How wonderful and rich nature is! (School essays). Natural wealth of Russia: definition, features and types What is the wealth of nature
1. What natural resources did primitive man use?
Primitive man used only what was close to him on the surface of the earth or in shallow depths of reservoirs. They did not yet know how to explore the subsoil or great depths, or develop minerals.
They collected vegetation for food, used trees for fires and building houses, and made tools and the same building materials from stones.
It is impossible to live without water, especially fresh water. Also, aquatic inhabitants and land animals were used for food, clothing and household utensils.
2. What natural resources do people use to support life?
For life and development, humanity uses many natural resources: the resources of the world ocean; gifts of forests and fields; soil fertility; minerals from the subsoil.
All natural resources need careful use and protection. It is necessary to prevent the complete disappearance, as well as the inclusion in the Red Book as endangered, of many species of plants and animals. The next generations of people should not only see all the possible gifts of nature, but also increase them.
3. What are the differences between natural conditions and natural resources?
There are significant differences between these two concepts, here are some of them:
1. Involvement in economic activity. Natural resources, unlike natural conditions, are almost always involved in the economic activities of mankind.
2. Central characteristic in the concept. For natural conditions main characteristic is that they are a combination of factors, but natural resources, the understanding of the term is based on the fact that it is a set of non-anthropogenic factors of production.
That is, natural resources are the result of activities in natural conditions.
4. What natural resource is most needed by humanity?
The answer to this question is clear – water. This is one of those resources without which human existence is simply impossible, but in its absence it will be irreplaceable, unlike other vital resources.
5. Based on Fig. 218 of the textbook, determine what types of natural resources are in our area. Give examples.
Resources can be exhaustible (forests, rivers, etc.) and inexhaustible (sun, air, etc.); renewable and non-renewable.
The Chelyabinsk region has rich and varied natural resources.
Mineral resources are concentrated in more than 300 mineral deposits, highest value among which there are deposits of iron and copper-zinc ores, gold, refractory raw materials, talc, graphite and quartz.
The Chelyabinsk region is a monopolist in Russia in the extraction and processing of graphite (95%), magnesite (95%), talc (70%), and metallurgical dolomite (71%).
The region has unlimited reserves of facing stones with a wide range of colors and varied patterns.
6. List the continents rich in: oil and gas, non-ferrous metals, water resources, biological resources.
The richest continents in terms of oil and gas deposits include: North America and Eurasia.
Most non-ferrous metals are found in Eurasia, and also, despite its small size, in Australia.
Of course, South America is the richest in water resources; Eurasia comes in second place after this continent.
According to the criterion of the amount of biological resources, the leaders are also Eurasia and South America, just in a different order.
7. List the resources of the World Ocean that people are able to use today and in the future.
In the future, humanity will be able to use only inexhaustible and renewable resources of the ocean, since exhaustible ones can be completely used up. Reserves of oil and gas and minerals mined on the shelf will run out. Biological resources can be used in the future only if rational use today, i.e. It is necessary to prevent the complete extermination of many species of ocean inhabitants. Without restrictions, it will be possible to use the energy of tides, waves and currents, temperature differences, as well as sea water and the substances it contains.
9. Establish a correspondence between the type of use of natural resources and sectors of the economy.
Directly use natural resources – 1,2,3,4,5,8
Processing and processing of natural resources – 4,5,6,12,13
Do not use natural resources – 7,9,10,11,14
School of Regional Geographers
Make a forecast of changes in the nature of the Earth, subject to the disappearance of the cover glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica.
Most of the continents of our planet will be flooded, only a few will remain on the surface most of Eurasia.
Russia occupies about 1/3 of the territory of the Eurasian continent, where about 23% of the country's area is located in eastern Europe and about 76% of the area in northern Asia. Due to its vast territories and, in some places, great distance from the sea, the climate of Russia is continental, characterized by all four seasons with pronounced summer and winter.
Flora and fauna of Russia
The nature of Russia is diverse and has its own characteristics in different parts of the country. The territory of Russia consists of different natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Along with climatic conditions this gives great diversity in Russian nature to the world of plants and animals.
Flora of the natural world of Russia
The flora consists of a huge variety of plant communities growing in all types of natural zones in Russia.
The most common types of vegetation in Russia are tundra, forest, steppe, meadow, swamp and others. characteristic climate for certain natural areas.
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Flora of Russia:
Wildlife of Russia
The fauna is represented by a diverse rich fauna, characterized by various species of representatives of the animal world living throughout Russia.
In different natural zones, the animal world of Russia is even more diverse when moving from north to south and from plains to mountains, where the number of endemic and relict species of animals predominates.
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Fauna of Russia:
Nature of Russia: regions, republics, territories
All plants and animals in the nature of Russia are in close relationships determined by climate and geographical location throughout the country. However, each region, being in certain natural zones, has its own distinct flora and fauna, defining the unique diversity of nature different regions Russia.
The Central Federal District is located on the East European Plain. Characteristic natural areas: mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe.
Throughout the entire territory of the district (3.8% of the entire territory of Russia) it is characterized by moderate continental climate With cold winter and warm summers.
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Nature of the central region of Russia:
The Northwestern Federal District is located in the Northern and Northwestern parts of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: mixed and broad-leaved forests.
The entire territory of the district (9.87% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a fairly moderate continental climate with cool winters and moderately warm summers.
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Nature of the North-Western District of Russia:
The Southern Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: steppe (plain), mountainous and mountainous.
Throughout the entire territory of the district (2.4% of the entire territory of Russia) it is characterized by moderate warm climate with not cold winters and warm, sometimes hot summers.
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Nature of the Southern District of Russia:
The Volga Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia. Characteristic natural zones: mixed and broad-leaved forests.
The entire territory of the district (6.06% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a continental climate with distinct seasons.
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Nature of the Volga region of Russia:
North Caucasus District of Russia
The North Caucasus Federal District is located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part North Caucasus. Characteristic natural zones: flat, foothill and mountain.
The entire territory of the district (1% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a moderately warm climate with mild winters, warm and hot summers.
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Nature of the North Caucasus District of Russia:
The Ural Federal District is located at the junction of the borders of the European and Asian parts of Russia. Characteristic natural areas: forested with abundance coniferous forests, tundra, forest-tundra and taiga.
The entire territory of the district (10.64% of the entire territory of Russia) is characterized by a sharply continental climate with harsh winter and short hot summers.
The Far Eastern Federal District occupies the most large territory Russia and is located on Far East, almost all subjects have access to the sea. Characterized by a wide variety of natural areas: from arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, to forest-steppes with mixed and broad-leaved forests.
The entire territory of the district (36% of the entire territory of Russia) has a varied climate, from sharply continental with pronounced winters and summers to monsoon with little snow in winter and heavy rainfall in summer.
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Nature of the Far Eastern District of Russia:
No country in the world can compare with the Soviet Union in terms of natural resources - in terms of land areas suitable for Agriculture, abundance of minerals, by energy sources.
The greatest treasure of our nature is the vast fertile land on which wheat and rice, flax and cotton, sugar beets and sugar cane, corn and grapes, tea and subtropical crops are grown. Huge pastures in all zones of the Soviet country - in the tundra, in the forest belt, in the steppes, in semi-deserts, on mountain alpine meadows- and developed field foraging make it possible to breed a variety of livestock and obtain meat, lard, wool, leather, milk, butter and other products. Agriculture and livestock farming - suppliers of raw materials for food and light industry. It is not without reason that it is said that agriculture and animal husbandry feed and clothe us...
Everything living and dead on our planet, as is known, consists of elements presented in the periodic table and their combinations. Any country always has a need for some element - iron, zinc, copper, tin or uranium, manganese, titanium, molybdenum or niobium.
Many countries are forced to import minerals they lack from abroad. Our Motherland is an exception: in its depths there is everything to fill all the cells of the periodic table. And everything you need national economy We have it in industrial quantities.
This is perhaps not surprising: after all, our Motherland is a sixth of the world. Consequently, it must possess a sixth of all natural resources.
But this is where the most amazing thing begins! It turns out that not one sixth of the forests globe grows on Soviet soil, and one fourth. Canada ranks second in forest area in the world after Soviet Union, but it has three times less forests than we do. The total supply of wood in our forests is determined by the astronomical figure - 50 billion m 3.
The most valuable trees represent wealth only if they bring benefits to people, and do not rot aimlessly on the vine. The most fertile lands become valuable only when they are most occupied useful plants. And any fossil, be it iron ore, oil, coal or peat, becomes truly useful only when it serves people.
No country in the world has such large areas sown with grain and industrial crops as in the Soviet Union. And from these areas we collect not one sixth, but about a third of the world’s wheat and beet harvest; not one-sixth, but two-thirds of all hemp, four-fifths of all flax and nine-tenths of all sunflowers grown on the earth.
Mineral deposits are also productively used in our country. Nature also generously gave them to us. Our country has two thirds of the world's peat deposits. A iron ores in the depths of the USSR there is more than in all countries of the world combined. Our country owns one fifth of the world's coal reserves, and geological exploration finds new deposits every year. More than half of the manganese available in earth's crust, is stored in our depths.
Copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, beryllium, uranium, silver, gold - all non-ferrous and rare metals are found in our country. Any wealth is usually converted into gold. But also in terms of reserves of this precious metal there is no country equal to the Soviet Union.
However, our wealth is not limited to metals, oil, peat, coal or timber...
There is no such deposit of fertility stone - apatite, as in the Khibiny tundra, anywhere on the globe. Phosphorus fertilizers are obtained from apatites, and aluminum is obtained from their “waste”, nepheline. We also have raw materials for phosphate fertilizers in other places in the country, especially in Kazakhstan.
The USSR also has gigantic reserves of potassium salts. They make up nine tenths
world reserves. Enormous deposits and table salt, mirabilite, asbestos, mica, sulfur, graphite, marble, fluoride, asphalt, cement raw materials... Yakut diamond deposits are famous throughout the world.
All these minerals must be extracted from the deep depths, raised to the mountain, metals extracted from ores, processed... For this we need machines and mechanisms. They are also needed in order to develop hundreds of millions of hectares of fertile land, sow them, and harvest them. A lot of machines and mechanisms are needed for processing our forest resources, for developing giant peat bogs, for laying railways and highways, for building plants and factories, new residential and public buildings, new cities... Without machines it is impossible to transport goods and people across our huge country. Industry requires a lot of machines and mechanisms.
And for all these mechanisms and machines to work, energy is needed, a lot of energy. In terms of its reserves, contained in coal, oil, peat, oil shale, gas, and water resources, our Motherland occupies a leading place among all countries of the world.
But there is another type of energy - wind, or, as it is called, “blue coal”. The energy of air currents over our country is fantastically great, it exceeds all the energy of our flowing waters and fuel deposits. Scientists have calculated that “on the territory of the USSR, with the help of a dense network of wind turbines, it is technically possible to annually produce about 20 trillion kWh of cheap electricity.” So much energy could be provided by two thousand giant hydroelectric power stations like the Volga hydroelectric power stations - to them. V.I. Lenin and them. XXII Congress of the CPSU.
One of the most important treasures of nature is water. This is the main lever of life, the basis of the country’s well-being. No wonder the famous geologist A.P. Karpinsky, who headed the Academy of Sciences from the first years of the revolution, said: “There is no more precious mineral in the world than water.” And our Motherland also possesses this treasure in abundance. 150 thousand rivers flow across Soviet land, including such mighty ones as the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur, Volga... There are over 250 thousand lakes in our country. Among them is the deepest lake in the world - Baikal and the greatest lake on the globe - the Caspian, which is so huge that it has been called the sea since time immemorial.
It's all possibilities alive and well inanimate nature on Earth, which can be used for human life in the development and improvement of favorable conditions in society.
Since the earliest historical times, man has used natural resources. Then, for the most part, it was hunting and fishing, to a lesser extent mineral resources. Subsequently, the growth processes of agriculture and livestock farming relied heavily on soil resources and water. Then, with the development of architecture and culture, the resources of metals and alloys, ceramics, and natural stone began to be used.
With the beginning of the century of industrialization, active production and use began. different types minerals for their use in energy, technical and economic development, which, unfortunately, began to have a negative impact on environment. Nowadays, more and more humanity is striving to use the resources of the sun and wind, which do not cause a destructive impact on the environment.
Main types of natural resources of the world
Mineral resources
Diversity minerals located in the earth's crust makes it possible to extract and develop them in the form of raw materials for various types industry. Consumption of mineral raw materials ensures the growth of the economy and welfare of the country that produces them, but the availability and reserves of mineral raw materials do not become a factor in the socio-economic development of a particular country in the world...
Having visited Crimea, the Chilean poet and political figure Pablo Neruda enthusiastically wrote: “Crimea is an order on the chest of planet Earth!” And indeed, if you look at it from a bird's eye view, you will see that the diamond-shaped Crimean peninsula really resembles an order attached to the European continent by a narrow chain of the Perekop Isthmus and the Arabat Spit. Historian Neil Asherson called Crimea “the big brown diamond”; The climate and nature of the peninsula was admired by all scientists, writers, poets and artists who visited Taurida. Let’s try to talk in a few words about the richness of Crimean nature and its features.
Position: between geography and geopolitics
Geographically located at the junction of Europe and Asia, Crimea took a little from each of these parts of the world: in the north of the peninsula there are Asian steppes, and in the south there are mountains and subtropics, reminiscent of the resort areas of Greece and Italy. The steppe zone, covering most of the central, western and eastern Crimea, begins in Crimea - and stretches far to the east, all the way to Mongolia and Northern China. It is not for nothing that in the Middle Ages this gigantic territory was called the Wild Field - it was from there that countless hordes of Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Khazars, Mongols and other nomads came to Europe. Crimea is connected to the continent only by a few narrow strips of isthmuses and sandbanks, waterways through the Sivash salt lakes in the north and east, as well as a long strip of the Arabat Spit. Neil Asherson divided Crimea into three historical zones: the steppe north, inhabited by nomads (the body zone); the south, with its cities and civilizations (zone of reason); the mountains between them are the zone of the spirit, where mountain principalities and monasteries were located. In his opinion, the steppe zone of the body always attacked the southern coastal civilization zone of the mind, and the buffer territory between them was mountain zone spirit. Since May 2018, in the east, Crimea has been connected to the continent by the famous “construction site of the 21st century” - the Kerch (or Crimean) Bridge.
Mountains
From the warm and humid southern coast of Crimea steppe zone reflect the three ridges of the Crimean mountains: External, Internal and Main. Each of them looks typologically the same: gentle from the north, these ridges are steep from the south. The outer (northern) ridge is the lowest (up to 350 m); The inner (otherwise the second) ridge is up to 750 m high. The most picturesque is the Main (third, or southern) ridge with peaks more than a kilometer high: Chatyr-Dag (1527 m), Demerdzhi (1356 m) and Roman-kosh (1545 m). Another curious feature of the Crimean mountains is the fact that almost all of them end not with sharp peaks, but, on the contrary, with undulating plateaus, called by the Turkic term “yayla” (translated as “summer pasture for livestock”). The total area of the yayla zones is 1565 km². IN Soviet time Various projects were put forward for the reclamation of these high mountain plateaus for subsequent use for agricultural purposes. For various reasons, they were not implemented, and now most of the yayls are nature reserves.
Water resources
The Crimean peninsula is washed by the waters of two seas - the Black and Azov. The length of the Crimean coastline is quite long - 2500 km, however, about half of this space falls on the Sivash region, which is practically unsuitable for recreation and swimming. At all, water resources Taurida is more than diverse: there are also mountain rivers, and lakes, and estuaries, and waterfalls, and reservoirs, and much more. Unfortunately, all this diversity is completely insufficient to provide residents and visitors of the peninsula with fresh water. The situation became doubly tense in 2014 due to the cessation of operation of the North Crimean Canal, cut off from Crimea by order of the Ukrainian authorities. The longest river of the peninsula is the Salgir, which stretches 232 km from Mount Chatyrdag to Sivash, however, the longest deep rivers are Chernaya and Belbek. IN summer time Many Crimean rivers are almost completely dry. Another curious specific feature of Crimea is the abundance of salt lakes with healing mud; There are especially many of them in the north of Crimea. Despite the fact that it is possible to develop a medical and tourism industry similar to Israel's, this resource is still underutilized.
Flora
The flora of Crimea is amazing and diverse: in total, about 2,500 species of wild plants grow here. higher plants, many of which are listed in the Red Book. What makes Crimean vegetation so special and different? Firstly, about 250 species of so-called endemics grow in Crimea - i.e. plants that are found only in Crimea and nowhere else. Secondly, there are also many relics in Crimea, i.e. types of vegetation that have not changed for many millions of years and have been preserved in their original form. Thirdly, the Crimean vegetation has analogues among plants of other Black Sea and Mediterranean regions - due to a similar climate, and also because about 1000 plant species were brought to Crimea by colonists from their place of residence. It is for this reason that the flora of Crimea has its current, diverse and amazing character. Among the most notable plants of Crimea, it is worth highlighting Steven's maple, Stankevich pine, yew berry, juniper, pyramidal cypress, Crimean thyme, Poyarkova's hawthorn, wormwood, feather grass and many others.
The Crimean flora, as well as the fauna, can also be divided into steppe, mountain and south-coast. In northern Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula, steppe vegetation and stunted shrubs predominate. Further, in the foothills, the steppe is replaced by forest-steppe: not only shrubs, but also trees such as oak, juniper, hornbeam and pear appear here. Even further south, in the zone of the Inner Ridge, tree diversity becomes richer, oak and beech forests, hawthorn, mackerel, dogwood, ash and linden appear. At an altitude of 1000 m, already in the area of the Main Ridge, the trees disappear: the majestic expanses of the yayla are practically treeless and resemble high-mountain steppe expanses. It is there that about 25% of Crimean endemics grow. On South Coast In Crimea you can find a belt of pine forests, which, in general, is not very typical for the peninsula. In addition to natural forests, a significant part of Crimea is also occupied by artificial plantings, parks and botanical gardens. The most famous of them are Alupka and Massandra parks, as well as those founded by Kh.Kh. Stephen back in the 19th century Nikitsky Botanical Garden.
Fauna
No less unique and animal world Crimea. Since the peninsula is virtually isolated from the mainland, it formed unique complex animal species, different from the species composition of nearby Ukraine and mainland Russia. A specific feature of the Crimean fauna is high level endemism, i.e. the presence of species unique to Crimea. On the other hand, it is extremely curious that in Crimea there are not many animals living in neighboring territories. In general, more than 60 species of mammals live in Crimea. The largest of them are the Crimean red deer, fallow deer and wild boar. For a long time there were no wolves in Crimea, however, in last years There is a movement of gray predators to Crimea from the territory of southern Ukraine. As a politically illiterate animal, the wolf does not pay attention to the conflict between Crimea and Ukraine in 2014 state border. In the Black and Azov Seas there are three species of dolphins and – extremely rarely – a monk seal. There are more than 300 species of birds in Crimea. The largest are the crane, bustard, swans, geese and large predators: steppe eagle, black vulture, golden eagle, peregrine falcon and eagle owl. The best place For bird watching in Crimea, there is the Swan Islands Nature Reserve in the north-west of the peninsula.
Insects
The entomofauna (insects) of Crimea numbers, according to various estimates, from 10 to 15 thousand species. There are about 2000 species of butterflies alone in Crimea! It’s not for nothing that the lover of lepidoptera, Vladimir Nabokov, felt so good in Crimea - whose first article was on English language It was precisely dedicated to Crimean butterflies. Of the most notable endemic insect species, it is worth highlighting the Crimean ground beetle, the Black Sea marigold butterfly, the brilliant beauty dragonfly and the Smirnov horsefly. It is especially pleasant that among the animals and insects of Crimea there are practically no poisonous ones, and those that live there (for example, scolopendra, scorpion, tarantula, salpuga, steppe viper) are so rare that cases of attacks on people are rare.
This is what natural beauty looks like in a nutshell Crimean peninsula. There is everything for the most demanding traveler: mountains, sea, bays, waterfalls, steppes, salt and fresh lakes, natural and artificial caves, nature reserves and parks, unique endemic plants, trees, animals and insects. To make sure of this, pack your luggage, put your errands aside, buy tickets - and explore our treasure peninsula on your own. Crimea is waiting for you!
