The principle of equal security. Concept of international security
Conditions for effective communication
One of the functions of language is the function of communication.
The main goal of speech communication is the exchange of information of various kinds, its awareness and understanding. The main functions of communication: 1. informative, 2. interactive (incentive), 3. perceptual (establishing mutual understanding), 4. expressive (excitement of emotional experiences).
The means of transmitting information in communication are divided into 1) verbal and 2) non-verbal.
Verbal carried out using words - language, non-verbal- using signs and symbols: gestures, facial expressions, posture, gaze, distance.
Language is realized in speech. Speech is the external manifestation of language, i.e. it refers to verbal means of communication. Speech activity consists of several successive phases: orientation, planning, implementation, control or response.
In implementation speech act stages are distinguished:
1) Preparation, when goals, motives, needs are realized and results are predicted;
2) Structuring the statement (the choice of words and their design are carried out);
3) Transition to external speech.
4) Speech perception (the process of listening or reading) includes understanding (of language and content), feedback(reaction).
Being an act of communication, speech is always addressed to someone.
Model of speech communication next:
addressee - message - addressee.
The addressee and the sender are called communicants. The following qualities are very important for communicators:
- empathy- the ability to see the world through the eyes of other people, to understand another person;
- goodwill- the ability not only to sympathize, but also to show one’s friendly attitude, respect and sympathy for other people;
Skill understand your interlocutor even when you do not approve of his action;
Readiness support another man;
- authenticity- the ability to be natural, without hiding behind masks and roles, the ability to be yourself;
- specificity, refusal of general reasoning, the ability to talk about specific experiences, willingness to answer questions unambiguously;
- initiative- a tendency to take an active position, as well as the ability to establish contacts on one’s own initiative;
- immediacy- ability to speak and act directly;
- openness- willingness to open your inner world to others, a firm conviction that openness contributes to the establishment of strong relationships with others;
-accepting the feeling- willingness to accept emotional experiences on the part of the partner;
Willingness, in the event of a difference of opinion, to engage in confrontation, but not for the purpose of intimidation, but with the hope of establishing honest relations.
Scientists have formulated a number of principles of speech communication. One of them - principle of consistency. It assumes relevance (semantic correspondence) of the response, i.e. waiting for a replica of the appropriate type. If the first replica is a question, the second is the answer. Another principle is the principle preferred structure - characterizes the features of speech fragments with confirming and deviating responses.
To simplify the tasks of communicators, certain laws that make communication more successful. There are two known descriptions of the principles of communication. They bear their names after the names of the founders - principle of cooperation G.P. Grice and principle of politeness J.N. Licha.
Principle cooperation Grice consists of four (RULES) Maksim:
- maximum quantity - completeness of information (the statement should not contain more information than required and less than required);
- maxim of quality information (don’t say what you think is false);
- relationship maxim - relevance (stay on topic);
- maxim of the method - manners (be clear, concise, organized).
Principle politeness Licha contains six (RULES) Maksim:
- maxim of tact - maxim of the boundaries of the personal sphere (topics such as religion, private life, salary, etc. cannot be touched upon);
- maxim of generosity - not burdening the interlocutor;
- maxim of approval - positivity in assessing others;
- maxim of modesty- rejection of praise addressed to oneself, realistic self-esteem;
- maxim of agreement involves abandoning conflict to maintain communication and solve problems;
- maxim of sympathy- benevolence.
Psychological principles of communication:
Principle equal security – non-infliction of psychological or other damage to a partner in information exchange.
Decentric principle– non-infliction of damage to the cause for which the parties entered into interaction. The efforts of the participants in communication should be directed to searching optimal solution Problems. Decentric orientation, in contrast to egocentric, is characterized by the ability to analyze a situation from the position of another person, based not on one’s own interests, but on the interests of the cause.
The principle of adequacy of what is perceived and what is said, i.e. not causing damage to what was said by deliberately distorting the meaning.
A necessary condition for effective verbal communication is listening skills. There are two types of listening:
Non-reflective listening– the ability to remain silent attentively, without interfering with the interlocutor’s speech with your comments.
Reflective Listening– active interference in the interlocutor’s speech.
Exists two important law communications:
1. The point is not what the sender says, but what the recipient understands.
2. If the recipient misinterprets the sender's message, then the sender bears the blame, i.e. The responsibility for accurate communication lies with the sender.
The nature of a speech act is judged by the reaction to it, response, i.e. by feedback. Feedback- an indicator of the effectiveness of communication and achievement of the desired result. Feedback can be conveyed through facial expressions, gestures, glances, and compliments. Each communication situation uses its own speech tactics, i.e. speech techniques that help achieve the goal. Experts identify speech tactics characteristic of everyday and business communication:
1. generalization (when unfavorable information is reinforced with words that this happens);
2. example (...and they bought it for my friend.., and I was your age.., i.e. some specific experience is used);
3. surprise (use of unexpected information);
5. moment of informality (telling about your mistakes in order to show your approach to solving the problem);
6. the Socratic method of answering “yes” to questions asked and leading to the final “yes” (You went to an exhibition on Saturday and said that “you liked it (“Yes”), besides, it took a little time (“Yes”) and the ticket was inexpensive (“Yes”), which means you can go with me to this exhibition again (“Yes”);
7. provocation (expressing one’s disagreement in order to understand the opponent’s position);
8. “greasing” the argument (“you, as an intelligent person, will, of course, understand this situation”), etc.
Everyone knows cases when interlocutors, no matter how hard they try, do not understand each other. The reasons lie in unequal knowledge of the subject of conversation, psychological characteristics of the interlocutors, professional, political, religious differences, i.e. V communication barriers.
1. Logical barrier. Each person sees the problem from his own position. You need to try to understand your interlocutor and take his point of view.
2. Stylistic barrier. It presupposes a clear structure of the text, logic and consistency of presentation. To do this, the frame and chain rule is used. Frame rule is that the beginning and end of the message should be clearly defined, since the beginning and end are better remembered. Chain Rule presupposes a text structure built according to some characteristic. And, of course, the type of message is taken into account, since the form of communication and its content must correspond to each other. If this is not the case, a style barrier arises.
3. Semantic (meaning) barrier occurs when interlocutors use different vocabulary, different culture of conversation, i.e. "they speak different languages", have social, religious, professional differences.
An important factor in communication is interpersonal space. Researchers have identified four communication zones:
- intimate area(from 15 to 50 cm) - this is a zone of close emotional contact (children, relatives);
- interpersonal distance(from 50 to 1.2 m) - communication between friends;
- social zone(from 1.2 to 3.7 m) - this distance is maintained with strangers, for informal and business relationships;
- public area(more than 3.6 m) - when communicating with a large audience. Speech interaction is the process of establishing and maintaining targeted direct or indirect contact between people through language.
Speech interaction- this is the process of interaction between two subjects: a) the speaking or writing addressee (sender of information) and b) the recipient of this information - the listening or reading - addressee. The elementary form of speech interaction is speech act. Speech act on the part of the addresser, this is speaking - sending acoustic signals in the form of linguistic signs, or writing - encoding speech signals using graphic symbols. The speech act on the part of the addressee is listening - the perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding, or reading - decoding graphic signs, understanding their meanings. Plays the most important role in verbal communication speech situation, i.e. the context of communication. A speech situation is the specific circumstances in which speech interaction occurs. Examples of speech situations: the need to answer questions, make a report on the results of work, write a letter, talk with a friend, etc.
The spatiotemporal context - the time and place in which verbal communication occurs - plays a significant role in verbal communication. The place of communication can largely determine the genre of communication: small talk at a party, at a party, at a banquet, conversation at a doctor’s appointment in a clinic, dialogue between a teacher and a student at a university during exams, etc. Depending on the participation of the time factor, they distinguish canonical and non-canonical speech situations. Canonical situations are considered when the time of utterance (the time of the speaker) is synchronous with the time of his perception (the time of the listener), i.e. the moment of speech is determined when the speakers are in the same place and each sees the same as the other (ideally they have general field of view); when the addressee is a specific person, etc. Non-canonical situations are characterized by the following points: the time of the speaker, i.e. the time of pronouncing the statement, may not coincide with the time of the addressee, i.e. the time of perception (writing situation); the statement may not have a specific addressee (a public speaking situation), etc. If, for example, a telephone speaker uses the word here, then it denotes only its space. In a letter, the subject of speech now determines with a word only his own time, and not the time of the addressee. Speech event– discourse taking place in the context of a speech situation. A speech event consists of two main components: 1) oral speech(what is said, communicated) and what accompanies it (gestures, facial expressions, movement, etc.); 2) conditions, environment in which communication takes place. The first component of a speech event is called discourse. Discourse- this is a speech act (statement, text), which is accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, spatial behavior of the interlocutors and other extralinguistic factors. In other words, discourse - speech “immersed in life” - is a text taken in the event aspect. Discourse is a coherent text in combination with extralinguistic - pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological and other factors. Discourse as an integral, complete event represents various types of speech practice: everyday dialogue, interview, conversation, school lesson, seminar, meeting, conference, etc. The second component of a speech event is a speech situation, including its participants, their relationships, circumstances of place and time, subject and purpose.
Prevention and liquidation emergency situations, as well as ensuring safety in emergency situations on international level, is an integral element of the international security system.
The international security system must be based on international standards ahs and principles, subject to their observance by all subjects international cooperation. However, international security is currently under threat, so the situation in the world can be assessed as unstable. International conflicts negatively affect security in the world, and cause or may cause emergency situations, which sometimes reach catastrophic proportions.
The UN report notes that in 2014 the total number of displaced people in Syria will reach 6.5 million (at the end of 2013 their number is estimated at 4.25 million). According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, as of July 2014, the number of refugees from Ukraine to Russian territory amounted to more than 21 thousand people.
In conditions of international security, each state has best conditions to improve the material standard of living of people, free development of the individual, ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.
International standards governing international security form a relevant industry - international security law, which is a branch of international law, including a set of principles and norms governing the relations of states to ensure international security.
The basis of international security law is generally recognized international principles, including: non-use of force or threat of force, territorial integrity states, inviolability state borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, peaceful resolution of disputes, cooperation between states. See, for example, the UN Charter, Declaration of Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the 1970 UN Charter.
There are also special principles:
The principle of indivisibility of international security. Really, modern development society, infrastructure, economy presupposes a close relationship between all states in the world. Experience shows that any emergency in one part of the world can cause Negative consequences in another part of it. Armed conflicts, accidents and disasters cause crisis situations not only in the countries in which they occur. The interests of other states, sometimes dozens or even hundreds of countries, are often affected. Therefore, all states must set themselves the task of improving and developing the system of ensuring international security, and not just the security of their region.
The principle of no harm to safety other states involves each state conducting such foreign policy, which takes into account to the maximum extent the security of not only its state, but also the entire world community.
The principle of equal and equal security means that a state must ensure its security, commensurate with the capabilities of ensuring the security of other states.
There are two types of international security: universal and regional. Both types of international security relate to collective security, that is, they can only be ensured by the collective efforts of all or most states of the world or region.
Universal Security created as a whole for our planet. It is based on a system of international agreements (treaties) aimed at ensuring international security for all states.
A universal system for ensuring international security has been formed within the framework of the United Nations (UN). Its main body for ensuring international security is the UN Security Council (UN Security Council). In accordance with the UN Charter, the UN Security Council has the right to determine whether there is a threat of aggression in the world, whether it is actually being carried out, and what measures need to be taken in order to maintain peace and fully ensure international security.
The UN Security Council is a permanent body and has the right to apply a set of measures to the aggressor, including the use of armed force, in order not only to stop aggression, but also to create conditions to prevent it in the future. However, these measures can be applied only with the unity of all states - permanent members of the UN Security Council.
Regional international security- this is security in a separate region. For example, the collective security system in Europe is based on the functioning mechanism of a number of systems, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Collective European security within the OSCE began to take shape in 1975, when 33 European states, as well as the USA and Canada top level signed Final Act Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Currently, the OSCE includes 57 states from Europe, Central Asia And North America. Russia is a member of the OSCE. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) http://www.nato.int.
Within the framework of the OSCE, summits and meetings at the level of foreign ministers were held. Their result was the adoption large number documents, including in the field of ensuring collective security. For example, in In 1999, OSCE member states adopted the Charter for European Security. It reflects the concept of security of the world community, oriented towards the 21st century. It is based on two principles: collectivity, in which the security of each participating state is inextricably linked with the security of all others, and the principle of the primary responsibility of the UN Security Council for maintaining international peace.
The OSCE is identified as one of the main organizations for the peaceful settlement of disputes in its region and one of the main instruments in the field of early warning and conflict prevention.
In 2014, the OSCE was actively involved in resolving the crisis in Ukraine.
Collective European security is also ensured within the framework of NATO, which has powerful armed forces. These forces can be brought into action in the event of a threat to the security of NATO member states. NATO currently includes 28 member states. However, NATO is trying to expand its borders. or, as practice shows, the emergence of unstable regions in Europe.
Russia does not welcome NATO expansion. However, Russia cooperates with NATO on its most important security issues. To this end, a corresponding agreement was signed between Russia and NATO in May 2002, after which the first meeting of the new Russia-NATO interaction and cooperation body was held in Rome. Since the creation of the Russia-NATO Council, these entities international relations worked together on various issues, starting with the fight against illegal trafficking narcotics and counter-terrorism to submarine salvage and civil emergency planning. Currently, relations between Russia and NATO have become tense. On April 1, 2014, NATO Foreign Ministers condemned Russia's illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The ministers stressed that NATO does not recognize Russia’s illegal and unlawful attempt to annex Crimea
Of essential importance for ensuring European security is Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) 1990. This Treaty must operate in an adapted form, as agreed upon by its participants by signing the corresponding Agreement on the Adaptation of the CFE Treaty in November 1999 in Istanbul. In accordance with the provisions of the adapted CFE Treaty, states located in Central Europe should not exceed the relevant armament parameters stipulated by the Treaty.
One example of the creation of the foundations of regional collective security is the signing on April 25, 2002 Document on confidence- and security-building measures in the Black Sea. In combination with the Agreement on the creation of the Black Sea Naval Operational Cooperation Group "Blackseafor" The main tasks of "Blackseafor": conducting joint search and rescue exercises, mine action and humanitarian operations, protection operations environment, as well as conducting goodwill visits. The Confidence Building Measures Document forms a holistic mechanism for naval cooperation in the region. In particular, it provides for the exchange of various information, including annual plans for naval activities and preliminary notifications of ongoing activities. A number of sections of the Document are devoted to the development of naval cooperation between the Black Sea states. Six Black Sea states were parties to the Document: Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.
Another example of the formation of a regional collective security system is within the framework of Shanghai organization cooperation (SCO). The SCO members are six states: Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The SCO is active in the field of ensuring security in the region where the participating states are located.
International security at the regional level is also ensured within the CIS. Currently, eleven states are members of the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. is an organization general competence. The organization with special competence to ensure collective security is Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Currently, six states are members of the CSTO: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. The goal of the CSTO is to ensure security in the region where the participating states are located. See, for example, the Collective Security Treaty of 1992, the CSTO Charter of October 7, 2002.
In accordance with the Declaration of the CSTO member states, adopted at the June 2006 session of the CSTO Collective Security Council, it is noted that one of the main directions for the development of integration processes within the CSTO is activities in the field of preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations.
In 2007, in order to coordinate the interaction of ministries and departments of the CSTO member states in the field of preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations, the Organization created the Coordination Council for Emergency Situations of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), which included the heads of authorized bodies for emergency situations. A member of the Coordination Council for Emergency Situations of the Collective Security Treaty Organization from Russia is the Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.
The KSChS is entrusted with solving problems related to:
Organization of interaction between authorized bodies in order to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations;
Development of proposals for the implementation of joint organizational and practical measures aimed at preventing emergency situations and increasing the effectiveness of measures to eliminate their consequences;
Development of the international legal framework for cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of consequences of emergency situations;
Preparation of proposals for improving and harmonizing the national legislation of the CSTO member states;
Coordination of preparation and implementation of joint activities to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations;
Preparation of proposals for the development of draft interstate programs and plans for the prevention and mitigation of the consequences of emergency situations;
Organization of exchange of experience and information, assistance in training and advanced training of personnel;
Participation in methodological, information and analytical support for authorized bodies of the Organization’s member states in the field of prevention and liquidation of consequences of emergency situations.
Based on the Decision of the Collective Security Council, which adopted amendments to the Regulations on the CSTO Emergency Committee, the chairman of the Coordination Council is appointed starting in 2010 for a period of three years. Since December 2010, the Coordination Council has been chaired by the Republic of Belarus. In 2013, the chairmanship passed to Kazakhstan for three years. The CSTO Emergency Situations Committee was headed by the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Vladimir Bozhko.
Of great importance in ensuring international, regional and national security are bilateral agreements between states, for example, between Russia and France. To deepen interaction between the two states on international security issues and in the field of bilateral relations, in accordance with the decision of the presidents of the two countries, the Russian-French Security Cooperation Council was created. The main topics on the Council's agenda are problems of global and regional security, fight against terrorism, countering the proliferation of weapons mass destruction(WMD). Within the Council, joint working groups have been formed on the non-proliferation of WMD and on combating new threats and challenges.
Thus, international security occupies a vital place in the system of international relations, since on the principles of international security the development and fruitful cooperation of states in all spheres of relations, including in the field of prevention and response to emergency situations, is possible.
International security in the field of emergency prevention and response- the state of protection of states, their citizens, material and cultural values from threats of emergency situations that have arisen and may arise.
International security in emergency situations presupposes:
Ensuring the security of states and their citizens in emergency situations;
Emergency prevention;
Elimination of emergency situations;
Protection of people and material objects from emergency situations;
Restoration of territories;
Regulatory legal regulation of this area;
Creation of forces and means for preventing and eliminating emergency situations.
Ensuring international security in the field of prevention and response to emergency situations is possible only with the cooperation of states and (or) international organizations.
Such international cooperation is carried out on international norms and principles. Among these principles are the following, which, in particular, regulate relations to ensure safety in emergency situations:
Principle sovereign equality states;
The principle of non-use of force and threat of force;
The principle of the inviolability of state borders;
The principle of territorial integrity (inviolability) of states;
The principle of peaceful resolution of international disputes;
The principle of non-interference in internal affairs;
The principle of indivisibility of international security;
The principle of non-damage to the security of other states;
The principle of equal and equal security, as well as:
The environment is a common concern of humanity;
Freedom to explore and use the environment;
Rational use environment;
Interdependence of environmental protection and human rights. People have the right to live in good health and work productively in harmony with nature;
Prevention of environmental pollution;
State responsibility;
The one who pollutes pays;
Principle of access to information related to the environment, etc.
Prevention and response to emergency situations can be carried out within one state, within a certain region or throughout the world.
The main way to ensure international security in the field of prevention and response to emergency situations is international cooperation in this area, which is determined by the characteristics of the main participants in international relations - states. States have sovereignty, which determines the nature of their relationships - mutual cooperation.
Indeed, international cooperation is the most important element ensuring security for Russia as well. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation notes that the development of the world is following the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is characterized by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions between states have intensified. The vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. The inconsistency of the existing global and regional architecture, oriented, especially in the Euro-Atlantic region, only to NATO, as well as the imperfection of legal instruments and mechanisms increasingly pose a threat to ensuring international security, including in emergency situations. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2009 No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2009 No. 20 Art. 2444
The attention of international policy in the long term will be focused on the possession of energy resources, including in the Middle East, on the shelf Barents Sea and in other areas of the Arctic, in the Caspian Sea basin and in Central Asia. The situation in Iraq and Afghanistan, conflicts in the Near and Middle East, in a number of countries in South Asia and Africa, and on the Korean Peninsula will continue to have a negative impact on the international situation in the medium term.
It is noted that in the long term the Russian Federation will strive to build international relations based on international principles, ensuring reliable and equal security of states. To protect its national interests, Russia, while remaining within the framework of international norms, will pursue a rational and pragmatic foreign policy. Russia views the UN and the UN Security Council as the central element of a stable system of international relations, based on respect, equality and mutually beneficial cooperation states relying on civilized political instruments for resolving global and regional crisis situations. Russia will increase interaction in such multilateral formats as the G20, RIC (Russia, India and China), BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), as well as use the capabilities of other informal international institutions.
The development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation relations with the CIS member states is a priority area of foreign policy for Russia. Russia will strive to develop the potential for regional and subregional integration and coordination in the space of the CIS member states, primarily within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States itself, as well as the CSTO and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), which have a stabilizing influence on the general situation in the regions bordering the states - members of the CIS. See also there. P.13
The Russian Federation stands for the comprehensive strengthening of interaction mechanisms With European Union, including the consistent formation of common spaces in the spheres of economics, external and internal security, education, science, and culture. Formation in the Euro-Atlantic meets Russia’s long-term national interests open system collective security on a certain legal basis.
In order to maintain strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, the Russian Federation will participate in activities carried out under the auspices of the UN and other international organizations to eliminate natural and man-made disasters and emergency situations, as well as in providing humanitarian aid affected countries.
Thus, the National Security Strategy of Russia describes the international economic, political, social and other situation that is currently or may be a threat of large-scale emergencies requiring the participation of the entire world community.
The Strategy of the State National Policy determines that the development of national, interethnic relations influenced by such a negative factor of a global or cross-border nature as the unifying influence of globalization on local cultures, the unresolved problems of refugees and internally displaced persons, illegal migration, expansion international terrorism and religious extremism, international organized crime. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012 No. 1666 “On the Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025”
The objectives in the field of international cooperation in the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation are:
Promoting the formation of a positive image of the Russian Federation abroad as a democratic state that guarantees the satisfaction of the ethnocultural needs of citizens on the basis of centuries-old Russian traditions of harmonization of interethnic relations;
Monitoring international events and the activities of international organizations that can affect the state of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation;
Ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad, on the basis of generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation;
Using mechanisms of cross-border cooperation for the purposes of ethnocultural development, socio-economic cooperation, creating conditions for free communication of families of separated nations;
Creating, within the framework of interstate contacts and agreements, conditions for Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad to ensure the guaranteed implementation of their humanitarian contacts and freedom of movement;
Using the resource of public diplomacy through the involvement of institutions civil society in solving the problems of international cultural and humanitarian cooperation as a means of establishing intercivilizational dialogue and ensuring mutual understanding between peoples;
Strengthening international cooperation in the field of regulating migration processes, ensuring the rights of labor migrants;
Establishing partnerships within the UN, UNESCO, OSCE, Council of Europe, SCO, CIS and other international organizations. See also there. P.21
These tasks must be implemented in any area of international cooperation, including in the field of prevention and response to emergency situations.
Main body state power in the field of international cooperation in Russia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Russian Federation.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is the lead body in the system of federal executive authorities in the field of relations with foreign states and international organizations and coordinates:
Activities of federal executive authorities, including the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, in the field of international relations and international cooperation;
International relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
International activities organizations authorized in accordance with the Federal Law Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1995 No. 101-FZ “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation” to submit proposals to the President of the Russian Federation or the Government of the Russian Federation on the conclusion, implementation and termination of international treaties of Russia. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 8, 2011 No. 1478 “On the coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in pursuing a single foreign policy line of the Russian Federation” // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation dated November 14, 2011 No. 46 art. 6477
Ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to foreign states must ensure the implementation of a unified foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the host states and, for these purposes, coordinate the activities and control over the work of other representative offices of the Russian Federation, representative offices of federal executive authorities, Russian government agencies, organizations, corporations and enterprises, their delegations and groups of specialists, as well as representative offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, the main body responsible for preventing and eliminating emergency situations is the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.
The principle of equal security, implying non-infliction of psychological or other damage to a partner in information exchange.
This principle prohibits offensive attacks against the recipient and humiliation of the partner’s self-esteem.
Labels, rude words and expressions, offensive remarks, insults, a contemptuous and mocking tone can throw a person out of balance, cause him moral injury and even physical damage to his health, and therefore interfere with the perception and understanding of information.-
Of course, each participant in the dialogue has the right to defend and defend his point of view, disagree with the statements of his opponent, show and prove the fallacy of his position, but he is obliged to respect the personality of the interlocutor.
The principle of decentral orientation -
non-damage to the business for which the parties entered into interaction.
The essence of this principle is that the efforts of communication participants should not be wasted on protecting ambitious, egocentric interests. They should be directed to find the optimal solution to the problem. Decentric orientation, in contrast to egocentric, is characterized by the ability to analyze a situation or problem from the point of view of another person, based not on one’s own interests, but on the interests of the cause. It is noted that this principle is often violated.
Often people, guided by a variety of motives, forget about the very subject of discussion due to emotions.
The principle of adequacy of what is perceived
that is, not causing damage to what was said by deliberately distorting the meaning. Sometimes participants in communication deliberately distort the opponent’s position, distort the meaning of his words, in order to achieve advantages in the conversation in this way. This leads to disagreements and mutual misunderstanding.
The main factors contributing to the establishment of a favorable climate for verbal communication:
Recognition is not in words, but in practice pluralism of opinions, presence diversity of points of view on various problems modern life
, which is a necessary prerequisite for democratic resolution of issues;
- providing everyone opportunities to exercise your right to express your own point of view;
- provision equal opportunities to obtain the necessary information to substantiate their position;
- awareness that the need for constructive dialogue is dictated by not by the will of individuals, but by the actual situation, is associated with solving vital problems for both sides;
- defining a common platform for further interaction and cooperation, the desire to find in the partner’s statements and behavior what unites him and does not separate him, searching for common ground.
Conclusion:
Failure to comply with THESE conditions, ignoring these principles, turns a constructive dialogue into a destructive one and prevents the organization of effective verbal communication.
The main reason for the appearance of destructive elements in the process of communication is stereotypical dogmatic thinking and intolerance to other people's opinions.
The basis for destructiveness can also be the personal characteristics of its participants: selfishness, ambition, confidence in one’s own infallibility, categorical judgments, inability to compromise, give up own interests, as well as the lack common sense, lack of understanding of the real processes occurring in society.
Listening skills- a rare ability and highly valued.
It would seem that all people with normal hearing hear each other, talk, communicate.
However, hearing and listening are not exactly the same thing.
“Hearing” means physically perceiving a sound, and listening is not just directing your hearing to something, but focusing on what you perceive, understanding the meaning of the sounds received.
Most people, according to scientists, are bad at listening to the words of others, especially if they do not affect their real interests.
Research shows that no more than 10% of people have the ability to listen to an interlocutor with concentration and restraint, to penetrate into the essence of what is being said, and managers listen with 25% effectiveness. It is not difficult to notice that when we mentally disagree with the speaker, then, as a rule, we stop listening and wait for our turn to speak, select arguments and arguments, and prepare a worthy answer. And when we start arguing, we get carried away with justifying our point of view and also don’t hear our interlocutor, who is sometimes forced to interrupt us with the phrase: “Yes, listen to me, finally!”
Meanwhile, the ability to listen is a necessary condition for a correct understanding of the opponent’s position, a correct assessment of the disagreements that exist with him, the key to successful negotiations, conversations, and an essential element of the culture of business communication.
Introduction
Principles of international security law
- The role of international law in preventing war
Collective Security
Disarmament and arms limitation
- Measures to strengthen confidence, narrow the material base and spatial scope of military conflicts
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The question of war and peace is the fundamental issue of modern international relations. The problem of ensuring international security in its broadest sense is the problem of ensuring peace and preventing war. Modern international law, being the law of peace, is designed to serve this purpose. The desire of states to ensure stable peace on earth depends primarily on foreign policy and on the unconditional implementation of the principles and norms of modern international law. The objective need for cooperation between states in matters of ensuring peace determined the process of formation and functioning of a new branch of general international law - the law of international security. It should be taken into account the changes in the object of legal regulation that have occurred in last years. Today, along with the continuing danger of conflicts between states, the threat to security emanating from intrastate conflicts generated by interethnic, interethnic, interreligious contradictions and clashes is becoming increasingly serious.
Nowadays, the topic of security is very relevant and it is clear why. In the modern era of constant military conflicts, a mechanism for their resolution, and especially prevention, is simply necessary. UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali noted that without peace there can be no development and conflict will begin to brew in society. And without democracy it is impossible to achieve any significant development; in the absence of development, peace cannot be maintained for a long period of time. The Master's thesis will focus on international security law. I will give its concept, talk about its sources, the role of international security law, show how it developed and how international security is now maintained.
I.The concept of international security law, sources
International security law represents a system of principles and norms governing military-political relations between states and other subjects of international law in order to prevent the use military force in international relations, arms limitations and reductions.
The main, fundamental realities in the field of international security and interstate relations have already been quite clearly defined, which, in particular, include the following:
- Ideological and class struggle cannot form the basis of peaceful interstate relations.
- Nuclear war cannot be a means of achieving political, economic, ideological or any other goals. That's why there are treaties banning nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction.
- International security is comprehensive. That is, it affects many issues and spheres of public life.
- International security is indivisible. The security of one state cannot be built at the expense of the security of another. An arms race must not be allowed.
- The UN peacekeeping role in the fight for security has grown immeasurably
The above realities modern world and other factors indicate, on the one hand, the versatility and comprehensive nature of international security, and on the other hand, about the inextricable connection between the security of each individual state and the security of the entire international community as a whole, as well as the connection between security and development. International security law represents a system of principles and norms governing military-political relations of states and other subjects of international law in order to prevent the use of military force. in international relations, arms limitations and reductions.
Like any branch of international law, international security law is based on general principles modern international law, among which the principle of non-use of force or threat of force, the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes, the principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, as well as a number of sectoral principles, such as the principle of equality and equal security, the principle of not causing harm, the security of states are of particular importance . Taken together, they constitute the legal basis of international security law. (International security and disarmament. SIPRI Yearbook 1994, M., 1994, p. 15)
As a new branch of modern international law, international security law has one important feature, which is that its principles and norms in the process of regulating international relations are closely intertwined with the principles and norms of all other branches of international law, thus forming a secondary legal structure serving , in essence, the entire system of modern international law. This feature gives reason to say that international security law is a complex branch of modern international law.
The main source regulating international legal methods and means of ensuring peace is the UN Charter (Chapters I, VI, VII). Maintaining international peace and security and taking effective collective measures for this are the main purposes of the United Nations (Article 1).
Resolutions of the General Assembly adopted within the UN, containing fundamentally new normative provisions and focused on concretizing the requirements of the Charter, can also be classified as sources of international security law. For example, “On the non-use of force in international relations and the eternal prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons” (1972) or “The Definition of Aggression” (1974). (International security and disarmament. SIPRI Yearbook 1994, M., 1994, p. 28).
Like any branch of international law, it is based on the general principles of international law, especially the principle of non-use of force or threat of force, the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes, the principle of territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, as well as a number of sectoral principles, such as the principle of equality and equal security, the principle no damage, etc.
International security law has one feature - that its principles in regulating international relations are closely intertwined with the principles and norms of all other branches of international law and thus form a secondary structure that essentially serves the entire system of modern international law. This possibility gives grounds to say that international security law is a complex branch of modern international law.
The main source regulating international legal methods and means of ensuring peace is the UN Charter (Chapter I, Chapter VI, Chapter VII). To maintain international peace and security and to this end take effective collective measures... are the main purposes of the United Nations (Article 1)
Resolutions of the General Assembly adopted within the UN, containing fundamentally new normative provisions and focused on concretizing the requirements of the Charter, can also be classified as sources of international security law. For example, On the non-use of force in international relations and the eternal ban on the use of nuclear weapons (1972) or Definition of aggression (1974) Important place In the complex of sources of international security law, interrelated multilateral and bilateral treaties are occupied. They can be divided into 4 groups: I. Race Restraining Treaties nuclear weapons in spatial terms. These include the Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), the Treaty on Principles for the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon, and others celestial bodies(1967), Treaty Prohibiting the Placement on the Bottom of the Seas and Oceans and in Their Subsoil of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction (1971), Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America(Treaty of Tlatelolco, 1967), Treaty on the Southern Nuclear Free Zone Pacific Ocean(Treaty of Raratonga, 1985), etc. Treaties limiting the buildup of weapons in quantitative and qualitative terms. These are the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater (1963), the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1996), the Convention Prohibiting Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Influence on natural environment(1977), Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (1993). Treaties prohibiting the production of certain types of weapons and requiring their destruction. These are: the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (1972), the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction (1993), the Treaty between the USSR and the United States on the elimination of their intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles (1987). IV. Treaties designed to prevent the accidental (unauthorized) outbreak of war. This is the Agreement on Direct Communication Lines between the USSR and the USA (1963, 1971) (similar agreements were concluded by the USSR with Great Britain in 1967, France in 1966, Germany in 1986), Agreement on Measures to Reduce Risk emergence nuclear war between the USSR and the USA (1971), Exchange of letters between the USSR and France on the prevention of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons (1976), Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the prevention of the accidental occurrence of nuclear weapons war (1977), Agreement between the USSR and the USA on notification of the launch of intercontinental submarine-launched missiles (1988) and some others. Among the sources of international security law special attention deserve documents adopted within the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), up to the Code of Conduct concerning the Military-Political Aspects of Security, adopted at the Budapest Summit of the CSCE Participating States on December 5-6, 1994 (International Security and disarmament. SIPRI Yearbook 1994, M., 1994, pp. 54-59) Principles of international security law international security law military International security is a world order in which favorable international conditions have been created for the free development of states and other subjects of international law. In conditions of international security, each state has the best conditions for pursuing policies aimed at increasing the material standard of living of people, the free development of the individual, and ensuring the full rights and freedoms of man and citizen. International security is understood in the broad and narrow sense of the word. International security in a broad sense includes a complex of political, economic, humanitarian, information, environmental and other aspects of security. International security in the narrow sense includes only its military-political aspects. International security law is a branch of international law, which is a system of principles and norms governing military-political relations of states in order to ensure peace and international security. The norms of this industry are aimed at ensuring both international and national security. The sources of international security law are international treaty, international custom, binding decisions of international organizations, primarily the United Nations Security Council. The basis of international security law is the generally recognized principles of modern international law, including: non-use of force or threat of force, territorial integrity of states, inviolability of state borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, peaceful resolution of disputes, cooperation between states. In addition to the generally recognized principles of international law, international security law also has its own sectoral principles. Experts in the field of international law consider the following to be the branch principles of international security law. The principle of the indivisibility of international security means that in the 21st century. the world is indivisible as never before. Planet Earth is a small part of the Universe. The states of our planet are closely interconnected. With modern means of communication and transport, you can reach any corner of the planet in a matter of minutes or hours. Life shows that any crisis is in one part globe, be it natural disasters, armed conflicts or acts of international terrorism, immediately negatively affects other parts of it. States set themselves the task of improving the universal system of international security, the foundations of which are laid by the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. The principle of not harming the security of other states involves the conduct of a foreign policy by the state that takes into account to the maximum extent the security of not only its own state, but also the entire world community. Of course, ensuring the national security of the state is one of its priorities. higher authorities, because we are talking about the safety of society, ensuring and protecting human and civil rights. At the same time, each state, when developing and implementing its foreign policy, implementing military-political and military-technical ties with other states, must take into account as much as possible all aspects of ensuring the security of both its allies and the international community as a whole. In international security law, for a long time, the principle of equal and equal security has been substantiated, which in its essence develops and specifies the previous principle - non-damage to the security of other states. This means that a state must ensure its security by balancing it with the capabilities of ensuring the security of other states. We are talking about a kind of security parity. However, actual practice shows that this principle is applicable only in relations between militarily powerful states, for example, permanent members of the UN Security Council. As for states that cannot be classified as large and powerful, this principle was often not applied to them. The events of the last two decades, when the United States used force against Grenada (1983), Nicaragua (1984), Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (2003), clearly show that not everyone is guided by the principle of equal and equal security. This principle was formed in an era when two main economic and political systems competed with each other in the international arena - socialist and capitalist. They were personified by the USSR and the USA, which, by the power of their weapons, by the beginning of the 70s of the 20th century. were many orders of magnitude superior to other states. It was then that these two, as they were called, superpowers in the military sphere achieved strategic parity. Neither could allow the other side to get ahead militarily. And this was a blessing for the whole world, since the threat of a nuclear cataclysm did not allow the USSR and the USA to resort to weapons to clarify disputes between them. This strategic parity allowed the two powers to begin a long-term process of limiting and reducing nuclear weapons and their means of delivery. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the United States emerged as a world leader, since it not only did not lose its former power, but also significantly increased it. Naturally, the United States has a desire to take advantage of its enormous economic, financial and military power to arrange the world in an American way. And immediately the existence of the principle of equal and equal security was threatened. This principle came under particularly severe attacks at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, when the United States not only took military action against a number of states, but also abandoned the basis for strategic stability. international agreement, as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 2. The role of international law in preventing war
In our time, international law solves problems of threats to peace and develops an arsenal of specific means for this. This is a set of legal and other methods aimed at preserving peace and preventing armed conflicts and applied by states individually or collectively. These means include peaceful means of resolving disputes, disarmament, measures to prevent nuclear war and surprise attack, collective security, non-alignment and neutrality, measures to suppress acts of aggression, self-defense, neutralization and demilitarization individual territories, liquidation of foreign military bases, etc. All these means are international legal, because they are regulated by treaties and implemented on the basis of the principles and norms of modern international law. Among such agreements is the one signed on June 22, 1973. Agreement between the USSR and the USA on the prevention of nuclear war. The policy objectives of both countries under this Agreement are eliminating the danger of nuclear war and the use of nuclear weapons..., preventing the emergence of situations that could cause a dangerous aggravation of their relations, avoiding military confrontation... .
Speaking about the means of ensuring international security, it must be said that the most important thing is the creation of a system of collective security on a universal and regional basis, and measures to achieve general disarmament. It is these means that ensure equal and universal security to a greater extent. Collective Security
Collective security is a system of joint actions of states around the world or a certain geographical region measures taken to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression or other violations of the peace. There is nothing strange about the general interest of all states in collective action to ensure security. After all, any conflict within a country can spread out into the territory of another state, a local conflict will develop into world war. Therefore, there are certain systems for maintaining collective security. Currently there are two of them. The universal system of collective security was based on the norms of the UN Charter and provides for the actions of states in accordance with the decisions of this organization. The beginning of this system can be considered the union of states of the anti-Hitler coalition and the adoption of the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942. THOSE. States, completely different in their views, united on the basis of a common problem. IN post-war period A global system of collective security was created in the form of the UN. Its main task is save future generations from disasters and war . The system of collective measures provided for by the UN Charter covers: measures to prohibit the threat or use of force (clause 4 of Article 2), measures for the peaceful resolution of international disputes (Chapter VI), disarmament measures (Articles 11, 26, 47), measures for use regional organizations security (chapter VIII). temporary measures to suppress violations of the peace (Article 40), compulsory security measures without the use of armed forces (Article 41), and with their use (Article 42). The function of maintaining international peace and security is entrusted to the General Assembly and the UN Security Council, their competence is clearly delineated. The UN also conducts peacekeeping operations. Their task: In all cases, operations must strictly adhere to the following principles: Regional collective security systems - represented by organizations on individual continents and regions. The UN allows the activities of such organizations provided that...their activities are compatible with the purposes and principles of the UN . For such activities to be of any use, the participation of all states in the region is needed, regardless of their system. The goals of the regional system are the same, there are only some restrictions - the organization’s activities should affect the interests of only regional states and resolve issues in the territory of its region. Their competence may include settling disputes among themselves. (Clause 2 of Article 52 of the UN Charter). We can name some documents from this area: 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), Warsaw Pact - 1955; CSCE - Final Act (1975) If we talk about some continents separately, we should note the regional organizations: I consider it necessary to dwell separately on Collective Security within the CIS. States Parties, in accordance with their obligations, must support international peace and safety. In the event of a threat to peace, joint consultations are held in order to eliminate it. The collective security of the CIS is built on the basis of the norms of the UN Charter and the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992. This treaty is of a purely defensive nature and is open to states interested in it and supporting it. The Council of Heads of State of the CIS is obliged in accordance with the Agreement of March 20, 1992. immediately inform the CSCE and OSCE of the decision to carry out peacekeeping activities. Disarmament and arms limitation
The arms control and disarmament process is an effective tool for ensuring security and stability. In conditions when the arms control process has become global, the task of effectively preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become a priority. However, this is a long and gradual process. I would like to review the existing ones international treaties and agreements regarding disarmament. Nuclear test ban treaties. August 5, 1963 Representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain signed an agreement banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water. This agreement was universal in nature. Another agreement was signed in June 1996. - Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Article 1 defines main obligations . I will briefly list them: To achieve the purpose and object of the Treaty, a Treaty Organization is established (Article II). Members are all participants. Location - Vienna Bodies of the Organization: Conference of States Parties, Executive Council, Technical Secretariat The Director General is appointed by the Conference on the recommendation of the Executive Board for a period of 4 years. All personnel of the Organization enjoy privileges and immunities The treaty provides for international control and on-site inspections, as well as confidence-building measures. Treaties on the demilitarization of certain territorial spaces. (Weapons ban on certain territories). These include: the Antarctic Treaty of 1956, the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, etc. Treaties on the limitation of strategic arms. The most important Soviet-American bilateral treaties here are: Systems Limitation Treaty missile defense dated May 26, 1972 and its additional protocol of July 3, 1974, SALT-1, SALT-2, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of December 8, 1987, Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States on the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms of January 3, 1993 . and etc. Convention on the Prohibition of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons. Geneva Protocol 1925 - this is the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases and bacteriological agents in war. April 10, 1972 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction was opened for signature. The Convention has a universal character and is of unlimited duration. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction - opened for signature in January 1993. Each participant undertakes never, under any circumstances, to develop, produce, acquire, stockpile or retain chemical weapon and not transfer it directly or indirectly to anyone. All states are obliged to destroy the weapons they already possess. The Russian Federation was among the first to sign this Convention, and the Federal Law of November 5, 1997. ratified it. 3. Measures to strengthen confidence, narrow the material base and spatial scope of military conflicts
Confidence-building measures as an institution of international security law represent a set of norms regulating the military activities of states through the establishment of information and control measures in order to achieve mutual understanding, prevent a surprise attack or unauthorized conflict, and ensure the disarmament process. As a legal institution, this institute began to take shape in the 60-70s. the adoption of a number of agreements, the norms of which are aimed at eliminating mistrust and preventing the occurrence of accidental critical situations. Particular attention should be paid to bilateral treaties and agreements in which confidence-building measures occupy the main place (Agreement between the USSR and the USA on notifications of intercontinental launches ballistic missiles submarines 1988 and etc.) Confidence-building measures are also being developed and improved at the regional level. In the CSCE Final Act of 1975. A Document on Confidence-Building Measures and Certain Aspects of Security and Disarmament was included. To maintain security, participants need to constantly be in contact with each other (visits to air bases, exchanges and contacts between scientists and the military). The Institute of Confidence Building Measures has an inextricable link with the Institute international control. (i.e. creation of common control bodies). Inspection provided for by international agreement is widely used as a control method. Along with this, non-alignment plays a certain role. This, on the one hand, is the foreign policy course of a state that does not participate in any military blocs, and on the other, a set of norms that define the specific obligations of states in the field of: pursuing an independent political course, maintaining the anti-colonial struggle, and promoting international peace in every possible way. Conclusion
This has always been clear and therefore systems and means of maintaining security began to be developed a long time ago. And they changed all the time. But the realities of modern life have not led to the abandonment of those norms, procedures and institutions that underlay international relations. A lot is changing. Therefore, security systems must be adapted to the current situation. The master's student believes that only cooperation of all states and strict adherence to the Law can ensure security in general and international security in particular. Bibliography
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