System of norms of informal youth groups. Types and types of informal youth groups

Informal youth associations

these are unauthorized by the authorities, autonomously and spontaneously arising youth groups and movements united by common ideals and interests that differ from generally accepted, traditional ideas about what is prestigious and useful. Informal youth associations historically arise along with the separation of youth into a separate socio-demographic group, the expansion of the boundaries of youth, and the growing variety of forms of their upbringing and education. Informal youth associations form a special youth society or youth subculture, which expresses both specifically youth interests (sports, fashion, sex, etc.) and traditional forms of activity uniquely understood by youth (politics, art, business, etc.). ).

As informal associations various kinds of initiative groups, interest clubs, “risk groups”, etc. act for young people. Although all such youth associations are dominated by spontaneous, informal communication, they have a well-defined internal structure. All informal youth associations are characterized by the presence of informal leaders, identification symbols and rituals, and a special language (slang). Moreover, many youth groups have their own working and press organs. All informal youth associations can be conditionally divided into associations of youth subcultures and youth groups of socio-political initiatives. In the West, informal associations of youth subculture loudly declared themselves several decades ago, in the form of the movement of beatniks, hippies, new leftists, etc. These movements became the cultural and ideological basis for the political movements of “civil initiatives” in the 60s, and later for the “new social movements” in the 80s and 90s. In our country, informal youth associations of the 60-80s had a pro-Western orientation and were classified by the authorities as dissident. Among the initiative movements of modern Western youth, the most influential are the environmental movement, feminism, as well as various right- and left-wing extremist groups. With the beginning of perestroika in the USSR, informal youth associations received widespread development as part of the “popular fronts”, as well as in the form of various groups of youth subcultures. In modern Russia, informal youth associations are mainly non-political in nature. But regardless of their political or other orientation, informal youth associations are an important part of a democratic, pluralistic society. Unlike conservatively-minded “fathers,” young people boldly embrace fundamentally new strategies and lifestyles, acting as the most important source of socio-political innovation. Through their informal associations, young people achieve self-identification in relation to the older generation, joining - often in a conflicting form - active political life and promoting social control over power.

Potseluev S.P.


Political science. Dictionary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.


Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

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Books

  • Time for searches and decisions, or for high school students about themselves, A.V. Mudrik. In a lively dialogue with high school students, the author raises many problems, especially relevant in early youth(search for one’s “I”, loneliness, the meaning of life, choice of profession, love,…
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Any civilized society presupposes the existence, implementation and organization of people joint activities. The methods of its organization can be both formal and informal; they do not replace each other and proceed according to significantly different laws.

For example, in formal groups relationships are, as it were, impersonal: people act according to prescribed laws or rules. In informal relationships, between people or a group of people, communication takes place through public opinion or a system of interpersonal relationships.

In other words, “formals” are members of society who adhere to the norms and laws of this society, and “informals” do not comply with these norms, “go beyond” social stereotypes and patterns.

Teenagers are informal

At the heart of any informal movement is the idea of ​​a free community of like-minded people, preserving emotional warmth and at the same time providing each member with a certain individual freedom.

Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of behavior. Destroys all patterns and stereotypes not only in appearance, but also in relationships. They strive to live in accordance with their own, and not other people’s interests imposed from outside.

In the 1980s, with the first gusts of freedom, the so-called “System”, a youth association of mainly punk rockers and hippies, gained strength. It existed as a protest or rebellion against the communist system.

The informal youth subculture and its “System” movement collapsed along with the collapse of the USSR, but the new way of life of people, the desire for better life and gradual disillusionment formed a large number of other informal youth and teenage groups.

Features of the youth subculture

IN modern world Whether we notice it or not, a fairly stable youth subculture has already formed. It has its own internal and external features. Firstly, this is a common interest and one ideological program for all participants in the informal youth organization. Secondly, the informals have a desire to assert themselves, along with competition in a group of similar people.

At the same time, each informal youth group has a poorly defined internal structure and internal connections.

Modern youth subcultures

Another important feature and peculiarity of all youth movements is their external features. Each group has its own name, its own informal status and the so-called dress code. Those. a form of clothing or attribute that indicates that a teenager or young man belongs to one or another informal model of youth subculture.

Let's look at the classification of modern youth subcultures

So, to begin with, all informal associations are divided into groups, and those, in turn, into micro groups. When dividing, they are guided purely by likes and dislikes.

There are also exclusively informal teenage movements, informal youth and mixed groups. There are antisocial informals and positive ones.

General classification of informal youth organizations and types of youth subcultures

Sports-oriented informals

These are the so-called sports fans. Their movement is characterized by clear discipline and organization. Young people and teenagers who are well versed in a particular sport know its history. Promote healthy image life. Their appearance is recognizable - sports scarves, caps, T-shirts, etc.

Politically oriented youth subcultures

The most socially oriented youth subculture and informal group. They are distinguished by social activity, participation in all kinds of rallies and have a clear political position. These include: pacifists, Nazis (skinheads), punks, etc.

  • a youth subculture of pacifists that opposes war and endorses the struggle for peace.
  • the youth subculture “skinheads” (from the English Skin - skin, Head - head) is a spontaneously emerging marginal organization, which is characterized by nationalist views and a willingness to defend them. Skins are easy to distinguish from others: shaven heads, black and green jackets, nationalistic T-shirts, jeans with suspenders.
  • The punk youth subculture is basically an extremist informal teenage movement whose behavior is characterized by shocking behavior and an unbridled desire to attract the attention of others.

Philosophical youth subcultures

Prominent among them is such a youth subculture as hippies. Sloppy clothes, blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains - distinctive external signs hippie. Informal youth are in an eternal search for the meaning of life, knowledge of themselves and the world around them.

Musically oriented movement of informals

The youth subculture of rappers, rockers, breakers, parkour (street acrobatics), etc. Informals of this youth subculture are united by a strong interest in music or dancing. And this interest most often transforms into a lifestyle.

Other modern youth subcultures

  • Goths (they popularize the cult of death in every possible way, they look very similar to vampires);
  • emo (short for the word “emotions”). Their youth subculture is based on the idea that the life of a teenager is a very harsh test, and therefore emo - informal people are sad and sad. This is evidenced by the black color in the teenager’s clothes, combined with pink, which is a symbol of love and friendship.
  • The youth subculture of anarchists is distinguished by their demonstrative straightforwardness in their views and aggressive behavior. Black color in clothes, and a mandatory metal accessory.

Psychology of informality

Informal teenagers have their own psychological characteristics, first of all, the desire and tendency to imitate. This is understandable, because teenagers “do not yet know how” to be themselves, they are in search of the meaning of “I” and their purpose in life. Another characteristic of any informal youth subculture is the desire to stand out, the desire for autonomy and independence.

The realization of this aspiration is quite possible in a group of people like himself. But in fact, the teenager disappears into the crowd of his own kind. "Overwhelming majority informal groups The foundation of the youth subculture rests not on conscious unity, which rarely happens among teenagers, but on the sameness of loneliness of its members.”

One of the conditions for the existence of teenage informal groups is the presence or creation of opponents, ill-wishers, etc. Most often, enemy number one becomes the world of adults. An informal teenager expresses disagreement, dissatisfaction with the system and spreads this protest to all informals in the group.

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Introduction

1.Youth subculture

2. Moral Beliefs, Ideals and Identity

3. Types and types of informal youth groups

Conclusion

Bibliography

INconducting

youth subculture metalhead punk hippie

I would like to talk about the relevance of research related to youth problems. Research in this area of ​​sociology and psychology is necessary to resolve the crisis that Russia is experiencing today. And the connection between such aspects of youth problems as youth subculture and youth aggressiveness is obvious. Only thorough and systematic development research social work with young people can help understand the reasons for the generational conflict occurring in our society. It is necessary to understand the essence of youth quests, to renounce the unconditional condemnation of what youth culture brings with it, and to take a differentiated approach to the phenomena of the life of modern youth.

Youth is a socio-demographic group experiencing a period of emerging social maturity, adaptation to the adult world and future changes.

Young people have moving boundaries of their age; they depend on the socio-economic development of society, the level of culture, and living conditions.

The object of research is cultural studies.

The subject of the study is youth subculture.

The purpose of the study is to consider and characterize youth subcultures.

Practical significance of this course work serves to expand the knowledge and horizons of the studied material.

1.Youth subculture

The system of norms and values ​​that distinguish a group from most societies is called a subculture. It is influenced by factors such as age, ethnic origin, religion, social group or place of residence. The values ​​of a subculture do not mean a rejection of the national culture accepted by the majority; they reveal only some deviations from it. However, the majority tend to view the subculture with disapproval or distrust.

Sometimes a group actively develops norms or values ​​that clearly contradict the dominant culture, its content and forms. On the basis of such norms and values, a counterculture is formed. Elements of both subculture and counterculture are found in the culture modern youth in Russia.

Youth subculture is understood as the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Its defining characteristic in Russia is the phenomenon of subjective “fuzziness,” uncertainty, and alienation from basic normative values ​​(the values ​​of the majority). Thus, a considerable number of young people lack a clearly defined personal self-identification and have strong behavioral stereotypes that cause depersonalization of attitudes. The position of alienation in its existential refraction is visible both in relation to society and in intergenerational communication, in the countercultural orientation of youth leisure.

There is an opinion that the apoliticality of young people is a natural result of the excessive ideologization of education of past years, and active politicization borders on sociology. One can hardly agree with such a position: if in a stable society the priorities of private life are natural and natural, then in a situation of a systemic crisis, the social indifference of young people is fraught with irreversible consequences for the future of the country. No less alarming is the fact that the politicization of certain groups of youth is acquiring the features of political and national extremism.

The contrast between the image of “us” and “them” is traditional. However, today the younger generation often results in a complete denial of all “father’s” values, including the history of their own state. This position is especially vulnerable if we take into account young people’s own apoliticality, their exclusion from participation in solving social problems for society, and not just for themselves. This opposition can be seen especially clearly at the level of cultural (in the narrow sense) stereotypes of young people: there is “our” fashion, “our” music, “our” communication, and there is “daddy’s”, which is offered by institutional means of humanitarian socialization. And here the third aspect of the alienation of the youth subculture is revealed - this is cultural alienation.

It is at this level that the subculture of the younger generation acquires noticeable countercultural elements: leisure, especially by youth, is perceived as the main sphere of life, and the overall satisfaction with the life of a young person depends on satisfaction with it. General education for a schoolchild and vocational education for a student seem to fade into another plane before the implementation of economic (“earn money”) and leisure (“have an interesting time”) free time") needs.

Along with the communicative one (communication with friends), leisure performs mainly a recreational function (about one third of high school students note that their favorite leisure activity is “doing nothing”), while cognitive, creative and heuristic functions are not implemented at all or are not implemented sufficiently .

The values ​​of national culture, both classical and folk, are being replaced by schematized stereotypes-examples of mass culture, aimed at introducing values ​​" American image life" in its primitive and simplified reproduction. The individual behavior of young people is manifested in such features social behavior, such as pragmatism, cruelty, the desire for material well-being to the detriment of professional self-realization. Consumerism manifests itself in both sociocultural and heuristic aspects. This tendency is present in the cultural self-realization of students, which is indirectly determined by the very flow of prevailing cultural information (the values ​​of mass culture), which contributes to background perception and superficial consolidation in consciousness.

The choice of certain cultural values ​​is most often associated with group stereotypes of a rather rigid nature (those who do not agree with them easily fall into the category of “outcasts”), as well as with the prestigious hierarchy of values ​​in an informal communication group.

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values ​​are determined by gender, level of education, place of residence and nationality of the recipient. Cultural conformity within an informal group manifests itself from softer among students to more aggressive among students high school. The extreme direction of this trend in the youth subculture are the so-called “teams” with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members. Research data show that leisure self-realization of young people is carried out outside cultural institutions.

Folk culture (traditions, customs, folklore, etc.) is perceived by most young people as an anachronism. Attempts to introduce ethnocultural content into the process of socialization in most cases are limited to familiarization with Orthodoxy, while folk traditions, of course, are not limited to religious values ​​alone. In addition, ethnocultural self-identification consists primarily in the formation of positive feelings in relation to the history and traditions of one’s people, i.e., what is commonly called “love for the Fatherland.” The emergence of this, and not another, youth subculture with the indicated characteristics is due to a number of reasons, among which the following seem to be the most significant.

1. Young people live in a common social and cultural space, so the crisis of society and its main institutions could not but affect the content and direction of the youth subculture. What society is like, so are the youth, and therefore the youth subculture.

2. The crisis of the institution of family and family education, the suppression of the individuality and initiative of a child, teenager, young man, both from parents and teachers, from all representatives of the “adult” world. An aggressive parenting style produces aggressive youth.

3. Commercialization of funds mass media, forms a certain “image” of the subculture no less than the main agents of socialization - the family and the education system. After all, watching TV shows, along with communication, is the most common type of leisure self-realization. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture.

Youth subculture is a distorted mirror of the adult world of things, relationships and values. One cannot count on effective cultural self-realization of the younger generation in a sick society, especially since the cultural level of other age and socio-demographic groups of the Russian population is also constantly declining.

There is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization in the content of art, which manifests itself, first of all, in the belittlement, deformation and destruction of the image of a person. In particular, this is reflected in the increase in scenes and episodes of violence and sex, in the intensification of their cruelty and naturalism (cinema, theater, rock music, literature, fine arts), which contradicts popular morality and has a negative impact on the youth audience. The negative impact on audiences of escalating scenes of violence and sex in film, television and video has been proven by numerous studies.

Conclusion: Youth subculture refers to the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes.

2. Moral Beliefs, Ideals and Identity

Characteristic features of young people are the desire for everything new and unusual, interest in technology, the desire to be “on equal footing” with adults, and the desire for active work. It is during adolescence that much of what was habitual and already established in a teenager breaks down. This applies to almost all aspects of his life and activities. The character undergoes especially noticeable changes educational activities, - in adolescence, the systematic assimilation of the fundamentals of science begins. This requires a change in the usual forms of work and a restructuring of thinking, a new organization of attention, and memorization techniques. The attitude towards the environment also changes: the teenager is no longer a child and demands a different attitude towards himself.

Adolescence, especially from 13-15 years old, is the age of formation of moral beliefs, principles that a teenager begins to guide his behavior. At this age, interest in ideological issues appears, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, and the meaning of life. A teenager’s moral beliefs are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They may be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This occurs in cases where they develop under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, and unseemly actions.

In close connection with the formation of moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. This makes them significantly different from younger schoolchildren. Research has shown that adolescents' ideals come in two main forms. In a teenager younger age The ideal is the image of a specific person, in whom he sees the embodiment of qualities that he highly values. With age, a young person experiences a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even those who are very loved and respected by them, are, for the most part, the most ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but are not the ideal embodiment of the human personality. Therefore, at the age of 13-14, the search for an ideal outside of close family relationships acquires special development.

In the development of young people’s knowledge of the surrounding reality, a moment comes when the object of knowledge becomes a person, his inner world. It is in adolescence that a focus on learning and assessing the moral and psychological qualities of others arises. Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need to understand and evaluate their personal qualities.

The formation of self-awareness is one of the most important moments in the development of a teenager’s personality. The fact of the formation and growth of self-awareness leaves an imprint on the entire mental life of a teenager, on the nature of his educational and labor activity, on the formation of his attitude to reality. The need for self-awareness arises from the needs of life and activity. Under the influence of growing demands from others, a teenager has a need to evaluate his capabilities, to realize what features of his personality help them, or, on the contrary, prevent them from meeting the demands placed on him.

The judgments of others play a large role in the development of a young person's self-awareness. The increasing complexity of the demands placed on a teenager in the course of his activities, the development of his self-awareness, and the general growth of a conscious attitude towards reality leads to a qualitatively new stage in his development. In a teenager, the desire for self-education appears and acquires quite noticeable importance - the desire to consciously influence oneself, to form such personality traits that he considers as positive, and to overcome negative traits, fight your shortcomings.

During adolescence, character traits begin to develop and become established. One of the most characteristic features a teenager associated with the growth of his self-awareness is the desire to show his “adulthood”. The young man defends his views and judgments, ensuring that adults take his opinion into account. He considers himself old enough and wants to have the same rights as them.

Overestimating the possibility of their age-related abilities, adolescents come to the conclusion that they are no different from adults. Hence their desire for independence and a certain “independence”, hence their painful pride and resentment, an acute reaction to the attempts of adults who underestimate their rights and interests. It should be noted that the increased excitability characteristic of adolescence, some dissatisfaction with character, relatively frequent, rapid and sharp changes in mood.

Strong-willed character traits acquire significant development in adolescence. Under the influence of increased demands placed on a teenager, he develops the ability to pursue consciously set goals for a long time, and be able to overcome obstacles and difficulties along the way.

Conclusion: In close connection with the formation of moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. The formation of self-awareness is one of the most important moments in the development of a teenager’s personality.

3. Types and types of informal youth groups

There are a number of youth public organizations positive direction. All of them have great educational opportunities, but in Lately the number of informal children's and youth associations of various orientations (political, economic, ideological, cultural) has sharply increased; among them there are many structures with a pronounced antisocial orientation.

Behind last years The now familiar word “informals” flew into our speech and took root in it. Perhaps it is here that the overwhelming majority of so-called youth problems are now accumulated.

Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of behavior. They strive to live in accordance with their own, and not other people’s interests imposed from outside.

A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a stable interest in a specific goal or idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in something. This leads to the fact that within youth groups they are heterogeneous and consist of large number microgroups united on the basis of likes and dislikes.

They are very different - after all, the interests and needs for the sake of satisfying which they are drawn to each other are diverse, forming groups, trends, directions. Each such group has its own goals and objectives, sometimes even programs, unique “rules of membership” and moral codes.

There are some classifications of youth organizations according to their areas of activity and worldview.

Musical informal youth organizations .

the main objective such youth organizations - listening, studying and sharing your favorite music.

Among the “musical” informals, the most famous organization of young people is metalheads. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called “Heavy Metal”). Heavy metal rock contains: a hard rhythm of percussion instruments, colossal power of amplifiers and solo improvisations of performers that stand out against this background.

Another well-known youth organization tries to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers(from the English break-dance - a special type of dance, including a variety of sports and acrobatic elements that constantly replace each other, interrupting the movement that has begun). Informals of this movement are united by a selfless passion for dance, the desire to promote and demonstrate it in literally any situation.

These guys are practically not interested in politics; their discussions about social problems are superficial. They try to maintain good athletic shape, adhere to very strict rules: do not drink alcohol, do not drink drugs, and have a negative attitude towards smoking.

The same section also includes Beatlemaniacs- a movement in whose ranks many parents and teachers of today’s teenagers once flocked. They are united by their love for the Beatles ensemble, its songs and its most famous members - Paul McCartney and John Lenon.

Informal organizations V sports

The leading representatives of this movement are famous footballfans. Having manifested themselves as a mass organized movement, the Spartak fans of 1977 became the founders of an informal movement that is now widespread around other football teams and around other sports. Today, in general, these are fairly well-organized groups, distinguished by serious internal discipline. The teenagers included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, and in many of its intricacies. Their leaders strongly condemn illegal behavior and oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena, although such things do occur among fans. There are also cases of group hooliganism on the part of fans and hidden vandalism.

From the outside, fans are easy to spot. Sports caps in the colors of their favorite teams, jeans or tracksuits, T-shirts with the emblems of “their” clubs, sneakers, long scarves, badges, homemade posters wishing success to those they support. They are easily distinguished from each other by these accessories, gathering in front of the stadium, where they exchange information, news about sports, determine the signals by which they will chant slogans in support of their team, and develop plans for other actions.

Those who call themselves “night riders” are also close to sports informals in a number of ways. They are called rockers. Rockers are united by a love of technology and antisocial behavior. Their mandatory attributes are a motorcycle without a muffler and specific equipment: painted helmets, leather jackets, glasses, metal rivets, zippers. Rockers often caused traffic accidents that resulted in casualties. Attitude towards them public opinion almost definitely negative.

Philosophers informal organizations.

Interest in philosophy is one of the most common in informal environments. This is probably natural: it is the desire to understand, to comprehend oneself and one’s place in the world around him that takes him beyond established ideas and pushes him to something different, sometimes alternative to the dominant philosophical scheme.

Stand out among them hippie. Outwardly, they are recognized by their sloppy clothes, long unkempt hair, and certain paraphernalia: the obligatory blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains, and sometimes crosses. The Beatles and especially their song “Strawberry Fields Forever” became the symbol of hippies for many years. The views of hippies are that a person should be free, first of all, internally. To be liberated in the soul is the quintessence of their views. They believe that a person should strive for peace and free love. Hippies consider themselves romantics, living a natural life and despising the conventions of the “respectable life of the bourgeois”. Striving for complete freedom, they are prone to a kind of escape from life, evasion of many social responsibilities. Hippies use meditation, mysticism, and drugs as means to achieve “self-discovery.”

Hippies are divided into “old wave” and “pioneers”. If the old hippies (they are also called the old ones) mainly preached the ideas of social passivity and non-interference in public affairs, then the new generation is prone to fairly active social activities. Outwardly, they try to have a “Christian” appearance, to resemble Christ: they walk the streets barefoot, wear very long hair, they are not at home for a long time, they spend the night in the open air.

In addition to Christian ideas. Among the “philosophizing” informals, Buddhist, Taoist and other ancient Eastern religious and philosophical teachings are also common.

Political informal organizations.

This group of informal youth organizations includes associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and campaign.

Among the politically active youth groups are pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others.

Pacifists: approve of the struggle for peace; against the threat of war, require the creation of special relations between the authorities and youth.

Punks- belong to a fairly extremist trend among informals, which have a very definite political overtones. By age, punks are predominantly older teenagers. The boys act as leaders. The desire of a punk to attract the attention of people around him in any way, as a rule, leads him to shocking, pretentious and scandalous behavior. They use shocking objects as decorations. These could be chains, pins, or a razor blade.

Neo-fascists(skinheads).

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, something appeared in Germany that killed millions of people, something that makes the current residents of Germany shudder and apologize for the sins of their ancestors to entire nations. The name of this monster is fascism, called by history the “brown plague.” What happened in the 30s and 40s is so monstrous and tragic that some of the young people sometimes even find it difficult to believe what those who lived in those years tell them.

More than 50 years have passed, and history has taken its new turn, and the time has come to repeat it. In many countries of the world, fascist youth organizations or so-called neo-fascists are appearing.

“Skinheads” were born in the mid-60s as a reaction of a certain part of the British working class to hippies and motorcycle rockers. Then they liked traditional work clothes, which were difficult to tear in a fight: black felt jackets and jeans. They cut their hair short so as not to interfere in fights.

By 1972, the fashion for “skinheads” began to wane, but unexpectedly revived 4 years later. A new round of development of this movement was indicated by already shaved heads, army boots and Nazi symbols. English “skinheads” began to get into fights more often with the police, fans of football clubs, fellow “skinheads”, students, and immigrants. In 1980, the National Front infiltrated their ranks, introducing neo-Nazi theory, ideology, anti-Semitism, racism, etc. into their movement. Crowds of “skinheads” with swastika tattoos on their faces appeared on the streets, chanting “Sieg, heil!”

Since the 70s, the uniform of the “skins” has remained unchanged: black and green jackets, nationalistic T-shirts, jeans with suspenders, an army belt with an iron buckle, heavy army boots (such as “GRINDERS” or “Dr.MARTENS”).

In almost all countries of the world, “skins” prefer abandoned places. There the “skinheads” meet, accept new sympathizers into the ranks of their organization, become imbued with nationalist ideas, and listen to music. The basic teachings of the “skins” are also indicated by inscriptions that are quite common in their habitats:

Russia is for russians! Moscow is for Muscovites!

Adolph Hitler. Mein Kampf.

“Skins” have a clear hierarchy. There is a “lower” echelon and a “higher” echelon - advanced “skins” with an excellent education. “Unadvanced skins” are mainly teenagers 16-19 years old. Any passer-by can be beaten half to death by them. There is no need for a reason to fight.

The situation is somewhat different with “advanced skinheads,” who are also called “right-wingers.” First of all, these are not just loose youth with nothing to do. This is a kind of “skinhead” elite - well-read, educated and mature people. Average age“right-wing skins” from 22 to 30 years old. In their circles, thoughts about the purity of the Russian nation are constantly being circulated. In the thirties, Goebbels advanced the same ideas from the rostrum, but only they were talking about the Aryans.

Conclusion: There are a number of youth public organizations with a positive orientation. All of them have great educational opportunities.

Conclusion

A country that does not care about children and youth has no future. And if significant changes do not occur soon, we are doomed to extinction.

In crisis conditions, young people are most susceptible to the collapse of ideals, exacerbation of nihilism, and apathy. the value system is mobile, the worldview is not settled, which leads to the loss of the moral and spiritual health of the nation.

To help young people, knowledge of the main trends in the development of youth culture, psychological characteristics, etc. is needed. Sociology of youth studies youth as a social community, the features of its socialization, upbringing, the process of social continuity and inheritance by young people of the knowledge and experience of older generations, features of lifestyle, the formation of life plans, value orientations, fulfillment social roles. This knowledge is necessary for social workers in order to effectively build their work.

It is also necessary to understand that young man he needs to determine the boundaries of his real capabilities, find out what he is capable of, and establish himself in society.

This can be confirmed by the following quote from Erikson: “The young man must, like an acrobat on a trapeze, in one powerful movement, lower the bar of childhood, jump over and grab the next bar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must put down and those who will receive him on the other side."

Listliterature

1. “Youth extremism”, ed. A. A. Kozlova. St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1996.

2. “According to the unwritten laws of the street...” - M: Yuridlit, 1991.

3. “Sociology of Youth”, ed. V. T. Lisovsky Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 1996

4. Levikova S.I. Youth subculture: Textbook. allowance. M., 2004

5. Kon I.S. “Sociology of Youth” In the book: “ Brief dictionary in sociology" - M., 1988.

6. Plaksy S. And Youth movements and subcultures of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 1999

7. Omelchenko E. Youth cultures and subcultures. M., 2000

8. Levicheva V.F. “Youth Babylon” - M., 1989.

9. Sorokin P. “Man. Civilization. Society" - M., 1992.

10. http://www.subcult.ru/

11. http://subcultury.narod.ru/

12. http://www.sub-culture.ru/

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The problem of informal youth movements and organizations deserves a separate discussion. The range of associations presented here is so wide that any attempts to typologize them encounter a number of objective difficulties. Firstly, this is the absence (complete or partial) of formal organizational characteristics, which seriously complicates the process of their localization in society. Secondly, the high degree of mobility and mobility of informal youth movements, the spontaneity of their activities. Thirdly, the blurring of boundaries between various informal youth associations. Is it possible based on this to conclude that there is no informal movement as a really existing and significant phenomenon? social life modern Russian society? In essence, such a statement would be unjustified. After all, most informal movements exist in the form of countercultural manifestations, and the presence of these trends among young people is not disputed by sociologists.

Informal youth movements are indeed extremely diverse, just as the problems, interests, and needs that unite young people into various informal groups and trends, ranging from music (metallists, rockers) to youth street and criminal gangs, are also diverse. Each of these groups or movements has external distinctive features, its own goals and objectives, sometimes even programs, unique “rules of membership” and moral codes.

Despite their obvious heterogeneity, informal youth movements have a number of common features:

    emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication;

    self-organization and independence from official structures;

    obligatory models of behavior (different from typical) for participants, aimed at realizing needs that are unsatisfied in ordinary forms of life;

    relative stability, high level inclusion of the individual in the functioning of the informal community;

    attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.

In sociological science, there are several approaches to the typology of informal youth movements. The first type of classification involves identifying informal groups of youth based on the areas of their activities. In this case, we talk about movements whose activity in terms of content is characterized as political ; supportive social values (caring for historical and cultural heritage); aimed at helping people and social groups; subcultural and leisure ; countercultural ; aggressive-hegemonic (establishing and maintaining dominance in a certain territory).

The second type of classification involves identifying groups and associations whose activities are uniquely oriented positive in terms of the goals and values ​​of society; have wavering orientation; aimed at alternative Lifestyle; oriented negative (antisocial).

Let us dwell in more detail on one of the few attempts to typologize informal youth movements, undertaken in the late 80s of the twentieth century by D.V. Olshansky. 1 Taking the leading activity of a particular group as a typology criterion, D.V. Olshansky identified the following types of informal youth movements.

Musical informals , whose main goal is to listen, study, and distribute your favorite music. The most famous of them are metalheads, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, and wavy. All these movements are united by a negative attitude towards black marketeers, speculators, and Nazis.

Sports informal youth organizations . The fans take the lead here. On this moment they represent enough organized group. Their behavior is extremely variable: from helping the police in maintaining order during football matches, to organizing tough (often violent) resistance to both other youth groups and security agencies. During mass riots, they can show considerable cruelty, using both improvised means and amateur preparations (brass knuckles, metal chains, streamers, whips with lead tips).

In the early 1990s, “night riders” (an organization of night motorcycle racers) became widespread in large cities. They were distinguished by a love of technology and antisocial behavior, the presence of formal requirements for possible candidates and “entrance exams.”

Informals - “law enforcement” . These include such youth groups as Lyuberas, Foragas, Kufaechniki, Striguns. They were united by a dislike for everything Western and extreme aggression towards persons of “non-Russian” nationality. In order to create and maintain an imaginary order and fight for purity and morality, they often resorted to antisocial and illegal actions.

Philosophizing informals were distinguished by their interest in studying and understanding various directions of philosophical thought. This range of youth movements is extremely wide and is represented by various directions from young Marxists and Bukharinites to all kinds of religious associations. Aggressiveness of consciousness and illegal (criminal) actions in this environment were quite rare. Equally, most representatives of this trend were characterized by pacifism in their views and actions.

"Political informals" . They appeared as a social phenomenon only in the late 1980s. The leading positions here were occupied by patriotic and extreme right-wing associations. The most famous movements were “Memory”, “Motherland”, “Rus”.

Among all youth informal movements, less well known environmental . They were local and unorganized in nature, did not have catchy distinctive features that would attract attention and cause excitement.

A special place among informal youth movements is occupied by youth groups or, following the terminology of V.D. Olshansky – extremist groups . The term “gang” or “gang” first appeared in America to designate groups of delinquent (criminal) youth. For many years, youth groups were considered a purely American phenomenon. Their study in Russian sociology began to be carried out only from the late 80s of the twentieth century. It should be noted that youth groups do not include such types of territorial teenage and youth communities as yard companies. A sign of the latter is the focus on spending leisure time together, while street gangs are characterized by delinquency and a violent nature of their actions.

Note that Russian youth groups differ significantly from American and European ones. Firstly, they are easy to distinguish from other teenage microcultures primarily by their territorial attachment and high delinquent activity. Secondly, youth groups in Russia are ethnically heterogeneous. Thirdly, we can talk about the connection between Russian youth groups and organized crime. Often, youth from street gangs become a reserve for organized crime groups.

What causes young people to unite in informal groups? Why and for what reason did young people become informal? Here, valuable material is provided by studies conducted in informal youth environments in the early 1990s. Thus, a quarter of informals stated that they were not satisfied with the activities of government organizations in the field of leisure. Another fifth believe that official organizations do not help them realize their hobbies. Another 7% of respondents are not satisfied that their interests are not approved by others. So, a significant part (more than half) of informals take this path because of dissatisfaction with the official system, which does not satisfy the interests of young people in the leisure sphere. It turns out that we ourselves are the creators and organizers of this phenomenon.

Unfortunately, in modern Russian sociology little attention is paid to the empirical study of the informal youth environment. But those episodic studies that have been carried out by various groups of authors from the early 1990s to the present day make it possible to dispel a number of myths that have developed around youth informal associations in the past.

Myth one . For a long time, it was generally accepted that the main motive for the emergence of informal youth associations was the latter’s desire to relax and enjoy their free time. However, back in the early 1990s, ongoing research convincingly proved that this motive ranks last among all others - 2%. About 15% of young men find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the availability of conditions for the development of their abilities.

Myth two . The popular belief that informal groups are inherently unstable is also untrue. Research shows that even youth street groups that are extremely mobile exist for at least a year. 1 A number of informal groups can exist for more than 3–5 years.

Myth three . The assumption that informals become under the influence of a strong leader was also not confirmed. The personality of the leader attaches only 2.6% of respondents to the group. Rather, it’s the opposite: you’re attracted to a crowd, a mass of your own kind, in which you can get rid of the fear of loneliness.

Here we can trace some common features that make informal youth movements similar to the crowd as a type of social community. And the similarities don’t end there. So, in informal movements the same mechanism operates infection And imitation , described back in the 19th century by Tarde and Le Bon. Present herd instinct with an indispensable attribute of presence competitors, opponents, ill-wishers and even enemies , and they can be anyone. The same applies here need to stand out And separate yourself . An equally important feature of informal movements is inflated claims . However, all this does not give us the right to equate the crowd with the informals. The latter are distinguished, among other things, by the desire to be ourselves . Personal qualities in an informal team not only do not dissolve in the mass, but even intensify, becoming one of the ways to manifest individuality in both micro and macro society. Let's say, do you want to solve the problem of metalheads once and for all? There is nothing simpler: let's declare this whole beloved image mandatory school uniform- and they will be gone in an instant. Another thing is that the place of old attributes will be taken by new, equally shocking symbolic elements. After all, it’s not about the form, but about the socio-psychological mechanisms of informal behavior that lie behind the appearance.

Thus, the nature of youth informality consists of three components. First level constitutes the biology of a certain age, including natural tendencies towards a certain type of behavior. It is not enough to recognize the biosocial essence of a person - you just need to know the biology of young people and delve into behavioral mechanisms. Second component – psychology, reflecting the conditions of social life and their refraction in the minds of young people. Finally, third layer – sociology of informality. It includes knowledge of informal public opinion, an opinion that unites young people, unites them, and gives them the characteristics of a social movement.

However, an analysis of youth as a subject of public life will not be complete without determining its place and role in the political life of society.

Questions for self-control

    What meaning do sociologists give to the concept of socialization?

    Do most researchers accept that socialization begins at birth? What other points of view regarding this problem are you familiar with?

    What stages of the socialization process are usually identified in science?

    Conventionally, the mechanisms of socialization are usually divided into socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical. What mechanisms belong to the first group?

    Explain what factors influenced the process of formation of the modern youth movement?

    How did the process of institutionalization of youth movements in the 1990s differ from a similar one at the beginning of the 21st century?

    What are the specific features of informal youth associations?

    What approaches to the typology of informal youth movements exist in science?

Topics for abstracts and messages

    Socialization: concept, essence, stages.

    The role of youth organizations in the process of socialization of the younger generation.

    Youth movements in the West in the second half of the twentieth century.

    Problems of formation and development of youth movements in modern Russia.

    Informal youth organizations and movements in Russia.

Literature

Andreenkova V. P. Problems of personality socialization // Social Research. - M., 1970.

Volkov Yu.G., Dobrenkov V.I. and etc. Sociology of youth: Textbook. – Rostov-n/D.: Phoenix, 2001. – 576 p.

Karpukhin O.I. Youth of Russia: features of socialization and self-determination // Sociological research, 2000. - № 3.

Kovaleva A.I. The concept of socialization of youth: norms, deviations, socialization trajectory // Sociological studies, 2003. - No. 1.

Koptseva O.A. Children's public organizations and social creativity of students // Sociological studies, 2005. - No. 2.

Merlin V.S. Formation of individuality and socialization of the individual // Problems of personality. - M., 1970.

Youth movement in Russia. Documents of federal bodies of the Russian Federation and program documents of youth associations. – M., 1995.

Youth of Russia: trends and prospects / Ed. THEM. Ilyinsky. – M., 1993.

Mudrik A.V. Human socialization: Textbook. – M.: Academy, 2004. – 304 p.

Olshansky D.V. Informals: group portrait in the interior. – M., 1990. – 192 p.

Salagaev A.L., Shashkin A.V. Youth groups - pilot research experience // Sociological Research, 2004. - No. 9.

Sergeychik S.I. Factors of civil socialization of students // Sociological Research, 2002. - No. 7.

Sociology of youth: textbook / ed. V.N. Kuznetsova. – M., 2007. – 335 p.

Sociology of Youth: Textbook / Ed. T.V. Lisovsky. – St. Petersburg, 1996. - 460 p.

There are a number of youth public organizations with a positive orientation. All of them have great educational opportunities, but recently the number of informal children's and youth associations of various orientations (political, economic, ideological, cultural) has sharply increased; among them there are many structures with a pronounced antisocial orientation.


In recent years, the word “informals” has taken root in our speech. Perhaps it is here that the overwhelming majority of so-called youth problems are now accumulated. Informals are those who break out of the formalized structures of our lives. They do not fit into the usual rules of behavior. They strive to live in accordance with their own, and not other people’s interests imposed from outside.






Musical The main goal of such youth organizations is listening, studying and distributing their favorite music. The most famous organization of young people is metalworkers. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called “Heavy Metal”). Another well-known youth organization is trying to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers.


Sports Leading representatives are famous football fans. Having manifested themselves as a mass organized movement, the Spartak fans of 1977 became the founders of an informal movement that is now widespread around other football teams and around other sports. The teenagers included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, and in many of its intricacies. Their leaders condemn illegal behavior and oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena.


Philosophical Interest in philosophy is one of the most common in informal environments. This is probably natural: it is the desire to understand, to comprehend oneself and one’s place in the world around him that takes him beyond established ideas and pushes him to something different, sometimes alternative to the dominant philosophical scheme. Hippies stand out among them.


Political This group includes associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and campaign. Among them are pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others. Pacifists: support the fight for peace; against the threat of war, require the creation of special relations between the authorities and youth. Punks belong to a fairly extremist movement among informals that have a very definite political overtones.




The influence of youth groups on the personality of a teenager Many of the informals are very extraordinary and talented people. They spend days and nights on the street, not knowing why. Nobody organizes or forces these young people to come here. They flock together on their own - all very different, and at the same time somehow elusively similar. Many of them, young and full of energy, often want to howl at night from melancholy and loneliness. Many of them lack faith in anything and therefore suffer from their own uselessness. And, trying to understand themselves, they go in search of the meaning of life and adventure in informal youth associations.

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