Plants are listed in Plants of the Red Book of Russia

The Red Book of Russia is a unique publication that contains a list of rare and endangered plants, fungi, insects, birds and animals. It should be studied at school so that the younger generation knows how to save and increase natural resources for future generations.

general characteristics

Red Books are different: national, international and regional. The first attempts to unite in one edition all the endangered representatives of flora and fauna mankind made 50 years ago. In 1963, the first, still very meager list was published. They decided to call it red, since it is this color that signals the important, what needs to be highlighted and emphasized.

When our state gained independence, it got its own list of endangered species of flora and fauna - the Red Book of Russia. What plants and animals entered there can be seen in a copy for 2001. This is the last complete edition, supplemented and improved. As for the flora volume, it was updated in 2008.

It is known that at the end of 2015 a new Red Book of Russia will be released. This was announced recently by the Minister natural resources and ecology. According to him, the leading experts of the country are now working on its content, who are deleting obsolete samples from the list and adding new copies.

Medicinal plants of the Red Book of Russia

There are a lot of them here. By using these plants folk medicine, man mindlessly destroys living specimens in nature. Often, by uprooting the stem, he does not allow it to sprout again next spring. At the same time, it is known that many inhabitants of the hinterland are engaged in gathering. They don't care about their own health as much as they make of it. profitable business: Herbs are sold to pharmaceutical companies or procurement organizations. For example, only in one Omsk region medicinal plants rob about 110 thousand people. In fact, these are all village men and women of working age.

What plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia? Of the medicinal, it is, first of all, Rhodiola rosea, forest pine, belladonna, or belladonna, colchicum splendid and others. Such plants for medical purposes are often grown in specially created fields for this purpose. From here they are then plucked by professional biologists, while observing all the rules of collection.

Ginseng

Rare plants of the Red Book of Russia are under the tireless care and protection of the state. Among them is ginseng - a real miracle of the world of flora. In many countries, it is considered a cure for all ailments, even from Latin the name of the plant is translated as "panacea".

The most valuable thing in ginseng is its root. In length, it often reaches 15 centimeters. Numerous branches grow from it, often taking a bizarre shape. It is believed that the use will not only be able to get rid of diseases, but also save vitality and youth even among the elderly.

Like all plants of the Red Book of Russia, the description of which you will find on the pages of the latest edition, ginseng does not grow throughout our country. He gravitates more to the land of the Far East, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. Interestingly, in nature, its appearance is associated with the intervention of the Gods. In China, they are sure that it is a lightning strike into the source that makes the water go underground, and in its place grows the "root of life" blessed by higher powers.

Belladonna

Also known as belladonna. Belladonna and ginseng are not only medicinal, but also forest plants of the Red Book of Russia. The first is found in a herbaceous form on the edges, the second has the form of a shrub and is sometimes located even in the very depths of a deciduous thicket. The fruit is a dark blue berry the size of a cherry. You can not eat them, as they are very poisonous. After swallowing a few berries, even an adult gets a severe form of poisoning, not to mention children.

Belladonna is common in the southern and central regions of Russia. Her healing properties figured out by our ancestors. In ancient times, women squeezed juice from berries and put it in their eyes. This dilated the pupils, the look became clear and brilliant. If the juice was rubbed into the skin of the face, then the cheeks became ruddy from this, the skin looked healthy. Belladonna is listed in the Red Book as a valuable pharmacological material. Additionally, it is grown in Krasnodar Territory in farms specially created for this purpose.

Pine

What plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia? Be aware that these are not only herbaceous specimens, like ginseng, and artisanal, like belladonna. There are also trees among them. For example, pine. There are many varieties of it, five of them are under state protection: European cedar, grave, Cretaceous, Eldar and Pitsunda.

In Russia, pine is usually found in coniferous forests: near peat bogs, on the slopes of mountains and on their very peaks. Loves different climate: both moderate in the botanical gardens, and hard, at an altitude of about two thousand meters. Their seeds, which are also called nuts, are especially valued in pine, they contain a lot of useful substances, vitamins, oils and acids.

The healing properties of pine fruits were discovered in the 18th century. They were brewed, alcohol tinctures and ointments were made from them. It was believed that "pine nuts" can not only restore youth, but also lost male power. Today, milk made from cones helps with diseases of the bladder and kidneys.

Flowers in the Red Book of Russia

Unfortunately, this edition contains not only simple plants, bushes and trees, but also flowers. People pick snowdrops in the forests, oblivious to the fact that they are endangered. Just for the sake of profit and short-term pleasure from a flowering twig, they destroy entire glades of rare specimens.

Due to human greed and lack of culture, the pearl of any lake will soon completely disappear from the face of the Earth - an elegant water lily. Less and less often you can see bluebells, irises, peonies in the field or in the forest. Humanity is at risk of losing many types of spring flowers irretrievably: oak anemone, lungwort,

Therefore, the state has taken many of them under its own protection and severely suppresses any violations in this area. It is known that in Moscow and other Russian cities it is forbidden to pick flowers in forested areas. Herbs need to learn to protect from childhood, so that in the future our planet does not lose its main treasures.

Water lily

Ecology lessons should be held in every school so that children know from an early age which plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia. Perhaps in this way it will be possible to save some species from complete extinction, including the beautiful queen of the waters - the water lily. Every year the number of this flower decreases exponentially.

They bloom for a long time, almost all the warm season - from May to August. In the morning, with the first rays of the sun, the bud opens. In the evening, he tightly closes the petals. A stunning sight can be seen at dawn: flowers emerge from the depths of the lake on their boat-leaves and open towards a new day. Humanity may soon lose this wonderful phenomenon forever, so the flower was "sheltered" on its pages by the Red Book of Russia (plants).

The water lily is not only a beautiful representative of the flora, it also has magical properties. At least, our ancestors firmly believed in it. They believed that she revives strength in a person in order to defeat the enemy, and also protects and protects him from troubles, envy and sorrows. If a scoundrel with dirty thoughts and a dark soul touched her, then the water lily was even capable of destroying him. Believers wore a dried flower as an amulet, putting it in an amulet.

Violet

The list of plants in the Red Book of Russia also includes this beautiful and delicate flower. He loves the soil near water bodies, on the edges of forests, especially coniferous ones, on rocky slopes. You can meet him in the Irkutsk region, Buryatia, Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories. The incised violet reproduces with the help of seeds. They are not formed every year, so this flower was on the verge of extinction.

The ancient Greeks drew attention to the charming plant. In this country, she was under the auspices of Persephone, abducted by Hades to the kingdom of the dead. Since then, the flower has been a symbol of dying and resurrecting nature.

Today, the population has drastically declined. Mankind also had a hand in the biological features that lead to extinction. Exploring new areas for the development of tourism and Agriculture, it destroys entire plantations of the plant. As a result, we are losing one of the most beautiful purple flowers on the planet.

Lily of the valley

Rare plants of the Red Book of Russia include this name in their list. An amazing flower, a real miracle of nature, was under the protection of environmentalists because of its mass destruction people. The legend tells that lilies of the valley were formed from the endless stream of tears of the girl behind the groom. Falling on the grass, they turned into small white buds.

Lilies of the valley grow in the European part of Russia, they are also found in the forests of the Caucasus and the Far East. At the same time, the plant prefers shady places. In height reaches 20-25 centimeters. After the buds fade, green berries form in their places, which turn red over time. Despite this, they are actively used in the treatment of heart disease, ophthalmic ailments, neurosis and depression. They are often uprooted in large numbers. Therefore, together with other representatives of the flora, this flower is very vulnerable and needs to be protected.

Knowing now which plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia, you will pay more attention to their value. By sharing this information with your children, you will teach them to love. the world, protect it and increase it.

Instruction

Violet incised - one of the most delicate and beautiful flowers. It grows on the edges coniferous forests, rocky slopes, meadows and river banks. Purple corollas are the main charm of this flower. This type of plant reproduces exclusively by seeds, which are not formed annually. That is why the fragrant violet is listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The yellow water lily got its name from its closest relative, the white water lily. It grows in shallow water, in water. Its leaves are located both on the surface and under water. For its fruit, the yellow water lily received the official name of the egg capsule. The plant blooms from the end of May until August with yellow and large flowers. Tear them off as medicinal product as well as for bouquets.

Lily saranka (royal curls, oil, badun, curly) - beautiful pink, lilac or snow-white, with dark dots, flowers. They have beautifully curved petals. The locust blooms in June-July. The steppes of Siberia are also considered the birthplace of this plant. There is a legend that this flower gives warriors stamina, courage, and fortitude. Lily saranka is beautiful in bouquets, and its tubers are considered. In addition, the plant is widely used in folk medicine, which was the reason for its destruction by people.

The bell is a plant that grows exclusively in Russia, in the Chechen Republic, North Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria. He has unusually beautiful flowers, which are located on long peduncles. This plant is plucked for ornamental appearance. In addition, its population has been significantly reduced as a result of various construction works at the place of its growth.

Spotted palmate root experts refer to the orchid family. You can meet him in the European part of Russia. Violet flowers bloom on racemes surrounded by many spotted leaves. They are beautiful from a decorative point of view. Also, the tubers of the plant have medicinal properties. The powder, which is extracted from the dried plant, is used as an emollient, tonic, enveloping and anti-inflammatory agent.

Iris yellow (water, swamp, false air) grows in the European part of Russia in swampy meadows, along the damp banks of rivers and lakes. Made from yellow iris essential oil which is used in perfumery. In addition, the dried rhizomes of the plant are used in the production of liqueurs, wines and other drinks, in the confectionery industry.

Khisamova Lilia

Scientific research work on ecology

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Introduction………………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1. Red Data Books of the USSR and Russia.………………………………...…4

Chapter 2. What animals are included in the Red Book…………………… 14

Chapter 3. Animals and plants of our region…………………………….….20

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...24

List of used literature……………………………………….25

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of research.

The first organizational task of protecting rare and endangered species is their inventory and accounting both in global scale as well as in individual countries. Without this, it is impossible to proceed either to the theoretical development of the problem, or to practical recommendations for salvation certain types. The task is not easy, and even 30-35 years ago, the first attempts were made to compile first regional and then world reports of rare and endangered species of animals and birds. However, the information was either too laconic and contained only a list of rare species, or, on the contrary, very cumbersome, since it included all available data on biology and presented a historical picture of the reduction in their ranges.

The Red Book is an annotated list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi. Red Books are different levels— international, national and regional.

The object of the study isanimals and plants listed in the Red Book.

Subject of study - animals and plants of the Alkeyevsky district included in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The aim of the work is:

The study of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.

- research environmental problem native land.

Research methods. IN In connection with the nature of the studied material, comparative-chronological, cultural-historical, biographical methods were used in the work.

Research materials:Red Book of the USSR, Red Book of Russia.

Chapter 1. Red Books of the USSR and Russia.

The Red Book of the USSR is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to animals, the second -plants. The plan for heading sheets devoted to animals and plants is different.

For animals, the following headings are accepted:

title and systematic position kind
status category
geographical distribution
characteristics of habitats and their current state
abundance in nature
characteristics of the reproduction process
competitors, enemies and diseases
reasons for the change in numbers
number in captivity
captive breeding characteristics
protection measures taken
necessary security measures
information sources

All these rubrics are filled in for each species of rare animals. Thus, information on each species is more diverse than in the IUCN Red List. But in the first edition of the Red Book of Russia, a more simplified scale of status categories was adopted. Only two categories are considered:

endangered species ( Category A)
rare species (Category B)

Category A included, first of all, the species included in the IUCN Red List (third edition) and living on the territory of the USSR (this principle was preserved later). In total, 62 species and subspecies of mammals were listed in the Red Book of the USSR (25 species were classified in category A and 37 in category B), 63 species of birds (26 species in category A and 37 in category B), 8 species of amphibians and 21 type of reptile. For each species, there is a drawing and distribution map on the corresponding sheet.

By itself, the Red Book of the USSR did not have the force of a state legal act. At the same time, in accordance with the Regulations on the Red Book of the USSR, the inclusion of any species in it meant the establishment of a ban on its extraction, imposed on the relevant government bodies obligations to protect both the species itself and its habitats. In this aspect, the Red Book of the USSR was the basis for the legislative protection of rare species. At the same time, it should be considered as a scientifically substantiated program of practical measures to save rare species.

The Red Book of the USSR, like the Red Book of the IUCN, had to be replenished and improved, in accordance with changes in the ecological situation in the country, the emergence of new knowledge about animals, and the improvement of methods for their protection. Therefore, immediately after the publication of the Red Book of the USSR (and possibly even earlier), the collection of materials for its second edition began. Thanks to the exceptionally intensive work of a group of highly qualified specialists, the second edition was published six years after the first, in1984. It fundamentally differed from the first one both in structure and in the volume of material.

The difference was primarily in the fact that the range of large taxa of animals included in the new edition has significantly expanded. In particular, it included, in addition to the four classes of terrestrial vertebrates, fish,arthropods, shellfish And annelids. The Red Book of Plants was published as a separate volume. In addition, instead of two categories of status, five were singled out, as in the third edition of the IUCN Red Book, and the wording of the categories was practically borrowed from it:

Category I - endangered species, the salvation of which is impossible without the implementation of special measures.
Category II - species whose numbers are still relatively high, but are declining catastrophically fast, which in the near future may put them under the threat of extinction (that is, candidates for category I).
Category III - rare species that are not currently threatened with extinction, but they are found in such small numbers or in such limited areas that they can disappear if adverse change habitats under the influence of natural or anthropogenic factors.
Category IV - species whose biology has not been studied enough, the number and condition are alarming, but the lack of information does not allow them to be attributed to any of the first categories.
Category V - restored species, the state of which, thanks to the conservation measures taken, no longer causes concern, but they are not yet subject to commercial use and their populations require constant monitoring.

In total, 223 taxa were listed in this edition, including species, subspecies and populations of terrestrial vertebrates (the inclusion of subspecies and populations in this edition was also an innovation). According to the coverage of the species composition of the fauna, these taxa were distributed as follows: mammals - 96 taxa, birds - 80, reptiles - 37 and amphibians - 9 taxa. In terms of status categories, the distribution was in principle rather uniform: of the mammals, 21 taxa were assigned to the first category, 20 to the second, 40 to the third, 11 to the fourth and 4 to the fifth category; from the class of birds, respectively, 21, 24, 17, 14, and 4 taxa; from reptiles - 7, 7, 16, 6 and 1; from amphibians - 1, 6, and 2 (there were no taxa belonging to the fourth and fifth categories among amphibians).

This edition collected significant material on the biology of rare species, which is still used today. The same material to a large extent formed the basis of the Republican Red Data Books, and later in the Red Data Book. Russian Federation. This edition of the Red Book of the USSR was published after the adoption of the Law "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife", which meant the introduction of special measures for the protection of rare species.

Red Book of the Russian Federation

After the formation of Russia as an independent state and the reform of the entire system of public administration in the field of environmental protection, the question arose of preparing the publication of the Red Book of the Russian Federation on a new political and administrative basis. The Red Book of the RSFSR was taken as the scientific basis for the Red Book of Russia, although it was a fundamentally new edition. The work on the creation of the Red Book of Russia was entrusted to the newly createdMinistry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. IN 1992a Commission on Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants was established under the Ministry, to which leading experts in the field of protection of rare species from various institutions were involvedMoscowand other cities.

Despite the fact that in 1992-1995 the name, structure and personnel of the ministry changed many times, the Commission on Rare Species carried out significant work. For example, it was decided to propose six categories of status:

0 - probably disappeared. Taxa and populations previously known from the territory (or water area) of the Russian Federation and whose presence in nature has not been confirmed (for invertebrates - in the last 100 years, for vertebrates - in the last 50 years).
1 - endangered. Taxa and populations whose numbers of individuals have decreased to a critical level in such a way that they may soon become extinct.
2 - declining in numbers. Taxa and populations with steadily declining numbers, which, with further exposure to factors that reduce abundance, can quickly fall into the category of endangered.
3 - rare. Taxa and populations that are small and distributed over a limited area (or water area) or sporadically distributed over large areas (water areas).
4 - undetermined by status. Taxa and populations that probably belong to one of the previous categories, but there is currently no sufficient information about their state in nature, or they do not fully meet the criteria of all other categories.
5 - recoverable and recoverable. Taxa and populations, the abundance and distribution of which are influenced by natural causes or as a result of measures taken the guards have begun to recover and are approaching a state where they will not need urgent conservation and restoration measures.

Standard rules for compiling essays (lists) by species (subspecies, populations) were developed, illustrative materials were regulated, and the lists of species recommended for inclusion in the Red Book of Russia were revised and supplemented. In total, according to the first option, 407 species (subspecies, populations) of animals were recommended, of which 155 species of invertebrates (including insects), 43 species of cyclostomes and fish, 8 species of amphibians, 20 species of reptiles, 118 species of birds and 63 species of mammals. 9 taxa were categorized as extinct and 42 taxa were proposed for exclusion in comparison with the list of the Red Book of the RSFSR. In addition, a list of taxa in need of special control in nature. Essays (sheets) on individual taxa have been collected and edited. In general, the preparation of the manuscript by 1995 was almost completed.

March 22 G. The State DumaFederal Assemblythe Russian Federation adoptedthe federal law"On the Fauna", which again regulated the importance of creating the Red Book of Russia. How the implementation of this provision was followed by a decreeGovernment of the Russian Federation from February 19No. 158. This document, in particular, declares that the Red Book of the Russian Federation is official document containing a set of information about rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as necessary measures for their protection and restoration. In other words, it is a stateinventorysuch species and the scientific basis for creating strategies for their conservation and restoration in the territory of the Russian Federation.

The final version of the List includes 415 species and subspecies, including 155 taxainvertebratesand 260 vertebrates. Common list compared to the Red Book of the RSFSR increased by 73%, and mainly due to species and subspecies of invertebrates (group size increased 3 times), as well as fish andfish-like(4 times). The List contains new macrotaxa (types, classes):annelids(13 types), bryozoans(1 kind), Brachiopods(1 kind), cyclostomes(4 types). The number of species represented in the List only by separate populations has been sharply expanded. The increase in the number of species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation does not reflect the essence of qualitative changes. As a result of careful study of the latest data, 38 taxa were excluded from the Species List. Including for reasons of the absence of the threat of extinction, the revision of the nature protection status or the role of the territory of Russia in the preservation of the gene pool.

In total, 212 new species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, including all species of invertebrates (109) and 47 species of vertebrates, which is mainly due to changes in the principles of species selection and the emergence of a wide information base on individual groups of animals. In connection with the receipt of the latest data on the deterioration of natural populations, another 30 species of vertebrate animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia. 23 species are listed in connection with the clarification of their conservation status.

Unlike most red books of both world and national levels, the inclusion of a species in the Red Book of Russia on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fauna" automatically entails the emergence of legislative protection, a kind of "presumption of a ban on obtaining", regardless of the status category of the species .

The Red Book of the Russian Federation was published in2001. It consists of 860 pages of text, illustrated with color images of all the animals included in it and maps of their ranges. In total, 8 taxa of amphibians, 21 taxa of reptiles, 128 taxa of birds and 74 taxa of mammals are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, in total 231 taxa.

See also : List of rare and endangered species in the Red Book of Russia

Regional Red Books in Russia

Since the second half of the 1980s, the USSR began compiling regional books on rare species of animals and plants on a scalerepublics, edges, regions, autonomous regions. This was due to the need for immediate protection of a number of species and forms of animals and plants, perhaps not rare in the country, but rare in certain regions, as well as the independence of local authorities rapidly growing in these years and the desire to independently solve their environmental problems. It was expedient to give such regional books about rare animals the status of regional Red Books. This strengthened their legal status and increased their practical impact on society. This was of particular importance for national autonomies.

In essence, there is only one non-regional Red Book on Earth: this is the IUCN Red Book - the only one that provides information on rare species within the entire range. Only in this case we are talking about the planetary conservation of rare species. All other national Red Books are regional, only their territorial scope is different. For example, in the Red Book of the USSR (now it is Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic States), out of 80 bird species, less than 20 are listed in the IUCN Red Book, and the rest are, therefore, regionally rare.

National Red Books, with rare exceptions, provide information only on parts of the ranges of species and subspecies of animals and plants. Only in cases with narrow-range species can we talk about the preservation of the world gene pool on the scale of a particular national or even regional Red Book. For animals, this is a rather rare occurrence (for example,Russian desmanor endemics of the lakeBaikal).

As a rule, the larger the region, the more significant it is for wildlife conservation. The exception is some relatively small areas with exceptional biological diversity, an abundance of endemic species or species that are rare and disappearing on a global scale. These are, for example,Caucasus, Altai, south Far East, some areasCentral Asia.

In the 1990s-2000s, a number of new regional Red Books of various administrative levels appeared. .

The following editions were published in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation:

Altai region. 1994
Arhangelsk region. 1995, 2008
Bashkir ASSR And Republic of Bashkortostan. 1984, 1987, 2001
Belgorod region. 2004
Buryat ASSR. 1988
Vladimir region. 2008
Volgograd region. 2004 - v. 1. Animals; 2006 - v. 2. Plants and fungi ( Cm. Red Book of the Volgograd Region)
Vologda Region. 2005 (See Red Data Book of the Vologda Oblast)
Jewish Autonomous RegionPart 1. Plants. 1997, 2006 (rare and endangered plant and fungal species)
Irkutsk region. 2001
Kaliningrad region. 2010
Kabardino-Balkaria. 2000
Kaluga region. 2006
Kamchatka Krai. 2007
Karachay-Cherkessia. 1988
Karelia. 1985, 1995, 2008
Kemerovo region. 2004
Kostroma region. 2010 (layout prepared)
Krasnodar region. 1994, 2007
Krasnoyarsk region. 1995
Kurgan region. 2002
Kursk region. 2001
Leningrad region. 2004 (See Red Book of the Leningrad Region)
Lipetsk region. 1997
Moscow. 2001 (See Red Book of Moscow)
Moscow region. 1998, 2008 (See Red Book of the Moscow Region)
Murmansk region. 2003 (See Red Data Book of the Murmansk Region)
Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 2006
Nizhny Novgorod Region. 2005
Novosibirsk region. 2008
Omsk region. 1982, 2005
Orenburg region. 1998
Oryol Region. 2007
Penza region. 2002
Perm region. 2008
Primorsky Krai. 2001
Altai Republic. Animals. 1996, 2007
The Republic of Dagestan. 1999
Republic of Karelia. 1985 (See Red Book of Karelia)
Komi Republic. 1996, 2009
Mari El Republic. 1997
The Republic of Mordovia. 2003 (See Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia)
Saha Republic. 2000
The Republic of Khakassia. 2002
Rostov region. 2003 (See Red Book of the Rostov Region)
Ryazan Oblast. 2001
Samara Region. 2007
Saint Petersburg. 2004 (See Red book of nature of St. Petersburg)
Sakhalin region. 2000
Saratov region. 1996, 2006
Sverdlovsk 2008
North Ossetia. 1981
Smolensk region. 1997 (See Red Book of the Smolensk Region)
Stavropol region. 2002
Tatarstan. 1995
Tver region. 2002
Tomsk region. 2002
Tver region. 2002 (See Red Book of the Tver Region)
Tula region. 2011
Tyumen region. 2004 (See Red Book of the Tyumen Region)
Udmurt republic. 2001
Ulyanovsk region. 2005
Khabarovsk region. 1997, 1999
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. 2003
Chelyabinsk region. 2006
Chuvash Republic. 2001 (1 volume - Plants). 2011 (Volume 2 - Animals)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. 2008
Yakut ASSR. 1987
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 1997
Yaroslavl region. 2004 (See Red Book of the Yaroslavl Region)

Chapter 2. What animals are listed in the Red Book.

The Red Book is a list of endangered plant and animal species. Hunting for animals listed in the Red Book is prohibited in many countries.

More than 500 species of animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia, they are divided into 10 main categories:

Amphibians - 8 species are listed in the Red Book: Karelin's newt, Asia Minor newt, Lanz's newt, Ussuri clawed newt, Caucasian krestovka, Caucasian toad, cane toad, Syrian spadefoot
mammals - about 80 species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book:
rodents listed in the Red Book:

tarbagan (Mongolian marmot)
Baikal black-capped marmot
river beaver, West Siberian subspecies
river beaver, Tuvan subspecies
giant mole rat
Manchu zokor
yellow pied

predators listed in the red book:

Caucasian otter
sea otter
caucasian forest cat
Caucasian jungle cat
cat manul
Amur tiger
far eastern leopard
Persian leopard
Snow Leopard
mednovsky blue fox
Red Wolf
polar bear
solongoy transbaikalian
Amur steppe polecat
Caucasian European mink
dressing

pinnipeds listed in the Red Book:

harbor seal
ringed seal
gray seal
sea lion
walrus

cetaceans listed in the Red Book:

Atlantic white-sided dolphin
white-faced dolphin
gray dolphin
Black Sea bottlenose dolphin
Harbour porpoise
killer whale
narwhal (unicorn)
high-browed bottlenose
beaked
Commander's belt tooth
gray whale
bowhead whale
japanese whale
hunchback
northern blue whale
northern fin whale (herring whale)
sei whale (Ivas whale)

equids, listed in the Red Book:

Przewalski's horse
kulan

artiodactyls listed in the Red Book:

Sakhalin musk deer
Ussuri sika deer
reindeer
bison, Bialowieza subspecies
gazelle
Amur goral
bezoar goat
Altaic Mountain sheep(argali)
bighorn sheep

insectivores listed in the Red Book:

Dahurian hedgehog
Russian desman
japanese mogera
giant shrew

bats listed in the Red Book:

pointed-eared bat
tricolor night bat
giant party
common longwing
lesser horseshoe bat
horseshoe bat megeli
big horseshoe

Mollusks - about 40 species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book
Insects - more than 90 species are listed in the Red Book
Reptiles - more than 20 species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book
Birds - more than 125 species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book
Crustaceans - 3 species are listed in the Red Book: mantis shrimp, Deryugin's craboid and Japanese crab.
Fish - 50 species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book:fish listed in the Red Book:

Volga herring
Atlantic feint
abrau kilka
lake salmon
Kaluga
azov beluga
sturgeon
sterlet
brown trout
mykizha
arctic char
smallmouth char
long-finned palia svetovidova
common taimen
Sakhalin taimen
lenok
nelma
whitefish
Pereslavl vendace
pygmy valek
European grayling
carp
Dnieper barbel
Azov-Black Sea shemaya
russian quickie
yellow-cheeked
black cupid
black amur bream
small-scaled yellowfin
Ciscaucasian plucking
soldier's catfish
bersh
Chinese perch or auha
common sculpin
kildin cod

lampreys listed in the Red Book:

sea lamprey
Caspian lamprey
Ukrainian lamprey

Worms, bryozoans, brachiopods- 15 species are listed in the Red Book: motley aphrodite, hetopterus with different legs, dravida gilyarov, iron ore, aporrectoda handlershi, Japanese eisenia, Gordeeva eisenia, intermediate eisenia, Malevich's eisenia, Transcaucasian eisenia, Salair eisenia, Altai eisenia, Feretima khil Gendorf.

The most famous animals listed in the Red Book are: polar bear, manul cat, Amur tiger and others.

Chapter 3 Animals and plants of our region.

Our Alkeyevsky district is a very beautiful corner of the Trans-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Forests, meadows, swamps, rivers with springs beckon. A person rests with all his heart in the bosom of nature, inhaling the aroma of flowers, listening to the sound of the forest, the singing of birds, the buzzing of insects, the murmur of rivers. It is one thing to admire and admire nature, use its gifts, and quite another thing is to know and protect the nature of your small homeland. We explored the unique places of our region: about the natural monument - the Tatar-Akhmetevsky swamp. The area of this wetland complex located on the terrace of the Maly Cheremshan River is 15 hectares. The flora includes more than 50 species, including those listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan. Lözel's liparis (only 2 individuals were found in 1998) grows in the amount of 80-100 individuals, scepter-shaped mytnik, squat birch, three-leaved watch, etc. Of the rare species of birds - honey buzzard, gray crane. There is another unique place in our area, a secret gem. This sphagnum raised bog is located between the villages of Upper Mataki and Abdul Salmany. The water in this swamp is very clean. There are 5 species of sphagnum, 34 species of plants, 7 of them are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan. The field harrier, dolomed spiders, Russian tarantula, protected butterflies - swallowtail, admiral, etc. live. Our task is to include this swamp in the list of natural monuments of the Republic of Tatarstan.

We are all well aware of the healing value of nature for humans. The air in the forest, with its aroma, beneficial ozone and phytoncides, crystal water mountain rivers, diverse climate and many other manifestations of nature have a positive effect on the human body, which uses them in medicinal purposes. So let's take care of yours native nature with her riches.

40 saplings of trees (linden and mountain ash) were planted along Polevaya Street by 11th grade students.

Secrets of the healing power of aloe. Use in cosmetics as additives in lotions, moisturizing creams.

The healing power of Aloe has been known since ancient times. Mysterious Aloe has been a source of wound healing since its mention in the Old Testament. The therapeutic effect of this plant allows you to accelerate the healing of wounds, bedsores. It contains a special polysaccharide. In addition to its use in lotions and medicines, in recent years, aloe vera has been used in cosmetics as an additive in moisturizers.

Nature has created a unique and stable ratio of the mass of the above-ground part of plants to the mass of their underground (root) part.
Science has discovered another law of nature that is observed in the plant world: "the mass of the leaves and stems of a plant (aerial part) is proportionally related to the mass of its roots (underground part), and this ratio is determined mathematically, regardless of the variety of the plant or its natural environment In other words, biologists can now estimate how much plant biomass is underground just by counting the biomass of the above-ground parts of plants.

A new study baffles the evolutionary theory of plant development. It turned out that the DNA of pine and annual flowering grass is 90% identical.

The two main plant species, trees and grasses, are genetically much more similar than previously thought, according to a genetic analysis conducted by the forestry in State University North Carolina. According to all homological features, the division of Arabidopsis pines and flowering plants into different types occurred approximately 300 million years ago, which raises serious questions about the inconsistencies between evolutionary theory and chronology, since the first flowering plants appeared only 132-137 million years ago in Cretaceous period.
Easy and simple diet for weight loss - Meat for dinner plus herbal infusions. Unrestrictive diet and diet.
This diet is for those who want to lose weight and for general health. The diet is based on the observation that meat food is not only a stimulant of metabolism and physical activity, but is also the strongest factor in increasing appetite. But the appetite will decrease throughout the day if meat dishes in combination with other products are consumed only in the evening, at dinner.
You can facilitate the transition to a new diet by using herbal infusions. You should be careful not to abuse the infusions of those herbs in which the active substances cause a diuretic (juniper fruits, bearberry leaves, lingonberries, horsetail grass, blue cornflower flowers, birch buds), choleretic (sandy immortelle flowers, corn stigmas, barberry leaves) or laxative (blackberry leaves, senna, chamomile flowers, seaweed, rhubarb roots, laxative joster fruit, buckthorn bark) effects.

Conclusion.

In recent decades, the transformative activity of man has reached such proportions that its impact on environment turned out to be global. Along with population growth and climate change, biodiversity reduction is one of the current global processes. The 20th century, the century of the technological progress of society, was marked by an alarming trend: the rapidly declining gene pool of flora and fauna on the planet. If before the appearance of man, one species of animals died out in 100 years, then at the end of the 20th century, one species per year.

In order to preserve the diversity of the nature of the region, the district, it is necessary to increase the number of natural monuments of regional and local significance.

The protection of reserves and natural monuments and their use for scientific and educational purposes require the mandatory participation of forestry institutions, public organizations, schools, school forestries and individual local historians. The district committees of ecology and natural resources should become the coordinator of all this work on the ground.

List of used literature.

1. Red Book of the USSR. 1983. Internet.ru.

2. Red Book of Russia. 2004. Internet.ru.

3. http://www. minlechoz.ru

4. The Red Book of Tatarstan. Publishing house "Nature", Kazan, 2008

The flora of the region is very rich and varied. In the composition of island forests and swamps, many northern species are found, which closely coexist with representatives of the southern forest and steppe flora. On the interfluve plateaus and slopes of ravines with chernozem soils, steppe and halophilic-steppe floristic complexes have become widespread, in river valleys meadow, water, wetland, halophilic and psammophilic floristic complexes.

At present, the vascular flora plants Voronezh region has about 2000 species. 272 species from the native flora need special protection measures.

The list of species listed in the Red Book of the Voronezh region includes 4 species of lycopsids, 7 ferns, 3 gymnosperms and 258 species of flowering plants. 119 species of vascular plants were assigned category 3 (rare species).

Category 2 (decreasing) was assigned to 93 species, category 1 (endangered) to 41, category 0 (probably extinct) to 15, and category 4 (status uncertain) to 4 species.

From vascular plants listed in the Red Book 143 grow on the territory of the region on the border or near the border of the range: 75 species reach the northern border of the range, 27 species in the northwest, 3 in the northeast, 33 in the south, 3 in the southeast, and 2 in the east. temperate zone Eastern Europe, the south of the European part of Russia, the Don basin and the Seversky Donets are 17 species, including narrow local endems of the Don basin Centaurea pineticola Iljin, Centaurea dubjanskyi Iljin.

From the list of protected species, 43 are included in, 33 species in the Central Chernozem region are known only from the territory of the Voronezh region, 10 species in the middle zone of the European part of Russia are also known only from the Voronezh region.

One species of Silene cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng. listed in Annex I to the Berne Convention for the Protection wildlife and flora and natural environments habitat, 22 species are listed in Appendix II to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

For ease of use, a list (list) of plants listed in the Red Book of the region is presented. Species of plants and animals listed simultaneously in the Red Book of Russia and the Voronezh Region are not duplicated in this section, they are presented in the lists as active links to the Red Book of the Russian Federation

And plants on Earth that are in danger of extinction.

Here you will learn about some of the rarest animals listed in the Red Book of Russia, and which should be protected, paying special attention to them.

Rare and endangered animals of Russia: Red or mountain wolf

This representative of the animal world has a body up to 1 meter long and can weigh from 12 to 21 kg. Outwardly, it can be confused with a fox, and this is precisely one of the main reasons for its extinction. Hunters who know little about animals shoot down the mountain wolf en masse.

He attracted the attention of people with his fluffy fur, which has a beautiful bright red color. It is also worth noting that his tail is slightly different from the fox, having a black tip. The habitat of this wolf is Far East, China and Mongolia.

The rarest animals in Russia: Przewalski's horse

Only about two thousand representatives of this species remained on Earth. Interesting fact- as an experimental project, in the early 1990s, several individuals were released into the wild, and not just somewhere, but into the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. There they began to breed, and now there are about a hundred individuals in the zone.

Rare animal species of Russia: Amur goral

This subspecies of the mountain goat lives in the Primorsky Territory. Usually the Amur goral lives and moves in small groups of 6 - 8 individuals. In Russia, there are about 700 individuals. It is worth noting that a species similar to the Amur goral can be found on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas.

Animals in the Red Book of Russia (photo): West Caucasian tur or Caucasian mountain goat

The West Caucasian tur lives in the mountains of the Caucasus, namely along the Russian-Georgian border. It was recorded in the Red Book of Russia "thanks" to the activities of people, and also because of mating with the East Caucasian tur. The latter leads to the birth of infertile individuals.

Animals from the Red Book of Russia: Atlantic walrus

This habitat rare species- Barents and Kara seas. An adult can reach a length of 4 meters, and the weight of an Atlantic walrus can be about one and a half tons. It is worth noting that by the middle of the twentieth century, this species was almost completely exterminated. Today, thanks to the efforts of specialists, it is registered small stature population, although it is not yet possible to say the exact number, since without special equipment it is extremely difficult to get to the rookeries of these representatives of the animal world.

What animals are in the Red Book of Russia: Sea lion

This 3-meter Pacific eared seal lives on the Kuril and Commander Islands, as well as in Kamchatka and Alaska. An adult male can reach a length of 3 meters, and it can weigh up to one ton.

Endangered Species in Russia: White-faced Dolphin

Like the body of a sea lion, the body of this animal can reach a length 3 meters. The short-headed dolphin has black sides and fins. You can meet him in the Baltic and Barents Seas.

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