Emotional facial expression as a subject of facial expressions. What is facial expression

Our facial expressions and gestures tell the world around us every day about what mood we are in and what character we have. Very often we would like to hide our true attitude to the subject under discussion, but facial expressions betray our thoughts. How to recognize whether a business partner or a close friend is lying to you and how to learn to control facial expressions yourself in order to remain a mystery to

surrounding? Let's try to answer these questions and figure out what facial expressions mean.

Physiognomy of the face is not as simple a science as it seems. Only professional psychologists are capable of “reading” 90% true thoughts using the meanings of human facial expressions. But it is enough for us to know a few simple secrets. To begin with, let's highlight a number of emotions that are easy to distinguish on the face of the interlocutor.

Astonishment. It can often be confused with fear. Common to these two emotions are raised eyebrows and dilated pupils. Further differences appear. When surprised, wrinkles appear on the forehead. The mouth either straightens, or the corners of the mouth rise up, forming a smile. But if a person is frightened, then his smile will become unnatural.

Pain or sadness. With pain, the lips are slightly raised, the face is almost the same as with physical pain. The eyebrows of the face are raised, or close to each other, making a fold between the eyebrows. If a person is in sadness, his eyebrows will be lowered so that his eyes will hardly be visible. The shoulders will be compressed and the head lowered.

Disdain, distrust. A person with such facial expressions will have a raised chin. An addition to it can be one raised eyebrow, as a symbol of insincere surprise or skepticism. The pursed corners of the mouth, drawn inward, also speak of distrust.

Joy. This emotion is manifested in facial expressions of a person by a slight tension of all muscles. Wrinkles may form around the eyes. Lips stretched into a smile.

Anger. Most often accompanied by aggression. Eyebrows are shifted to the bridge of the nose and the muscles between the eyebrows are tense. When angry, the gaze will be directed directly at the interlocutor, and the corners of the lips are lowered down.

facial expressions - eyes

When reading human facial expressions, the eyes are the main assistant. You can only get confused if the person you are studying is left-handed. In this case, you need to study the facial expressions of his face in a mirror.

1. If a person looks to the left and up, he represents some kind of visual image in his head.
2. To the right and up - the interlocutor is trying to remember a visual image familiar from the past.
3. If the interlocutor looks to the left, it means that he creates a sound image in his mind.
4. If the interlocutor looks to the right, this indicates that he is trying to remember some kind of melody or sound sequence.
5. If you see the position of the eyes to the left and down, then the person is trying to remember a kinetic image (taste, smell or sensation). (except for sounds or pictures)
6. If a person looks to the right and down, this indicates an internal dialogue taking place at the moment. Or your interlocutor is strongly thinking about something.

facial expressions - lips

Using the area of ​​the mouth and lips in different times interpreted the character of a person and his state of health. According to the shape and size, 7 types of lips are distinguished:

1. Plump, juicy lips are found in talkative people with a lively and open character, who are distinguished by a light temperament and friendliness.
2. Thin small lips with soft outlines are found in generous, intelligent and honest people.
3. Sponges "bow" show such character traits as coquetry, frivolity, and sometimes insincerity.
4. Thin but long lips are possessed by gentle natures, as well as eloquent and witty people.
5. Lips that are harmonious in all respects speak of a harmonious personality that combines different character traits.
6. A large upper lip is characteristic of an imperious and restrained person, obeying reason and rationality at the expense of emotions.
7. Thick lips are possessed by people with a strong character, controlling themselves, but sensual and loving pleasures.

Facial expressions when lying

If you do not want to be deceived by your interlocutor, then when reading the facial expressions of his face, it is important to remember: insincerity of feelings is always facial asymmetry. A person trying to trick you will force their facial muscles to work differently than they want. This struggle with your own facial expressions is unlikely to go unnoticed by you. The hardest thing for a potential liar is to fake his look. In practice, this turns out to be impossible. Therefore, when talking with an interlocutor, it is important to look into his eyes. If the look is fleeting, or the person looks frowningly, they are trying to deceive you. True, if a cursory glance is not directed at you from under the eyebrows, then this person is simply a coward. If your interlocutor looks directly at you, does not try to look away and hide his eyes, one can hardly doubt his sincerity.

To remain a mystery to the interlocutor and be able to maintain composure, a few exercises a day are enough. The main thing is to always keep a small mirror with you and remember a few simple tricks.

And finally. Do not try to characterize an unfamiliar person. The likelihood that you will make a mistake and misinterpret the character and emotions of a person in this case is too great.

And if you want to remain invisible, try not to experience visible emotions. Do not look anyone in the eye, be calm and you will not be noticed.

Until now, the opinion is firmly held in society that physiognomy, graphology, palmistry, phrenology and similar sciences are the legacy of medieval obscurantism, that they have nothing in common with true science and therefore should be thrown out of modern knowledge like superfluous and useless ballast.

Indeed, there was a time when such a harsh review was partly justified - then these sciences, together with magic, astrology, cabalism and other so-called occult knowledge, were engaged in predicting a more or less distant future. However, in our time, these sciences have entered into close connection with the purely positive sciences, such as anatomy, physiology and anthropology, and, using their data, have adopted a positive method of research.

The soul of a person is especially sharply loomed in his appearance, or physiognomy - it is not for nothing that the people have an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe face as a mirror of the soul. And in fact, our habits, our aspirations, our passions, in a word, everything that makes up our personality, our "I" - all this is reflected on the face, giving it one or another feature, often elusive, but unconsciously striking to an experienced observer. .

The ancient art of face reading originated thousands of years ago during the time of the Yellow Emperor, when it was used by Eastern healers to diagnose diseases. The purpose of this alternative medicine was - and is - to prevent health problems and provide nutritional advice, exercise and meditation, in order to stop illnesses as soon as they appear.

This art has existed for centuries, and its popularity is based on the fact that it can help people better understand themselves, work colleagues, friends, and family members.

Physiognomy

Physiognomy- This character traits and facial expression. The face is divided into three zones - upper, middle and lower.

• intellectual — top part face, it occupies the entire forehead, starts at the hairline and ends with the eyebrow line. The size and shape of the forehead determine the mental activity and real understanding of life.
• emotional- the middle part of the face, includes the space below the eyebrows to the very tip of the nose, i.e. equal to the length of the nose. It reflects the degree of sensitivity, spiritual depth and inner content.
• vital- the lower part of the face. It starts from the line of the nostrils, consists of lips, chin and gives an idea of ​​the energy of a person, his love for pleasure and base instincts.

Therefore, in order to understand a person by his face, you need to make out which zone of the three is more pronounced, and having learned this, we can assume what drives a person - instinctiveness, emotions or intelligence.

The main mimic zone of the face is the eye area. Its expressiveness is determined by the contraction of the three main muscles: the frontal abdomen of the occipital-frontal muscle, the muscle wrinkling the eyebrows, and the upper part of the circular muscle of the eye, i.e., the superciliary muscle. The work of these muscles ensures the squinting of the eyes, their opening and modeling the position of the eyebrows and eyelids. The functional reserve of facial expressions here is very large: from the expression of strong will to confusion and chagrin. But, perhaps, the facial expressions of attention are most prominently expressed.

The external manifestation of attention, of course, requires the mobilization of all the senses, but the expression of the eyes stands out most sharply. They assess the degree of emotional mood, they read the level of understanding of what is happening. The outer corners of the eyes and the ends of the eyebrows lowered down express sadness, raised up - they give the face an expression of joy. Concentration, will are unmistakably recognizable in a subject whose gaze is fixed, the muscles of the face are tense, and the eyebrows are shifted to the bridge of the nose.

If the eyebrows are raised and drawn together, and the transverse wrinkles on the forehead, connecting with the longitudinal ones in the form of the Greek letter “omega”, signal a painful attempt to concentrate, then we can definitely talk about the expression of grief. Such a pattern of wrinkles is typical for the face of melancholics - “omega melancholics”.

By the movement of the eyes, one can read grief, pleasure, rage, sympathy, compulsion. Eye movements are involved in maintaining contact with the interlocutor. By the nature of the look, one can judge the intention of the interlocutor, the stages of the conversation, the level of relations. Eyes can express approval, consent, prohibition, permission, encouragement.

When analyzing the expression of the eyes, their size, direction of gaze, condition of the eyelids, folds around the eyes, and the position of the eyebrows are taken into account. In a calm environment, raised eyebrows, horizontal wrinkles on the forehead and opening of the eyes give the face a surprised expression. The reduction of the eyebrows indicates immersion in reflection, in solving a complex problem.

Close attention and a complete understanding of what is happening are unthinkable without a fixed, focused look. On the contrary, a wandering gaze is noted in people who are not interested in the essence of the issue: such a look also indicates impatience, indifference, disappointment.

The inability to focus on something specific (“shifting eyes”), even in response to a call for attention, suggests emotional imbalance, unpreparedness for consistent, logical thinking. Very temperamental people with a sanguine character are distinguished by a lively look, harmoniously combined with the play of facial muscles. Very tired people have a heavy, sluggish, sometimes meaningless look. Now it is turned into the distance, then down, the eyebrows are brought together, vertical folds form on the forehead.

For an accurate judgment about the emotional state of a person, it is necessary to take into account all the components of facial expressions. So, with strong excitement, tense eyelids, dilated pupils are combined with stretching of the wings of the nose and compression of the jaws. Further excessive concentration of attention may be accompanied by the opening of the mouth. A person, as it were, listens to something, in this case he is more comfortable with breathing through his mouth.

Organs that are loaded to a large extent and trained for a certain, specific facial expression are marked by a better ability to perform their usual functions. This applies primarily to the eyes, which are controlled by involuntary muscles (iris and ciliary body), and voluntary, subordinate III, IV, VI and VII cranial nerves. The brilliance and expressiveness of the gaze make the eyes important detectors of the cheerfulness and viability of the individual.

Emotional nuances are captured even in the direction and stability of the gaze. In a state of thought, a person's gaze is turned into the distance. The depth of perception is consistent with a steady gaze in the direction of the object being studied. The firm look of the subject, evaluating or checking any object, seems typical.

The direction of gaze depends on the contraction of the muscles of the eyeball. With the contraction of the upper rectus muscle of the eye on the face, one can read an expression of pride, surprise, pious humility. The expression of feelings of shame, sadness, oppression is due to the contraction of the lower rectus muscle of the eye, when the eyeballs turn downward. With the contraction of the external rectus muscle of the eye, a facial expression of contempt appears on the face: the gaze is turned to the side, the contraction of the medial rectus muscle of the eye contributes to the expression of lust.

The direction of gaze when communicating with people often reflects subordination. Persons in a dependent position often hide their gaze. Psychological imbalance gives rise to the instability of the gaze (the desire to look away, hide the eyes). Functional disorders of the nervous system are also accompanied by gaze instability. The variability of the gaze is one of the constituent elements of facial expressions.

facial expressions

facial expressions is an integral process. It involves the reactions of individual muscles, but they are connected by a common basis, a single purposefulness. If a natural smile appears on a person’s face, then the state of satisfaction, joy, delight is simultaneously reflected in other facial features. They are combined into a single complex according to the law of correspondence. Obviously, the emotional state of a person cannot be reflected only in any one area of ​​the face. Be sure to include the entire facial ensemble in the expression of emotions.

The shape of the face is inherited, it reflects genetic characteristics, is included in the complex of constitutional characteristics. The genetic conditionality of the reactions of the facial muscles expressing emotional experiences is confirmed by the early maturation of their motor complexes. All facial muscles necessary for expressing emotions are formed in the fetus by the 15-18th week of life. And by the 20th week, mimic reactions can be observed in the embryo. By the time the child is born, the mechanism of facial expression is already fully formed and can be used in communication. The innate nature of facial expressions is also indicated by its similarity in blind and sighted babies. But with age, in a blindly born child, the reactivity of the facial muscles fades.

During life, a person acquires new facial features under the influence of speech, perception, illness, profession. The mimic warehouse of the face also changes, reflecting the signs of all previous mimic processes. Living conditions (climatic, material, social, family) significantly affect the mimic appearance of a person.

Changes in facial expressions throughout life are due to the characteristics of facial muscles. Unlike all muscles of the human body, facial muscles are unique in their anatomical structure and function and differ both from striated or skeletal muscles, and from smooth ones. They differ from the skeletal one in the places of origin and attachment, as well as in the fact that they are in the complex, despite external differences individual muscles, represent a single integrative system, parts of which are localized around the natural openings of the face: mouth, eyes, external nose and ear. The anatomical features of the facial muscles also include the presence of oral and ophthalmic sphincters, which generally do not have a direct origin on the bones.

Mimic muscles differ from skeletal ones in their development in phylo- and ontogenesis. If the latter originate, as a rule, from the muscular part of the somites of the mesoderm, then the facial muscles originate from the mesenchyme of the 2nd branchial arch (the area of ​​the hyoid arch). This mesenchyme migrates cranially and pulls along the branches of the 7th cranial nerve and the external carotid artery, which initially innervated and supplied the hyoid arch.

The main difference between facial muscles and skeletal muscles is their function. If the purpose of skeletal muscles is to strengthen and move parts of the skeleton, then the function of facial muscles is much more complicated. Initially, as in previous stages of phylogenesis, they supplemented the functions of the digestive and respiratory systems. However, later, in parallel with the development and complication of the structure and function of the central nervous system (CNS), they began to perform the functions of facial expressions, i.e. reflections on the visceral (facial) part of the skull of the emotional state of the central nervous system. In fact, mimic muscles become a means of communication between highly developed biological entities at the level of the 1st signaling system. By what systems and ways is the connection between the state and level of psycho-emotional activity of the brain and mimic muscles carried out? When expressing an emotional state, a very differentiated, sometimes multidirectional and at the same time well-coordinated work of several muscles simultaneously serving the various above-mentioned facial openings takes place. Facial expression associated with the correction of the activity of various facial muscles is a reflection of 6 basic emotions, which are based on processes occurring in the brain, in particular, in the limbic system, starting from the hypothalamus, where the primary centers of positive and negative emotions are located, corresponding to the effects of the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. A special role here is assigned to the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which, in contrast to the sympathetic division, predominantly carries out targeted innervation of individual organs. A number of facts testify in favor of this. At the beginning of its course, the facial nerve is mixed, consisting of efferent somatic, parasympathetic and efferent taste fibers. Then the main mass of efferent fibers is divided into two parts and switches on the pterygopalatine and submandibular parasympathetic ganglia. Connections of the intermediate nerve with the trigeminal, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, as well as with the somatic part of the facial nerve proper, are known. It is known that in a number of peripheral somatic nerves there are always efferent parasympathetic nerve fibers. They are present in the oculomotor, ear-temporal branch of the trigeminal nerve. The fact that the muscle tissues of the initial sections of the digestive and respiratory systems, which include the mimic muscles, developed from the mesenchyme of the gill arches, the innervation of which, as for all internal organs, carried out vegetatively nervous system.

The participation of the nervous system in the mechanism of facial expressions has long been proven, although much in this matter remains unclear. Phylogenetic antiquity of external expression vital signs, reflecting the response effect in the movements of the muscles of the face indicates their direct connection with those parts of the brain that were formed earlier than others. These include the stem nuclei, the reticular formation, the old ancient cerebral cortex. The role of the new cortex is clearly seen at the stage of formation of the outer nervous activity when facial expression is both recognized and directed. Human facial expressions have reached incomparable perfection and have become an important communication tool, a source of information about the spiritual life of a person.

The localization of the anatomical and physiological regulators of facial expressions in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei and their connection with the facial muscles through the facial nerve system is proved by clinical observations and animal experiments. It is quite obvious that the filigree plexus of the branches of the facial nerves makes possible the extremely varied play of the muscles of the face. From the nerve branches, bundles of nerve fibers are released, and behind them are single fibers, along which effector impulses propagate, causing individual parts of the muscles to contract. Simultaneously with such conductors of the cerebrospinal (animal) nervous system, autonomic nerve conductors approach the vessels of the face. They initiate automatic reactions of the vessels of the eye muscles, which is manifested by the expansion of the lumen of these vessels and reddening of the face, for example, with a sense of shame. In addition, the contraction of the mimic muscles occurs in many cases not at all by a signal from external nerve centers, but as if involuntarily. Thus, it is necessary to allow for the possibility of transmission of excitation from the nuclei of the facial nerve in the brainstem to the mimic muscles in unforeseen situations.

The results of experimental studies on animals lead to the conclusion that the thalamus, as the most important regulatory link in the diencephalon, is responsible for involuntary, unconscious movements of facial muscles during emotional stress.

Mimic expressiveness is reproduced as an unconditioned reflex. In its formation, participation is necessary: ​​the stimulus (contact, distant, associative), the peripheral end of the analyzer (receptors) and the central nuclei of the analyzers (subcortical formations, the cortex), the means of controlling the muscles and the mimic muscles themselves, on the contraction or relaxation of which the facial expressions depend. Regardless of human consciousness, the subcortical innervation of the facial muscles causes an increased tone of the facial muscles and their group contraction under certain conditions.

Involuntary contractions of facial muscles under the influence of emotional stimuli are a special type of motor reaction, characteristic of the facial region of the human body. The transverse striation of the muscle does not yet indicate its absolute correspondence to other striated muscles, which is observed, in particular, in the myocardium.

The special position of the facial muscles does not cause any controversy. The reason for the automatism of facial reactions, interpreted as expressive, is probably in the subordination of their innervation to diencephalic nuclei, which are part of the extrapyramidal system responsible for the tone of facial muscles. Automatic contractions of the latter in response to various stimuli are caused by effector impulses through the thalamus and striatum.

Involuntary, subconscious facial expressions of a person's face are restrained and inhibited. It is subordinated to the functions of the cerebral cortex big brain. It is quite natural, therefore, that the participation of a person in various types of expression should be considered not only from the standpoint of mimic motor skills, but also in the light of higher nervous activity. The cerebral hemispheres, according to I.P. Pavlov, are the most reactive and supreme part of the central nervous system, depending on the state and activity of which four psychological types are distinguished:

• sanguine- this is a strong, balanced, mobile type;
• choleric- strong, unbalanced (excitable), mobile type;
• phlegmatic person- strong, balanced, inert type;
• melancholic- weak, unbalanced type, nervous processes are inactive.

Consequently, according to the facial expressions, patterns of movements, one can draw a conclusion about the type of nervous activity.

Facial Emotion Identification (FAST)

In the 70s of the last century at the University of California, P. Ekman and his colleagues developed a technique for identifying emotions by facial expressions (Facial Affect Scoring Technique - FAST). FAST has photo reference atlas facial expressions for each of the six emotions - anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, joy - in statistical form. The photo standard for each emotion is represented by three photographs for three levels of the face: eyebrows - forehead; eye - eyelid and lower face. In addition, there are options for different head orientations and gaze directions. When using FAST, the subject is looking for the similarity of emotions with one of the photo standards, like a witness who takes part in the compilation of a criminal's identikit.

Facial Muscle Activity Coding System (FACS)

The second method for evaluating emotions was developed by P. Ekman together with W. Friesen (1978). It is called the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). The method is based on a detailed study of the anatomy of the facial muscles. In the FACS system, 41 motor units were identified, of which 24 patterns of reactions of individual muscles of the face and 20 patterns reflecting the work of a group of muscles, for example, those involved in lip biting, were composed. Each unit has its own number and description not only in statistical but also in dynamic terms. The system also recorded the time of the beginning and end of the activity of each muscle.

P. Ekman belongs to the neurocultural theory of emotions, which takes into account both the innate nature of facial expression and the influence of cultural and national traditions on the expression and recognition of emotions. The model assumes that the expressive manifestation of the six basic (basic) emotions is universal and does not depend on culture, nationality and race. All people use their facial muscles in the same way when expressing basic emotions. Similar to human reflections in the facial expressions of emotions are also observed in animals.

Ancient Oriental system "Yin and Yang"

The art of face reading, as mentioned above, has its roots in ancient Eastern diagnostic medicine. Doctors believed that all existing objects and the Universe are connected by a constant flow of energy. This energy is known in China under the name "qi", in Japan - under the name "ki", In India - under the name "prana". Energy exists in the form of energy - yin and energy - yang. Yin is described as a more passive form of energy, while yang is more active. Yin and yang attract one another, like the opposite poles of a magnet. Yin and yang are related to everything in the universe, and everything that surrounds us consists of a combination of these two qualities, although some of the objects and phenomena are more yin, while others are more yang. Facial features can be more "hoarfrost" or "honey", as well as emotions, character traits associated with each feature. Thin lips, for example, are considered more yang (and the character traits associated with this trait are hard work and responsibility), while full lips (and the tendency to relax, enjoy) are considered more "hoar".

Some people in general can be too yin or too yang. A person who is easily irritated and angered becomes "yane". In order to correct the imbalance, such a person should incorporate more yin energy into their lifestyle by consuming yin foods (light meals such as salads and fruits, as well as more fluids) and engaging in relaxing "yin" activities such as reading, yoga, and walks.

According to ancient Eastern beliefs, it is believed that the left and right halves of the face are associated with different types of qi energy. For most people, the chi energy on the left side of the face tends to be more active and therefore yang, while the chi energy on the right side of the face tends to be calmer - more yin. The right half of the face is considered the feminine side and usually reflects the facial features of the mother and grandparents, while the "Jane" left half represents the masculine aspect and is associated with the father and grandfathers. The female, right half of the face is associated with the earth's chi energy and is usually more pronounced than the left half, and represents our main emotions and point of view, as well as our personal, internal properties character and creativity. The male, left half of the face is associated with celestial qi energy and represents logical thinking and accepted social masks. It reflects controlled emotions, and it represents the person we want to appear for. outside world.

The effect of functional brain asymmetry on human facial expressions

To see this better, you need to create two images using photographs of the right and left half of the face, which will show a noticeable difference in the facial expressions of each of the photographs. Perfectly symmetrical faces practically do not exist. The asymmetry of the face (facial expressions) is also indicated by anisokyria. According to E.S. Velkhover and B.V. Vershinin, anisocoria occurs in practically healthy individuals in 19% of cases, in patients with somatic diseases - in 37%, in individuals with CNS pathology - in 50-91% of cases. Moreover, in the vast majority of somatic patients and healthy people, the right pupil is wider than the left one.

Currently, the difference in the facial expressions of the right and left halves of the face is explained by the fact that the right and left hemispheres of the brain perform different functions. This was especially clearly proved in the 50s of the twentieth century by American researchers who achieved success in the treatment of continuously occurring seizures of epilepsy by separating the right and left hemispheres of the brain through surgery - the destruction of the bridge between the hemispheres (corpus callosum). Such an operation was performed on several patients, really alleviated their suffering and at the same time led to the largest discovery, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1980. It was received by R. Sperry.

Although the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain were broken, the person ate, performed daily activities, walked and talked with other people without serious visible deviations in behavior. True, several observations made shortly after the operation were alarming: one patient complained that he behaved strangely with his wife and was unable to control his behavior - while his right hand embraces his wife, his left hand pushes her away. Another patient drew attention to the strange behavior of his left hand before visiting the doctor: while with the help of his right hand he dressed and put himself in order, the left hand tried to unbutton and take off his clothes. Then it was noted that the right hand could not redraw the simplest geometric figures, she could not put together simple constructions from cubes, she could not find simple household items by touch. Left hand she coped perfectly with all these tasks, but could not write, even very clumsily, a single word.

Thus, the right hemisphere, which controls the left hand, in all actions, with the exception of writing, was superior left hemisphere. But on the other hand, the function of speech, except for writing, turned out to be inaccessible to the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere was significantly superior to the left in the ability to navigate in space, in the perception of music, the recognition of complex images that cannot be decomposed into simple constituent parts - in particular, in the recognition of human faces and emotional expressions on these faces.

In this regard, the following study is of interest. A group of architects were hooked up to electroencephalographs (EEGs). The architects received a task in which it was necessary to perform an arithmetic calculation.

The EEG showed an increase in the activity of the left hemisphere, and when it was necessary to complete the project of the facade of the building, the activity of the right hemisphere increased. Consequently, there are differences in the functions of the right and left hemispheres (functional asymmetry of the brain). The function of the left hemisphere is the operation of verbal-sign information (logical operations, reading, counting). The function of the right hemisphere is the operation of visual images (object recognition, imaginative thinking, intuition).

currently accumulated big number experimental and clinical data on the different role of the cerebral hemispheres in the regulation of mental abilities and emotions. The study of the functions of the left and right hemispheres revealed the existence of an emotional asymmetry of the brain, which manifests itself, among other things, in facial expressions. According to V.L. Deglin, a temporary shutdown of the left hemisphere by an electroconvulsive electric shock causes a shift in the emotional sphere of the “right hemisphere person” towards negative emotions. His mood worsens, he pessimistically assesses his position, complains of feeling unwell. Turning off the right hemisphere causes the opposite effect - an improvement in the emotional state. T.A. Dobrokhotov and N.N. Bragin found that patients with lesions in the left hemisphere are anxious and preoccupied. Right-sided defeat is combined with frivolity, carelessness. The emotional state of complacency, irresponsibility, carelessness that occurs under the influence of alcohol is associated with its predominant effect on the right hemisphere of the brain.

For a harmonious combination of a person with the surrounding world, there must be a consistency of intuition and logic, spirit and mind, in which a person with his logic (function of the left hemisphere) can realize his intuition, images (function of the right hemisphere). From a psychological point of view, the harmony of a person corresponds to the degree of his psychological protection from life shocks and illnesses.

Consequently, the most complex mimic reactions, reflecting the subconscious and conscious reactivity of the corresponding centers of the brain, can be carried out only if there are various anatomical and physiological connections between all the central and peripheral components of this integral system, carried out by neuroconductors, both somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous system. Unlike the somatic fibers of the facial nerve, most of which cross in the brainstem and when the cortical centers are damaged, heterolateral paralysis of the mimic muscles of the lower part of the face develops, emotional reactions associated with the autonomic nervous system, in relation to the cerebral hemispheres, are mainly manifested homolaterally.

The part of the motor nucleus of the facial nerve that innervates the mimic muscles of the upper part of the face (frontal, circular muscle of the eye) has cortical innervation from both hemispheres of the brain. In contrast, the lower part of the nucleus, which innervates the lower facial muscles, receives cortical innervation mainly from the opposite precentral gyrus. Therefore, if the precentral gyrus is damaged on the opposite side, paresis of the mimic muscles of the lower part of the face occurs, but the function of the mimic muscles of the upper part of the face, which have bilateral cortical innervation, is not disturbed.

Thus, the state of the right hemisphere is reflected on the right half of the face, and the left hemisphere - on the left. This is especially important for the eyes. Until now, it was believed that the state of the two hemispheres of the human brain is reflected on his face "crosswise" - the left hemisphere on right side face, and the right hemisphere on the left side of the face. This circumstance did not allow scientists to develop an adequate method for testing psychotypes. Therefore, for example, the "James Express Test" is not reliable and has not been successfully applied in practice.

In healthy people, the facial expressions of the left side of the face reflect the emotional state to a greater extent than the facial expressions of the right half. A more pronounced manifestation of the emotions of the left half of the face is confirmed in special model experiments, in which it was shown that emotions are more recognized in photographs made up of the two left halves of the face. To determine the mental state, we use the method of video-computer diagnostics. With the help of a video camera, the computer builds two new human faces. One portrait is made from the right halves of the face (spiritual, genetic portrait), the other from the left (life, social portrait).

The “genetic portrait” shows the decisiveness, readiness for action of this person, and the “social portrait” shows fatigue, depression, which is manifested by the drooping of the corners of the eyes, eyebrows, etc. Further, these portraits are compared in a computer according to a special algorithm, and according to this program, the computer assigns this person to one of 49 psychological types and gives a percentage of a complete personal characteristic, professional characteristic and recommendations for harmonizing the personality, changing lifestyle, effective interaction with other people, the outside world.

Video-computer diagnostics, along with questionnaires, is used to determine the mental state of somatic patients (bronchial asthma, arterial hypertension, peptic ulcer, etc.), for more effective treatment of these patients, taking into account the mental status (anxiety, depression).

With the help of this method, psychophysical self-regulation of a person can occur on the basis of visual biological feedback. If a person looks at these two portraits of himself, then he begins to realize his subconscious (repressed from consciousness) feelings. As a result of this biofeedback, the emotions in the two portraits become positive and even out. Practically at the same time, the stabilization of mental processes occurs, the alignment of the intuitive and logical abilities of a person, the degree of harmony of the individual increases. At the same time, the face and eyes become more symmetrical, psychosomatic disorders decrease, the process of rejuvenation occurs (if aging occurs prematurely), the person returns to his life program, to himself.

One of the significant advantages of this method is the ability to study a person in the past. A study of early photographs, from the very early childhood, allows you to identify periods of mental trauma and the dynamics of the development of disorders. During psycho-correction, with the help of portraits synthesized from early photographs, the best of the previous states is restored.

Physiognomy is a science that studies the reflection of the psychological characteristics and emotions of a person on his face.

In the modern world, people are increasingly interested in psychology and study books on the study of techniques that help to reveal the inner content of their interlocutor.

Facial expressions, gestures, posture that a person takes during communication, much more accurately convey the real thoughts and feelings of the opponent. Knowing how to read them, you can easily determine what a person is thinking about and how much he is disposed towards you. And if you use knowledge correctly, you can adapt to a person and achieve what you want from him.

Psychology of gestures

1.Protection

In case of danger or unwillingness to show his inner state, a person tries to hide from everyone, instinctively closing himself off from the outside world. This can be seen in the arms on the chest or in the “foot to foot” position. When a person takes such a pose, then there can be no talk of any open feelings, he does not trust his interlocutor and does not want him to climb into his space.

An additional barrier in communication can be an object that the interlocutor holds in front of him, for example, a folder or papers. He sort of withdraws from the dialogue, keeps his distance.

Clenched hands into fists speak of the combat readiness of the opponent to enter into an open conflict and it is better not to provoke this person.

2. Openness and predisposition

Often these gestures are used by managers or trainers to inspire confidence in the client.

When speaking, a person gesticulates smoothly with his hands, open palms up, or connects his fingers at a small distance from the chest, in the form of a dome. All this speaks of the openness of a person, that he is ready for dialogue, he does not hide anything and wants to finish off the interlocutor's predisposition to himself.

The fact that a person is relaxed at the moment is evidenced by the unbuttoned upper buttons on the clothes, the inclination towards the interlocutor during communication.

3. Boredom

Such gestures are intended to convey information about the lack of interest in the conversation, and perhaps it is time for you to move the conversation to another topic, or end it altogether.

Boredom is indicated by shifting from one foot to another, a hand supporting the head, tapping the foot on the floor, looking at the situation in the area.

4. Interest

When showing sympathy for the opposite sex, women, for example, adjust their makeup, hairstyle, sort out a lock of hair, shake their hips when walking, there is a sparkle in their eyes, a directed long look when talking with an interlocutor.

5. Uncertainty

The doubts of the interlocutor can be said by sorting out an object in the hands or fingers between themselves, a person rubs his neck, sorts out a piece of clothing.

6. Lie

Sometimes a person talks very confidently about something and seems to be true, but intuition tells us that there is a catch somewhere. A person, when lying, subconsciously rubs his nose, earlobe, may even close his eyes for a while. Thus, he himself tries to isolate himself from this information by transmitting signals to you.

Some children cover their mouths when they lie in an attempt to stop the lies. Growing up and gaining experience, they can veil this gesture with a cough.

Psychology of facial expressions

1. Joy, happiness

The eyebrows are relaxed, the corners of the lips and cheeks are raised, small wrinkles appear in the corners of the eyes.

2. Irritation, anger

The eyebrows are brought to the center or pubescent, tense, the mouth is closed, and stretched out into a single straight line. The corners of the lips look down.

3. Contempt

The eyes are slightly narrowed, the corner of the mouth is slightly raised on one side, the lips are frozen in a smirk.

4. Surprise

The eyes are rounded and slightly bulging, the eyebrows are raised, the mouth is open, as if it wants to say the letter "o".

5. Fear

The eyelids are raised along with the eyebrows, the eyes are wide open.

6. Sadness, grief

Empty look, extinct. The eyes and eyelids are lowered, wrinkles form between the eyebrows, the lips are relaxed, the corners look down.

7. Disgust

The upper lip is tense and raised, the eyebrows are practically joined together, the cheeks are slightly lifted up, the nose is wrinkled.

Of course, this is only a small part of the gestures of facial expressions, the rest can be studied independently by reading books on physiognomy. Psychology is very interesting science, which never ceases to amaze with its discoveries in the field of human studies.

Greek mimikos - imitative). Expressive movements of facial muscles accompanying emotions. It is a kind of "language", a code that indicates the affective state of a person. M.'s studying has important diagnostic value in psychiatry.

facial expressions

Greek mimik?s - imitative] - expressive movements of a person's face, leading to a contraction of the facial muscles, occur in accordance with certain states of a person, forming what is called facial expressions or facial expression. Most people in the process of communication most often focus their attention on the faces of partners. The face is the most important characteristic of the external appearance of a person, therefore, along with the eyes, it is called the mirror of the soul. M. analyze: 1) along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components; 2) on the basis of physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, 3) in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of facial expressions; expressions belonging to a particular culture; expressions accepted in social group; individual style of expression). Using the listed methods of M.'s analysis, one can obtain information about a person's personality, his gender, age, profession, belonging to a certain ethnic group, and psychological state. A characteristic feature of "mimic pictures" emotional states is that each symptom complex of M. includes signs that are simultaneously universal, specific for the expression of some conditions and non-specific for the expression of others. For a correct interpretation of M., it is important to remember that integrity, dynamism, and variability are its main characteristics, therefore, a change in any component of the mimic structure leads to a change in its entire psychological meaning. On the basis of the relationship between individual zones of the face, they judge the harmony-disharmony of M. The mismatch of facial movements (upper and lower parts of the face - a disharmonious "mask") indicates the insincerity of a person's feelings, his attitudes towards other people. M. of the face is associated with other components of expression, especially with physiognomic parameters and movement, the expression of the eyes - the look of a person. K.S. Stanislavsky wrote that a look is "a direct, direct communication in its purest form, from the soul to the soul..." information about ways of making contact and expressing attitude towards a partner: "shoot with eyes", "make eyes", "play with eyes", "measure with a look from head to toe", "look down", "look out of the corner of an eye", "catch a look "," stare eyes "," beckon with a look "," see off with a look ". Eye movements, gaze orientation, facial expressions are associated in everyday consciousness with the moral and ethical characteristics of a person (a shifty look is a thief). For diagnosing relationships between people, it is important not so much how often the interlocutors look into each other's eyes, but the fact that they stop or, conversely, resume eye contact. If the relationship develops normally, then people look at each other from 30% to 60% of the time of the entire communication time. At the same time, if the relationship develops in a positive direction, then people look at each other longer and more often when they are listening to a partner, and not when they are talking. If the relationship acquires an aggressive character, then the frequency, intensity of glances increases sharply, the formula of "eye contact" at the moment of speaking and listening is violated. If people treat each other positively, then they look at each other much less often during "negative" statements than when they treat each other unfriendly. An increase in eye contact during "negative" statements can be considered as an indicator of the desire to dominate, to escalate aggression, to control the situation. Ellison proposed a visual index of dominance - VID, which corresponds to the result obtained by dividing the frequency of eye contact during listening by the frequency of eye contact during speaking. The lower the index, the higher the desire for dominance and rivalry in a particular subject. The duration of the look, the frequency of looking also indicate the status inequality of the partners. If one of the partners is of higher status than the other, then the partner with lower status watches longer and more often. If the views of the participants in the interaction are turned to any one person, then this indicates his clear leadership position in this group. Eye contact, mutual gaze is a special social event, a unique union of two people, the inclusion of each in the personal space of the other. The cessation of eye contact is seen as a "leaving" the situation of interaction, the displacement of other people from personal space. As criteria for the analysis of the gaze, which make it possible to judge the personality, one should consider the temporal parameters of "looking" at each other (frequency, duration of contact), spatial characteristics of the gaze (directions of eye movement: "look into the eyes", "look to the side", "look up-down", "right-left"), the degree of intensity of eye contact (stare, "cast a glance", "glimpse"), psychophysiological features of the gaze (glare-dullness). Compared with the gaze and other elements of a person's expressive behavior, M. is the most controlled phenomenon on the part of the subject. This fact was taken into account by P. Ekman and W. Friesen in the process of developing the concept of "non-verbal information leakage". Within the framework of this concept, various parts of the body are ranked on the basis of the criterion - "the ability to transmit information." This "ability" of elements of expressive behavior is determined on the basis of three parameters: the average transmission time, the number of non-verbal, expressive patterns that can be represented by a given body part; the degree of accessibility for observation of this part of the body, "visibility, presentation to another." From these positions, a person's face is the most powerful transmitter of information. Therefore, people most often control facial expressions and do not pay attention to other components of their expressive repertoire. Attempts to deceive are difficult to detect based on facial expressions. But still, they can be fixed, for example, if you know that in the case when a person praises another undeservedly, then his mouth twists much more often and the number of smiles decreases, or you know that anxious people in a situation of "deception", concealment information make their facial expression more pleasant than in a situation of conveying truthful information. The qualitative and dynamic parameters of the gaze are difficult to control and regulate, therefore the eyes are not just a mirror of the soul, but precisely those corners of it that a person tries to hide both from himself and from others. The expression of the eyes communicates the true experience of the person, while the well-controlled muscles of the face remain motionless. Dynamic and qualitative (eye expressions) characteristics of the gaze complete the mimic picture. A look, included in facial expression, is an indicator of the basic states of a person (joyful look, surprised, frightened, suffering, attentive, contemptuous look, admiring), his relationship (friendly - hostile, aggressive; gullible - distrustful; confident - insecure; accepting - hostile ; submissive - dominant; understanding - not understanding; alienated - included; repulsive - attracting). The constant characteristics of M. and the look are indicators of the integral qualities of the personality and, in accordance with them, it is interpreted as: ruthless, indifferent noble, arrogant, cruel, naive, impudent, embittered, modest, smart, stupid, cunning, honest, direct (direct look) , a look from under the brows, combined with a wary expression on the face, indicates a person’s distrust of other people, the fear of getting into a mess, etc. V.A. Labunskaya

MIMIC

from the Greek mimikos - imitative] - a set of facial muscle movements that accompany the emotional states of a person and are their external expression. Conditionally distinguish M. involuntary, observed in Everyday life, and arbitrary - as an element of acting (see. Expressive movements)

facial expressions

Greek mimikos - imitative) - expressive movements of the muscles of the face, in which emotions, feelings, mental tension, volitional tension or attempts to hide one's state of mind are manifested. It is believed that the expressions of many emotions are mainly transcultural, that is, genetically determined. Some researchers point out that the muscles around the eyes express mental acts, the muscles around the mouth - acts of will, the muscles of the face - feelings (Sikorsky, 1995). Let us give a description of the external manifestations of some internal states in the norm, believing that this can help to recognize both the emotional states of not only healthy people, but also the facial expressions of patients that are inadequate in one way or another. In addition, clinicians constantly have to deal not only with seriously ill people, but most often with patients who, in many manifestations of their inner life, including the sphere of expression, are quite adequate, meet with not always adequate relatives of patients, and also solve such difficult tasks as delimiting the norm from pathology, which the study of facial expressions in some cases can help. In all such cases, non-verbal information coming from patients, their relatives, and subjects may turn out to be not only clinically significant, but also useful in other respects. Note that, according to some clinicians, a psychopathologist knows better than anyone about a mentally healthy person and external manifestations of mental well-being, since over the years of communication with different patients, on the one hand, and people who do not have mental disorders, on the other, some psychiatrists develop a heightened sense of healthy, an intuitive sense of normal and adequate, about which scientific texts are often unable to report anything definite. Of course, in the manifestations of emotions and other internal states, not only the facial muscles of the face, but also other muscles of the body involved in the production of gestures, voices, postures and other expressive acts are simultaneously involved, so that in the end certain and stable patterns are formed. external signs emotions, attention, motives, reflections. The following is a description of the main expressive complexes:

1. Attention to the interlocutor:

The hand is located at the cheek, the head rests on the hand, while forefinger can be extended along the temple, - “I am all attention”;

The head is tilted to one side - "I listen to you with interest." When interest in the interlocutor weakens, the shoulders first rise, then fall (this is a sign of doubt that the interlocutor is so interesting, or a request for him to complete the message as soon as possible), the look begins to wander around (an indication that there is something more interesting) , and the body assumes a pose facing away from the interlocutor;

2. Anger (starting a fight, according to Ch. Darwin):

The head is thrown back and half-turned to the object of anger;

The palpebral fissures are narrowed, angular or, on the contrary, exophthalmos appears;

Eyebrows lowered, they accept horizontal position and reduced to the bridge so that a horizontal crease appears between them;

An inseparable look at the object of anger - L.N. Tolstoy;

Noisy breathing;

Clenched fists;

Fang exposure;

Hyperemia of the sclera (“eyes filled with blood”);

Teeth clenched, gnashing of teeth, lips tightly compressed;

3. Annoyance:

Evil facial expression;

Expression of intense thought;

The absence of signs of general muscle tension (a sign that the existing discontent, the individual is not inclined to show aggression);

4. Affection:

Exaggerated, deliberately slowed down, and at times deliberately delayed movements;

Slowing down, speeding up or exaggerating expressive acts, as well as their diversity, which should draw the attention of someone around them;

Coquetry is a particular variant of coquetry - behavior in which they want to please, flaunting their attractive qualities and at the same time trying to hide, disguise them, but so that they would be in the foreground;

5. Envy (as described by Ovid):

Slow tread (demonstration of arrogance, arrogance, self-confidence);

Pale face (produces fear and anxiety rather than anger and aggression);

An oblique look (hidden from the object of envy, which is why M.Yu. Lermontov calls envy a secret feeling);

The absence of a smile, except in those cases when the malevolent envious sees the suffering of other people;

6. Closeness:

Crossing the arms with clenched fists or giving them such a position when one hand squeezes the other (“I am on the defensive because I do not expect anything good from someone”);

Sitting on a chair turned backwards (demonstration of strength and readiness for retaliatory aggression);

Legs are located on top of a chair, table, armchair (a gesture of arrogance, swagger);

Crossover or cross-legged pose (“I am ready for confrontation”). If at the same time arms are also crossed, then this is a clear sign that the interlocutor for the individual is not inclined to make contact if he does not feel himself in the role of an enemy.

7. Malice (the best illustration is the image of the face of Mephistopheles by a number of artists):

The eyebrows are elongated in a horizontal line, their inner corners are lowered, the outer ones, in contrast to sadness, are raised;

Cross folds on the bridge of the nose;

8. Indignation (noble, righteous anger):

The eyebrows are lowered and arranged horizontally (a sign of thought tension, which is not present with anger, when an individual in a state of this affect is not up to reflection and reflection);

Hands raised and turned palms up (the sign, which is called the “scales of justice”, is, as it were, an appeal to heaven, the supreme and impartial arbiter);

There is an expression of dispassion on the face (in any case, there are no signs of malice);

9. Perplexity (confusion):

Freezing in one place and in one position;

Signs of stopping thought;

Spreading the arms to the sides (means the inability to act due to the stopping of thoughts);

Half-open mouth (means stop vocalization, inability to say something);

Tight compression of the lips;

The tension of the muscles of the body, hence the liveliness and sharpness of movements;

11. Disgust:

Lapel of the head (sign - "disgusting to look"). The psalms of the biblical David contain, for example, a request to God not to turn away his face, look from him;

Frowning eyebrows (meaning: "my eyes would not look at this abomination");

Wrinkled nose, as happens with an unpleasant smell;

Raised upper lip and lowered lower lip (means: “spit out such rubbish”);

Angular shape of the mouth (means: “some kind of muck in the mouth”);

The tongue is slightly extended, as if pushing something unpleasant out of the mouth or preventing it from entering the mouth;

The torso occupies a position with a lapel, it seems to be moving away from something;

The hand (arms) are extended, the fingers are spread apart (means: I will not take anything in my hands out of a feeling of disgust);

12. Openness:

Hands unfolded, opened towards the partner (this, as it were, means: look, I don’t have a stone in my bosom”);

Frequent lifting of the shoulders (means: “any doubts about my closeness and hostility are unfounded”);

An unbuttoned jacket or jacket (means: “see for yourself that I am open and my intentions are the best”);

Tilt towards a partner (a sign of sympathy, location);

13. Sadness:

The eyebrows are drawn in a straight line, their inner corners are raised, the outer ones are lowered;

Several transverse wrinkles form in the area of ​​the middle third of the forehead;

Several vertical folds appear on the bridge of the nose (a sign of focus on some problems that depress the individual);

The eyes are slightly narrowed, there is no healthy shine in them (“extinct gaze”);

The corners of the mouth are lowered (“sour face”);

The pace of movements and speech is slowed down;

14. Subservience:

An exaggerated image of respect, to the point of self-humiliation and servility (for example, the body is excessively tilted forward, the face copies the expression of serving the object of relations, it depicts tenderness, the ingratiating look does not leave the important person, expresses readiness to guess and fulfill any of her desires);

No signs of mental tension;

No signs of willpower;

15. Suspicion:

Fixed gaze fixed on the object of suspicion;

Sideways glance (means the desire to distance oneself from the object of the threat or hide one's wary attitude towards it);

Weak closing of the lips (a sign of uncertainty about what can happen, what to expect);

The body is oriented away from the threat object (means the desire to move away from the threat object);

Signs of malice;

16. Joy:

Eyebrows and forehead are calm;

The lower eyelids and cheeks are raised, the eyes are squinted, wrinkles appear under the lower eyelids;

- "crow's feet" - light wrinkles, rays diverging from the inner corners of the eyes;

The mouth is closed, the corners of the lips are drawn to the sides and raised;

17. Remorse:

An expression of sadness, a dead look (a rudiment of tearing clothes or sprinkling ashes on the head);

The expression of a prayer prayer to higher powers in the form of hands raised to heaven (means a request for forgiveness, pardon);

Clenching fists (a sign of anger, annoyance in relation to one's unworthy behavior);

Crying with eyes closed;

Separation from other people;

18. Location to someone:

Tilt of the head, body towards the interlocutor (means: "I'm interested in you and I don't want to lose your attention");

Hand on the chest or “on the heart” (male gesture of honesty and openness);

Looking into the eyes (meaning: “I am pleased to see you”);

Shaking the head in agreement with what the interlocutor is saying;

Touching the interlocutor (means trust, sympathy, warmth of attitude);

Approaching the interlocutor to the limits of the intimate zone and closer;

Closed position of partners: they look at each other, the soles of their feet are parallel;

19. Overconfidence:

Lack of lively facial expressions (means: “I have nothing to hide, I am confident in myself and am not afraid of anything”);

Proud, straight posture;

The fingers are connected, sometimes in a dome. The higher the hands are placed, the more superiority over others the individual feels or demonstrates. He can afford to look at someone through the joined fingers of his hands;

Hands can be connected behind the back (indicates readiness to act not physical strength, but the right is on its side);

Highly raised chin (“look down”). The last two signs form an authoritarian posture;

Slow movements, mean gestures and movements of the head and eyes. This creates the impression of their significance, as well as the conviction of their infallibility;

Choosing a location somewhere on a hill, as if on a throne or pedestal;

The location of the legs on objects or the posture casually leaning on something (means: “here is my territory, here I am the owner”);

The gaze emanating over the glasses;

Eyes half-closed (means: “I wouldn’t look at all this, I’m tired of everything);

The head lies on the palm of your hand (means: “a pillow would be better, it’s better to sleep”);

Mechanical and monotonous drawing on paper of some kind of ornaments, lattices, figures;

An empty, expressive and unriveted look, what is called "daytime sleep" with a passive flow of impressions;

21. Embarrassment:

The head turns away from the observer;

The gaze is directed downward, while it shifts to the side;

Smiling with pursed lips (“restrained smile”);

Hand touching the face;

22. Doubt:

Weak tension of the muscles of the body and the circular muscles of the mouth;

Head down;

Lowered gaze;

Hands are pressed to the body, they are folded, they can be tucked into the sleeves (a sign of a lack of urge to act);

Raised shoulders (question mark: “what is there to be surprised about?”);

Transverse wrinkles on the forehead, while in the center of the forehead they are deeper than along the edges;

Wide-open eyes (“fear has large eyes”);

Lifting the eyelids so that the white of the eye is exposed between the upper eyelid and the iris;

Eyebrows rise, become arched and come down to the bridge of the nose (an expression of helplessness);

Mouth open ("jaw dropped");

The corners of the mouth are sharply drawn (expression of a delayed cry for help);

Transverse wrinkles on the front surface of the neck (rudiment of the reaction of shrinking, folding into a ball);

Freezing in place or erratic tossing (paralysis of will or rudiment of the flight reaction);

Dry mouth, pallor of the face (the first is a sign used by ancient lie detectors; the second is a sign that was previously used to reject military recruits);

A tense and wary look directed towards the source of danger;

Trembling in arms, legs, all over the body;

The face is hidden, it is covered with hands, drawn aside, lowered down, as it happens in someone's presence, even imaginary;

The gaze is turned to the side, lowered down or moving restlessly - C. Darwin;

The eyelids cover the eyes, the eyes are sometimes closed (as in children: “I don’t see, so it doesn’t exist”);

Silence of speech (the Bible says: “So that henceforth it would be impossible for you to open your mouth from shame”);

Quiet, silent, as far as possible imperceptible actions (the Bible says: “People who are ashamed steal”);

The body shrinks, shrinks, the individual, as it were, hides, wants to remain invisible, so that he is not seen;

Shallow breathing with deep sighs (rudiments of weeping);

Sudden pauses in breathing (probably associated with sad memories of what they did);

Stuttering, stumbling in speech;

The paint of shame (“be covered with shame, dishonor”). "Shameful blush" Charles Darwin considered the most human of all manifestations of emotions;

25. Alarm:

Restless, shifty look;

Fussiness, that is, stupid, hasty and often aimless activity - significant or increasing motor restlessness is detected (especially often this is rubbing hands, restlessness, aimless movement from one place to another, senseless shifting of objects from one place to another, etc.);

Anxious verbigerations (repetition of phrases, questions expressing fear about a premonition of impending misfortune);

Screams, crying;

pale skin;

26. Surprise:

High eyebrow raising;

mouth opening;

Raising the arms to the sides;

Strong tension of attention;

Strong tension of thought;

27. Tenderness (state of mind that occurs at the end of sadness):

Signs of joy;

Signs of sadness;

28. Mental Stress:

Two vertical folds on the bridge of the nose;

Overhanging eyebrows over the eyes;

Arched eyebrows are made horizontal.

Essay

« facial expressions of the human face »

1st year student

Group 131

specialties: Medicine

Fedin A.D.

teacher

Panasenkova T.S.

Introduction……………………………………………………..3-5

Types of facial expressions…………………………………………………….6

Emotional facial expression as a subject of facial expressions…….7

Determining facial expressions……………………………..8

Methods for diagnosing emotions by facial expression…..9-10

Mimic changes in the faces of patients……………………..11

Conclusion………………………………………………………… 12

List of sources used……………………….13

Introduction

People often say one thing and think something completely different. Therefore, it is important to learn to understand their true state. When transmitting information, only 7% is reported in words, 30% is expressed by the sound of the voice, and more than 60% goes through other non-verbal channels: look, facial expressions, etc.

People tend to say one thing and think something completely different, so it is very important to understand their true state. When transmitting information, only 7% of it is communicated through words (verbally), 30 percent is expressed by the sound of the voice (tones, intonation) and more than 60% goes through other non-verbal (look, gestures, facial expressions, etc.) channels.

For a correct understanding of the speaker, it is desirable to evaluate what is being said in the inseparable connection of words, speech, pantomime and other "accompanies" of communication, bringing one's perception to some completeness.

The emotions experienced in the soul, people usually express:

conventionally (in a standard way accepted in a given communication environment);

spontaneously (involuntarily).

When a partner seeks not to give away how he relates to what is being reported, everything can be limited to a simple conventional non-verbal hint, sometimes true, but more often disorienting.

People often weigh their words and control facial expressions, but a person is able to simultaneously monitor no more than two or three of all reactions born inside. This “information leakage” allows you, if you have the appropriate knowledge and experience, to identify those feelings and desires that the object would prefer to hide.

The reactions that involuntarily arise in people are purely individual and are well read only with excellent knowledge of the partner. Failure to understand this moment can lead to fatal self-deception in the knowledge of another person.

When evaluating personal expression, not only innate differences are taken into account, but also the influence of traditions, upbringing, environment and general life culture. It is desirable to be aware of both the background state (mood) of the individual and his reaction to some emerging stimulus (probing, act, situation).

Much more clearly than in men, the emotions present in women are visible, which are usually (though not always) easy to read. Success in hiding one's feelings depends on the nature of the person (it is more difficult for a choleric than for a phlegmatic person), the accompanying circumstances (affectability, surprise) and the experience of the perceiver.

When stimulating personal feelings, for greater persuasiveness, all expressive means are usually used in excess. Keep this fact in mind when appreciating the sincerity of other people and trying to portray your experiences.

Experiences that arise in the soul of a person are highlighted in his appearance and movements in a very definite way - this is probably the simplest and least controversial zone. We found that many people do not understand at all that communication can occur through facial expressions. They never tried to understand how it happens.

During business negotiations, you can observe the widest range of facial expressions: at one pole - an aggressively tough person who looks at negotiations as a place where you need to "do or die." This one usually looks you straight in the eyes, his eyes are wide open, his lips are firmly compressed, his eyebrows are furrowed, and he even sometimes speaks through his teeth, almost without moving his lips. At the other end of the spectrum, someone with impeccable manners, an infantile look from under closed eyelids, a slight veiled smile, peacefully arched eyebrows, without a single wrinkle on his forehead. He is probably a capable and approachable person who believes that cooperation is a dynamic process.

Under the influence of the feelings experienced by the individual, coordinated contractions and relaxations of various facial muscles are born, which determine a facial expression that perfectly reflects the emotions experienced. Since the state of the facial muscles is easy to learn to manage, the display of emotions on the face is often tried to mask, or even imitate.

The sincerity of human emotion is usually indicated by symmetry in the display of feelings on the face, while the stronger the falseness, the more the facial expressions of its right and left halves differ. Even easily recognizable facial expressions are sometimes very short-lived (fractions of a second) and often go unnoticed; to be able to intercept it, practice or special training is needed. At the same time, positive emotions (joy, pleasure) are more easily recognized than negative ones (sadness, shame, disgust).

The lips of a person are distinguished by special emotional expressiveness, which are not at all difficult to read (increased facial expressions of the mouth or biting the lips, for example, indicate anxiety, but a mouth twisted to one side indicates skepticism or mockery).

A smile on the face usually shows friendliness or a need for approval. A smile for a man is a good opportunity to show that he is in control of himself in any situation. A woman's smile is much more truthful and more often corresponds to her actual mood. Since smiles reflect different motives, it is advisable not to rely too much on their standard interpretation:

excessive smiling - the need for approval;

a wry smile is a sign of controlled nervousness;

a smile with raised eyebrows - a willingness to obey;

a smile with lowered eyebrows - showing superiority;

a smile without lifting the lower eyelids is insincerity;

a smile with a constant expansion of the eyes without closing them is a threat.

Typical facial expressions that communicate the emotions experienced are as follows:

joy: lips are twisted and their corners are pulled back, small wrinkles have formed around the eyes;

interest: the eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids are slightly dilated or narrowed;

happiness: the outer corners of the lips are raised and usually laid back, the eyes are calm;

surprise: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, while the eyes are dilated, and the parted mouth has a rounded shape;

disgust: eyebrows are lowered, the nose is wrinkled, the lower lip is protruded or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to squint; the person seems to be choking or spitting;

contempt: the eyebrows are raised, the face is long, the head is elevated, as if a person is looking down on someone; he, as it were, moves away from the interlocutor;

fear: the eyebrows are slightly raised, but have a straight shape, their inner corners are shifted, horizontal wrinkles pass through the forehead, the eyes are dilated, and the lower eyelid is tense, and the upper one is slightly raised, the mouth can be open, and its corners are pulled back (an indicator of the intensity of emotion) ; when there is only the mentioned position of the eyebrows, then this is a controlled fear;

anger: the muscles of the forehead are drawn in and down, organizing a threatening or frowning expression of the eyes, the nostrils are dilated, the wings of the nose are raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or drawn back, assuming a rectangular shape and exposing clenched teeth, the face often reddens;

shame: the head is lowered, the face is turned away, the gaze is averted, the eyes are fixed downward or “run” from side to side, the eyelids are closed, and sometimes closed; the face is reddened, the pulse is quickened, breathing is interrupted;

grief: the eyebrows are drawn together, the eyes are dull, and the outer corners of the lips are sometimes somewhat lowered.

Knowing facial expressions during various emotions is useful not only in order to understand others, but also for the most thorough practice (usually in front of a mirror) of your working imitations.

Thus, if facial expressions are a movement of the muscles of the face, reflecting the internal emotional state of a communication partner, then the possession of facial expressions is necessary, in fact, for any person, but especially for those who, by the nature of their activities, have numerous contacts with people.

facial expressions(from other - Greek μῑμέομαι - to imitate) - "expressive movements of the muscles of the face, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain feelings of a person" or "movements of muscles in coordinated complexes, reflecting a variety of mental states of a person." “Approximately the same wording of the latter is given in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, but instead of “reflecting”, “corresponding to various mental states". It should be noted that in these definitions, emphasis is placed on the reflective function of facial expressions, on its correspondence to the state of the psyche. The physical state of the body, apparently, is combined with the mental one, which can hardly be considered fair.<...>Besides important element facial expressions is a look that depends on the size of the pupil, the color of the iris, the luster of the cornea, which are not controlled by the somatic muscles. In the definition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, only “feelings” are indicated as part of emotional processes, while it would be more correct to indicate the many forms of experiences in the form of “emotional states of a person”, which explains the meaning of the term from a psychophysiological point of view. Among other things, from a pathological point of view, in the definition of the word "facial expression" it is important to take into account somatic processes, since the face, according to Hippocrates, is the first indicator of the patient's condition, by which one can judge the state of health and identify "a number of diseases of the internal organs, which causes the appearance of quite peculiar memes<...>» . From an artistic and theatrical point of view, facial expressions are the ability or ability to arbitrarily use such muscle movements, which can be called "the art of expressing feelings and moods<...>”, “through gestures, postures and various facial expressions (min)”. For example, in the term of the beginning of the XX century. from the dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language, edited by Pavlenkov, there was an approximate and incomplete union of today's definitions of facial expressions, which was as follows:

“Movement of muscles corresponding to the work of the brain. But this movement can be produced artificially, both to achieve a resemblance to someone, and for greater expressiveness of the expressed thought (theatrical facial expressions).

In general, "as you can see, the most accurate definition of facial expressions is not yet available." Mimicry refers to expressive movements and is one of the links in the chain various forms and ways of communication between people, and between representatives of the animal world during biocommunication. At the same time, mimic, including bodily, manifestations are usually called emotional expression, which are considered as the main defining components of emotions. In everyday life, facial expressions are called the "language of feelings", facial expression or expression, expression of emotions, or simply expressiveness.

Types of facial expressions

1 . According to I.A. Sikorsky, "facial facial expressions can be conveniently divided into three groups that correspond to the three main mental functions":

mind - the muscles surrounding the eyes are witnesses or spokesmen of mental acts;

· will - the muscles surrounding the area of ​​the mouth, which are associated with acts of will;

Feelings - nevertheless, in general, facial muscles that are able to express feelings.

2 . Distinguish:

involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;

· arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining psychological characteristics, the physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another).
3 . Forms of mimic complexes

Amimia, which refers to the absence of visible facial expressions; with low mobility, facial expressions speak of hypomimia;

Intense facial expressions, accompanied by the motor skills of a tightly closed mouth with a corresponding tension in the upper part of the face;

Facial expressions of interest, characterized by a slight raising or lowering of the eyebrows, a slight expansion and narrowing of the eyelids, as if to increase the field of view or sharpen the focus of the eyes. Facial expressions of interest are quite common, as they are determined by positive emotion and are a type of motivation in the development of skills, knowledge and intelligence;

· Mimicry of a smile. Despite the outward simplicity, the facial expression of a smile is very polymorphic; it is not common during normal contact. Smiling serves to appease or distract from aggressive behavior, appears when greeting.

Emotional facial expression as a subject of facial expressions

The facial expressions of a person's face, from the point of view of non-verbal psychology, are a very valuable source of information. Using it, we can determine what emotions a person experiences (anger, fear, sadness, grief, disgust, joy, satisfaction, surprise, contempt), as well as the strength of their manifestation. But despite the expressiveness of a person's face, it is it that often misleads us. However, the expressiveness, expression or facial expressions and inner experiences of a person are very difficult to separate from each other, which is why his concept includes the following components:

Designated (designatum) - the main characteristic of the perceived personality;

designation - a visual configuration that represents this characteristic;

means - physical bases and manifestations (skin, muscles, wrinkles, lines, spots, etc.);

Interpretation - individual features of perception, with which it is necessary to be careful and attentive, since from birth we get used to patterns and stereotypes of behavior, where a formal smile or, on the contrary, an expression of sadness become part of everyday life.