Introduction

I. Primary oil refining

1. Secondary distillation of gasoline and diesel fractions

1.1 Secondary distillation of gasoline fraction

1.2 Secondary distillation of the diesel fraction

II. Thermal processes of oil refining technology

2. Theoretical basis control of delayed coking and coking processes in the coolant layer

2.1 Delayed coking processes

2.2 Coking in the coolant layer

III. Thermocatalytic and thermohydrocatalytic processes technologies

oil refining

3. Hydrotreating of kerosene fractions

IV. Gas processing technologies

4. Processing of refinery gases - absorption-gas fractionation units (AGFU) and gas fractionation (GFC) units

4.1 Gas fractionation plants (GFUs)

4.2 Absorption-gas fractionation units (AGFU)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. What does oil mean for the national economy of the country today? These are: raw materials for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products made from them, artificial fabrics; source for generation motor fuels(gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials(bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw materials for the production of a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate their growth.

Currently the oil industry Russian Federation ranks 3rd in the world. The Russian oil complex includes 148 thousand oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil per year, as well as a large number of other production facilities.

At enterprises oil industry and the industries serving it employ about 900 thousand workers, including about 20 thousand people in the field of science and scientific services.

Industrial organic chemistry has gone through a long and complex development path, during which its raw material base has changed dramatically. Starting with the processing of plant and animal raw materials, it was then transformed into coal or coke chemistry (recycling waste from coking coal), to ultimately turn into modern petrochemistry, which has long been no longer content with only oil refining waste. For the successful and independent functioning of its main industry - heavy, that is, large-scale, organic synthesis, the pyrolysis process was developed, around which modern olefin petrochemical complexes are based. They mainly receive and then process lower olefins and diolefins. The raw material base for pyrolysis can vary from associated gases to naphtha, gas oil and even crude oil. Originally intended only for the production of ethylene, the process is now also a large-scale supplier of propylene, butadiene, benzene and other products.

Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.

oil gas processing technology

I . Primary oil refining

1. Secondary distillation of gasoline and diesel fractions

Secondary distillation - division of fractions obtained during primary distillation into narrower cuts, each of which is then used for its own purpose.

At the refinery, the broad gasoline fraction, diesel fraction (when receiving raw materials from the adsorption paraffin extraction unit), oil fractions, etc. are subjected to secondary distillation. The process is carried out in separate installations or units that are part of the AT and AVT installations.

Petroleum distillation - the process of separating it into fractions based on boiling points (hence the term "fractionation") - underlies the refining of oil and the production of motor fuels, lubricating oils and various other valuable chemical products. Primary distillation of oil is the first stage of studying its chemical composition.

The main fractions isolated during the primary distillation of oil:

1. Gasoline fraction– oil cut with a boiling point from b.c. (boiling point, individual for each oil) up to 150-205 0 C (depending on the technological purpose of producing auto, aviation, or other special gasoline).

This fraction is a mixture of alkanes, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. All of these hydrocarbons contain from 5 to 10 C atoms.

2. Kerosene fraction– oil cut with a boiling point from 150-180 0 C to 270-280 0 C. This fraction contains C10-C15 hydrocarbons.

It is used as motor fuel (tractor kerosene, a component of diesel fuel), for domestic needs (lighting kerosene), etc.

3. Gas oil fraction– boiling point from 270-280 0 C to 320-350 0 C. This fraction contains C14-C20 hydrocarbons. Used as diesel fuel.

4. Fuel oil– the residue after distillation of the above listed fractions with a boiling point above 320-350 0 C.

Fuel oil can be used as boiler fuel, or subjected to further processing - either distillation under reduced pressure (in a vacuum) with the selection of oil fractions or a wide fraction of vacuum gas oil (in turn, serving as raw material for catalytic cracking to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline), or cracking.

5. Tar- almost solid residue after distillation of oil fractions from fuel oil. From it, so-called residual oils and bitumen are obtained, from which asphalt is obtained by oxidation, used in the construction of roads, etc. From tar and other residues of secondary origin, coke can be obtained by coking, used in the metallurgical industry.

1 .1 Secondary distillation of gasoline fraction

Secondary distillation of gasoline distillate is either an independent process or is part of a combined installation within an oil refinery. At modern factories, installations for the secondary distillation of gasoline distillate are designed to obtain narrow fractions from it. These fractions are subsequently used as raw material for catalytic reforming - a process that results in the production of individual aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene, xylenes, or gasoline with a higher octane number. In the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, the initial gasoline distillate is divided into fractions with boiling points: 62-85 ° C (benzene), 85-115 (120) ° C (toluene) and 115 (120)-140 ° C (xylene).

The gasoline fraction is used to produce various types of motor fuel. It is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, including straight and branched alkanes. The combustion characteristics of straight-chain alkanes are not ideally suited to internal combustion engines. Therefore, the gasoline fraction is often subjected to thermal reforming to convert unbranched molecules into branched ones. Before use, this fraction is usually mixed with branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds obtained from other fractions by catalytic cracking or reforming.

The quality of gasoline as a motor fuel is determined by its octane number. It indicates the volume percentage of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) in a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and heptane (a straight-chain alkane) that has the same combustion knock characteristics as the gasoline being tested.

Poor motor fuel has an octane number of zero, and a good fuel octane number is 100. The octane number of gasoline fraction obtained from crude oil usually does not exceed 60. The combustion characteristics of gasoline are improved by adding an anti-knock additive, which is tetraethyl lead (IV). , Pb(C 2 H 5) 4. Tetraethyl lead is a colorless liquid that is obtained by heating chloroethane with an alloy of sodium and lead:

When gasoline containing this additive burns, particles of lead and lead (II) oxide are formed. They slow down certain stages of combustion of gasoline fuel and thereby prevent its detonation. Along with tetraethyl lead, 1,2-dibromoethane is also added to gasoline. It reacts with lead and lead(II) to form lead(II) bromide. Because lead(II) bromide is a volatile compound, it is removed from the car engine exhaust. Gasoline distillate of a wide fractional composition, for example, from the initial boiling point to 180 ° C, is pumped through heat exchangers and fed into the first furnace coil, and then into the distillation column. The main product of this column is the n fraction. temperature - 85 °C, passing through an air cooling apparatus and a refrigerator, enters the receiver. Part of the condensate is pumped as irrigation to the top of the column, and the rest is supplied to another column. Heat is supplied to the lower part of the column by circulating reflux (fraction 85-180 °C), pumped through the second furnace coil and supplied to the bottom of the column. The remainder from the bottom of the column is sent by pump to another column.

The vapors of the head fraction leaving the top of the column (n.c. - 62 °C) are condensed in an air-cooling apparatus; The condensate, cooled in a water cooler, is collected in the receiver. From here, the condensate is sent by pump to the reservoir, and part of the fraction serves as irrigation for the column. The residual product - the 62-85 °C fraction - upon exiting the column from below is directed by a pump through a heat exchanger and refrigerators into the reservoir. As the top product of the column, a fraction of 85-120 °C is obtained, which, after passing through the apparatus, enters the receiver. Part of the condensate is returned to the top of the column as irrigation, and the balance amount is removed from the installation by a pump into the reservoir.

"NATIONAL RESEARCH

TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY"

Institute of Natural Resources

Directions (specialty) - Chemical technology

Department of Chemical Technology of Fuel and Chemical Cybernetics

Current state of oil refining and petrochemistry

Scientific and educational course

Tomsk – 2012

1 Problems of oil refining. 3

2 Organizational structure of oil refining in Russia. 3

3 Regional distribution of oil refineries. 3

4 Challenges in the field of catalyst development. 3

4.1 Cracking catalysts. 3

4.2 Reforming catalysts. 3

4.3 Hydroprocessing catalysts. 3

4.4 Isomerization catalysts. 3

4.5 Alkylation catalysts. 3

Conclusions .. 3

Bibliography.. 3

1 Problems of oil refining

The oil refining process according to the depth of processing can be divided into two main stages:

1 separation of petroleum feedstock into fractions that differ in boiling temperature ranges (primary processing);

2 processing of the resulting fractions by chemical transformations of the hydrocarbons they contain and the production of commercial petroleum products (recycling). Hydrocarbon compounds contained in oil have a certain boiling point, above which they evaporate. Primary refining processes do not involve chemical changes in oil and represent its physical division into fractions:

a) gasoline fraction containing light gasoline, gasoline and naphtha;

b) kerosene fraction containing kerosene and gas oil;

c) fuel oil, which undergoes additional distillation (during the distillation of fuel oil, diesel oils, lubricating oils and the residue - tar) are obtained.

In this regard, oil fractions are supplied to secondary process installations (in particular, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, coking), designed to improve the quality of petroleum products and deepen oil refining.

Currently, oil refining in Russia lags significantly behind the industrialized countries of the world in its development. The total installed oil refining capacity in Russia today is 270 million tons per year. There are currently 27 large oil refineries in Russia (with a capacity of 3.0 to 19 million tons of oil per year) and about 200 mini-refineries. Some of the mini-refineries do not have Rostechnadzor licenses and are not included in the State Register of Hazardous Industrial Facilities. The Government of the Russian Federation decided: to develop regulations for the maintenance of the register of refineries in the Russian Federation by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, to check mini-refineries for compliance with the requirements for connecting refineries to main oil pipelines and/or petroleum product pipelines. Large factories in Russia, in general, have long operating lives: the number of enterprises put into operation more than 60 years ago is the maximum (Figure 1).

Figure 1. - Operating life of Russian refineries

The quality of produced petroleum products seriously lags behind the world level. The share of gasoline that meets the requirements of Euro 3.4 is 38% of the total volume of gasoline produced, and the share of diesel fuel that meets the requirements of class 4.5 is only 18%. According to preliminary estimates, the volume of oil refining in 2010 amounted to about 236 million tons, while the following was produced: gasoline - 36.0 million tons, kerosene - 8.5 million tons, diesel fuel - 69.0 million tons (Figure 2).

Figure 2. - Oil refining and production of basic petroleum products in the Russian Federation, million tons (excluding)

At the same time, the volume of crude oil refining increased by 17% compared to 2005, which, with a very low depth of oil refining, led to the production of a significant amount of low-quality petroleum products, which are not in demand on the domestic market and are exported as semi-finished products. The structure of product production at Russian refineries over the previous ten years (2000 – 2010) has remained virtually unchanged and seriously lags behind the world level. The share of fuel oil production in Russia (28%) is several times higher than similar indicators in the world - less than 5% in the USA, up to 15% in Western Europe. The quality of motor gasoline is improving following changes in the structure of the car fleet in the Russian Federation. The share of production of low-octane gasoline A-76(80) decreased from 57% in 2000 to 17% in 2009. The amount of low-sulfur diesel fuel is also increasing. Gasoline produced in Russia is mainly used on the domestic market (Figure 3).

font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:" times new roman>Figure 3. - Production and distribution of fuel, million tons

At total volume of diesel fuel exports from Russia to non-CIS countries in the amount of 38.6 million tons, Euro-5 diesel fuel makes up about 22%, i.e. the remaining 78% is fuel that does not meet European requirements. It is sold, as a rule, at lower prices or as a semi-finished product. With an increase in the total production of fuel oil over the past 10 years, the share of fuel oil sold for export has sharply increased (in 2009 - 80% of all fuel oil produced and more than 40% of total exports of petroleum products).

By 2020, the market niche for fuel oil in Europe for Russian producers will be extremely small, since all fuel oil will be predominantly of secondary origin. Delivery to other regions is extremely expensive due to the high transport component. Due to the uneven distribution of industry enterprises (most refineries are located inland), transportation costs increase.

2 Organizational structure of oil refining in Russia

There are 27 large oil refineries and 211 Moscow oil refineries operating in Russia. In addition, a number of gas processing plants also process liquid fractions (condensate). At the same time, there is a high concentration of production - in 2010, 86.4% (216.3 million tons) of the total primary processing liquid hydrocarbons were carried out at refineries that are part of 8 vertically integrated oil and gas companies (VIOC) (Figure 4). A number of Russian vertically integrated oil companies - OJSC NK LUKOIL, OJSC TNK- B.P. ", OJSC Gazprom Neft, OJSC NK Rosneft - own or are planning to purchase and build oil refineries abroad (in particular, in Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, China).

The volumes of primary oil refining in 2010 by independent companies and Moscow refineries are insignificant compared to vertically integrated oil companies - 26.3 million tons (10.5% of the all-Russian volume) and 7.4 million tons (2.5%), respectively, with the loading indicators of primary installations recycling 94, 89 and 71%, respectively.

At the end of 2010, the leader in terms of primary oil refining volume is Rosneft - 50.8 million tons (20.3% of the all-Russian total). Significant volumes of oil are processed by the plants of LUKOIL - 45.2 million tons, Gazprom Group - 35.6 million tons, TNK-BP - 24 million tons, Surgutneftegaz and Bashneft - 21.2 million tons each.

The largest plant in the country is the Kirishi Oil Refinery with a capacity of 21.2 million tons per year (Kirishinefteorgsintez OJSC is part of Surgutneftegaz OJSC); other large plants are also controlled by vertically integrated oil companies: Omsk Refinery (20 million tons) - Gazprom Neft, Kstovsky (17 million tons) and Perm (13 million tons) - LUKOIL, Yaroslavl (15 million tons) - TNK-BP and " Gazprom Neft", Ryazan (16 million tons) -TNK-BP.

In the structure of petroleum products production, production concentration is highest in the gasoline segment. In 2010, the enterprises of vertically integrated oil companies provided 84% of the production of petroleum fuels and oils in Russia, including about 91% of the production of motor gasoline, 88% of diesel fuel, 84% of fuel oil. Motor gasoline is supplied primarily to the domestic market, mainly controlled by vertically integrated oil companies. The factories that are part of the companies have the most modern structure, a relatively high share of secondary processes and the depth of processing.

Figure 4. - Primary oil refining by major companies and concentration of production in the Russian oil refining industry in 2010

The technical level of most refineries also does not correspond to the advanced world level. In Russian oil refining, the main problems of the industry, after the low quality of the resulting petroleum products, remain the low depth of oil refining - (in Russia - 72%, in Europe - 85%, in the USA - 96%), backward structure of production - a minimum of secondary processes, and insufficient level processes that improve the quality of the resulting products. Another problem is the high degree of wear and tear of fixed assets, and, as a consequence, an increased level of energy consumption. At Russian refineries, about half of all furnace units have an efficiency of 50–60%, while the average at foreign plants is 90%.

The values ​​of the Nelson Index (technological complexity coefficient) for the bulk of Russian refineries are below the average value of this indicator in the world (4.4 versus 6.7) (Figure 5). The maximum index of Russian refineries is about 8, the minimum is about 2, which is due to the low depth of oil refining, insufficient quality of petroleum products and technically outdated equipment.

Figure 5. - Nelson index at refineries in the Russian Federation

3 Regional distribution of oil refineries

The regional distribution of enterprises that provide more than 90% of primary oil refining in Russia is characterized by significant unevenness both across the country’s territory and in terms of refining volumes related to individual federal districts (FD) (Table 1).

More than 40% of all Russian oil refining capacities are concentrated in the Volga Federal District. The largest plants in the district belong to LUKOIL (Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez and Permnefteorgsintez). Significant capacities are controlled by Bashneft (Bashkir group of enterprises) and Gazprom (Gazprom Group), and are also concentrated at the Rosneft refineries in the Samara region (Novokuibyshevsky, Kuibyshevsky and Syzransky). In addition, a significant share (about 10%) is provided by independent refineries - TAIF-NK Refinery and Mari Refinery.

In the Central Federal District, processing enterprises provide 17% of the total volume of primary oil refining (excluding the Moscow Refinery), while vertically integrated oil companies (TNK-BP and Slavneft) account for 75% of the volume, and the Moscow Refinery - 25%.

Rosneft and Gazprom Group factories operate in the Siberian Federal District. Rosneft owns large plants in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Achinsk Refinery) and the Irkutsk Region (Angarsk Petrochemical Plant), and the Gazprom Group controls one of the largest and high-tech plants in Russia - the Omsk Refinery. The district processes 14.9% of the country’s oil (excluding the Moscow Refinery).

The largest Russian oil refinery, Kirishinefteorgsintez (Kirishi Oil Refinery), as well as the Ukhta Oil Refinery, are located in the Northwestern Federal District, the total capacity of which is slightly more than 10% of the all-Russian figure.

About 10% of the primary oil refining capacity is concentrated in the Southern Federal District, while almost half of the refining volume (46.3%) is provided by LUKOIL enterprises.

4.5% of Russian oil is processed in the Far Eastern Federal District. There are two large plants located here - the Komsomolsk Oil Refinery, controlled by Rosneft, and the Alliance-Khabarovsk Oil Refinery, part of the Alliance group of companies. Both plants are located in the Khabarovsk Territory, their total capacity is about 11 million tons per year.

Table 1. - Distribution of oil refining volumes by vertically integrated oil companies and independent producers by federal district in 2010 (excluding Moscow Refinery)

In recent years, the development of the Russian oil refining industry has a clear tendency to improve the state of the industry. Interesting projects were implemented, and the financial vector changed direction. Over the past 1.5 years, a number of important meetings on issues of oil refining and petrochemicals have also been held with the participation of the country's leadership in the cities. Omsk, Nizhnekamsk, Kirishakh and Nizhny Novgorod, Samara. This influenced the adoption of a number of timely decisions: a new methodology for calculating export duties was proposed (when rates on light oil products are gradually reduced and increased on dark oil products, i.e. by 2013 the rates should be equal and will be 60% of the duty on oil) and differentiation of excise taxes on motor gasoline and diesel fuel depending on quality, an industry development strategy until 2020 was developed for the development of oil refining with an investment volume of ~1.5 trillion rubles. and a general layout of oil and gas refining facilities, as well as a system of technological platforms to accelerate the development and implementation of domestic oil refining technologies that are competitive in the world market.

As part of the strategy, it is planned to increase the depth of oil refining to 85%. By 2020, it is planned that the quality of 80% of produced gasoline and 92% of diesel fuel will comply with EURO 5. It should be taken into account that in Europe by 2013 more stringent environmental requirements for fuels corresponding to Euro 6 will be introduced. at least among the companies planned for construction are 57 new quality improvement plants: hydrotreating, reforming, alkylation and isomerization.

4 Challenges in the field of catalyst development

The most modern oil and gas processing enterprises are unable to produce products with high added value without the use of catalysts. This is the key role and strategic importance of catalysts in the modern global economy.

Catalysts belong to high-tech products, which are associated with scientific and technological progress in the basic sectors of the economy of any country. Using catalytic technologies, 15% of the gross national product is produced in Russia, in developed countries - at least 30%.

Expanding the application of macrotechnology "Catalytic technologies" is a global trend of technological progress.

The disdainful attitude towards catalysts contrasts sharply with the high purpose of catalysts. Russian business and states to their development and production. products in the creation of which catalysts were used, their share in the cost is less than 0.5%, which was interpreted not as an indicator of high efficiency, but as an insignificant industry that does not generate much income.

The country's transition to a market economy, accompanied by the deliberate loss of state control in the development, production and use of catalysts, which was an obvious mistake, led to a catastrophic decline and degradation of the domestic catalysis mining sub-industry.

Russian business has made a choice in favor of using imported catalysts. A previously non-existent dependence on the import of catalysts has arisen in oil refining - 75%, petrochemicals - 60%, chemical industry - 50%, the level of which exceeds the critical level from the point of view of sovereignty (the ability to function without import purchases) of the country's processing industries. In terms of scale, the dependence of the Russian petrochemical industry on the import of catalysts can be qualified as a “catalytic drug.”

The question arises: how objective is this trend, does it reflect the natural process of globalization or is it an expansion of world leaders in the field of catalyst production? The criterion for objectivity may be the low technical level of domestic catalysts or their high price. However, as shown by the results of the implementation of the innovative project “Development of a new generation of catalysts for the production of motor fuels” by the Institute of Catalysis SB RAS and IPPU SB RAS, domestic industrial cracking and reforming catalysts of the Lux brand PR-71, operated at the installations of the oil companies Gazpromneft and TNK- VR are not only not inferior, but in a number of parameters show advantages over the best examples leading national companies in the world at a significantly lower cost. Less efficiency of domestic industrial catalysts is noted for hydroprocessing of petroleum raw materials, which in some cases justifies their import.

Due to the absence for a long time of the dynamics of significant modernization of the catalyst sub-industry, a situation has arisen where catalyst production has moved to the border area (with predominant estimates of its complete disappearance) or, in best case scenario, were absorbed by foreign firms. However, as experience shows (the innovative project mentioned above), even minor state support makes it possible to realize the existing scientific, technical and engineering potential to create competitive industrial catalysts and resist the pressure of world leaders in this field. On the other hand, this shows the disastrous situation in which the production of catalysts turns out to be a non-core and low-profit area of ​​activity for large oil companies. And only an understanding of the exceptional importance of catalysts for the country’s economy can radically change the depressed position of the catalyst industry. If our country has professional engineering and technological personnel and production potential, state support and a set of organizational measures will stimulate the demand for domestic catalytic technologies, increase the production of catalysts so necessary for the modernization of oil refining and petrochemical complexes, which in turn will ensure an increase in the efficiency of use of hydrocarbon resources.

Below we consider problems that seem relevant for the development of new catalytic systems for the most important oil refining processes.

At the stage of development of catalytic cracking of distillate feedstock, the most important task was the creation of catalysts that ensure maximum yield of motor gasoline components. Many years of work in this direction were carried out by the IPPU SB RAS in collaboration with the oil company Sibneft (currently Gazpromneft). As a result, the production of industrial cracking catalysts (the latest “Lux” series) was developed and launched, which in terms of chemical structure and technology production are fundamentally different from foreign catalytic compositions. In a number of performance characteristics, namely the yield of cracked gasoline (56% wt) and the selectivity of its formation (83%), these catalysts are superior to imported samples.

Currently, research work on the creation of catalytic systems that provide gasoline yields of up to 60-62% with selectivity at the level of 85-90% has been completed at the Institute of Polytechnics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Further progress in this direction is associated with an increase in the octane number of cracked gasoline from 91 to 94 (according to the research method) without a significant loss of product yield, as well as with a decrease in the sulfur content in gasoline.

The next stage of development of catalytic cracking in the domestic petrochemical industry. involving the use of petroleum residues (fuel oil) as raw materials will require catalytic systems with high metal resistance. This parameter is understood as the degree of accumulation of metals by the catalyst ( Ni and V. which in the structure of porphyrins are contained in hydrocarbon raw materials) without deteriorating its performance characteristics. Currently, the metal content in a working catalyst reaches 15,000 ppm. Approaches to neutralizing the decontamination effect are proposed Ni and V due to the binding of these metals in the layered structures of the catalyst matrix, which will allow the achieved level of metal intensity of catalysts to be exceeded.

The petrochemical version of catalytic cracking, the technology of which is called “deep catalytic cracking,” is a striking example of the process of integrating oil refining and petrochemicals. According to this technology, the target product is light C2-C4 olefins, the yield of which reaches 45-48% (wt.). Catalytic compositions for this process must be characterized by increased activity, which implies the inclusion of zeolites and highly acidic components of a non-zeolite structure in the catalyst composition. Relevant research on the development of a modern generation of deep cracking catalysts is being carried out at the Institute of Problems of Chemical Processing of the SB RAS.

The evolutionary development of the scientific foundations of the preparation of catalysts in the direction of the chemical design of catalytic compositions as nanocomposite materials is the main activity of the IPPU SB RAS in the field of improvement and creation of new catalysts.

Composition-based catalyst systems Pt + Sn + Cl /A l 2 O 3 and reforming process technologies with continuous catalyst regeneration provide a very high depth of aromatization of hydrocarbon feedstock, which approaches thermodynamic equilibrium. The improvement of industrial reforming catalysts in recent decades has been carried out by optimizing the physicochemical properties and modifying the chemical composition of the carrier - aluminum oxide, mainly γ modification, as well as by modernizing its production technologies. The best catalyst supports are homogeneously porous systems, in which the proportion of pores with a size of 2.0-6.0 nm is at least 90% with a total specific pore volume of 0.6-0.65 cm3/g. It is important to ensure high stability of the specific surface area of ​​the support, at the level of 200-250 m2/g, so that it changes little during the oxidative regeneration of the catalyst. This is due to the fact that the specific surface area of ​​the support determines its ability to retain chlorine, the content of which in the catalyst under reforming conditions must be maintained at a level of 0.9-1.0% (mass).

Work to improve the catalyst and its preparation technology is usually based on the model of the active surface, but often researchers are guided by the vast experimental and industrial experience accumulated over more than 50 years of operation of the process, counting from the transition to platforming installations. New developments are aimed at further increasing the selectivity of the aromatization process of paraffin hydrocarbons (up to 60%) and prolonging the first reaction cycle (at least two years).

High catalyst performance stability is becoming a major advantage in the reforming catalyst market. The stability indicator is determined by the duration of overhaul runs of reforming units, which increased with improvement technological equipment the last 20 years from 6 months to 2 years and tends to further increase. To date, the scientific basis for assessing the actual stability of the catalyst has not yet been developed. Only relative stability can be determined experimentally using various criteria. The correctness of such an assessment from the point of view of its objectivity for predicting the duration of operation of a catalyst under industrial conditions is a matter of debate.

Domestic industrial catalysts of the PR series, REF, RU performance characteristics are not inferior foreign analogues. Nevertheless, increasing their stability remains an urgent technological challenge.

Hydroprocessing processes are characterized by very high productivity. Their integrated capacity has reached the level of 2.3 billion tons/year and accounts for almost 60% of the volume of refined oil products in the world economy. Production of hydroprocessing catalysts 100 thousand tons/year. Their range includes more than 100 brands. Thus, the specific consumption of hydroprocessing catalysts averages 40-45 g/t of raw material.

Progress in the creation of new hydrodesulfurization catalysts in Russia is less significant than in developed countries, where work in this direction was stimulated by legislative standards for the sulfur content in all types of fuel. Thus, according to European standards, the limited sulfur content in diesel fuel is 40-200 times less than according to Russian standards. It is noteworthy that such significant progress has been achieved within the same catalytic composition Ni -(Co)-Mo-S/Al2 03, which has been used in hydrotreating processes for over 50 years.

The realization of the catalytic potential of this system occurred evolutionarily, with the development of research into the structure of active centers at the molecular and nano levels, the discovery of the mechanism of chemical transformations of heteroatomic compounds and the optimization of conditions and technology for the preparation of catalysts that provide the highest yield of active structures with the same chemical composition of the catalyst. It was in the last component that the backwardness of Russian industrial hydroprocessing catalysts, which in terms of operational characteristics correspond to the world level of the early 90s of the last century, was manifested.

IN beginning of XXI century, based on a generalization of data on the performance of industrial catalysts, it was concluded that the activity potential of supported systems is almost exhausted. However, fundamentally new technologies for the production of compositions have recently been developed Ni-(Co)-Mo-S , containing no carriers, based on the synthesis of nanostructures by mixing (technology Stars and Nebula ). The activity of the catalysts was increased several times. The development of this approach seems promising for the creation of new generations of hydrotreating catalysts. providing high (close to 100%) conversion of heteroatomic compounds with the removal of sulfur down to trace amounts.

Of the many catalytic systems studied, preference is given to platinum-containing (0.3-0.4%) sulfated zirconium dioxide. Strong acidic (both proton-donating and electron-withdrawing) properties make it possible to carry out target reactions in a thermodynamically favorable temperature range (150-170 °C). Under these conditions, even in the area of ​​high conversions n-hexane is selectively isomerized into dimethylbutanes, the yield of which in one run of the plant reaches 35-40% (mass.).

With the transition of the process of skeletal isomerization of hydrocarbons from low-tonnage to basic, the production capacity of this process in the world economy is actively increasing. Russian oil refining is also following global trends, mainly reconstructing outdated reforming units for the isomerization process. Specialists from NPP Neftekhim have developed a domestic version of the SI-2 industrial catalyst, which is not inferior in technical level to foreign analogues and is already used at a number of refineries. Regarding the development of work on the creation of new, more efficient isomerization catalysts, the following can be said.

The design of a catalyst is based largely not on the synthesis of active structures in accordance with the process mechanism, but on an empirical approach. It is promising to create alternative catalysts to chlorinated aluminum oxide, operating at temperatures of 80-100 °C, which can ensure the yield of dimethylbutanes from n-hexane at a level of 50% and above. The problem of selective isomerization remains unsolved. n-heptane and n-octane into highly branched isomers. Of particular interest is the creation of catalytic compositions that implement the synchronous (concert) mechanism of skeletal isomerization.

For 70 years, the catalytic alkylation process has been carried out using liquid acids ( H 2 S 04 and HF ), and for more than 50 years, attempts have been made to replace liquid acids with solid ones, especially active in the last two decades. Large volume completed research work using various forms and types of zeolites impregnated with liquid acids, heteropolyacids, as well as anion-modified oxides and, above all, sulfated zirconium dioxide as a superacid.

Today, an insurmountable obstacle to the industrial implementation of alkylation catalysts remains the low stability of solid acid compositions. The reasons for the rapid deactivation of such catalysts are 100 times less number of active centers per 1 mole of catalyst than in sulfuric acid; rapid blocking of active centers by unsaturated oligomers formed as a result of a competing oligomerization reaction; blocking the porous structure of the catalyst with oligomers.

Two approaches to creating industrial versions of alkylation catalysts are considered as quite realistic. The first is aimed at solving the following problems: increasing the number of active centers by at least 2-10~3 mol/g; achieving a high degree of regeneration - at least tens of thousands of times over the service life of the catalyst.

With this approach, the stability of the catalyst is not a key problem. The engineering design of the process technology involves regulating the duration of the reaction cycle. The control parameter is the catalyst circulation rate between the reactor and the regenerator. Based on these principles, the company UOP process developed Alkylene . proposed for industrial commercialization.

To implement the second approach, it is necessary to solve the following problems: increase the lifetime of a single active center; combine the processes of alkylation and selective hydrogenation of unsaturated oligomers in one reactor.

Despite some successes in the implementation of the second approach, the achieved level of catalyst stability is still insufficient for its industrial use. It should be noted that industrial alkylation capacities on solid catalysts have not yet been introduced in the world oil refining industry. But progress in catalyst development and process engineering can be expected to reach the level of commercialization of solid acid alkylation in the near future.

conclusions

1. The oil refining industry of Russia is an organizationally highly concentrated and territorially diversified branch of the oil and gas complex, providing processing of about 50% of the volume of liquid hydrocarbons produced in the country. The technological level of most factories, despite the modernization carried out in recent years, is significantly inferior to those of developed countries.

2. The lowest indices of process complexity and refining depth are at the plants of Surgutneftegaz, RussNeft, Alliance, as well as at the Moscow Refinery, while the technological characteristics of the refineries of Bashneft, LUKOIL and Gazprom Neft are basically consistent world level. At the same time, the largest refinery in the country, the Kirishi Oil Refinery (capacity for raw materials - more than 21 million tons) has the lowest processing depth - just above 43%.

3. In recent decades, the reduction in primary oil refining capacity at large plants, including Omsk, Angarsk, Ufa, Salavat, amounted to about 100 million tons, while the creation of big number off-field refineries designed primarily for primary oil refining for the purpose of producing and exporting dark petroleum products.

4. During the period in the context of growing oil production in the country and increasing domestic demand for motor fuels, there was an expansion of refining volumes and an increase in the output of petroleum products, as a result of which in 2010 the level of capacity utilization of a number of companies (enterprises of LUKOIL, Surgutneftegaz and the TNK-BP refinery ", "TAIF-NK") reached 100% with the average Russian showing%. The impossibility of further increasing the output of petroleum products due to the reserve production capacity led to increased tension and shortages in the Russian motor fuel market in 2011.

5. To increase the efficiency of the Russian oil refining industry and ensure technological and regional balance of the oil complex as a whole, it is necessary:

· continue to modernize existing refineries in almost all regions of the country (European part, Siberia, Far East), and, if technical capabilities are available, expand their capacity for raw materials;

· build new high-tech refineries in the European part of the country (TANECO, Kirishi-2);

· to form a system of local and field refineries and gas processing plants in Eastern Siberia (Lenek) and new refineries and petrochemical complexes for regional and export purposes in the Far East (Elizarova Bay).

Thus, to solve the problems posed to the industry, close integration of science, the academic and university community, as well as business and the state is necessary. Such a merger will help Russia reach a promising level of technology and production development. This will make it possible to change the raw material orientation of the Russian economy, ensuring the production of high-tech products and the sale of technologies competitive on the world market, and will help introduce new innovation-oriented Russian developments.

Bibliography

1. Energy strategy of Russia for the period until 2020: order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 01/01/2001 [Electronic resource] // Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia - Access mode: http://Svww. minprom. gov. ru/docs/strateg/1;

2. Road map “Use of nanotechnologies in catalytic processes of oil refining” [Electronic resource] // RUSNANO-2010. Access mode: http://www. rusnano. com/Section. aspx/Show/29389;

3. New technologies: the depth of oil refining can be increased to 100% [Electronic resource] // Oil and Gas Information Agency - 2009. - No. 7 - Access mode: http://angi. ru/news. shtml? oid =2747954 ;

4. . Problems and ways of developing deep oil refining in Russia. // Drilling and oil - 2011 - No. 5;

5. , And V. Filimonova. Problems and prospects of oil refining in Russia // World of Petroleum Products - 2011 - No. 8 - p. 3-7;

6. , L. Eder. Oil and gas of Russia. State and prospects // Oil and gas vertical - 2007 - No. 7 - p. 16-24;

7. . . Analysis of trends in the development of the Russian oil complex: quantitative estimates, organizational structure // Mineral resources Russia. Economics and Management. – 2N 3 .- P. 45-59;

8. .S. Shmatko Complex answer to old questions // Oil of RussiaN 2 .- P. 6-9;

9. . , . On the way to high conversion rates // Oil of RussiaN 8 - pp. 50-55;

10. . Refining, not trading crude oil // Drilling and oil N 5 pp. 3-7;

11. P. . Study of the state and prospects of oil and gas processing, oil and gas chemistry and the Russian Federation // , - M.: Ekon-Inform, 20th;

12. E. Telyashev, I. Khairudinov. Oil refining: new and old technologies. // Technologies. Oil refining - 2004 - . 68-71;

13. . Chemistry of oil and fuels: textbook / . - Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2007, - 60 p.;

14. . Technology and equipment for oil and gas refining processes. Tutorial/ , ; Ed. . - St. Petersburg: Nedra, 2006. - 868 p.

Oil is a mineral that is a water-insoluble oily liquid that can be almost colorless or dark brown. The properties and methods of oil refining depend on percentage predominantly hydrocarbons in its composition, which varies in different fields.

Thus, in the Sosninskoye field (Siberia), alkanes (paraffin group) occupy a share of 52 percent, cycloalkanes - about 36%, aromatic hydrocarbons - 12 percent. And, for example, in the Romashkinskoye field (Tatarstan) the share of alkanes and aromatic carbons is higher - 55 and 18 percent, respectively, while cycloalkanes have a share of 25 percent. In addition to hydrocarbons, these raw materials may include sulfur and nitrogen compounds, mineral impurities, etc.

Oil was first “refined” in 1745 in Russia

This natural resource is not used in its raw form. To obtain technically valuable products (solvents, motor fuels, components for chemical production), oil is processed using primary or secondary methods. Attempts to transform this raw material were made back in the mid-eighteenth century, when, in addition to candles and torches used by the population, “garnish oil,” which was a mixture of vegetable oil and refined petroleum, was used in the lamps of a number of churches.

Oil purification options

Refining is often not included directly in petroleum refining processes. This is rather a preliminary stage, which may consist of:

Chemical refining, when oil is exposed to oleum and concentrated sulfuric acid. This removes aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Adsorption cleaning. Here, tars and acids can be removed from petroleum products by treatment with hot air or by passing the oil through an adsorbent.

Catalytic purification – mild hydrogenation to remove nitrogen and sulfur compounds.

Physico-chemical cleaning. In this case, excess components are selectively released using solvents. For example, the polar solvent phenol is used to remove nitrogen and sulfur compounds, and non-polar solvents - butane and propane - release tars, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.

No chemical changes...

Oil refining through primary processes does not involve chemical transformations of the feedstock. Here the mineral is simply divided into its component components. The first device for distilling oil was invented in 1823, in the Russian Empire. The Dubinin brothers guessed to put the boiler in a heated furnace, from where a pipe ran through a barrel of cold water into an empty container. In the furnace boiler, the oil was heated, passed through the “refrigerator” and settled.

Modern methods of preparing raw materials

Today, at oil refineries, oil refining technology begins with additional purification, during which the product is dehydrated using ELOU devices (electric desalting units), freed from mechanical impurities and light carbohydrates (C1 - C4). Then the raw material can be sent for atmospheric distillation or vacuum distillation. In the first case, the operating principle of the factory equipment resembles that which was used back in 1823.

Only the oil refining plant itself looks different. The company has furnaces the size of windowless houses, made of the best refractory bricks. Inside them there are many kilometers of pipes in which oil moves at high speed (2 meters per second) and is heated to 300-325 C with a flame from a large nozzle (at higher temperatures, hydrocarbons simply decompose). The pipe for condensation and cooling of vapors is nowadays replaced by distillation columns (can be up to 40 meters in height), where vapors are separated and condensed, and entire towns from different tanks are built to receive the resulting products.

What is material balance?

Oil refining in Russia gives different material balances during atmospheric distillation of raw materials from one or another deposit. This means that the output can be different proportions for different fractions - gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, associated gas.

For example, for West Siberian oil, gas yield and losses are one percent each, respectively, gasoline fractions (released at temperatures from about 62 to 180 C) occupy a share of about 19%, kerosene - about 9.5%, diesel fraction - 19% , fuel oil - almost 50 percent (released at temperatures from 240 to 350 degrees). The resulting materials are almost always subject to additional processing, since they do not meet the operational requirements for the same machine engines.

Production with less waste

Vacuum oil refining is based on the principle of substances boiling at a lower temperature when pressure decreases. For example, some hydrocarbons in oil boil only at 450 C (atmospheric pressure), but they can be made to boil at 325 C if the pressure is lowered. Vacuum processing of raw materials is carried out in rotary vacuum evaporators, which increase the distillation speed and make it possible to obtain ceresins, paraffins, fuel, oils from fuel oil, and then use the heavy residue (tar) for the production of bitumen. Vacuum distillation, compared to atmospheric processing, produces less waste.

Recycling allows us to obtain high-quality gasoline

The secondary oil refining process was invented in order to obtain more motor fuel from the same feedstock by influencing the molecules of petroleum hydrocarbons, which acquire formulas more suitable for oxidation. Recycling includes different types so-called “cracking”, including hydrocracking, thermal and catalytic options. This process was also originally invented in Russia, in 1891, by engineer V. Shukhov. It involves the breakdown of hydrocarbons into forms with fewer carbon atoms per molecule.

Oil and gas processing at 600 degrees Celsius

The operating principle of cracking plants is approximately the same as that of installations atmospheric pressure vacuum production. But here the processing of raw materials, which is most often represented by fuel oil, is carried out at temperatures close to 600 C. Under this influence, the hydrocarbons that make up the fuel oil mass break down into smaller ones, which make up the same kerosene or gasoline. Thermal cracking is based on processing high temperatures and produces gasoline with a large number of impurities, catalytic - also through heat treatment, but with the addition of catalysts (for example, special clay dust), which allows you to get more gasoline of good quality.

Hydrocracking: main types

Oil production and refining today may involve various types of hydrocracking, which is a combination of hydrotreating processes, the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones and the saturation of unsaturated hydrocarbons with hydrogen. Hydrocracking can be light (pressure 5 MPa, temperature about 400 C, one reactor is used, mainly diesel fuel and material for catalytic cracking are obtained) and hard (pressure 10 MPa, temperature about 400 C, several reactors, diesel, gasoline and kerosene are obtained factions). Catalytic hydrocracking makes it possible to produce a number of oils with high viscosity coefficients and low content of aromatic and sulfur hydrocarbons.

Recycling of oil, in addition, can use the following technological processes:

Visbreaking. In this case, at temperatures up to 500 C and pressures ranging from half to three MPa, secondary asphaltenes, hydrocarbon gases, and gasoline are obtained from the raw material by splitting paraffins and naphthenes.

Coking of heavy oil residues is a deep oil refining, when the raw material is processed at temperatures close to 500 C under a pressure of 0.65 MPa to produce gas oil components and petroleum coke. The process steps culminate in a “coke cake”, preceded (in reverse order) by densification, polycondensation, aromatization, cyclization, dehydrogenation and cracking. In addition, the product must also be dried and calcined.

Reforming. This method of processing petroleum products was invented in Russia in 1911 by engineer N. Zelinsky. Today, catalytic reforming is used to obtain high-quality aromatic hydrocarbons and gasolines, as well as hydrogen-containing gas from naphtha and gasoline fractions, for subsequent processing in hydrocracking.

Isomerization. Oil and gas refining in this case involves obtaining an isomer from a chemical compound due to changes in the carbon skeleton of the substance. Thus, high-octane components are isolated from low-octane components of oil to produce commercial gasoline.

Alkylation. This process is based on the incorporation of alkyl substituents into an organic molecule. In this way, components for high-octane gasoline are obtained from unsaturated hydrocarbon gases.

Striving for European standards

Oil and gas processing technology at refineries is constantly being improved. Thus, at domestic enterprises there has been an increase in the efficiency of processing raw materials in terms of parameters: depth of processing, increased selection of light petroleum products, reduction of irreversible losses, etc. Plant plans for the 10-20s of the twenty-first century include a further increase in the depth of processing (up to 88 percent) , improving the quality of manufactured products to European standards, reducing the technogenic impact on the environment.

The development of the Russian oil refining industry in recent years has a clear tendency to improve the state of the industry. With increasing refining volumes, the quality of produced motor fuels is gradually improving. At a number of Russian refineries, new complexes for deep oil refining are being built, some of which have already been put into operation. However, for further progress, much more needs to be done, in particular, to adopt legislation tightening the quality indicators of petroleum products, and to change the state tax policy in the field of oil refining. In addition, to accelerate the transformation of the industry and stimulate conditions for the development and implementation of competitive domestic technologies and equipment, the design market should be reorganized, primarily through the creation of a Russian state scientific and engineering center for oil refining and petrochemicals. Today, an extremely favorable situation is emerging for global oil refining, with prices for light petroleum products growing twice as fast as prices for crude oil. The increase in the profitability of the industry leads to the fact that oil-producing countries began to actively build and introduce new processing capacities in order to export not raw materials, but petroleum products and petrochemicals. This applies to countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Venezuela, etc. Suffice it to say that in Qatar alone it is planned to introduce processing capacity for 31 million twag. A global trend, most pronounced in industrially developed countries importing petroleum products, has been the tightening environmental legislation aimed at reducing harmful emissions from fuel combustion, as well as constantly increasing requirements for the quality of petroleum products. If we talk about the most important product of the industry - motor fuel, the trends of recent years show that, for example, in the EU countries the demand for distillate diesel fuels and high-quality gasoline is growing most rapidly. Gasoline consumption in the US and Asia-Pacific countries is also increasing. The demand for jet fuel will grow to a lesser extent, and the market demand for boiler fuel will gradually decrease. This global trend must be taken into account when modernizing the Russian oil refining industry. The oil refining industry in Russia lags significantly behind the industrialized countries of the world in its development. The main problems of the industry are the low depth of oil refining, the low quality of produced petroleum products, the backward structure of production, the high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, high level energy consumption. Russian oil refineries are characterized by a low level of conversion of petroleum feedstock into more valuable refined products. On average in the Russian Federation, the output of main motor fuels (motor gasoline, diesel fuel) is inferior to the indicators of oil refining in the industrialized countries of the world, and the share of fuel oil production is the highest. Due to the low depth of refining, Russian refineries are loaded at 70-75%, while global oil refining today, due to huge demand and high prices for petroleum products, is characterized by a load close to 100%. In 2005, while the four largest Western oil companies processed more oil than they themselves produced, the four Russian companies processed much less oil than their production volumes. That is, if in the West companies strive to earn as much as possible from oil refining and therefore buy additional oil on the side, then Russian companies are forced to mainly focus on the export of crude oil, since the quality of their oil products is such that it is difficult to sell it abroad. A significant share of petroleum products produced at Russian enterprises are made up of outdated fuels, the quality of which does not meet modern world standards. The share of fuel oil in the products of Russian refineries is still large (in 2005, 56.6 million tons were produced, i.e. almost as much as motor gasoline). The quality of motor fuels produced in Russia reflects technical condition car park of the country. In particular, the presence in the fleet of cars and trucks of outdated models that consume low-grade fuel (A-76 gasoline) necessitates maintaining its production at Russian refineries. The low quality of produced petroleum products is due to the backward structure of oil refining at most Russian refineries, in which not only the share of destructive deepening processes is low, but also secondary processes aimed at improving the quality of produced petroleum products. Exports of Russian oil refining consist mainly of relatively cheap petroleum products, including straight-run gasoline, vacuum gas oil, diesel fuel of low quality in comparison with European requirements in terms of sulfur content, as well as heating oil and base oils. The share of commercial petroleum products with high added value is extremely small. A significant problem in the Russian oil refining industry is the high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, amounting to up to 80%, as well as the use of outdated energy-intensive and economically imperfect technologies. As a result, Russian oil refining is characterized by a high level of energy consumption, which negatively affects the economic efficiency of the industry. The specific consumption of energy resources at operating Russian plants is 2-3 times higher than their foreign counterparts. The capacities of oil refining enterprises are distributed unevenly and irrationally across Russia. Most Russian refineries are located inland, far from sea export transshipment bases, which significantly reduces the efficiency of exporting petroleum products. A consequence of serious problems with the location of the industry is the growth in the number of mini-refineries with a primary processing capacity of 10 to 500 thousand tons. Currently, they produce about 2% of all petroleum products produced in the country. As a rule, such mini-refineries carry out unskilled processing of petroleum raw materials, and their existence significantly complicates the environmental situation in the regions. Recently, there has been a tendency towards improving the state of the Russian oil refining industry. Signs of improvement are a significant increase in investment by Russian oil companies in oil refining, an increase in oil refining volumes, a gradual improvement in the quality of produced motor fuels due to the abandonment of the production of leaded motor gasoline, and an increase in the share of production of high-octane gasoline and environmentally friendly diesel fuels. The total installed capacity of Russian refineries, including mini-refineries, is 275.3 million tons, but only about 75% of the capacity is used - the rest is idle due to moral and physical wear and tear of equipment. Bashkortostan has the largest total oil refining capacity; they are owned by the companies OJSC Bashneftekhim and OJSC Salavatnefteorgsintez. Fig.39. Oil refining (without mini-refineries) in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2007, million tons The largest enterprises in the refining sector are the Omsk Oil Refinery with an installed capacity of primary oil refining of 19.5 million tons per year, the Ryazan Oil Refinery (18.2 million tons), the Kirishinefteorgsintez (17.3 million tons) and the plant of the Angarsk Petrochemical Corporation in Angarsk (16.4 million tons). Among oil companies, it ranks first in terms of installed oil refining capacity at the beginning of 2007. occupied by the company OJSC NK Rosneft - 61.4 million tons per year. It was also the leader in oil refining in 2007. OJSC NK LUKOIL (40.6 million tons) and OJSC Bashneftekhim (32.2 million tons) have smaller capacities. In 2007 domestic refineries received 229.5 million tons, or about 48% of the oil produced; this is almost 8 million tons more than in 2006. Of these, 227.7 million were processed, or about 99.2% of the supplied raw materials. Almost all of it is processed at 27 major refineries. Irreversible oil losses at Russian refineries amounted to less than 1%. Fig. 40. Structure of primary oil refining by Russian companies in 2007, % (without mini-refineries) Depth of oil refining at Russian enterprises in 2007 amounted to only 71.3%, including at refineries - 70.9% (in 2006 - 71.7 and 71.2%, respectively). At foreign factories, the value of this indicator is 85-90% and higher. The greatest refining depth was achieved at the OJSC LUKOIL-Permnefteorgsintez plant (84.1%), at the Omsk Refinery of the Gazprom Neft OJSC (83.3%) and at the Novoufimsky Refinery of the Bashneftekhim OJSC (82.1%). The complexity factor of oil refining is low, as a result of which the country has limited ability to produce high-quality motor fuel, while the share of heating oil in the gross volume of petroleum products produced is still very high - more than 33% (in developed countries it averages 12%, in the USA - about 7 %). However, the share of high-octane gasoline production (A-92 and higher) in the total production of motor gasoline in the Russian Federation is constantly growing; in 2007 it amounted to 74.5%. Fig.41. Production of petroleum products in the Russian Federation in 2007, million tons Fig. 42. Structure of production of main petroleum products in Russia in 2007. , % In recent years, a number of Russian refineries have been actively constructing new deep oil refining complexes (DOC). A vacuum gas oil hydrocracking complex was launched at the Perm Oil Refinery (LUKOIL OJSC), a gas-gas oil hydrotreating complex was launched at the Slavneft Yaroslavl Oil Refinery, and a vacuum gas oil hydrotreating complex was launched at the Ryazan Oil Refinery, owned by TNK-BP. The catalytic cracking complex was launched at the Nizhnekamsk Refinery of the TAIF company. The commissioning of the above-mentioned gas refining stations made it possible to significantly increase the depth of oil refining and thereby reduce the amount of fuel oil produced by the refinery and significantly increase the volume of light petroleum products produced. At the same time, the reconstructed refineries began to produce petroleum products European quality, and in the areas where the enterprises are located, it was possible to improve the environmental situation. Due to the commissioning of new gas pumping stations, the production volumes of motor fuels increased by more than 1.6 million tg for gasoline, and for diesel fuel by more than 2.5 million tg. Unfortunately, in the process of modernizing Russian oil refining, domestic developments are practically not used. Most of the technologies and equipment necessary for the commissioning of new gas-gas pumping stations at domestic refineries are purchased from leading Western manufacturers. Perhaps the only exception to general rule became a project for the construction of a catalytic cracking complex in Nizhnekamsk, developed by the Russian VNIINP and VNIPIneft. It is known that the oil produced in Tatarstan is heavy, high-sulfur, and adding it to the Urals export mixture has a negative impact on the price of Russian oil on the world market. In order to reduce the export of oil with high sulfur content, Tatarstan is forced to build new facilities on its territory to process its raw materials locally. The planned construction by Tatneft of a new processing complex in Nizhnekamsk, in addition to the goal of reducing oil sales abroad, also aims to obtain additional volumes of motor fuel of European quality, which could be exported in the future instead of oil. Fig. 43. Dynamics of production of high- and low-octane gasoline in the Russian Federation in 2000-2007, million tons. In the near future, Russia is expected to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), which should have a significant impact on domestic oil refining. TO positive influence This includes the need to tighten environmental laws and increase requirements for the quality of petroleum products. The introduction of European standards (Euro-4, Euro-5) will create the prerequisites for the production of high-quality motor fuels and oils in Russia. Another positive development could be improved conditions for access to foreign markets. At the same time, in order to stimulate domestic oil refining to produce high-quality petroleum products, it is necessary to establish preferential excise tax rates on petroleum products of Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards. Another advantage is the need to amend Russian legislation in the field of certification. The disadvantages of Russia's accession to the WTO include the opening of the domestic market for goods and services, which will lead to a significant increase in competition from foreign oil and engineering companies and equipment manufacturers. It should be noted that already today 50-70% of the catalysts used in oil refining and more than 200 types of fuel and oil additives necessary for military and civilian equipment are supplied by foreign companies. The world's leading licensors and engineering companies with significant financial potential have actively entered the Russian market. This led to the cessation of the introduction of new domestic oil refining technological processes in Russia, the displacement of Russian design organizations from the domestic market of engineering services, and a sharp increase in the number of imported equipment during the modernization of oil refineries. To counter the complete takeover of the Russian market by Western firms, first of all, it is necessary to strengthen government regulation in order to protect the domestic market with import and countervailing tariffs. An important measure could be the process of consolidation of Russian design organizations. Today, in the Russian oil refining market, along with traditional design organizations with significant experience and technical capabilities, there are small companies that are not capable of producing high-quality design documentation. As a result, the quality of industrial installations decreases, economic indicators and the level of safety of production deteriorate. To improve the situation on the engineering market, it is advisable to tighten the requirements for licensing engineering activities in Russia. Thus, an analysis of trends in the development of domestic oil refining in recent years allows us to conclude that there are positive changes in the industry. The process of active modernization of refinery fixed assets and the construction of new deep oil refining complexes at a number of plants has begun. However, in general, a number of problems remain in the industry, the solution of which, in our opinion, could be helped by the following measures: - adoption of legislation tightening requirements for the quality of produced petroleum products; - introduction of tax incentive measures for industry modernization; - strengthening the positions of leading domestic design organizations through the reorganization of the design market; - creation of a large domestic engineering company for oil refining and petrochemicals; - creating conditions for the development and implementation of competitive domestic technologies, equipment, catalysts and additives.

The Russian Federation is one of the world leaders in oil production and production. There are more than 50 enterprises in the state, the main tasks of which are oil refining and petrochemicals. Among them are Kirishi NOS, Omsk Oil Refinery, Lukoil-NORSI, RNA, YaroslavNOS and so on.

On this moment most of them are connected to well-known oil and gas companies such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom and Surgutneftegaz. The period of operation of such production is about 3 years.

Main refined products– this is gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel. Now more than 90% of all mined black gold is used to produce fuel: aviation, jet, diesel, furnace, boiler fuel, as well as lubricating oils and raw materials for future chemical processing.

Oil refining technology

Oil refining technology consists of several stages:

• dividing products into fractions that differ in boiling point;


• processing of these associations using chemical compounds and production of commercial petroleum products;


• mixing components using a variety of mixtures.

The branch of science that is devoted to the processing of combustible minerals is petrochemistry. She studies the processes of obtaining products from black gold and the final chemical production. These include alcohol, aldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen, acid, ketone and the like. Today, only 10% of extracted oil serves as raw material for petrochemicals.

Basic oil refining processes

Oil refining processes are divided into primary and secondary. The former do not imply a chemical change in black gold, but ensure its physical separation into fractions. The task of the latter is to increase the volume of fuel produced. They promote the chemical transformation of hydrocarbon molecules, which is part of oil, into simpler compounds.

Primary processes occur in three stages. The initial one is the preparation of black gold. It undergoes additional purification from mechanical impurities, and light gases and water are removed using modern electrical desalting equipment.

This is followed by atmospheric distillation. The oil moves to a distillation column, where it is divided into fractions: gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and finally into fuel oil. The quality of the products at this stage of processing does not correspond to product characteristics, so the fractions are subjected to secondary processing.

Secondary processes can be divided into several types:

• deepening (catalytic and thermal cracking, visbreaking, slow coking, hydrocracking, bitumen production, and so on);


• refining (reforming, hydrotreating, isomerization, etc.);


• other oil and aromatic hydrocarbon production operations, and alkylation.

Reforming is used for the gasoline fraction. As a result, it is saturated with aromatic mixtures. The extracted raw materials are used as an element to produce gasoline.

Catalytic cracking serves to break down heavy gas molecules, which are then used to release fuel.

Hydrocracking is a method of splitting gas molecules in excess hydrogen. As a result of this process, diesel fuel and elements for gasoline are obtained.

Coking is the operation of extracting petroleum cokes from the heavy fraction and residues of the secondary process.

Hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrotreating, hydrodearomatization, hydrodewaxing - these are all hydrogenation processes in oil refining. Their distinctive characteristic is to carry out catalytic transformations with the presence of hydrogen or gas that contains water.

Modern installations for primary industrial oil refining are often combined and can also carry out some secondary processes in a variety of volumes.

Oil refining equipment

Oil refining equipment is:

• generators;


• tanks;


• filters;


• liquid and gas heaters;


• incinerators (devices for thermal waste disposal);


• flare systems;


• gas compressors;


• steam turbines;


• heat exchangers;


• stands for hydraulic testing of pipelines;


• pipes;


• fittings and the like.

In addition, the enterprises use technological furnaces for oil refining. They are designed to heat the process environment using the heat released during fuel combustion.

There are two types of these units: tube furnaces and devices for burning liquid, solid and gaseous production residues.

The basics of oil refining are that first of all, production begins with the distillation of oil and its formation into separate fractions.

Then the main part of the resulting compounds is converted into more necessary products by changing their physical characteristics and the structure of molecules under the influence of cracking, reforming and other operations that relate to secondary processes. Next, the petroleum products successively undergo various types of purification and separation.

Large oil refineries are involved in fractionating, converting, processing and blending black gold with lubricants. In addition, they produce heavy fuel oil and asphalt, and can also further refine petroleum products.

Oil refining design and construction

First, it is necessary to carry out the design and construction of an oil refinery. This is a rather complex and responsible process.

The design and construction of an oil refinery occurs in several stages:

• formation of the main goals and objectives of the enterprise and conducting investment analysis;


• selecting a territory for production and obtaining permission to build a plant;


• the oil refining complex project itself;


• collection of necessary devices and mechanisms, construction and installation, as well as commissioning activities;


• The final stage is the commissioning of the oil production enterprise.

The production of black gold products occurs using specialized mechanisms.

Modern oil refining technologies at the exhibition

The oil and gas industry is widely developed in the Russian Federation. Therefore, the question arises of creating new production facilities and improving and modernizing technical equipment. In order to bring the Russian oil and gas industry to a new, higher level, an annual exhibition of scientific achievements in this field is held "Neftegaz".

Exposition "Oil and Gas" will be distinguished by its scale and large number of invited companies. Among them are not only popular domestic companies, but also representatives of other countries. They will demonstrate their achievements innovative technologies, fresh business projects and the like.

In addition, the exhibition will feature oil refining products, alternative fuels and energy, modern equipment for enterprises, and so on.

The event will include a variety of conferences, seminars, presentations, discussions, master classes, lectures and discussions.

Read our other articles.