Zone of variable humid, including monsoon forests. Subequatorial climate zone Variably moist monsoon forests animals and plants

Monsoon forests are vast green areas with lush vegetation and rich wildlife. During the rainy season, they resemble equatorial evergreen forests. Found in subequatorial and tropical climate. They attract tourists and photographers with a variety of picturesque landscapes.

Description

Monsoon rainforests are most common in the tropics. Most often they are located at an altitude of 850 meters above sea level. They are also called deciduous because the trees lose their leaves during periods of drought. Heavy rains return them to their former richness and color. The trees here reach a height of twenty meters, the leaves on the crowns are small. Evergreen species and many lianas and epiphytes are common in the undergrowth. Orchids grow in the monsoon zone. They are found in the Brazilian coastal mountain ranges, the Himalayas, Malaysia, Mexico, and Indochina.

Peculiarities

Monsoon forests in the Far East are famous for their diversity of plants and animals. Warm and humid summers and an abundance of plant food create favorable conditions for the habitat of insects, birds, and mammals. Conifers and broadleaf trees. Among the inhabitants of the forests, sable, squirrel, chipmunk, hazel grouse, as well as animals rare for climate zone Russia. Typical inhabitants of monsoon forests are the Ussuri tiger, black bear, sika deer, wolf, and raccoon dog. There are many wild boars, hares, moles, and pheasants on the territory. Reservoirs subequatorial climate are rich in fish. Some species are protected.

In wet forests Rare orchids grow in Brazil, Mexico, and Indochina. About sixty percent are sympodial species, well known among gardeners. The red-yellow soils of monsoon areas are favorable for ficus, palm trees, valuable species trees. The most famous ones include teak, satin, tallow, and iron. For example, it is capable of forming a dark grove from its trunks. In Indian botanical garden a huge banyan tree grows, which has almost two thousand (!) trunks. The crown of the tree covers an area of ​​twelve thousand square meters. Variably humid forests become the habitat of bamboo bears (pandas), salamanders, tigers, leopards, poisonous insects and snakes.

Climate

Which one prevails? monsoon forests? Winters here are mostly dry, summers are not hot, but warm. The dry period lasts three to four months. average temperature the air is lower than in the humid tropics: the absolute minimum is -25 degrees, the maximum is 35 with a “+” sign. The temperature difference ranges from eight to twelve degrees. Characteristic climate - long rainfalls in summer and their absence in winter. The difference between the two opposite seasons is huge.

Monsoon forests are known for their morning fog and low clouds. This is why the air is so saturated with moisture. By noon bright sun completely evaporates moisture from vegetation. In the afternoon, a foggy haze forms in the forests again. High air humidity and cloudiness persist for a long period of time. In winter, precipitation also falls, but rarely.

Geography

IN subequatorial belt due to loss large quantity precipitation and its uneven distribution, high temperature contrast, monsoon forests develop. On the territory of Russia they grow in the Far East, have a complex topography, rich plant and animal world. There are humid forests in Indochina, Hindustan, the Philippine Islands, Asia, North and South America, Africa. Despite the long rainy seasons and prolonged drought, the fauna in the monsoon forest areas poorer than in humid equatorial regions.

The most pronounced phenomenon of monsoons is on the Indian continent, where a period of drought is replaced by heavy downpours, the duration of which can be seven months. This change in weather is typical for Indochina, Burma, Indonesia, Africa, Madagascar, northern and eastern Australia, and Oceania. For example, in Indochina and the Hindustan Peninsula, the dry period in forests lasts seven months (from April to October). Trees with large crowns and an irregular arch grow in vast monsoon areas. Sometimes forests grow in tiers, which is especially noticeable from above.

The soil

Monsoon wet soils are characterized by a red tint, granular structure, and low humus content. The soil is rich in useful microelements such as iron and silicon. There is very little sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in moist soil. In Southeast Asia, yellow soils and red soils predominate. Central Africa and are characterized by dry black soil. Interestingly, as the rains stop, the concentration of humus in monsoon forests increases. The reserve is one of the forms of protection wildlife in an area rich in valuable plants and animals. It is in humid forests that many species of orchids are found.

Plants and fauna

Monsoon forests in the subequatorial climate of Hindustan, China, Indochina, Australia, America, Africa, Far East(Russia) are characterized by a variety of fauna. For example, in Southeast Asia, teak trees are common in variable humid zones, as are Indochinese laurel and ebony. There are also bamboo, vines, butea, and cereals. Many trees in forests are highly valued for their healthy and durable wood. For example, teak bark is dense and resistant to destruction by termites and fungi. Sal forests grow at the southern foot of the Himalayas. In monsoon areas Central America a lot of thorny bushes. Grows in humid climate and valuable jat wood.

In subequatorial climates, fast-growing trees are common. Palms, acacias, baobab, spurge, cecropium, entandrophragma, ferns predominate, and there are many other types of plants and flowers. For wet climate zone characterized by a wide variety of birds and insects. Woodpeckers, parrots, toucans, and butterflies are found in the forests. Among the terrestrial animals found in monsoon woodland are marsupials, elephants, various representatives of the cat family, freshwater, amphibians, frogs, and snakes. This world is truly bright and rich.

The tundra occupies such areas as the coastal outskirts of Greenland, the western and northern outskirts of Alaska, the coast of Hudson Bay, and some areas of the Newfoundland and Labrador peninsulas. In Labrador, due to the severity of the climate, the tundra reaches 55° N. sh., and in Newfoundland it drops even further south. The tundra is part of the circumpolar Arctic subregion of the Holarctic. The North American tundra is characterized by the distribution permafrost, strong soil acidity and rocky soils. Its northernmost part is almost completely barren or covered only with mosses and lichens. Large areas are occupied by swamps. In the southern part of the tundra, a rich herbaceous cover of grasses and sedges appears. Some dwarf tree forms are characteristic, such as creeping heather, dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa), willow and alder.

Next comes the forest-tundra. It reaches its maximum size west of Hudson Bay. Woody forms of vegetation are already beginning to appear. This strip forms the northern limit of forests in North America, dominated by species such as larch (Larix laricina), black and white spruce (Picea mariana and Picea canadensis).

On the slopes of the Alaska mountains, lowland tundra, as well as on the Scandinavian Peninsula, gives way to mountain tundra and char vegetation.

In terms of species, tundra vegetation North America almost no different from the European-Asian tundra. There are only some floristic differences between them.

Coniferous forests temperate zone occupy most of North America. These forests form the second and last vegetation zone, which stretches across the entire continent from west to east and is a latitudinal zone. Further to the south, latitudinal zonality is preserved only in the eastern part of the continent.

On the Pacific coast, taiga is distributed from 61 to 42° N. sh., then it passes through the lower slopes of the Cordillera and then spreads to the plain to the east. In this area, the southern border of the zone coniferous forests rises north to a latitude of 54-55° N, but then it descends back to the south to the territories of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, but only its lower reaches.<

Coniferous forests along the line from the eastern slopes of the Alaska mountains to the Labrador coast are distinguished by significant uniformity in the species composition of the species.

A distinctive feature of the coniferous forests of the Pacific coast from the forest zone of the east is their appearance and composition of species. So, the forest zone of the Pacific coast is very similar to the eastern regions of the Asian taiga, where endemic coniferous species and genera grow. But the eastern part of the continent is similar to the European taiga.

The “Hudson” eastern taiga is characterized by the predominance of fairly developed coniferous trees with a high and powerful crown. This composition of species includes such endemic species as white or Canadian spruce (Picea canadensis), Banks pine (Pinus banksiana), American larch, balsam fir (Abies balsamea). From the latter, a resinous substance is extracted, which finds its way into technology - Canada balsam. Although conifers predominate in this zone, there are still many deciduous trees and shrubs in the Canadian taiga. And in burnt areas, of which there are many in the Canadian taiga region, even deciduous trees predominate.

Deciduous tree species in this coniferous zone include: aspen (Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), paper birch (Betula papyrifera). This birch tree has white and smooth bark, which the Indians used to build their canoes. It is characterized by a very diverse and rich undergrowth of berry bushes: blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, black and red currants. This zone is characterized by podzolic soils. In the north they turn into soils of permafrost-taiga composition, and in the south they become soddy-podzolic soils.

The soil and vegetation cover of the Appalachian zone is very rich and diverse. Here, on the slopes of the Appalachians, rich broadleaf forests grow in species diversity. Such forests are also called Appalachian forests. These forests are very similar to the genera of East Asian and European forests, in which the dominant role is dominated by endemic species of noble chestnut (Castanea dentata), may beech (Fagus grandifolia), American oak (Quercus macrocarpa), red sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). A characteristic feature of all these trees is that they are very powerful and tall trees. These trees are often covered with ivy and wild grapes.

The continent of South America is located in all geographical zones, with the exception of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. The wide northern part of the continent lies at low latitudes, so the equatorial and subequatorial belts are most widespread. A distinctive feature of the continent is the widespread development of forest natural areas (47% of the area). 1/4 of the planet’s forests are concentrated on the “green continent”(Fig. 91, 92).

South America gave humanity many cultivated plants: potatoes, tomatoes, beans, tobacco, pineapple, hevea, cocoa, peanuts, etc.

Natural areas

In the equatorial geographical zone there is a zone equatorial rain forests , occupying Western Amazonia. They are named by A. Humboldt hylea, and by the local population - the village. The equatorial rainforests of South America are the richest forests on Earth in terms of species composition. They are rightfully considered the “gene pool of the planet”: they contain more than 45 thousand plant species, including 4000 woody ones.

Rice. 91. Endemic animals of South America: 1- giant anteater; 2- hoatzin; 3 - lama; 4 - sloth; 5 - capybaras; 6 - battleship

Rice. 92. Typical trees of South America: 1 - Chilean araucaria; 2 - wine palm; 3 - chocolate tree (cocoa)

There are flooded, non-flooded and mountain hylia. In river floodplains, flooded with water for a long period, impoverished forests of low trees (10-15 m) with breathing and stilt roots grow. Cecropia (“ant tree”) predominates; giant Victoria regia swim in the reservoirs.

In elevated areas, rich, dense, multi-tiered (up to 5 tiers) flood-free forests are formed. The solitary ceiba (cotton tree) and the Brazil nut-bearing bertolecia grow to a height of 40-50 m. The upper tiers (20-30 m) are formed by trees with valuable wood (rosewood, pau brazil, mahogany), as well as ficus and hevea, from the milky juice of which rubber is obtained. In the lower tiers, under the canopy of palm trees, chocolate and melon trees grow, as well as the oldest plants on Earth - tree ferns. The trees are densely intertwined with lianas; among the epiphytes there are many brightly colored orchids.

Mangrove vegetation, poor in composition (nipa palm, rhizophora), is developed near the coast. Mangroves- these are thickets of evergreen trees and shrubs of the swampy zone of tidal seas of tropical and equatorial latitudes, adapted to salt water.

Moist equatorial forests form on red-yellow ferrallitic soils, poor in nutrients. Falling leaves in hot and humid climates quickly rot, and the humus is immediately absorbed by plants, without having time to accumulate in the soil.

Hylaea animals are adapted to life in trees. Many have a prehensile tail, such as the sloth, opossum, prehensile-tailed porcupine, and broad-nosed monkeys (howler monkeys, arachnids, marmosets). The ponds are home to peccary pigs and tapirs. There are predators: jaguar, ocelot. There are numerous turtles and snakes, including the longest one - the anaconda (up to 11 m). South America is the “continent of birds”. Hylea is home to macaws, toucans, hoatzins, tree hens and the smallest birds - hummingbirds (up to 2 g).

The rivers are teeming with caimans and alligators. They are home to 2,000 species of fish, including the dangerous predatory piranha and the largest in the world, the arapaima (up to 5 m in length and weighing up to 250 kg). The electric eel and the freshwater inia dolphin are also found.

Zones stretch across three geographical zones variable-humid forests . Subequatorial variable-humid forests occupy the eastern part of the Amazonian lowland and the adjacent slopes of the Brazilian and Guiana plateaus. The presence of a dry period causes the appearance of deciduous trees. Among the evergreens, cinchona, ficus, and balsa, which have the lightest wood, predominate. In tropical latitudes, on the moist eastern edge of the Brazilian Plateau, rich evergreen tropical forests, similar in composition to equatorial ones, grow on mountain red soils. The southeast of the plateau on red soils and yellow soils is occupied by sparse subtropical moist forests. They are formed by Brazilian araucaria with an undergrowth of yerba mate (“Paraguayan tea”) shrubs.

Zone savannas and woodlands distributed in two geographical zones. In subequatorial latitudes it covers the Orinoco Lowland and the interior regions of the Brazilian Plateau, and in tropical latitudes it covers the Gran Chaco plain. Depending on the moisture content, wet, typical and desert savannas are distinguished. Under them, red, brown-red and red-brown soils develop, respectively.

The tall grass wet savanna of the Orinoco River basin is traditionally called Llanos. It is flooded for up to six months, turning into an impassable swamp. Grains and sedges grow; Of the trees, the Mauritius palm dominates, which is why the llanos is called the “palm savanna.”

On the Brazilian plateau, savannas were called campos. Wet shrub-tree savanna occupies the center of the plateau, while typical grassy savanna occupies the south. Low-growing shrubs grow against the background of cereal vegetation (bearded grass, feather grass). The trees are dominated by palms (wax palms, oil palms, vine palms). The arid northeast of the Brazilian Plateau is occupied by desert savanna - caatinga. This is a woodland of thorny bushes and cacti. There is a bottle-shaped tree that stores rainwater - the Bombax cottonweed.

Savannas continue into tropical latitudes, occupying the Gran Chaco plain. Only in tropical woodlands is the quebracho ("break the axe") tree found, with hard and heavy wood that sinks in water. The savannas contain plantations of coffee, cotton, and bananas. Dry savannas are an important area for grazing.

Savannah animals are characterized by a protective brown coloration (spice-horned deer, red nose, maned wolf, rhea ostrich). Rodents are abundantly represented, including the largest in the world, the capybara. Many Hylaea animals (armadillos, anteaters) also live in savannas. Termite mounds are ubiquitous.

In the Laplata Lowland south of 30° S. w. are being formed subtropical steppes . In South America they were called pump. It is characterized by rich forb-grass vegetation (wild lupine, pampas grass, feather grass). The chernozem soils of the pampa are very fertile and therefore heavily plowed. The Argentine pampa is the main growing area for wheat and forage grasses in South America. The fauna of the pampa is rich in rodents (tuco-tuco, viscacha). There are Pampas deer, Pampas cat, puma, and rhea ostrich.

Semi-deserts and deserts South America extends across three geographical zones: tropical, subtropical and temperate. In the west of the tropics, tropical deserts and semi-deserts stretch in a narrow strip along the Pacific coast and on the high plateaus of the Central Andes. This is one of the driest areas on Earth: in the Atacama Desert it may not rain for years. On the infertile gray soils of coastal deserts, dry cereals and cacti grow, receiving moisture from dew and fog; on the gravelly soils of high-mountain deserts there are creeping and cushion-shaped grasses and thorny shrubs.

The fauna of tropical deserts is poor. The inhabitants of the highlands are llamas, spectacled bears, and chinchillas with valuable fur. There is the Andean condor - the largest bird in the world with a wingspan of up to 4 m.

To the west of the pampa, subtropical semi-deserts and deserts are common in a continental climate. Light forests of acacias and cacti are developed on gray soils, and solyankas are found on salt marshes. In the harsh temperate latitudes of lowland Patagonia, dry cereals and thorny shrubs grow on brown semi-desert soils.

The southwestern edge of the continent in two zones is occupied by forest natural zones. In the subtropics, under Mediterranean climate conditions, a zone is formed dry hard-leaved forests and shrubs . The coast and slopes of the Chilean-Argentine Andes (between 28° and 36° S) are covered with forests of evergreen southern beech, teak, persea on brown and gray-brown soils.

Located further south wet evergreen And mixed forests . In the northern Patagonian Andes, moist evergreen forests grow on montane brown forest soils in a subtropical humid climate. With abundant moisture (more than 3000-4000 mm of precipitation), these rain forests are multi-tiered and rich, for which they received the name “subtropical hylea”. They consist of evergreen beeches, magnolias, Chilean araucaria, Chilean cedar, South American larch with a rich understory of tree ferns and bamboos. In the south of the Patagonian Andes, in a temperate maritime climate, mixed forests of deciduous beech and coniferous podocarpus grow. Here you can find puda deer, Magellanic dog, otter, and skunk.

High Andean region occupies a vast territory with a well-defined altitudinal zone, most fully manifested in equatorial latitudes. Up to an altitude of 1500 m, there is a hot zone - hylea with an abundance of palm trees and bananas. Above the 2000 m mark there is a temperate zone with cinchona, balsa, tree ferns and bamboos. A cold belt extends to the 3500 m mark - a high-mountain hylea of ​​low-growing crooked forests. It is replaced by a frost belt with high-mountain meadows of paramos cereals and low-growing shrubs. Above 4700 m there is a belt of eternal snow and ice.

Bibliography

1. Geography 8th grade. Textbook for the 8th grade of general secondary education institutions with Russian as the language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk “People's Asveta” 2014

South America is the fourth largest continent and lies in the southern hemisphere. Five climatic zones determine the characteristics of the flora and fauna: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate; most of the continent has a warm climate.

The plant and animal worlds are very rich, many species are found exclusively here. South America is a record holder in many ways; the longest and deepest river in the world, the Amazon, flows here, the longest Andes mountain range is located, the largest mountain lake is Titicaca, it is the rainiest continent on earth. All this significantly influenced the development of wildlife.

Nature of different countries of South America:

Flora of South America

The flora of South America is rightfully considered the main wealth of the continent. Such well-known plants as tomatoes, potatoes, corn, chocolate trees, and rubber trees were discovered here.

The tropical rainforests of the northern part of the continent still amaze with the richness of species, and today scientists continue to discover new plant species here. In these forests there are different types of palm trees and melon tree. There are 750 species of trees and 1,500 species of flowers per 10 square kilometers of this forest.

The forest is so dense that it is extremely difficult to move through it; vines also make movement difficult. A characteristic plant for the tropical forest is the ceiba. The forest in this part of the mainland can reach a height of more than 100 meters and is distributed into 12 levels!

To the south of the jungle there are variable-humid forests and savannas, where the quebracho tree grows, which is famous for its very hard and very heavy wood, valuable and expensive raw materials. In savannas, small forests give way to thickets of cereals, shrubs and tough grasses.

Even further south are the pampas - the South American steppes. Here you can find many types of grasses, common to Eurasia: feather grass, bearded grass, fescue. The soil here is quite fertile, since there is less rainfall and it is not washed away. Shrubs and small trees grow among the grasses.

The south of the mainland is a desert, the climate there is more severe, and therefore the vegetation is much poorer. Shrubs, some types of grasses and cereals grow on the rocky soil of the Patagonian desert. All plants are resistant to drought and constant weathering of the soil, among them are resinous chañar, chukuraga, and Patagonian fabiana.

Fauna of South America

The fauna, like the vegetation, is extremely rich; many species have not yet been described or qualified. The richest region is the Amazonian jungle. It is here that you can find such amazing animals as sloths, the world's smallest birds, hummingbirds, a huge number of amphibians, including poisonous frogs, reptiles, including huge anacondas, the world's largest rodent, the capybara, tapirs, jaguars, and river dolphins. At night, the ocelot, a wild cat that resembles a leopard but is found only in America, hunts in the forest.

Scientists estimate that the jungle is home to 125 species of mammals, 400 species of birds and an unknown number of species of insects and invertebrates. The aquatic world of the Amazon is also rich; its most famous representative is the predatory fish piranha. Other famous predators are crocodiles and caimans.

The savannas of South America are also rich in fauna. Here you can find armadillos, amazing animals covered with plates - “armor”. Other animals that can only be found here are anteaters, rhea ostriches, spectacled bears, pumas, and kinkajou.

In the pampas of this continent there are deer and llamas that live in open spaces and which can find here the grasses on which they feed. The Andes have their own special inhabitants - llamas and alpacas, whose thick wool saves them from the high mountain cold.

In the deserts of Patagonia, where only tough grasses and small shrubs grow on rocky soil, mainly small animals, insects, and various types of rodents live.

South America includes the Pacific Galapagos Islands, where amazing turtles are found, the largest representatives of the family on earth.

Vietnam

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, on the eastern coast of the Indochina Peninsula. It occupies an area of ​​331,600 km 2, which is comparable to the territory of Germany. Vietnam borders China in the north, Laos in the west, Cambodia in the south-west, and the South China Sea in the east. Vietnam owns two large archipelagos - Hoang Sa and Truong Sa and a large number of islands. Three quarters of the country's territory is mountainous; there are two fertile deltas of the main waterways of the country, the Mekong (Fig. 2.73) and Red rivers. The length of Vietnam's coastline excluding islands is 3,444 km. Population - 92.477 million people (2013 data).

The climate, according to the Köppen classification, belongs to the types Aw (tropical savannah climate on the plains of the south of the country) and Cwa-Am (warm monsoon climate in the mountainous north).

Vietnam's economy has been developing rapidly since 1990, when the country, following the example of China, began to combine state and private ownership. GDP growth varies between 5.3-8.5%.

There are 13 large rivers and about 3,500 rivers with a length of at least 10 km flowing through Vietnam. Water resources have become an important factor in ensuring food and energy security, as well as in the industrialization and modernization of the country. At the end of the 20th century, Vietnam took first place in the world in terms of rice exports (Vietnam..., 1993) (Fig. 2.74-2.78).

Water resources are also a decisive factor in increasing the production of other agricultural and industrial crops such as tea, coffee, black pepper, etc. Currently, 70% of the water used for agricultural production comes from the Red and Mekong rivers. However, the country faces numerous challenges in the use of water resources.

The Mekong is one of the largest rivers in the world: its length is 4350 km, and its area is 795 thousand km 2. Powered by rain, snow and glaciers. Its basin is home to 250 million people from several countries (Fig. 2.73).

Rice. 2.74

Valley type of settlement. Fields and villages are located in the valleys of small rivers

The Mekong basin ranks second in the world in terms of biological diversity after the Amazon. The Mekong flows through the territory of 4 countries: China, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. The state borders of Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand run along the right bank of the river. The cooperation of the countries to which this river is directly related has its own name among experts - “the spirit of the Mekong.” Since 1957, this cooperation has taken place within the framework of the River Commission. Mekong (Rysbekov, 2009; FB.ru: http://fb.ru/article/222437/mekong).

Rice. 2.75

Rice fields of Mu Kan Chai District, Yen Bai Province

Rice. 2.76

Rice. 2.77

Rice. 2.78

On the territory of Vietnam there is only a relatively small section (200 km long) of the lower reaches of the river. The Mekong, which is a delta of two wide branches and many smaller channels (Fig. 2.79, 2.80). There are many canals dug here. The delta, with an area of ​​70 thousand km 2, is home to 17 million Vietnamese. The climate within the delta is subequatorial monsoon. Average annual temperature 27°C; The year is divided into two seasons - wet and dry.

Rice. 2.79

The economies of the Mekong Delta provinces are based on agriculture (rice cultivation (Figures 2.81, 2.82)) and aquaculture. An important role in the delta is played by artificial canals, which are transport arteries and places for breeding aquatic products. The most famous canal, Vinh Te, is 87 km long and 40 to 60 m wide. It was dug by hand using shovels and hoes over 5 years, from 1819 to 1824, during the reign of the Nguyen royal dynasty.

The fishing fleet includes more than 25 thousand vessels of various tonnage. More than 1 million tons of fish (pangasius), about 300 thousand tons of saltwater shrimp and a large number of other species of fish, arthropods and mollusks are grown annually. About 200 factories have been built to process seafood. Tourism has been developing intensively in the last two decades.

Fig.2.80

Rice. 2.81

Rice. 2.82

The role of water resources in providing food to the population of Eurasia. Based on the review of the most common types of agricultural land in Eurasia, we will try to assess the role of water resources in solving the food problem on this continent. The world's population is projected to increase to 9 billion by 2050. At the beginning of section 2.2, we outlined one of the food programs proposed by J. Foley (2014), which includes five steps. This program aims to double food production by 2050, but does not address the issue of water security. In table 2.4. The "steps" of the Foley program are numbered 1-5. The last column shows our estimate of the program's water supply as a percentage of the volume required to double food production.

The “first step” - stabilization of the area of ​​agricultural land is accepted as feasible in all territories considered as a necessary initial condition for the implementation of the Foley program. The “second step” (continuation of the “green revolution”) is possible on irrigated lands of countries with a warm climate, while in the zone of northern and middle steppes it has limitations - the unsuccessful experience of introducing Italian durum wheat in the steppe zone of Russia is known.

Table 2.4

Assessing the feasibility of the food program J. Foley (2014) Five Steps, taking into account the potential of water resources

	Eco-social systems	"Steps" of the J. Foley program
	Voronezh region
	Stavropol region
	S.-V. China
	Central Asia (Turkmenistan)
	Rajasthan (India)
	S.-E. China

Rice. 2.83 Map of the use of nitrogen fertilizers in Eurasia (fragment of the world map).