, the impact beyond the barrier after hitting a bulletproof vest can exceed GOST standards, and penetration of a class 2 bulletproof vest made of PMM is also possible. Indeed, according to GOST, class 2 is tested with TT and PSM pistols; only a few manufacturers personal protection guarantee protection against PMM bullets.

Due to the placement of a more capacious 12-round magazine, the handle of the PMM pistol has become thicker and much more comfortable. The efficiency of firing from a PMM, even with conventional 9x18 cartridges, is significantly higher, because a thicker and ergonomic handle provides higher accuracy of fire.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the PMM:

Caliber - 9 mm

Barrel length - 93.5 mm

Total length - 165 mm

Width - 34 mm

Weight with cartridges - 0.86 kg

Magazine capacity - 12 rounds

Initial bullet speed - 420 m/s

PMM Pistol (Modernized Makarov Pistol)– self-loading semi-automatic pistol Russian production, developed for the modernized 9x18 PMM ammunition in the early 1990s by designers Pletsky, Shigalov and Ivshin under the Grach R&D program. It has been produced since 1994 (at the same time it was adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and several other law enforcement agencies of Russia) at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant.

History of creation

Having enormous experience in operating the Makarov pistol (adopted into service by the USSR army in 1951), the military discovered its main drawback - the low energy of the bullet. As a pistol for police units, this weapon was well suited - the stopping effect was at the level of a Tokarev system pistol, ease of use, low cost of production and excellent reliability made the PM a worthy weapon in the fight against unarmored targets. However, the ammunition itself limited the use of the Makarov as a military pistol - the lower stopping effect and penetrating ability than that of the 9x19 Parabellum cartridge did not allow it to hit targets wearing body armor - already from a distance of less than five meters, the first class of protection completely neutralized the penetrating power of the bullet. To eliminate this shortcoming, in the early 1990s, a group of engineers from the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant was given the task of improving the Makarov pistol. A high-pulse cartridge was developed especially for the new pistol. 57-N-181SM(later 9x18 PMM), the bullet energy of which was 1.7 times higher than that of the 9x18 PM and was equal to the 9x19 Parabellum, which is in service with NATO. Also, thanks to the new ammunition, the range and accuracy of fire at a distance has increased. In 1994, the new modernized PM was adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation under the designation PMM.
Structurally, upgrading a cartridge involves, first of all, placing a larger charge of gunpowder into the cartridge case and changing the shape of the bullet itself. They acquired a cone shape, simultaneously increasing their penetrating power and significantly reducing the likelihood of ricochets.

Design

The automatic operation of the pistol is exactly the same as that of the PM and is a blowback bolt that extracts the cartridge case and cocks the firing pin under the action of powder gases in the barrel after the shot. The increased energy of the bullet puts forward its demands on the design of the pistol PMM. The designers increased the weight of the bolt and also strengthened the pistol frame. Due to the increased pressure on the chamber, it was impossible to extract the cartridge case before the bullet left the barrel, so the designers used original solution. On the chamber PMM grooves are machined in the form of a spiral into which the cartridge case is pressed at the moment of firing, preventing it from leaving its place before the bullet exits. After this, the pressure of the powder gases in the barrel decreases, and the cartridge case is ejected through the extractor window. The weapon is fed with cartridges by box magazines, available in two versions: ordinary single-row from a Makarov pistol with 8 rounds and new double-row at the base and single-row at the neck with 12. Also, compared to the PM, ergonomics have been improved PMM. The back of the handle is notched and the shape of the handle is changed.

Results

The modernized Makarov pistol eliminated the main drawback of the original PM, seriously increasing the bullet's penetration ability and its stopping effect, providing the internal law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation with a good and effective pistol in terms of combat characteristics. However, there is one design flaw associated with the stores; moreover, the service life of the PMM has significantly decreased compared to the PM. Due to the larger number of cartridges, the magazine spring is compressed with a force that exceeds the working load of the spring, which causes delays in firing due to the spring losing its normal elasticity. Also, due to low-quality materials (namely plastic), the magazine feeder quickly wears out, becomes cracked or even breaks down. However, these shortcomings can be easily corrected by replacing the magazine with a new one and do not cause any particular difficulties when using and/or firing. At the moment, the Modernized Makarov Pistol is in service with the following law enforcement agencies: the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the FSO, the FSSP, the FSB, and the Russian National Guard. The pistol is also included in the list of award weapons.

PMM pistol modifications:

  • PMM-8 - model of a modernized PM with an eight-round magazine.
  • PMM-12- PMM model with a 12-round magazine.
  • IZH-70-100- 1994 PMM model for athletes, equipped with an adjustable sight.
  • Baikal-442- an export sports model for 9x18, legal in Russia as a sports weapon. Has a button on the handle for magazine extraction. Photo-1
  • IZH-71-100- model for 9x17K with a ten-round magazine.

Below is a table of technical and firing characteristics of the PMM pistol.

Technical characteristics of the Makarov pistol Modernized/PMM
Index PMM, PMM-8, PMM-12, 56-A-125
Number of shots 8 or 12 in magazine +1 in chamber
Barrel diameter 9x18, 93mm barrel length
Combat rate of fire 30-35 v/m
Sighting range 50 meters
Maximum firing range no data
Initial departure speed 420 m/s
Power 494 Joules
Automation blowback recoil
Weight 0.76 kg without cartridges and 0.88 with cartridges
Dimensions Length 165 mm, thickness 34 mm

We bring to your attention products that will certainly interest collectors and true connoisseurs. legendary weapons. In the Derzhava online store you can buy a model of the PMM, a modernized version of the Makarov pistol. We draw your attention to the fact that such products are almost unique of their kind and are presented only here. Do not miss the opportunity to become the owner of a valuable MMG PMM exhibit, which completely replicates the parameters of the legendary weapon.

From the history of the creation of the modernized PM

At the end of the 80s of the last century, it became clear that in order to meet the requirements of modern times, it was necessary to develop a new weapon that would be characterized by accuracy of fire and would use bullets with an increased penetration rate.

To accomplish the assigned tasks, the weapon was modernized, which by that time already had extensive practice in use. Transformations were made to the design of the Makarov pistol, which became the basis for the manufacture of the PMM model presented here.

The main changes were aimed at being able to use supplies of a different caliber. Because of this, the main parts remained the same as in the Makarov pistol before modernization, 70% of spare parts are interchangeable.

From distinctive features In the modernized version we note the following:

  • frame reinforcement;
  • increasing the mass of the shutter;
  • creating grooves in the form of a spiral in the chamber;
  • changing the shape of the handle to better fit the weapon in the hand.

The main reason for the low distribution of this pistol model was financial difficulties in the country. In addition, fears arose that high-impulse cartridges of the new type would be used unauthorizedly for firing from PM, which was potentially dangerous.

Main technical characteristics of MMG PMM

The presented PMM layout has undergone gentle deactivation, so its parameters almost completely replicate military weapon. Of the main technical characteristics of the modernized Makarov pistol, we note the following:

  • length - 16.5 cm;
  • width - 3.4 cm;
  • height - 12.7 mm;
  • weight - 760 g;
  • Magazine capacity - 12 rounds.

The pistol was deactivated in such a way that it was not possible to fire shots from it. Wherein most of mechanisms retained their functionality and mobility.

Why should you buy a PMM model from Derzhava?

Clients of our online store are guaranteed:

  • originality of the product, which is confirmed by the presence of factory marks on the surfaces;
  • excellent condition of the MMG PMM, the weapon was properly stored;
  • price availability of products presented in our catalogue;
  • Providing order delivery services throughout the Russian Federation.

Do you have any questions about the features of this rare layout? Our specialists will be able to answer them. Contact them in a way convenient for you.

By the end of the 1980s. The widespread introduction of personal armor protection (PIB) in most armies of various countries, as well as the active activities of terrorist groups, created the need to develop weapons with greater firing efficiency, that is, using a powerful cartridge with high penetration and stopping effect of the bullet and having a high firepower. The most simple solution The problem was the modernization of the PM. In the early 1990s, designers R.G. Shigapov and B.M. Pletsky created the PMM (modernized Makarov pistol), the production of which was launched in 1994. The weapon was created specifically to use the new 9x18 PMM cartridge with a steel core bullet with a cone-shaped head. The initial speed of the bullet is 420 m/s, and the energy is 494 J. As a result, the penetrating effect of the bullet has increased.

Cartridges with hollow-point bullets, which have a greater stopping effect, were also created. The pistol can also use standard 9x18 cartridges. The double-row magazine, which turns into a single-row magazine in its upper part, holds 12 rounds, which increased the firepower of the weapon. Due to the use of a high-impulse cartridge, the chamber design was changed. On its inner surface there are three helical grooves, which increase frictional resistance when the sleeve moves backward due to its expansion, but without leading to rupture. This ensures that the bolt-casing rollback is inhibited and recoil is reduced. The pistol has more ergonomic grip cheeks with side protrusions. The frame and bolt casing are reinforced and have a greater safety margin than the PM. As a result, the dimensions and weight of the weapon increased slightly, but the combat qualities also increased.

PMM never became a replacement for PM in the army and law enforcement agencies mainly due to the creation of a more advanced PYa pistol during the Rook competition, which is planned to be put into service. In addition, the use of powerful 57-N-181-SM (9×18 PMM) cartridges in conventional PMs leads to damage to the weapon. In the case of widespread distribution of such ammunition in the armed forces and law enforcement agencies, there was a very serious danger of loading old Makarov pistols that were not designed for this with them, and as a result, injury to shooters and destruction of the weapon. In addition, the PMM has strong recoil, with a very significant bounce when fired, which makes it much more difficult to conduct accurate high-speed shooting. Currently, PMM is used in small quantities in the FSO and a number of units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Characteristics of the PMM pistol

  • Caliber: 9×18 PMM
  • Weapon length: 165 mm
  • Barrel length: 94 mm
  • Weapon height: 130 mm
  • Weapon width: 34 mm
  • Weight without cartridges: 760 g
  • Magazine capacity: 12 rounds

Pistols

  • Israel

The Makarov pistol is the first small arms developed by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II. Designer N.F. Makarov created a weapon that since 1951 has become an integral part of the country's armed forces. Now new pistols have already been created that are much more powerful, faster-firing and more convenient, but the Makarov pistol has already taken its rightful place in history.

History of the creation and development of the Makarov pistol model

In 1945, the Ministry of Defense Soviet Union began selection for the design and creation of a pistol of 7.65 mm or 9 mm caliber.

The best developers of the USSR expressed a desire to try their hand at the competition. Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov also confirmed his participation. Also, to compare characteristics, foreign models of pistols were included in the competition famous brands: Walter, Mauser, Sauer, Beretta.

When developing the project, N. F. Makarov took as a basis the presence of fewer parts than in existing existing models.

The proposed Makarov project consisted of 30 component parts, with some main parts of the PM performing several functions at once. For example, the main spring of a pistol could perform seven operations.

Nikolai Fedorovich paid great attention to the main problem small arms of its time - frequent stops in shooting. Thanks to non-standard solutions, this problem was solved.

By the beginning of 1947, Makarov had decided on the concept of the pistol, having worked out every detail. In October 1947 they began field tests pistols that took part in the competition. The samples presented by designers Makarov and Sevryugin advanced to the second stage of selection.

According to an assessment of additional parameters, the choice of the state commission employees fell on the project of N. F. Makarov’s pistol.

At the end of the 40s, after all the shortcomings were eliminated and changes were made to the design of the pistol, new tests were carried out. The pistol was presented to the commission in a completed design. Based on the results of the shooting, the commission members noted the simplicity and reliability of the pistol when used in real combat conditions. The shooting showed high accuracy. From a distance of 50 meters, the bullets hit the target with an accuracy of 16 cm in diameter. The pistol was shorter than its predecessor, the TT pistol, by 34 mm and weighed 230 grams lighter.

Having assessed the high performance of the pistol, the commission recommended that the pistol be put into service, which was done in 1951.

The weapons were exported to Eastern Europe, Asia and some African countries.

Since 2003, the Makarov was officially withdrawn from the Russian Armed Forces and replaced by the Yarygin pistol.

For more than 60 years, the pistol has acquired a real cult status and has become a collector's item for many domestic and foreign gun connoisseurs.

I think a few words need to be said about the inventor himself. Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov was born on May 22, 1914 in Sasovo Ryazan region. Father - Fyodor Vasilyevich Makarov. Mother - Pelageya Vasilievna Makarova.

In addition to Nikolai, the family also raised 5 children. Having completed his studies at primary school, Nikolay continued his studies at the Railway Transport School in Ryazan. After graduating from college, he continued to work as a foreman at one of the depots of the Kazan Railway.

1936 - beginning of studies at the Tula Mechanical Institute, where many USSR designers studied in the field of military equipment.

By the beginning of World War II, training was carried out according to an accelerated program. He was given an engineer's diploma and was transferred to the Zagorsk plant, where at that time the PPSh-41 Shpagin machine gun was produced.

Simultaneously with his work at the plant, Nikolai Fedorovich was engaged in a dissertation, which he successfully defended in 1944. After the end of the war, he was transferred to Design Bureau No. 14 in Tula, where he worked all his life.

  • 1952, 1967 - Mosin Prize;
  • 1966 - Order of the Red Banner of Labor;
  • 1971 – Order of Lenin;
  • 1974 - awarded the title “Hero of Socialist Labor”.

Design Features

The Makarov pistol (PM) is a medium caliber pistol with a fixed body. In recoil-back designs, the only force holding the bolt closed is the force of the recoil spring. When firing, the barrel and bolt do not need to be unlocked, as do pistols with a locked breech. The PM design is simple and has precisely fitted parts, compared to designs using a coiled or articulated barrel.

The PM is considered one of the best compact self-defense pistols of its time. When interacting with the enemy up to 50 meters, it is a reliable, accurate self-defense weapon.

"Makarov" is a pistol of all-metal construction. The safety lever is located on the left side of the shooter. In safe mode, you can move it down from the cocked position, after which the hammer and sear are fixed.

The external hammer can be cocked manually for an accurate first shot in single action mode, or can be cocked in automatic mode when a little more force is required to pull the trigger.

The all-steel magazine contains 8 rounds (12 rounds for PMM pistols), and after firing the last round, the sliding stop remains in open position. To remove it, you need to pull the lever on the left side of the frame down. The magazine latch is located at the bottom of the handle, but some export versions (Baikal-442) have a push-button magazine release (the button is at the base of the trigger).

How to disassemble a pistol:

  1. Detach the magazine by pressing the magazine release button on the base of the handle and pulling the magazine;
  2. Check that the chamber is empty;
  3. Pull the safety trigger down, then turn it sideways to lock it in the open position;
  4. Lift the back of the cover and remove it from the rails;
  5. Carefully check the sliding movement forward and remove the barrel;
  6. Remove the recoil spring from the barrel.

Operating principle of PM

The trigger mechanism is based on the principle of double action, when after installing a magazine with cartridges, the trigger is pressed with force, then the hammer is cocked and the sear is released, and hits the firing pin. A shot occurs. After the shot, the housing cover begins to move back, overcoming the force of the recoil spring.

Once the cover has reached its rearmost position, the ejector pin on the slip stop slides out at the left rear of the empty housing. The ejector tooth pushes the housing out of the ejection port. The bolt begins to move forward, removing the next cartridge from the magazine, pushing it into the chamber, thereby self-loading the pistol.

Finally, the bolt slides into the battery (all the way forward), the prong lifts off the rim of the chuck and snaps into place. The pistol is now ready to fire again. The disconnector prevents a second shot from being fired by the same trigger pull.

Subsequent shots are single action, meaning that the hammer is already cocked and that the action of the trigger pushes the sear away from the hammer, thereby releasing the hammer.

The hammer is floating, without a return spring. This is a very simple mechanism that has been working for over 50 years. The other side of the hammer interacts with the sear to stop it at the bottom of its movement if the side of the hammer is damaged. This ensures that the gun will not fire unless the trigger is pulled.

After the last shot is fired, the repeater tab on the magazine pushes up to release the cover, and it is locked in the rear position. The magazine should now be removed and a new one inserted.

By pressing the trigger, the recoil spring pushes the slide forward, removing the first round of the magazine into the chamber, and the pistol is ready to fire in single action mode.

The safety can be easily removed by turning it clockwise past the "safe" position, turning it away from the muzzle at an angle of approximately 120°, and pulling it out. The safety also holds the firing pin in place, so care must be taken to ensure that the firing pin is not lost when the safety is removed.

The magazine consists of 4 main parts: body, spring, pusher and plate. Its capacity is 8 rounds of 9×18 mm PM caliber. Magazines can get dirty, so they need to be cleaned periodically.

The magazine release button is located on the bottom of the pistol, near the bottom of the grip. To release the magazine, press the magazine release button down until the magazine drops slightly. You can take out the magazine.

The barrel is secured in a frame, and a pin ensures its return. The barrel can be replaced with a different caliber or configuration.

Some Soviet (Russian) pistol models come with an adjustable rear sight, but the original Makarov has a fixed rear sight. Even though it's called "fixed," it can be moved left or right with a gentle push.

The Makarov consists of only 27 parts, which is significantly less than the Walter, who has 42. The simplicity of the pistol's design is a very ingenious invention of Makarov and allows the pistol to be disassembled with a small number of tools. Some parts are multifunctional. For example, the hammer spring also serves as a magazine release, the safety holds the firing pin in place, and the trigger mechanism also acts as an ejector. Below is a cheat sheet for performance characteristics of pm 9mm, which is especially relevant for cadets of military schools.

Performance characteristics of the Makarov pistol

Ammunition used in PM

Before telling what ammunition was used in the PM, it is necessary to briefly outline the history of the appearance of the standard 9x18 cartridge.

The development of a new 9 mm cartridge began at Experimental Design Bureau No. 44, which was headed by B.V. Semin. The shell from a standard cartridge (7.62×25) was taken as the basis. As a result of test shooting ranges, a decision was made to reduce the length to 18 mm.

In 1947, development tests of new cartridges were carried out, noted in the documents as OP-1 cartridges. The tested cartridges were compared with TT pistol cartridges, as well as with German 9x19 (Parabellum). As a result, after eliminating all the comments and shortcomings, the 9x18 mm cartridge was adopted for service in 1951.

In the 60s of the 20th century, bullets with increased impact and armor-piercing characteristics were developed for KGB officers. However, more accurate information about the bullets used and the performance characteristics of the Makarov pistol in this modification is in free access absent.

In the 90s, attempts were made to use cartridges with increased penetration in the PM. The results of such an experiment did not find support among military experts, especially since work on 9x19 mm and 9x21 mm cartridges had already been developed and was underway.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

  • Simplicity of design;
  • Pistol reliability;
  • Light weight;
  • Low cost of the pistol;
  • Quality store.

Flaws:

  • Strong recoil after firing;
  • High cost of cartridges;
  • You need to put more effort when pulling the trigger;
  • There is no possibility to install optics.

Modifications based on PM

  1. The most famous modification of the Makarov pistol is the PMM (modernized Makarov pistol). In 1990, a group of engineers redesigned the original design, primarily by increasing the load on the pistol barrel. The result is a significant increase initial speed and creating 25% more gas pressure. The PMM magazine contains 12 rounds. The PMM can use existing 9.2x18mm cartridges. There are also minor changes to the ergonomics of the handle. Along with the Grach pistol, the PMM became the service pistol of the Russian Airborne Forces;

    Performance characteristics of the PMM pistol:

  2. An experimental version of the Makarov pistol - TKB-023 was developed with a polymer frame to reduce the weight and cost of the weapon. It passed Soviet military tests during the USSR, but was never approved for production due to concerns about the polymer's long-term storage and use;
  3. IZH-70. The Izhevsk Mechanical Plant (IMZ) produced a version of the PM pistol called IZH-70. This option was supplied for export. The main difference between the IZH-70 and the standard Makarov pistol is the adjustable sight, made like a sports sight;
  4. IZH-70-400. In 1993, the designers of the Izhevsk plant introduced a new modification chambered for the 9x19 mm cartridge (Parabellum). The main difference of the pistol is the slow release of the barrel using screw-ring grooves in the chamber;
  5. Baikal IZH-79-8 is a modification of the standard Makarov pistol with an 8 mm barrel. The pistol is designed to fire gas cartridges.

All of the above weapons were produced on the territory of the USSR and Russia.

There are several Warsaw Pact countries that themselves began to produce their own pistols, which in design almost completely correspond to the characteristics and appearance Makarov pistol.

These countries include Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. According to them, they themselves developed their own designs pistols chambered for 9×18 mm.

Hungary developed the FEG PA-63, Poland the P-64 and P-83 Wanad, and Czechoslovakia the vz.82. These pistols are identical in their operating principle (direct recoil), the cartridge has the same caliber as the PM.

At the same time, they were supplied to some countries as pistols made in Poland, Hungary or Czechoslovakia.

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