The World Health Organization is a specialized agency whose activities focus on public health issues. The organization was founded on April 7, 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO is part of the United Nations Development Group. Its "predecessor", the Public Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations. The Constitution of the World Health Organization was signed on July 22, 1946 by 61 countries. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly ended on July 24, 1948. It was attended by the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. Since its inception, WHO has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. WHO's priorities currently include infectious diseases, in particular malaria and tuberculosis; mitigation of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; substance abuse; as well as publications social activity and work in the Internet field. WHO annually publishes the World Health Report, the main cross-national report on the state of global health, and is also responsible for conducting World Day Health (April 7th of each year). The current head of WHO is Margaret Chan. WHO's reported budget for 2014/2015 was approximately US$4 billion. About $930 million is provided by UN member countries, and the remaining $3 billion is provided by voluntary donors.

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Establishment

During the 1945 UN Conference, Dr. Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, raised the issue of creating an international health organization under the patronage of the UN with his Norwegian and Brazilian colleagues. Since it was not possible to reach a consensus on this issue, Alger Hiss, general secretary conference, made a recommendation to use the declaration to establish such an organization. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied this project, resulting in the adoption of a declaration establishing a world health conference. The use of the word "worldwide" rather than "international" emphasizes the global nature of the organization's goals. The WHO Constitution was signed by all UN member countries (51 countries) and 10 other countries on July 22, 1946. WHO became the first UN specialized agency to include all UN members. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day, April 7, 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member of the UN. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly concluded on 24 July 1948, after which a budget of US$5 million (then £1,250,000) for 1949 was set. Andriya Stempar became the first President of the Assembly, and G. Brock Chisholm, who served as Executive Secretary during the planning of the organization's creation, was appointed Director General of WHO. WHO's primary objectives were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases, as well as improve maternal and child health, nutrition and hygiene. environment. WHO's first piece of legislation concerned the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread of diseases. The WHO logo became the staff of Asclepius (a snake wrapped around a stick).

Job

WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947. By 1950 it was carried out mass vaccination against tuberculosis (using the BCG vaccine). In 1955, a malaria control program was launched. In 1965, the first report on diabetes mellitus and the International Agency for Research on Cancer was created. In 1966, WHO moved into its headquarters building. In 1974, the Expanded Vaccination Program and control program for onchocerciasis was launched - an important collaboration between the World Food Organization, the United Nations Development Program and World Bank. The following year also saw the launch of the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to approve a resolution on disease prevention and rehabilitation, focusing on medical care provided by communities. The first list of vital and essential medicines was approved in 1977, and a year later the ambitious slogan “health for all” was proclaimed. In 1986, WHO launched its global program to address the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, and two years later it focused on preventing discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. In 1996, the UNAIDS program (Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) was created. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988. In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health of the USSR, approached the World Health Assembly with a proposal to introduce a global program to combat smallpox, which led to the adoption of WHO Resolution 11.54. By that time, smallpox was killing 2 million people annually. In 1967, the World Health Organization strengthened its smallpox program by increasing annual funding for the program by $2.4 million per year and introducing a new method of epidemiological surveillance. The initial problem that WHO faced was that of inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO has established a network of advisers to help countries carry out surveillance and help contain the spread of the disease. WHO also helped suppress the last outbreak of the disease in Europe (Yugoslavia, 1972). After two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO announced in 1979 that the disease had been successfully eradicated—the first disease in history to be eradicated by human will. In 1998, WHO's director-general highlighted the organization's progress in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy, and reduced the spread of dangerous diseases such as smallpox and polio at the fifteenth anniversary of WHO's founding. He noted, however, that much remains to be done on maternal health issues and that progress in this area has been slow. Cholera and malaria have remained unresolved problems since the founding of WHO, but there has been a significant decline in their prevalence during this period. In 2000, the Stop TB Partnership (a movement against the spread of tuberculosis) was founded and the UN Millennium Development Goals were set. In 2001, a measles initiative was created, which reduced the total number of deaths due to the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was founded. In 2006, the organization launched the world's first official fundraiser to fight HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe, forming the basis for a global plan to prevent, treat and sustain the AIDS epidemic.

Common goals

The WHO Constitution states that the organization's purpose is “the achievement of the highest possible standard of health by all the people of the world.” WHO achieves this goal by fulfilling its functions, also defined by the Constitution: (a) acting as the organizing and coordinating body on health issues throughout the world; (b) establishing and maintaining effective cooperation with the UN, specialized agencies, ministries of health of various countries, professional groups and other organizations; © helping governments of different countries, if necessary, resolve issues to improve the healthcare system; (d) providing appropriate technical support and, in emergency cases, providing the necessary assistance at the request or consent of States; (e) by providing for the health care system or assisting in the provision, as required by the United Nations, of equipment for special groups, such as people from Trust Territories; (f) establishing and maintaining administrative and technical services, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) stimulating and encouraging efforts to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) promoting, in cooperation with other specialized services, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) promoting, in cooperation with other specialized services, the improvement of nutrition, housing conditions, sanitary conditions, recreational conditions, economic and working conditions and other aspects of environmental health; (j) promoting collaboration among scientific and professional groups concerned with improving public health; (k) proposing conventions, agreements and regulations, and issuing recommendations on global health matters. WHO currently defines its role in the public health system as follows:

Provide leadership on health-related issues and collaborate with other organizations as needed;

Shaping research goals and stimulating the creation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;

Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation in practice;

Explaining ethical and constructive policy alternatives;

Providing technical support, catalyzing change and building workable institutions;

Monitoring and assessment of the situation in the field of health and healthcare.

Infectious diseases

The WHO 2012–2013 budget identifies 13 areas among which funding was divided. Two of these 13 areas are related to infectious diseases: the first is to reduce the “economic, social and health burden” associated with infectious diseases in general; and the second – with the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular. Regarding HIV/AIDS, WHO collaborates with the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) network, and WHO considers it important to align its work with UNAIDS goals and strategies. WHO also tries to participate not only in the health sector, but also in other areas of society, also influencing the economic and social effects of the disease. In collaboration with UNAIDS, WHO has set an interim target for 2009–2015 to reduce the number of people aged 15–24 years living with HIV/AIDS by 50%; reducing childhood HIV infection by 90%; and to reduce HIV-related mortality by 25%. Although the WHO abandoned its commitment to participate in the global campaign to eradicate malaria in the 1970s, deeming it "too ambitious", the WHO remains committed to malaria control. The WHO Global Malaria Program operates by monitoring malaria cases and future challenges in malaria control schemes. WHO promises to report the development of a viable malaria vaccine by 2015 (RTS,S/AS01). Insecticides, mosquito repellents, and antimalarial drugs are currently used to prevent the spread of malaria, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children. Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's contribution to the fight against tuberculosis led to a 40% reduction in the number of deaths from tuberculosis. Since 2005, WHO has treated more than 46 million people and saved 7 million lives. WHO's work in this area includes collaboration with and funding national governments, early diagnosis, standard treatment, monitoring the spread and impact of tuberculosis and stabilizing drug supplies. WHO was also the first to note the susceptibility to tuberculosis in victims of HIV/AIDS. WHO's goals include eradicating polio. WHO has successfully contributed to a 99% reduction in polio cases since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, with the participation of Rotary International, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and other smaller organizations. The WHO works to vaccinate young children and prevent the resurgence of polio cases in countries declared “free” of the disease.

Non-communicable diseases

Another of WHO's thirteen priority areas is to prevent and reduce “morbidity, disability and premature mortality due to chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental illness, violence and injury, and visual disorders.”

Duration and lifestyle

WHO works to “reduce morbidity and mortality and improve population health during key periods of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, as well as improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all people " WHO also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for “health conditions associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex.” WHO works to improve nutrition and food security to achieve positive impacts on public health and sustainable development.

Surgery and trauma

WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce injuries associated with road accidents. WHO also works on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and life-saving surgical care, trauma care and safe surgery. The WHO Surgical Safety Chart is currently being used as a measure to improve patient safety around the world.

Emergency medical care

WHO's primary goal is to provide natural emergency care and coordinate with member states to "reduce the inevitable mortality and burden of disease and disability." On May 5, 2014, WHO declared the spread of polio a global disaster requiring immediate attention, with outbreaks in Asia, Africa and the Middle East considered “extraordinary.” On August 8, 2014, WHO announced that the spread of the Ebola virus is also a global disaster; the outbreak, which is believed to have started in Guinea, has spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone. The situation in West Africa considered very serious.

Health Policy

WHO addresses health policy with two goals: first, “to address important social and economic health issues by adopting programs and policies that promote health equity and integrate programs that support disadvantaged populations and are gender-sensitive.” and ensuring human rights”, and secondly, “promoting a healthier environment, intensifying primary disease prevention and strengthening activity in all areas public life to address the problems underlying environmental risks to public health.” The organization develops and promotes the use of constructive tools, norms and standards to support member countries in informing health policy options. WHO oversees the application of international health regulations and publishes a number of medical classifications; three of them are considered “reference classifications”: the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and the International Classification of Therapies (ICHI). Other international policy standards produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (adopted in 1981), the Tobacco Smoking Convention (adopted in 2003) and the Global Code of Practice for Multinational Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010). When it comes to health services, WHO aims to improve “governance, financing, staffing and management” and the availability and quality of data and research to track policy. The organization also strives to "improve access, quality and use of medical products and technologies." WHO, working with charities and national governments, can improve the use and collection of research data in these countries.

Management and support

The remaining two of the thirteen WHO policy areas identified are those related to the role of WHO itself:

“leadership, oversight and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system and other partners to ensure WHO's mandate to advance global health goals”; And

“developing and maintaining WHO as a flexible, changing organization capable of exercising its mandate more rationally and effectively.”

Cooperation

WHO, along with the World Bank, forms the team responsible for managing the International Health Partnership (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partner governments, enterprise development agencies, civil societies and other businesses responsible for improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to improve international principles to promote mutual assistance and development of cooperation in the health sector. This organization also collaborates with scientific organizations, scientists and professionals to communicate the results of its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the Expert Committee on Leprosy and Research group WHO on interprofessional learning and collaborative practice. WHO manages the Health Policy and Research Systems Collaboration, which was created to improve health policies and health systems. WHO also works to improve access to health research and publications in developing countries, for example through the HINARI (WHO Cross-systems Access to Research Initiative) network.

Health education and action

Every year the Organization organizes International Health Day and other health-related celebrations. International Health Day is celebrated on April 7 every year, the day the WHO was founded. The latest themes of the celebration were vector-borne diseases (2014), healthy aging (2012) and drug resistance (2011). Other official global public campaigns under the auspices of WHO are World Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day. As part of the UN, WHO supports work on the Millennium Development Goals. Among the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters and halting and beginning to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – are directly related to WHO policies; the other five are interconnected with and influence the global health system.

Working with data and publishing

The World Health Organization provides information on the health and well-being of populations through a wide range of information platforms, including the World Health Information Service, which contains data on nearly 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the Study on Global Aging and Health in the Elderly (SAGE), containing data on more than 50,000 people over the age of 50 in 23 countries. The Community Health Portal (CHIP) was created to provide access to information about health systems around the world. Information from this portal is used to prioritize future strategies or plans, their application, monitoring and evaluation. WHO publishes various tools for measuring and monitoring performance national systems healthcare and personnel working in the healthcare sector. The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is WHO's main portal providing access to data and analysis on key health topics by monitoring the health situation around the world. The WHO Assessment of Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Instrument and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts by WHO and other agencies, such as the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide high-quality information to help guide government decision-making. WHO promotes the development of science in UN Member States to use and conduct research aimed at national population needs, including the EVIPNet. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first organization dedicated to the development and implementation of health research policies, approved in September 2009. On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day and is part of the WHO Quality of Rights Initiative, which aims to end restrictions on the rights of people with mental health problems. New base data represents a large number of information on mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights and various political movements, policies, laws and standards of care in different countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database gives visitors access to information on health care in WHO member states and other partners. Users can obtain information about policies, laws and strategies, as well as learn about best practices and success stories in the mental health sector. WHO regularly publishes the World Health Report, its flagship publication, providing expert assessments on the specific topic of global health. Other WHO publications include Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Journal of Eastern Health Mediterranean Sea(supervised by EMRO), Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with BioMed Central) and Pan American Journal public health(supervised by PAHO/AMRO).

Structure

WHO is a member of the UN Development Group.

Membership

As of 2015, the WHO has 194 member countries: all UN member countries include Liechtenstein, as well as the Cook Islands and Islands. Niue (the country becomes a full member of the WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization). As of 2013, WHO also has two junior members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau. Some other elements have browser status. Palestine is an observer as a "national liberation movement" recognized by the League of Arab States under UN Resolution 3118. The Holy See, as well as the Order of Malta, are also observers. In 2010, Taiwan was invited to join the WHO under the name "Chinese Taipei". UN member countries appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, the highest decision-making body of the WHO. All UN member countries can join the WHO and, according to the WHO website, "other countries can be admitted as members if their application is approved by a simple vote of the World Health Assembly." Moreover, UN observer organizations, the International Red Cross and International Federation The Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into “official relations” with WHO and are included as observers. In the World Health Assembly they are admitted as members along with other non-governmental organizations.

The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. The Assembly is based in Geneva and meets annually in May. Every five years, the Assembly elects the Director-General and votes on WHO's policy and finances, including the proposed budget. She also receives reports from the Executive Council and decides which areas of work require further consideration. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the health sector, to the Executive Council for a term of three years. The main functions of the Council are to implement the decisions and policies of the Assembly, provide advice and facilitate its work.

Regional offices

WHO's regional divisions were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on Article 44 of the WHO constitution, which allows WHO to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the requirements regional organizations in order to meet the needs of [each] specific area.” Many decisions are made at the regional level, including important disputes over the WHO budget and over the members of the next assembly appointed by the regions. Each region has a Regional Committee that meets once a year, usually in the fall. Representatives are present from each member or associate member in each region, including those countries that are not fully recognized. For example, Palestine participates in meetings of the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Each region also has its own regional office. Each regional office is headed by a regional director elected by the regional committee. The Council must approve such appointments, but as of 2004, it has never overruled a regional committee decision. The exact role of the Council in this process is a matter of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional Directors have served for five-year terms. Each WHO regional committee is composed of all heads of health departments in all governments in the region. In addition to electing the regional director, the regional committee is also responsible for setting the guidelines for the application within the region of health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee also serves as a progressive review board for WHO within the region. The Regional Director is the head of WHO in the region. He manages or supervises medical staff and other experts in regional offices and specialty centers. The Regional Director also delegates authority - in parallel with the WHO Director-General - to all heads of WHO offices in various countries, known as WHO Representatives, within the region. WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries. In support of the principle of being tobacco-free, WHO does not employ smokers. In 2003, the Organization initiated the creation of the Convention against Tobacco Smoking. WHO also works with “goodwill representatives”, people from the world of art, sports and other areas of public life who are involved in drawing attention to WHO initiatives and projects. There are currently five goodwill representatives (Jet Li, Nancy Bricker, Peng Liyang, Jochetz Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and one additional representative associated with the partnership project (Craig David).

Liaison offices and country offices

The World Health Organization works in 147 countries in all regions. She also works in several liaison offices, including the EU liaison office, the UN liaison office and one World Bank and International Monetary Fund. She also works with the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France and the WHO Center for Health Development in Kobe, Japan. Additional offices include offices in Pristina; in the West Bank and Gaza City; office in El Paso on the US-Mexico border; the Caribbean Coordination Program office in Barbados and the Northern Micronesia office. There is usually one WHO office in the capital and additional offices in the provinces. The WHO National Office is headed by a WHO Representative. As of 2010, the only WHO representative outside Europe was the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (“Libya”); all other members are international. The national offices of the Americas are called PAHO/WHO representatives. In Europe, two representatives also serve as heads of the National Bureau, and include countries excluding Serbia; there is also a head of the National Bureau in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. The main functions of the WHO National Office are advisory functions on health issues and pharmaceutical policy.

Funding and partnerships

WHO is financed through contributions from member countries and external contributors. As of 2012, the largest annual contributions from member countries were those from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million), and France ($31 million). . The 2012–13 joint budget is $3.959 million, $944 million of which (24%) comes from assessed contributions. This represents a significant reduction in costs compared to the previous 2009-10 budget. Mandatory contributions remain the same. Voluntary contributions will total $3.015 million (76%), $800 million of which is considered high or medium flexible funding, with the remainder tied to specific program or goals. In recent years, WHO's work has included increased collaboration with external organizations. As of 2002, all 473 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) had formed some form of collaboration with WHO. There are 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal “official relations” – the rest are considered informal. Partners include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.

Controversy

IAEA – Agreement VAZ 12–40

In 1959, WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The agreement states that WHO recognizes that the IAEA has responsibilities for peaceful nuclear energy, without prejudice to WHO's roles in promoting public health. However, the next paragraph states: “if either organization proposes to launch a program or activity on a topic in which the other organization has or may have a significant interest, the first company must consult with the other to consider the matter by mutual agreement.” The nature of this agreement has led some influential groups and activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future) to believe that the WHO has limited opportunities in the study of the effects of radiation on human health caused by the use of nuclear energy and the lingering effects of the nuclear disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima. They believe that WHO should become “independent” again.

The Roman Catholic Church and AIDS

In 2003, WHO condemned the Roman Curia's health ministry for not accepting condom use, arguing that "misconceptions about condoms and HIV are dangerous in the face of global epidemics that have killed more than 20 million people and are currently affecting at least 42 million people." As of 2009, Catholic Church continues to oppose increased use of condoms to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the President of the World Health Assembly, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy, condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, arguing that he was trying to “create confusion” and “obstruct” accepted strategies in the battle against the disease.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

In February 1946, the UN conference decided on the need to create a specialized UN agency for health issues. In June 1946, in New York, by decision of the Economic and Social Council of the UN, an international conference on health was convened, which was attended by delegates from 51 countries, representatives of the International Bureau of Public Hygiene, the International Red Cross, the International Labor Office, etc. which developed and adopted the Charter of a new international organization - the World Health Organization (WHO). By its nature, WHO was called upon to unite all the peoples of the world within the framework of its activities. The main goal of its activities is the achievement by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. The WHO Constitution came into force on April 7, 1948. This day is celebrated annually as World Health Day.

The WHO charter, for the first time at the international level, proclaimed the right of every person to health, affirmed the principle of governments' responsibility for the health of their people, and also indicated the inextricable link between health and international security and the strengthening of science.

The World Health Organization is one of the most comprehensive UN specialized agencies. Currently, 164 states are members of WHO.

WHO structure.

The highest body of WHO is the World Health Assembly, which consists of delegates representing WHO member states. No more than 3 delegates are allocated from each country, one of whom is the head of the delegation. Delegates are usually employees of their country's health department. They must have high qualifications and special knowledge in the field of health care. Delegates are usually accompanied by advisors, experts and technical staff.

Regular sessions of the Assembly are convened annually. The Assembly determines the directions of WHO's activities, considers and approves long-term and annual work plans, the budget, issues of admitting new members and depriving the right to vote, appoints the Director General of WHO, considers issues of cooperation with other organizations, establishes sanitary and quarantine requirements, rules and standards regarding safety , purity and strength of biological and pharmaceutical products traded internationally. In addition, the WHO Assembly considers the recommendations of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the UN Security Council on health matters and reports to them on the actions taken by WHO to implement these recommendations.

Between sessions of the Assembly, the highest body of WHO is the Executive Committee, which meets for regular sessions twice a year. The Executive Committee consists of 30 members - representatives of states, elected for 3 years. Every year its composition is renewed by 1/3. Representatives of Russia, the USA, Great Britain, France and China are constantly re-elected, but with a one-year break every 3 years.

The Executive Committee considers the program and budget of the organization, administrative and legal issues related to the activities of WHO, hears reports from expert committees and research groups, implements the decisions of the Assembly and prepares recommendations. The WHO Executive Committee is given the right to take emergency measures in the event of epidemics, natural disasters, etc.

The central administrative body of WHO is the Secretariat, headed by the Director General, who is elected by the Assembly for a period of 5 years on the proposal of the Executive Committee. The headquarters of the secretariat is located in Geneva. The Director General carries out all the instructions of the Assembly and the Executive Committee, annually submits reports to the Assembly on the work of the organization, and manages the daily activities of the secretariat.

Most of the departments of the WHO Secretariat are united into 5 groups:

1) department of environmental hygiene and department of sanitary statistics;

2) Department of Strengthening Health Services and Family Health;

3) department of non-communicable diseases, health workforce development and medicines;

4) administrative management and personnel department;

5) budget and finance department.

To take into account local conditions and provide assistance to countries, taking into account their specific, country-specific health needs, 6 regional organizations have been created within WHO. Each such organization has a regional committee, which consists of representatives of the WHO Member States within the given geographical area. The executive bodies of these organizations are regional bureaus.

Currently, the following regional organizations exist:

1) European organization, office located in Copenhagen (Denmark);

2) African organization, office located in Brazzaville (Congo);

3) Eastern Mediterranean Organization, office located in Alexandria (Egypt);

4) Organization of Southeast Asia, office located in Delhi (India);

5) Western Pacific Organization, office located in Manila (Philippines);

6) American organization, bureau located in Washington (USA).

WHO's tasks.

According to its Constitution, WHO functions as the directing and coordinating body for international health work. WHO develops and improves international standards, nomenclature and classifications, promotes their dissemination, verifies and conducts medical research, and provides technical assistance to governments in strengthening national health care. Promotes the adoption and implementation of international health care conventions, agreements and regulations.

Directions of WHO activities.

WHO develops work programs that determine the main directions of its activities, the activities of regional offices, and the health policy of WHO member states. The work program defines the framework of the new global health policy, which is implemented in the following sections:

1. Control of epidemic and infectious diseases, including information, introduction of quarantine and implementation of preventive measures.

2. Fulfillment of international goals, in particular, the tasks defined by the “Health for All” programs, CINDI (program to combat increased risk factors for development coronary disease hearts).

3. Ensuring compliance with international quality standards for medicinal substances, vitamin and mineral additives to food, and standards for safe consumption.

4. Regular exchange of medical information, including the results of medical research, decisions of expert commissions, the creation of libraries, the publication of books and the training of specialists.

5. Standardization of terminology used in statistics, biology and pharmaceuticals.

6. Scientific research and information exchange.

7. Assist developing countries in monitoring morbidity and mortality, planning health policies and training specialists.

8. Special joint international health programs: expanded program of immunization, combating tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS, increased risk factors for coronary heart disease (CINDI) and deficiency conditions associated with insufficient intake of microelements.

9. Programs to control the spread of drugs and combat drug addiction.

10. Programs of measures to protect the environment, reduce air and water pollution, which has a negative impact on the environmental situation in neighboring countries and reducing the usable water resources of individual countries.

11. Health protection and promotion as a component of economic development.

12. Protection and promotion of maternal and child health, including family planning policy, reduction of maternal and infant mortality.

13. Assessment of medical technologies.

14. Selecting and managing effective and cost-effective health care programs.

15. Adequate participation of Member States in financing the activities of the Health for All program.

Even in the last century, a woman of 30 years old was considered elderly. Upon admission to the maternity ward, the expectant mother was classified as an old-timer and given disapproving looks. Nowadays the situation has changed radically. Nowadays, a 40-year-old pregnant woman surprises few people. This is due to an increase in human life expectancy and other criteria.

The trend forced global community reconsider existing age limits. In particular, the WHO age classification has changed.

WHO classification

According to available data, the World Health Organization divides people into the following groups and categories:

When compiling the table, doctors were guided by improved health and appearance of a person, increasing the ability to bear children, maintaining working capacity for many years and other factors.

The gradation is vaguely reminiscent of the division into certain groups and periods of life that existed in Ancient Rome. In the time of Hippocrates, age up to 14 years was considered youth, 15-42 years maturity, 43-63 years old age, and beyond that – longevity.

The change in periodization, according to scientists, is due to the increase in the intellectual level of humanity. Thanks to this, the body independently slows down the aging process, postponing withering and the inevitable end. Peak intellectual development modern man falls on 42-45 years. This ensures wisdom and, as a result, high adaptability.

According to statistics, over the years, the population whose age is 60-90 years old is increasing 4-5 times faster than the general indicators.

These and other criteria determine the gradual increase retirement age in a number of countries around the world.

The influence of age on a person

However, the age classification of the World Health Organization cannot change a person’s consciousness. In remote populated areas People still consider 45 or more years of age to be practically pre-retirement age.

Women who have crossed the forty-year threshold are ready to give up on themselves. Many older women abuse alcohol and smoking and stop taking care of themselves. As a result, a woman loses her attractiveness and ages quickly. Subsequently, psychological problems arise that aggravate the situation. If a woman or man feels really old, then no adjustments in the WHO classification of a person’s age can change the situation.

In this case, the patient needs high-quality, timely assistance from a professional psychologist. Experts recommend reconsidering life and finding in it new meaning. This could be a hobby, work, caring for loved ones, traveling. Change of environment, positive emotions, healthy image contribute to improvement emotional state and, as a result, an increase in life expectancy.

As for the male part of the population, they are also susceptible to depression. As a result, representatives of the strong half of humanity in middle age destroy families, creating new ones with young girls. According to psychologists, in this way men are trying to hold on to the passing years.

Nowadays, the midlife crisis occurs on average at about 50 years of age, increasing from year to year. A few decades ago, it peaked at age 35.

It is worth noting that the psycho-emotional state is influenced by the country of residence, the economic and environmental situation, mentality and other factors.

According to previous studies, the real age gradation and periodization is different. Residents European countries They consider the end of youth to be 50 years +/-2 years. In Asian countries, many 55-year-olds feel young and are not ready to retire. The same applies to residents of a number of American states.

The age classification adopted by the World Health Organization is a generalized indicator that changes at certain intervals. Based on them, you can prepare the body for subsequent senile changes, reorient yourself in time, find a hobby, etc.

In each case, when grading, it is worth taking into account the individual characteristics of the person. Modern medical equipment and technologies make it possible to maintain the body in good shape for many years.

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World organization health (WHO)

(Reference)

11-10-2011

The World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the largest specialized institutions UN system. The creation date of WHO - April 7, 1948 - is celebrated annually as “World Health Day”. 192 states are members of WHO.

The WHO Charter defines the main goal of the Organization as the achievement by all peoples of the highest level of health and proclaims the responsibility of governments for the health status of the population of their countries.

Organizationally, WHO consists of headquarters (Geneva) and 6 regional organizations (bureaus): for European countries (Copenhagen, Denmark); Southeast Asia (New Delhi, India); America (Washington, USA); Western part Pacific Ocean(Manila, Philippines); Africa (Brazzaville, Congo) and the Eastern Mediterranean (Cairo, Egypt). In addition, the WHO structure includes a subsidiary organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), headquartered in Lyon (France).

The governing bodies of WHO are: the World Health Assembly, convened annually; The WHO Executive Committee, convened at least 2 times a year in the period between sessions of the Assembly; regional committees that meet annually.

WHO's two-year regular budget is made up of mandatory annual contributions from Member States, the amount of which is determined by the current UN scale of assessments. The total annual budget of WHO, including all other sources of funding, is equal to 2 billion 800 million US dollars. The Russian Federation is one of 16 countries that are the main contributors to the WHO regular budget. Its annual contribution for the financial period 2010-2011 is is about 5 million dollars.

In 1977, the World Health Organization and its member states proclaimed as the main goal that everyone on the planet should achieve a level of health that would enable them to lead socially and economically productive lives—“Health for All.” To achieve this goal, Global and regional health strategies have been adopted.

Among the most significant WHO initiatives recent years: the first global legal document in the history of the organization - the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; Initiative "Z to 5" (by 2005, 3 million HIV-infected people from the least developed countries necessary medications); Global Polio Eradication Initiative; development of the International Health Regulations; a global system of epidemiological surveillance of the spread of dangerous infectious diseases; development of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, etc.

WHO provides humanitarian and other assistance, incl. when eliminating health consequences natural Disasters, disasters and other emergencies.

Of great importance for the participating countries is the epidemiological and scientific information quickly disseminated by WHO, various recommendations and the results of studies conducted in medical centers collaborating with WHO.

The activities of WHO in the Russian Federation, as well as other organizations and international partners working in the health sector, have been coordinated since 1988 by the Moscow Office of the Special Representative General Director WHO in Russia. Main areas project activities WHO in Russia – combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic and tuberculosis.

In January 2009, a Basic Cooperation Agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and WHO, which represents the legal basis for further expansion and strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation in deciding national and global problems healthcare.

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General information

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The World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the largest specialized agencies of the UN system. The creation date of WHO - April 7, 1948 - is celebrated annually as “World Health Day”. 192 states are members of WHO.
The WHO Charter defines the main goal of the Organization as the achievement by all peoples of the highest level of health and proclaims the responsibility of governments for the health status of the population of their countries.
Organizationally, WHO consists of headquarters (Geneva) and 6 regional organizations (bureaus): for European countries (Copenhagen, Denmark); Southeast Asia (New Delhi, India); America (Washington, USA); Western Pacific (Manila, Philippines); Africa (Brazzaville, Congo) and the Eastern Mediterranean (Cairo, Egypt). In addition, the WHO structure includes a subsidiary organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), headquartered in Lyon (France).
The governing bodies of WHO are: the World Health Assembly, convened annually; The WHO Executive Committee, convened at least 2 times a year in the period between sessions of the Assembly; regional committees that meet annually.
WHO's two-year regular budget is made up of mandatory annual contributions from Member States, the amount of which is determined by the current UN scale of assessments. The total annual budget of WHO, including all other sources of funding, is equal to 2 billion 800 million US dollars. The Russian Federation is one of 16 countries that are the main contributors to the WHO regular budget. Its annual contribution for the financial period 2010-2011 is is about 5 million dollars.
In 1977, the World Health Organization and its member states proclaimed as the main goal that everyone on the planet should achieve a level of health that would enable them to lead socially and economically productive lives—“Health for All.” To achieve this goal, Global and regional health strategies have been adopted.
Among the most significant WHO initiatives in recent years: the first global legal document in the history of the organization - the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; Initiative “Z to 5” (providing necessary medicines to 3 million HIV-infected people from least developed countries by 2005); Global Polio Eradication Initiative; development of the International Health Regulations; a global system of epidemiological surveillance of the spread of dangerous infectious diseases; development of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, etc.
WHO provides humanitarian and other assistance, incl. when eliminating the health consequences of natural disasters, catastrophes and other emergency situations.
Of great importance for the participating countries is the epidemiological and scientific information quickly disseminated by WHO, various recommendations and the results of studies conducted in medical centers collaborating with WHO.
The activities of WHO in the Russian Federation, as well as other organizations and international partners working in the health sector, have been coordinated since 1988 by the Moscow Office of the Special Representative of the Director-General of WHO in Russia. The main areas of WHO project activity in Russia are the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic and tuberculosis.
In January 2009, a Basic Cooperation Agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and WHO, which represents the legal basis for further expansion and strengthening of mutually beneficial cooperation in solving national and global health problems.

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World Health Organization (WHO) - international organization, dealing with issues of solving health problems of the population of our planet.

The organization was founded in 1948, today WHO unites 194 states. The headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

The organization has its own web resource - the WHO official website, the information on which is posted in 6 languages, including Russian. A list of all available languages ​​is presented in the upper right corner of the page.

WHO official website - Home page

The main page of the WHO official website contains the most relevant information to date. It also provides links to fact sheets, WHO's work around the world, key WHO documents and guidelines.

To search for materials you are interested in on the WHO official website, you can use the existing search bar (located in the upper right part of the page).

WHO official website - Search bar

However, Special attention It is worth paying attention to the main menu of the WHO official website, which contains information related to health issues, statistics, news, publications, as well as programs and projects, information about governing bodies, information about the organization itself.

Thus, the first tab of the main menu is dedicated to health issues. When you open it, you will see a number of links related to specific health issues. When you select the desired topic, you will be offered links to various projects, materials about work in this direction, initiatives, information products, etc.

WHO official website - Health Issues Tab

The next tab presents the data bank of the Global Health Observatory, as well as statistical reports from WHO.

WHO official website - Data and Statistics tab

In the “Programs and Projects” tab of the WHO official website, you can familiarize yourself with the programs, partnerships, and projects of the organization, presented in alphabetical order, which greatly facilitates the search for the necessary information.

WHO official website - “Programs and projects” tab

To obtain basic information, information about the activities of the organization, funding and other information, you should refer to the last tab of the main menu of the WHO official website.

WHO official website - Tab “Information about WHO”

The WHO official website also provides links to the pages of this organization in various in social networks. This makes WHO information even more accessible to a wider audience.

WHO official website - Tabs

WHO official website - who.int