Global problems of the modern world. Global problems of our time and ways to solve them Materials on the Internet

Geopolitical rivalry, economic inequality, climate change and the rollback of democracy - these problems, despite their heterogeneity, will be the main ones for humanity next year, more than 1.5 thousand experts of the World Economic Forum came to this conclusion. The results of their analysis are presented in the annual report “Outlook on the Global Agenda” for 2015.

The WEF conducted the first such study in 2008. In 2015, the impact of the economic consequences of the global financial crisis, which for several years remained key for many countries, will decrease somewhat, notes the founder of the Davos Forum, Klaus Schwab. Now stability is threatened by political challenges - growth terrorist threat and the exacerbation of geopolitical conflicts, and this, in turn, prevents countries from jointly solving pressing problems.

Growing inequality

The problem of income inequality will take first place in 2015 (a year ago the WEF put it in second position). On this moment The less wealthy half of the population owns no more than 10% of total wealth, and this problem extends to both developed and developing countries, the report's authors note. According to a WEF survey, the situation is most likely to worsen over the next year in Asia, as well as North and Latin America.

For effective fight With economic inequality, countries must approach solving this problem in a comprehensive manner - increasing the availability of education, healthcare and other resources. Most people believe that the primary responsibility for this lies with the government, but it can also be shared by corporations, since businesses themselves benefit from rising incomes for the poor. This is how the number of consumers and the market for goods and services grows.

Continuous rise in unemployment

Economic growth without employment growth (jobless growth) is a phenomenon in which the level of employment does not change (and even decreases) in combination with GDP growth. The authors say the main reason for this problem is the too rapid transformation of the labor market due to the development of technology.

The problem is familiar even to China: the country has experienced unprecedented growth in production and exports and increased the competitiveness of its products, but the number of people employed in industry has declined significantly over the past 20 years due to high rates of industrialization and automation. This is a long-term trend that will be observed throughout the world, the WEF points out.

Lack of leaders

According to the WEF survey, 86% of respondents believe that the modern world lacks leaders, 58% do not trust political leaders, and almost the same number (56%) are distrustful of religious leaders.

Corruption, banal dishonesty of power and inability to deal with modern problems are the main reasons for this distrust, according to Pew Research Center surveys conducted in China, Brazil and India. On the other hand, society is increasingly willing to trust non-governmental organizations and, oddly enough, business leaders who have achieved success through their abilities, education and desire to innovate.

In today's world, leaders can emerge from “ordinary people,” says Shiza Shahid, one of the co-founders of the Malala Yousafzai Foundation, referring to her friend Malala, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize this year for her educational and human rights work. “We must promote a society where honesty and empathy are considered key traits, and where talent is given the opportunity to develop, explains Shahid. – This will allow the most ordinary people to gain strength."

Growing geopolitical competition

After graduation cold war and collapse Soviet Union The world temporarily came to a liberal consensus, but today geopolitics is again coming to the fore, the WEF notes. Rise geopolitical competition is not limited to events in Ukraine; similar processes are unfolding in Asia and the Middle East.

As a result of the Ukrainian crisis, the West may economically and politically move away from Russia, which until recently was considered the guarantor of regional stability and peace, the authors of the report indicate. And the situation in the Asian region - the growing influence of China and its territorial claims - could potentially have more serious global consequences, writes the WEF. About a third of participants in a Pew Research Center survey believe that in the foreseeable future, China will seize the palm of the leading world power from the United States.

In addition to the threat of geopolitical conflicts, the weakening of established ties between states will prevent them from jointly solving global problems such as climate change or infectious epidemics. The rise of nationalist sentiments and the destruction of the system of multilateral relations between countries should become one of the most important lessons of 2014, WEF experts believe.

Weakening representative democracy

Faith in democratic institutions has been declining since 2008: the economic crisis has undermined trust in both business and governments, which failed to prevent it. This provoked popular unrest, for example, in Greece and Spain, and protests for political reasons for last years firmly entered the global agenda. The Arab Spring affected almost all countries North Africa and the Middle East, dissatisfaction with political regimes has exacerbated the situation in Ukraine and Hong Kong; in Brazil, protests over excessive government spending accompanied preparations for this year’s World Cup and Olympic Games, which will take place in 2016.

Despite the fact that the development of information technology can significantly improve democratic procedures, throughout the world there is a disconnect between citizens and their elected officials. Governments are still 19th century institutions with 20th century thinking that cannot keep up with needs civil society. To change the current situation, officials must use modern means of communication to include larger sections of the population in the decision-making process, according to WEF experts.

More frequent natural disasters

Extreme weather are a direct consequence of climate change, WEF experts note, and in Lately they appear more and more often and more intensely and are more and more destructive. Floods in the UK, Brazil and Indonesia, droughts in the US and Australia, heavy rains in Pakistan and snowstorms in Japan - these events are changing public perception of the problem of climate change.

Ironically, the greatest destruction is experienced by the inhabitants of the poorest countries, and global community, as a rule, tries to help them eliminate the consequences of disasters that have already occurred, rather than investing in preventing damage from future disasters. This is a significant expense, the effect of which will only be noticeable in the long term. However, they will bring benefits to national economies, businesses, and, undoubtedly, the poorest and most vulnerable nations, the report’s authors explain.

Aggravation of nationalism

Since the Industrial Revolution, people have turned to political nationalism to protect traditional values ​​and identities. Catalonia in Spain, Belgium, Lombardy, Scotland in the UK - everywhere people demand protection from economic shocks, and social conflicts, and globalization, which threaten to disrupt established traditions, values ​​and ways of life.

Nevertheless, the Scots voted to remain part of the United Kingdom. Perhaps this rejection of separatism will demonstrate that in the new global world Nations can combine strong and vibrant personality traits with the desire for closer cooperation with the rest of the world, WEF experts hope, because we are no longer just talking about the coexistence of nations within one state, but also about functioning as part of an integrated global economy.

Deteriorating access to drinking water

Difficulties with access to drinking water in various countries can be a consequence of both financial and resource factors themselves, notes one of the WEF experts, actor Matt Damon, who is one of the founders of the charity organization Water.org. In India, millions of people are separated from cleanliness drinking water only a few dollars, the actor explains, while in Africa and Asia it simply does not exist. For more than 750 million people in the world, the lack of drinking water is a pressing problem today, Damon complains, and, according to OECD experts, by 2030 almost 1.5 billion people will experience “water stress.”

Meanwhile, according to a World Bank report, about 50% of the current gap between economic growth rates in developing and developed countries ah consists precisely of health problems and low life expectancy. States must spend more on maintaining the health of their citizens, and subsequently this will certainly affect the economic well-being of the country, WEF experts point out. As an example, they cite the ever-increasing costs of healthcare in China, including biomedical research, which increase by 20–25% annually. Quite soon, China will spend more than the United States (in absolute terms) on this area. The Chinese believe that these investments contribute to building the country's economy, and the WEF agrees.

Pollution in developing countries

Industrialization developing world remains a source of uncontrolled pollution environment, WEF experts note. If in on a global scale Since this problem ranks sixth in importance, for Asia this challenge is among the three most serious. China became the leading source of greenhouse gases in 2005 and continues to be, followed by the United States and the European Union, according to data from the World Resources Institute. Brazil and India are next on the list of largest polluters.

While the primary responsibility for reducing emissions lies with developing countries themselves, developed economies also have a responsibility to overcome the challenge. On the one hand, they must invest in the creation of new technologies with low hydrocarbon use, and on the other, provide developing countries with financing that will ensure the transition to more environmentally friendly energy sources.

The word “creative” used to be synonymous with “disorganized.” Today we want to see a person creative and free-thinking; we admire when a non-standard approach is found to a task.

There are two methods for solving problems:

• Analytical- you select solutions and then determine which one is correct.
• Intuitive (insight method)- the solution comes to your mind ready-made.

It is difficult to go beyond the boundaries when trying to solve a problem analytically, but the insight method is perfect for this.

Scientists have checked Insight solutions are correct more often than analytical solutions both methods and found that the insight method gave more correct answers than analysis. Brain scan showed The Origins of Insight in Resting-State Brain Activity: in people, problem solvers thus, the anterior cingulate cortex is activated. This area monitors conflicts between brain regions and identifies opposing strategies. With its help, a person can see non-obvious ways to solve a problem and direct attention to them.

In addition, during epiphanies, people noted more distracted attention. It allows you to see the whole without focusing on the specific.

Distracted attention is typical for a person in a relaxed state and in high spirits. You're not completely focused on the task, but you're not with your head in the clouds either. Perhaps this is why most epiphanies come to people in, for example, in the bathroom. If you have such an insight, along with it will come the confidence that the decision is the right one. And, judging by scientific data, he should be trusted.

No matter what method you use to solve problems, you do it better than your not-so-distant ancestors.

We are smarter than people who lived 100 years ago

IQ test scores have been increasing since 1930 The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis by three points every decade. This trend is called the Flynn effect, named after the professor who discovered it, James Flynn.

There are several reasons for this pattern:

• The quality of life has increased. The nutrition of pregnant women and infants has improved, and the number of children in the family has decreased. Now people invest in the development and education of their children until they graduate from university.
• Education has improved.
• The characteristics of work have changed. Mental work, as a rule, is valued and paid higher than physical work.
• The cultural environment has changed. In the modern world, people receive much more incentives for brain development: books, the Internet, varied communication, not limited by place of residence.
• People are used to questions from IQ tests. Since childhood, we have been able to solve such problems and use abstract thinking, so we do it better.

We are much luckier than our grandparents, but our children will not necessarily be smarter. Already now in developed European countries an anti-effect was discovered The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review Flynn: after the 2000s, the growth of intelligence stopped and even began to decline.

Scientists suggest that the impact of the environment has not reached its peak: it simply cannot be better. People already eat well, have one or two children and study until they are 16–23 years old. They cannot have fewer children or study longer, so it is not surprising that intelligence has stopped growing.

We have become better at solving problems on paper, but does this affect real life? After all, a person is not a machine, and mistakes often occur from an incorrect assessment of information and the characteristics of our perception.

We lack critical thinking

People tend to make mistakes and see only one side of a problem. One example of this type of thinking is the availability heuristic, where a person judges the frequency and possibility of an event by the ease with which examples come to mind.

Using this method, we rely on our memory and do not take into account real statistics. For example, a person is afraid of dying from a terrorist attack or a tornado, but does not even think about a heart attack or. Simply because high-profile cases are shown more often on TV.

Such errors include the anchor effect Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, when people's decisions are influenced by arbitrary data obtained from the environment. This effect is well demonstrated by an experiment by psychologist Daniel Kahneman. Subjects were asked to spin a wheel of fortune, on which the number 10 or 65 randomly fell out. After this, participants had to estimate the percentage of African countries in the UN. People who saw 10 on the wheel always named a lower number than those who saw 65, although they knew that this was completely unrelated.

People like this follow us everywhere. Learning to notice them is very important, especially in the modern world, where fake news and myths pour in from all sides.

To avoid becoming a victim of illusions, learn to question all information, choose reliable sources and evaluate your beliefs from time to time, even if they seem to be the only true ones.

It is also useful to communicate with a wide range of people to develop critical thinking. We are usually drawn to those who share our views. But to develop the habit of critical thinking, we need people we know who disagree with us. They will give us a lot to think about and perhaps force us to reconsider our beliefs.

We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic “The essence of global problems. Interconnection and interdependence." As civilization developed, complex problems constantly arose before humanity. In this lesson we will discuss what contributed to the aggravation of problems in the 20th century and consider their essence, affecting a planetary scale. We will learn about the classification of global problems of humanity, their interconnection and interdependence.

Subject: Global problems humanity

Lesson: The essence of global problems. Interconnection and interdependence

As civilization developed, global problems began to arise for humanity. Nowadays, humanity is closely faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet.

The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, Earth, Earth, and since the late 60s of the 20th century it has become widespread to designate the most important and pressing planetary problems of the modern era, affecting humanity as a whole.

Global problems of our time- this is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world.

Global or worldwide (universal) problems, being the result of contradictions in social development, did not arise suddenly and only today. Some of them, such as the problems of war and peace, health, existed before and were relevant at all times. Other global problems, such as environmental ones, appear later due to the intense impact of society on the natural environment. Initially, these problems could only be private (single) issues for a particular country or people, then they became regional and global, i.e. problems of vital importance for all humanity.

Main features of global problems:

1. Problems that affect not only the interests of individual people, but can affect the fate of all humanity

2. They lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization.

3. Global problems cannot be solved on their own or even through the efforts of individual countries. They require focused and organized efforts of the entire world community.

4. Global problems are closely related to one another.

The main problems of humanity:

1. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war.

2. Ecological.

3. Demographic.

4. Energy.

5. Raw materials.

6. Food.

7. Use of the World Ocean.

8. Peaceful space exploration.

9. Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

Rice. 1. Poverty and misery in Africa ()

The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of their study.

In modern scientific literature Attempts are being made to comprehensively consider the entire diversity of global problems. Since all these problems are of a socio-natural nature, since they simultaneously record contradictions both between man and society, and contradictions between man and the environment natural environment, then they are usually divided into three main groups. Researchers have proposed many classification options.

Classification of global problems:

1. Problems that are associated with relations between the main social communities of humanity, i.e. between groups of states with similar political, economic and other interests: “East - West”, rich and poor countries, etc. These include the problem of preventing war, international terrorism and ensuring peace, as well as establishing a fair international economic order.

2. Problems associated with relations in the “person - society” system: cultural development, effective use of scientific and technological advances, development of education and healthcare

3. Problems that are generated by the interaction of society and nature. They are associated with the limited ability of the environment to withstand anthropogenic loads. These are problems such as the provision of energy, fuel, raw materials, fresh water, etc. This group also includes ecological problem, i.e. the problem of protecting nature from irreversible changes negative character, as well as the task of intelligent development of the World Ocean and outer space.

Rice. 2. Lack of drinking water in Africa ()

Global problems are interconnected.

Rice. 3. Scheme of relationships between global problems

Currently, humanity and leading countries are actively fighting the spread of nuclear weapons and its use. The UN General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. In addition, treaties were signed between the main nuclear powers (for example, START-1, START-2, ABM).

Largest countries by number of armed forces:

5. Russia.

The problem of weapons proliferation and disarmament remains relevant. Military bases of the United States and NATO members on the territory of many countries pose a particular potential danger.

Rice. 4. Military base USA in Turkey ()

Homework

Topic 11, P. 1

1. What global problems of humanity do you know?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with set contour maps for 10th grade. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Africa // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the Unified State Exam format 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

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8. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

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11. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Poverty and misery of billions of people remains one of the global problems of humanity in the 21st century. In 1992, according to the decision of the UN General Assembly, the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty was established, which has been regularly celebrated on October 17 since 1993. This date was not chosen by chance. Five years before the decision of the UN General Assembly, on October 17, 1987, in Paris, on Trocadéro Square, a rally for human rights and the elimination of poverty was held, which attracted about 100 thousand people. Its participants linked human rights violations in the modern world with the fact that millions of people are still forced to live in poverty. First of all, this concerns the countries of the third and fourth world - the least developed in economically states

Despite the colossal scientific and technological progress that accompanied the world in the twentieth century, social inequality in the modern world is only growing. Moreover, social differentiation is worsening in all countries of the world, including developed countries. Speaking more in simple language, the poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer. Thus, according to research, by the beginning of 2016, the 62 richest people in the world had the same amount of assets as 3.6 billion people - representatives of the poorest half of the world's population. Over the past six years, since 2010, the wealth of the world's 3.6 billion poor has decreased by US$1 trillion. At the same time, the assets of the 62 richest inhabitants of the planet doubled and amounted to 1.76 trillion. US dollars. While multi-billionaires do not know where to invest their extra funds, billions of people on the planet live in poverty, hundreds of millions live in terrible poverty, on the brink of survival.

The food problem is still very acute in the world. Hunger is not something from the distant past, but a terrible component of the present. It has been written about the scale of hunger in the modern world a large number of both scientific and journalistic literature, but the persistence of this problem forces politicians public figures, sociologists and journalists return to it again and again. Even in our time, people continue to die from hunger, including small children - in Africa, some countries of Asia and Latin America.

The total number of regularly undernourished people in the modern world is estimated at almost a billion people. According to a UN report, at least 852 million people suffer from hunger. In the modern world, more than 1.2 billion people, which is approximately a fifth of the total population of the planet, live on less than one US dollar a day. Malnutrition is to blame for 54% of child deaths in the modern world. These conclusions were made by experts from the World Health Organization. The main reason for hunger is not only that in third and fourth world countries people do not receive enough money to eat at a normal level, but also in natural conditions that do not allow them to exercise effectively agriculture and provide themselves with food due to constant droughts and the advance of sands on the savannah. Numerous military-political conflicts also play an important role, contributing to the destruction of a normal economy, even an underdeveloped one.

Most of the undernourished and starving people are in Tropical Africa. This region is considered the epicenter of hunger in the modern world. Moreover, the number of hungry people in Africa has a pronounced tendency to increase, which is directly related to the increase in the birth rate. The world's highest birth rates are in Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a number of other African states. It is clear that all these countries belong not even to the third, but to the fourth world, into which researchers include the least economically developed and poorest states. The food problem is very serious in North-East Africa, especially in Somalia. Here, persistent droughts put millions of people on the brink of survival.

But it’s not just Africa that can be seen as a “hungry continent.” Millions of people are regularly malnourished and hungry in the countries of South and Southeast Asia - in Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan. It also experiences a very high birth rate coupled with increasing poverty and worsening social polarization. India itself, despite the fact that it is considered a regional power and a relatively economically developed country, is not able to solve the problem of hunger. The reasons for this are a very high population, a high level of unemployment, combined with the presence of hundreds of millions of people without education or any professional qualifications.

The total number of undernourished people in Latin American countries is somewhat lower. Here the “hunger belt” passes primarily through the Andean countries, primarily Bolivia and Peru, as well as through the “isthmus” countries, primarily Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. In the Caribbean, the "hunger island" is Haiti. As for European countries and North America, then the problem of hunger is less relevant for them compared to the rest of the world. Here, chronic malnutrition is characteristic only of representatives of certain social groups, “dropped out” of society - the homeless, street children. In the post-Soviet space, the problem of malnutrition is acute in countries Central Asia- in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. However, in Russia too, many citizens belonging to low-income segments of the population are chronically malnourished. In the least advantageous position are single disabled people and pensioners with low pensions, large families with low incomes of spouses, as well as citizens leading an antisocial lifestyle - homeless people, tramps, chronic alcoholics.

The problem of malnutrition is closely related to the problem of low incomes. In third and fourth world countries, most people, even having found work, are forced to subsist on very little money, which is incomparable to the salaries of even unskilled workers in developed countries. In developed countries, the concept of poverty in recent decades has become increasingly associated with the ability of citizens to realize access to a basic consumer basket, which includes not only food, but also, for example, medical services. In some Western European countries, the criterion of poverty is already the lack of a bank account with savings. On the other hand, in Russian Federation The poor are understood to be citizens with incomes at or below the subsistence level, which, by the way, is established by the state. There are ongoing debates in society about how much the established living wage corresponds to the real consumer basket necessary for a Russian citizen to full life.

For modern Russia acute problem low incomes remain. The first decade of the 21st century in the Russian Federation saw a gradual decline in the number of citizens of the country with incomes below the subsistence level. So, if in 2000 42.3 million people had incomes below the subsistence level, i.e. 29% of the population - in fact, every third Russian, then in 2012 we managed to reach the lowest figure - 15.4 million people, which at that time amounted to 10.7% of the country's population. However, then the number of low-income citizens began to grow again. Thus, in 2016, 21.4 million people, accounting for 14.6% of the population, were classified as citizens with incomes below the subsistence level. It should also be noted that the share of social payments provided by the state in the income of Russians is growing.

There is an acute housing problem in Russia. The vast majority of citizens cannot afford to purchase housing, including a mortgage. Thus, in 2012, even before currency inflation, 81% of the Russian population did not have sufficient funds to purchase housing with a mortgage. The housing problem is closely connected with a number of negative phenomena for the country. For example, it directly affects the birth rate in the country, since young families who do not have their own housing or have cramped living conditions often for this reason refuse to have a child for a time or completely. A significant part of the country's population, not being able to purchase modern housing that meets necessary requirements, are forced to live in dilapidated and dilapidated housing, putting their lives and health at risk. Even in some large cities there are streets and areas deprived of basic amenities, for example, gas and central sewerage, what can we say about rural areas and small populated areas. The service life of the so-called “Khrushchevkas”, built for the rapid resettlement of people from barracks. But so far it has not been possible to renew the housing stock to the required extent, especially since most citizens cannot afford to purchase new housing under construction.

The solution to the housing problem lies in the spectrum of reconsidering the role of the Russian state in the field of construction and distribution of housing. In the 1990s, the state virtually withdrew from housing construction, which led to the total commercialization of the housing market. The scale of construction and distribution of social housing cannot be called significant. In Russia, the system of non-commercial rental of residential premises is completely undeveloped, which could partially solve the housing problems not only of the poor, but also of prosperous citizens. The state could help solve the housing problem by regulating prices for economy-class housing, preventing speculative activity in this area. Finally, the state should also devote resources to creating a state (municipal) housing rental market, prices on which would allow low-income groups of the population to rent residential premises for a long time.

The high level of poverty in Russia is associated with colossal social polarization, which began to grow in the 1990s and has now reached such proportions that place Russia among the world leaders in social inequality of the population. Over the twenty-odd years of the existence of post-Soviet Russian statehood, social inequality in Russia has increased fourfold. According to the RAS report, published in 2013, edited by academicians S.Yu. Glazyeva, V.V. Ivanter and A.D. Nekipelova, level social stratification between the richest and poorest Russians reached 16:1, while the critical value of the stratification is 10:1 and even 8:1. However, solving the problem of poverty and social inequality is impossible without appropriate regulatory measures from the state.

Academicians S.Yu. Glazyev, A.D. Nekipelov and V.V. Ivanter in his report proposes the introduction of a progressive tax scale as one of the most important measures aimed against social stratification. Progressive taxation exists in many developed countries of the world and provides impressive revenues to the state budget, which finance, among other things, the social sphere. In their report, scientists note that it is possible to reduce the number of poor in Russia and reduce social inequality if the cost of living is raised to the level of the real cost of the basic consumer basket, which allows meeting human needs for food, clothing, medical care, etc.

Secondly, an increase in the minimum wage is proposed. In Russia, a unique situation has developed for developed countries, when working citizens, including specialists with disabilities, may be below the poverty line. higher education. It turns out that a citizen who works honestly and fulfills his professional duties, which often require higher education and high qualifications, is unable to ensure even the realization of his basic needs at the expense of his wages. The working poor in Russia still include many workers in the fields of education, culture, healthcare, and housing and communal services. This is a paradoxical situation when a cultural, educational or healthcare worker with a higher education and impressive work experience in his specialty receives wages, which is below the subsistence level for working Russians.

Can the problem of poverty, poverty and inequality be eradicated in the modern world and in Russia in particular? As for the modern world as a whole, even hopes for the elimination of poverty and misery in the countries of the third and fourth world can be immediately dismissed. Economic underdevelopment natural conditions, high birth rates, political instability - all these factors minimize hopes of solving the problem of social inequality in African countries, many countries in Asia and Latin America.

In the same time, modern Russia has the necessary political, economic, cultural potential to actively solve problems of poverty and inequality. However, this requires an appropriate policy of the Russian state in the economy and in social sphere. A lot of things in the country's economic and social policies need to be revised. In the meantime, the economic problems experienced by the country do not allow not only to increase the volume of social assistance, but also to maintain them at the same level. In particular, in 2016 and 2017. Maternity capital will no longer be indexed, which previously increased by 5.5% every year. But, at the same time, the state does not yet risk changing fiscal policy by introducing progressive taxation, diligently avoids raising the topic of revising the results of privatization, refuses to introduce taxes on luxury, i.e. it does not want to infringe on the interests of richest Russians to the detriment of the interests of the millions of people living on the edge and below the poverty line.

During the development of civilization, humanity faced certain difficulties. But scientists began to talk about global problems in the 70-80s of the last century, when more resources were needed to support the population. And waste began to increase significantly. What global problems are of concern today?

10 Natural disasters

Global warming leads to changes in temperatures in the upper and lower layers of the earth. In this regard, dramatic changes in the atmosphere are observed, which leads to anomalies and cataclysms.

9 The backwardness of some countries

Now there are countries on the planet where people are starving. Most of the sufferers are children whose bodies have not matured. Without quality food, the immune system cannot cope with diseases. Therefore, they often get sick and die. There is no need to even talk about mental development. the main objective– survive.

8 Peaceful space exploration

Weapon testing pollutes the atmosphere. It is worth paying attention to ensuring that space development does not threaten human life. Therefore, in the exploration of outer space it is necessary to adhere only to peaceful goals. The best thing is to stick international cooperation and understanding.

7 Use of ocean resources

The world's oceans have always been a source of existence. Now it is desirable to direct actions to ensure that it turns into an entire natural-economic system. Refuse burial nuclear waste, ban military testing and create a global maritime structure.

6 Food

World organization Health announced a terrible figure - 1.2 billion people are undernourished. To reduce these data, it is necessary to develop overall plan actions. First, plow the land and raise fish. Secondly, grow plants and animal breeds that are disease resistant.

5 Energy

To provide themselves with fuel during the cold season, people destroy trees. Uncontrolled actions lead to a reduction in animal and plant species. The balance is disrupted. Obtaining energy from the sun and wind can solve the problem of heat and light.

4 Demographic

The world's population is gradually increasing. Therefore, the authorities of states where the population is very high should think seriously. The only correct way out is a well-thought-out demographic policy, where the interests of the nation will be taken into account, traditions will be preserved and certain living conditions will be provided.

3 Raw materials

The reason for the raw materials problem is the constant increase in the volume of mineral raw materials that are obtained from the bowels of the earth. Gradually, raw materials lose their value. If we compare the copper content in the ore, it has now decreased by 30%. People who buy low-quality goods suffer from this.

2 Environmental

Irrational use of natural resources and gradual pollution of the environment are steps of human activity that lead to a big problem. Soon our planet will turn into a single dump, which was described in his story by the American writer Ray Bradbury. Nothing will remain of natural beauty.

1 Mira

The topic of war is very hot right now. The desire to fight was always present. But with the development of nuclear weapons, the danger of destroying entire continents increases. The only correct solution in this matter is peaceful coexistence.

All global problems do not fit into this list. Rare infectious diseases not mentioned international terrorism and much more. With each new decade, problems will appear. The main thing is to solve them in time.