Dagger anti-aircraft missile system speed. Shipborne self-defense air defense systems: the last frontier of combat stability
Antenna post of the Kinzhal air defense system on the Admiral Vinogradov BOD
Carriers
Rockets
Below-deck launchers of the Kinzhal complex were developed by the Start design bureau under the leadership of chief designer Yaskin A.I., and consist of 3-4 drum-type launch modules of 8 TPKs with missiles in each. The weight of the launch module without missiles is 41.5 tons, the occupied area is 113 square meters. m. The complex crew consists of 13 people.
The rocket launch is vertical, using a gas catapult; after leaving the launcher, the main engine is launched and the rocket is deflected by the gas-dynamic system towards the target. Reloading is automatic, start interval is 3 seconds.
Radar 3R95
Noise-proof antenna with phased array and electronic beam control allows detection a large number of targets at a range of up to 45 km and aim up to 8 missiles at 4 targets simultaneously (in the 60x60° sector).
Launcher 3S95E
Performance characteristics
see also
Notes
Literature
- Angelsky R., Korovin V. Anti-aircraft missile system“Dagger” (Russian) // Equipment and weapons yesterday, today, tomorrow: magazine. - 2014. - May (No. 05). - pp. 12-18.
Links
- SHIP ANTI-AIRcraft MISSILE SYSTEM "DAGGER" (SA-N-9 GAUNTLET)
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"Russia remains the largest nuclear power. Nobody listened to us, listen now,” with these words Vladimir Putin announced the creation of new types of superweapons during his address to the Federal Assembly. the site has collected the most important examples that the Russian president spoke about.
"Vanguard"
Capable of deep maneuvering, both lateral and vertical, absolutely invulnerable to any anti-aircraft and missile defense the Avangard complex is not science fiction, but a real-life weapon that has entered mass production.
The image is for illustrative purposes only. Photo: army-news.ru
Vladimir Putin said that this is another type of Russian strategic weapon: “The use of new composite materials made it possible to solve the problem of long-term controlled flight of a gliding winged unit practically under conditions of plasma formation. It reaches its target almost like a meteorite. Like a burning ball, like fire ball. The temperature on the surface of the product reaches 1600−2000 degrees Celsius. At the same time, the winged unit is reliably controlled.”
The Russian President also noted that due to great secrecy, it is not possible to show the image of Avangard.
Perhaps we are talking about a hypersonic combat vehicle (object 4202, product 15Yu71), information about which was previously leaked to the media. The maximum warhead speed is Mach 15, and most of Its flight takes place at an altitude of about 100 km.
Jane's analysts believe that hypersonic vehicle The Yu-71, developed as part of the secret program "Object 4202", has already been tested more than once - launches were carried out in December 2011, September 2013, 2014 and February 2015.
"Sarmat"
Nuclear missiles still remain the main ace in the sleeves of the generals of the world's leading armies.
Once such a trump card for the Soviet military was the Voevoda missile system, which in the West was firepower nicknamed "Satan". IN modern Russia even more were created powerful weapon, which, unlike the Voevoda (flight range 11 thousand km), has no range restrictions.
Putin said that Sarmat is capable of attacking targets both through the Northern and South Pole: “Weighing over 200 tons, it has a short active flight phase, which makes it difficult to intercept by missile defense systems; the range of the new heavy missile, the number and power of warheads is greater than that of the Voevoda. The warhead is equipped with a wide range of high-power nuclear weapons, including hypersonic ones, and the most modern systems overcoming missile defense."
Hypersonic weapons
Putin confirmed the presence of hypersonic weapons. “Russia has such weapons. Already there,” the president said. One of these developments is already known for certain - this is the Zircon rocket, the speed of which during the march reaches Mach 8 (approximately 9792 km/h).
Zircon missiles can be launched from 3S14 universal launchers, which are also used for Kalibr and Oniks missiles.
The Russian nuclear-powered supercruisers Pyotr Velikiy and Admiral Nakhimov will be armed with Zircons. The firing range of the Zircon, according to open sources, is about 400 kilometers.
Nuclear "Dagger"
According to Putin, from December 1, 2017, a unique hypersonic aircraft went on duty in the Southern Military District aviation-missile complex"Dagger".
"Unique flight performance high-speed carrier aircraft allow the missile to be delivered to the release point in a matter of minutes, while the missile flying from hypersonic speed, exceeding the speed of sound by 10 times, also maneuvers in all parts of the flight path. This also allows it to reliably overcome all existing and, I think, promising air and missile defense systems, delivering nuclear and conventional warheads to a target at a distance of up to two thousand kilometers,” the Russian president said.
Underwater drone with nuclear weapons
Putin called this development “simply fantastic.” According to him, Russia has created a unique underwater vehicle capable of moving at great depths.
“I would say at very great depths and at intercontinental ranges at speeds many times greater than the speed of submarines, the most modern torpedoes and all types of even the fastest surface ships,” he emphasized.
Such a device can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear ammunition, and therefore is capable of destroying a wide range of targets: from infrastructure to aircraft carrier groups. The Russian President said that a multi-year test cycle of an innovative nuclear power plant to equip this autonomous uninhabited vehicle was completed in December 2017.
Putin emphasized that the nuclear installation is distinguished by its small dimensions: with a volume one hundred times smaller than that of modern nuclear submarines, it has greater power and two hundred times less time to enter combat mode.
At the end, the politician summarized that based on the test results, it became possible to begin creating a fundamentally new type of strategic weapon equipped with high-power nuclear weapons.
A report from the US military, which includes the Status-6 underwater intercontinental drone. Photo: vk.com/bolshayaigra Most likely, Putin was talking about an underwater nuclear weapon called the “Status-6 Ocean Multi-Purpose System.” Part of the Status-6 system is an unmanned underwater robot, which is a giant deep-sea high-speed torpedo with nuclear warhead. Its range is 9977 km, maximum speed is 56 knots. Not long ago its existence was the Pentagon.
Weapons about which nothing is known
In his speech, Vladimir Putin also spoke about the development of new types of strategic weapons that do not use ballistic flight trajectories at all when moving towards the target, which means that missile defense systems are useless and simply pointless in the fight against them.
What it looks like and what kind of weapon it is is unknown, one can only guess, given highest level secrecy.
Another super-secret new product was a small-sized, super-powerful nuclear installation that can be placed in a cruise missile, which will provide the latter with an almost unlimited flight range and invulnerability from air defense and missile defense systems.
"Low-flying stealth cruise missile carrying a nuclear combat unit, with a virtually unlimited range, unpredictable flight path and the ability to bypass interception lines, is invulnerable to all existing and future systems of both missile defense and air defense,” Putin said.
Weapons based on new physical principles
Vladimir Putin also touched upon the topic of weapons created using new physical principles. According to him, significant results have been achieved in creating laser weapons, and this is no longer just theory or projects, and not even just the start of production.
Laser machine. Photo: vk.com/bolshayaigra_war “Since last year, the troops have already received combat laser complexes. I don’t want to go into details in this part, it’s just not the time yet. But experts will understand that the presence of such combat systems greatly expands Russia’s capabilities in the sphere of its security,” the Russian president noted.
On the first day of spring, Russian President Vladimir Putin addressed the Federal Assembly with his annual message. The head of state spoke about recent successes and set new goals. In addition, he touched upon the topic of strategic weapons designed to ensure the country's security. In the future, all major branches of the armed forces will receive new systems, including combat aviation. It is proposed to use the Kinzhal aviation missile system together with existing aircraft.
V. Putin began the story about new weapons for the aerospace forces with a reminder of current trends in the field of aerospace technologies. Now the leading countries with great scientific potential and have modern technologies, are developing the so-called hypersonic weapons. Next, the president gave a short “lecture” on physics and aerodynamics. He pointed out that the speed of sound is traditionally measured in mach, a unit named after the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach. At an altitude of 11 km, Mach 1 is equal to 1062 km/h. Speed from M=1 to M=5 is considered supersonic, more than M=5 – hypersonic.
Weapons with hypersonic flight speed give the armed forces the most significant advantages over the enemy. Such weapons can be highly powerful, and their high speed protects them from interception by air or missile defense systems. Interceptors simply cannot catch up with the attacking product. As the president said, it is understandable why the leading countries of the world are striving to acquire such weapons. But Russia already has such means.
V. Putin called the development of a high-precision aviation missile system, which is said to have no analogues in foreign countries, the most important stage in the creation of modern weapons. Testing of this system has already been completed. Moreover, since December 1, the new complex has been used on experimental combat duty at the airfields of the Southern Military District.
MiG-31BM takes off with a Kinzhal missile
According to V. Putin, the rocket, with the help of a high-speed carrier aircraft, should reach the launch site in a matter of minutes. After release, the rocket reaches a speed ten times the speed of sound. Throughout the entire trajectory, despite the high speed, the product is capable of performing maneuvers. The ability to change the flight path allows you to protect the missile from enemy defenses. According to the President, new rocket is guaranteed to overcome modern and, possibly, promising air defense and missile defense systems. The hypersonic missile is capable of flying at a range of up to 2 thousand km and delivering a conventional or nuclear warhead to the target.
Unlike some others promising developments, presented last week, the aviation missile system has already received its own name. It was designated as "Dagger". Other names and designations, such as GRAU index, working project code, etc. the president did not bring it.
As is the case with others the latest designs weapons, the president’s words were followed by a demonstration video showing interesting footage from tests of a promising missile system. Video footage most clearly confirms V. Putin’s statements about testing. Some of the stages of one of the test launches, filmed by military cameramen, were allowed to be used in the video for showing to the general public.
Airplane before dropping a rocket
The video begins with footage of the MiG-31BM fighter-interceptor taking off. Already during the takeoff run, it is clear that under the bottom of its fuselage there is not the usual and standard ammunition suspended, but some new weapon. The interceptor lifts a large and massive new type of missile into the air. Part of the further flight to the launch point, however, was shown using simplified computer graphics. But then again there was a video recording of real tests with a real rocket launch.
While on a given course and maintaining a certain altitude and speed, the carrier aircraft dropped the Kinzhal missile. In free flight, it “failed” in altitude, after which it dropped the tail fairing and started the main engine. The flight of the rocket was again not shown in the form of documentary footage and was depicted schematically. In the next episode, a computer model of an aircraft dropped an animated missile, and it headed along a ballistic trajectory towards the mock enemy ship. It is worth noting that the drawn target ship had a recognizable appearance and was similar to some real sample.
Product X-47M2 separated
The final stages of the missile's flight, reaching the target area and then aiming at it, were shown using graphics. Moreover, this time the “camera” was located directly on board the rocket. The product headed towards the enemy ship, went into a dive, and then the video signal, as expected, disappeared. However, the video showed the defeat of a target, albeit a different one. The ammunition fell on a land fortification and blew it up. The MiG-31BM carrier aircraft, in turn, returned to the airfield and landed.
Shortly after the end of the president’s speech, new information about the Dagger project appeared. Thus, the Russian press cited the second designation of the new missile - Kh-47M2. The Commander of the Aerospace Forces, Colonel General Sergei Surovikin, indicated that the new missile belongs to the class of hypersonic aeroballistic weapons. According to him, state tests of the new complex have already been carried out at the training grounds of the Ministry of Defense. During inspections, it fully confirmed its effectiveness. All missile launches resulted in accurate destruction of the intended targets.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces also revealed some details of the combat operation of the Dagger product. Thus, in the final ballistic phase of the flight, the missile uses an all-weather homing head. This ensures the possibility of using the missile at any time of the day while obtaining the required accuracy and selectivity in hitting the target. The maximum speed of a rocket in flight is 10 times the speed of sound. The firing range, as confirmed by the commander in chief, reaches 2 thousand km.
Tail cone reset
Thus, in the interests of the Aerospace Forces, a new aeroballistic missile was developed, suitable for the destruction of various ground or surface objects. The Kh-47M2 “Dagger” product can carry both a conventional and a special warhead, which expands the range of tasks it can solve. MiG-31 interceptors of the latest BM modification are currently used as carriers.
One of the most interesting features Project "Dagger" is the choice of carrier aircraft. They decided to use the air-to-surface missile with a fighter whose armament is based on air-to-air products. The reasons for this are obvious. The maximum speed of the MiG-31BM aircraft at altitude reaches 3,400 km/h, which allows it to reach the launch point in a minimum time. In addition, the high flight speed of the carrier when releasing the rocket allows one to obtain some advantages. At the moment of release, the rocket already has a high initial speed, and therefore the energy of its engine is spent only on subsequent acceleration with access to a quasi-ballistic trajectory.
Engine starting
Thus, the missile's potential, provided by hypersonic flight speed, is not reduced due to insufficient carrier parameters. From the point of view of flight speed, preliminary acceleration of the missile and speed of solving combat missions, the MiG-31BM is the most successful platform.
The X-47M2 product has a very simple shapes and outlines. The rocket received a conical head fairing, which accounts for about half the length of the product. The second half of the body is formed by a cylindrical section equipped with X-shaped planes in the tail section. During the flight under the aircraft, the smooth tail section of the hull is equipped with a disposable fairing in the shape of a truncated cone. Exact information about the design of the product has not yet been provided, but we can already say that it is equipped with a solid propellant propulsion engine. The type of homing head is unknown.
It should be noted that the new aircraft rocket outwardly very similar to the ballistic ammunition of the Iskander operational-tactical complex. In the past, there were rumors at various levels about the possible creation of an aviation modification of this system, but they have not yet received official confirmation. The characteristic exterior of the newest Kinzhal missile can serve as a kind of confirmation of rumors of the recent past. At the same time, similarities can only be due to similar technical requirements and tactical roles.
The rocket headed towards the target
It is alleged that the Kinzhal missile belongs to the aeroballistic class. This means that the product is dropped from the carrier aircraft, after which it turns on the engine and, with its help, enters an upward trajectory. Further, the flight occurs almost the same as in the case of other ballistic missiles. The difference between the Kh-47M2 and other systems is determined by the use of a homing head. The devices, the type of which has not yet been specified, are used to detect the target and correct the missile's course at all stages of the flight, including the downward portion of the ballistic trajectory. In the latter case, the most accurate hit at the specified target is ensured.
The promising Kinzhal, like the already well-known Iskander, has characteristic capabilities: the missiles of both complexes are capable of maneuvering on a trajectory. Because of this anti-missile systems the enemy loses the ability to timely calculate the trajectory of an approaching missile and correctly intercept it. On the descending part of the trajectory, the rocket develops maximum speed, up to M=10, which sharply reduces the permissible reaction time. As a result, the Kinzhal system is truly capable of showing the highest combat characteristics and break through the existing air and missile defense system.
Demonstration of the principles of constructing a flight path
First, Vladimir Putin, and then Sergei Surovikin spoke about recent work within the framework of the project with the “Dagger” code. No later than last fall, industry and the Ministry of Defense carried out all the necessary tests of the newest missile, and also completed its development. Already on December 1, an order appeared to accept the new missile for experimental combat operation. The X-47M2 product is operated as part of a full-fledged complex, which also includes the MiG-31BM carrier aircraft. So far, only aviation units from the Southern Military District have new weapons.
Apparently, in the foreseeable future the armed forces will complete trial operation the latest weapons, and soon after this the Kinzhal complex will receive a recommendation for adoption. The result of this will be the rearmament of aviation units, accompanied by a significant increase in the strike potential of tactical aviation.
The rocket hits the target
It should be recalled that on this moment Russian tactical aviation only has air-to-surface systems with a launch range of tens or hundreds of kilometers. Products capable of flying thousands of kilometers are in service only in strategic aviation. The Kinzhal missile system with a launch range of up to 2000 km will actually occupy an intermediate position between purely tactical and exclusively strategic weapons. With its help, it will be possible to strike enemy targets at operational-strategic depth as quickly as possible.
Greater flexibility of use will be ensured by the existence of special and non-nuclear warheads. Depending on the task at hand and the type of object being attacked, it will be possible to choose one or another warhead. Thus, the combat qualities of the Kh-47M2 missile will fully correspond to its “intermediate” position. Tactical aviation, in turn, will bring its capabilities closer to strategic ones.
All promising samples strategic weapons, presented by Vladimir Putin last Thursday, were created in the interests of nuclear forces and to ensure deterrence of a potential adversary. The Kinzhal aviation missile system fully meets such tasks, although it turns out to be more flexible and versatile in comparison with other systems. Depending on the situation in the theater of military operations, it can become a means of a powerful strike by tactical aviation forces or solve problems inherent in strategic complexes.
The Kinzhal missile system has already passed almost all stages of testing, including state tests. Based on the results of development work, it was placed on experimental combat duty in units of the Aerospace Forces. Thus, the armed forces have already received one of the newest models of strike weapons and are now mastering them. In the foreseeable future, upon completion of all required checks and trial operation, the new missile will be put into service and delivered to parts warehouses. The potential of the Aerospace Forces will increase noticeably, and along with it, the country’s defense capability will improve.
Dagger is an anti-aircraft missile system.
The complex can fire at up to four targets in a 60x60° sector, simultaneously aiming up to eight missiles at them, including up to three missiles per target. The reaction time ranges from 8 to 24 s. The radio-electronic equipment of the complex provides fire control for 30-mm AK-630 anti-aircraft artillery machine guns. Combat capabilities"Dagger" is 5-6 times higher than the corresponding indicators of "Osa-M".
The use of a dual-processor digital computing system provides a high degree of automation of combat work. The selection of the most dangerous target for priority firing can be done either automatically or at the operator’s command.
The ZS-95 below-deck launcher, developed at the Start design bureau under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin, includes several modules, each of which is a drum with eight transport and launch containers (TPC). The launcher cover can rotate relative to the vertical axis of the drum. The rocket is launched after turning the launcher cover and bringing the hatch in it to the TPK with the rocket intended for launch. The start interval does not exceed 3 s. Taking into account the relatively small dimensions of the complex, such a solution seems unnecessarily complex in comparison with the launch of missiles from containers, placed in simpler cellular-type launchers, implemented later in foreign fleets.
Initially, it was envisaged to create the Kinzhal air defense system with weight and size characteristics not exceeding those implemented in the Ose-M. Moreover, the designers had to achieve the possibility of installing the complex instead of Osa-M on previously built ships during the modernization repair process. However, the fulfillment of the specified combat tactical and technical characteristics was considered a higher priority. The weight and size indicators were growing, so it was not possible to ensure continuity of anti-aircraft missile systems “by seat”.
In itself this was not so significant. Given the extremely weak ship repair base of the fleet and the reluctance of both the military and industry to divert shipyards to repair work by reducing the number of new ships built, the possibility of radical modernization of combat units that had already served the Motherland was rather abstract.
More serious consequences The “expansion” of the “Dagger” was expressed in the impossibility of its placement on small ships, although formally it could be installed on ships with a displacement of more than 800 tons. As a result, even on such an innovative ship as the one designed at the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau (chief designer - P.V. Yelsky, then V.I. Korolkov) hovercraft missile carrier with skegs, Project 1239, had to install the same “Osu-MA”. Ultimately, the Ose-M was replaced as the main means of protecting small ships by the short-range anti-aircraft missile and artillery system Kortik, rather than the Dagger.
The development of Thor and Dagger was significantly behind schedule. As a rule, previously the land version was ahead of the ship version, as if paving the way for it. However, during the creation of the Tor autonomous self-propelled complex, serious problems associated with the development of the combat vehicle were revealed. As a result, joint flight tests of the Thor at the Emben test site began even later than the Kinzhal on the Black Sea - in December 1983, but ended in December of the following year. The land-based air defense system was adopted for service by decree of March 19, 1986, almost three years earlier than the ship-based one.
Development delay land complex was an unpleasant circumstance, but its consequences were limited to a corresponding adjustment of the production program. Factories, instead of the “Thor”, for several more years produced the albeit less advanced, but quite effective “Osa”.
At sea, a much more piquant situation developed. Since the end of 1980, one or two large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155 entered service with the Navy every year, the only anti-aircraft missile weapons of which were to be a pair of Kinzhal air defense systems with a total ammunition load of 64 missiles. The delay in its development led to the fact that for more than five years these large ships remained almost defenseless from air strikes: by the end of the 20th century. artillery could no longer provide them with cover from aviation. Moreover, the obvious absence of guidance stations in the places intended for them seemed to encourage enemy pilots to quickly and practically without any risk to themselves send our ships to the bottom. True, at first, NATO experts did not understand such a scandalous situation and indulged in a riot of imagination, speculating in the press about the presence on our new ships of some super-promising, outwardly invisible means of guiding anti-aircraft missiles. One way or another, the lead ship of Project 1155 - the Udaloy BOD - had to wait almost a decade for the Kinzhal to be accepted into service (after entering service in 1980).
Due to the delay in the development of the air defense system, the small anti-submarine ship MPK-104 (building number 721), built according to project 1124K specifically for testing the Kinzhal, could not be used for its intended purpose for two years. It differed from its prototype - the ship Project 1124M - not only by the natural lack of means of the standard Osa-M air defense system. Too much weight and, more importantly, the high location of the multifunctional guidance station of the Kinzhal complex did not allow the installation of artillery weapons and all standard radars on it, which, however, was not so important for the experimental ship. The formal entry into service took place in October 1980, while the ship was equipped only with a launcher with three modules, but the guidance station had not yet been delivered to the Black Sea. Subsequently, one of the two prototypes of the complex manufactured in 1979 was mounted on MPK-104. Tests of the air defense system were carried out from 1982 to 1986 and did not go smoothly. The system was not sufficiently debugged in ground conditions- at the stands of the Altair Research Institute and at its Bolshaya Volga testing base. The finishing work took place mainly on the ship, in conditions that were not entirely favorable for its implementation.
Once, during the firing, the engine of a rocket ejected by a catapult did not turn on, which fell on the deck and broke into two parts. As for one half of the product, as they said, “it sank.” But the second part, with all its quiet behavior, caused well-founded fears. After this incident, it was necessary to reconsider the basic technical solutions for starting the engine, which increased the reliability of this process. Another time, due to the “human factor” (due to uncoordinated actions of personnel and industry representatives), unauthorized launch SAM. One of the developers, who was next to the launcher, barely managed to hide from the jet of the rocket engine.
Shortly before the completion of the tests in the spring of 1986, all four P-35 missiles used as targets, launched by a salvo from the coastal complex, were very impressively shot down. However, it was only in 1989 that the Kinzhal complex was officially put into service.
The Kinzhal air defense system ensured the destruction of targets flying at speeds of up to 700 m/s in the altitude range from 10 to 6000 m at ranges from 1.5 to 12 km. The main carriers of the complex were to be large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155. Initially, this ship was conceived as a development of the patrol ship of Project 1135, but by the time it was laid down it had turned into a BOD with twice the displacement. It was assumed that the ships of Project 1155 would carry out anti-submarine missions together with the destroyers of Project 956, equipped with powerful strike and anti-aircraft missile weapons - the Moskit complexes and the Uragan medium-range air defense system. Therefore, taking into account the restrictions on displacement caused by the capabilities of the factories, they decided to equip the BOD Project 1155 only with the Kinzhal self-defense complexes. Each ship was equipped with two air defense systems with a total ammunition load of 64 9M330 missiles and two ZR-95 missile guidance stations. Lead ships at the Plant named after. Zhdanov" and the Kaliningrad plant "Yantar" were laid down in 1977 and went into operation almost simultaneously - in last days 1980 Since the development of the Kinzhal complex was significantly delayed, the acceptance of the ships by the fleet was more than conditional. Several ships, up to the fifth in the series, surrendered without missile guidance stations.
In total at the Plant named after. Zhdanov” until the fall of 1988, four ships were built under serial numbers from 731 to 734: “Vice Admiral Kulakov”, “Marshal Vasilevsky”, “Admiral Tributs”, “Admiral Levchenko”. At the Kaliningrad plant "Yantar" until the end of 1991, eight BODs were built under serial numbers from 111 to 117: "Udaloy", "Admiral Zakharov", "Admiral Spiridonov", "Marshal Shaposhnikov", "Simferopol", "Admiral Vinogradov", "Admiral Kharlamov", "Admiral Panteleev".
Over the years of service, the BOD Project 1155 has generally proven itself to be a reliable and efficient ship. It is significant that during the difficult period of the 1990-2000s. Of the 11 BODs built, only the first three ships built at the Kaliningrad plant and the Marshal Vasilevsky were decommissioned, and most of the ships of Project 1155 are part of the fleet. At the same time, “Udaloy”, “Marshal Vasilevsky” and “Vice Admiral Kulakov” never received the “Dagger” complex. In addition to 12 large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155 and one improved one, built according to Project 11551 - "Admiral Chabanenko", four "Dagger" complexes with 192 missiles were installed on the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Project 11434 "Baku" (since 1990 - "Admiral of the Fleet Soviet Union Gorshkov”) and on the only aircraft carrier of our fleet, Project 11435, which has changed many names and is now called “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov”. By the time these ships were designed, a common understanding had become established among sailors and shipbuilders that ships of this class should carry only self-defense weapons, and the tasks of air cover on distant approaches should be carried out by air defense systems installed on security ships. Two “Dagger” complexes with eight launch modules for 64 missiles were supposed to be installed as an auxiliary “anti-aircraft caliber” on the nuclear heavy missile cruiser Project 11442 “Peter the Great”, but in fact the ship was equipped with only one antenna post.
One Kinzhal air defense system with 32 missiles was installed on the ships of project 11540 Neustrashimy and Yaroslav the Mudry, officially classified as patrol ships, but in terms of displacement and dimensions approximately corresponding to the BOD project 61, which were built en masse in the 1960s gg.
Thus, not counting the experimental MPK-104, only 36 Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile systems (1324 missiles) were installed on 17 ships of our fleet. Since 1993, the export modification of the “Dagger” complex under the name “Blade” has been repeatedly demonstrated at various international exhibitions and salons, but there is no information about its deliveries abroad. Nevertheless, the Kinzhal air defense system has become one of the most advanced examples of domestic missile weapons, which most fully meets modern conditions of anti-aircraft combat at sea. The relatively short range of destruction is not its significant drawback.
Low-altitude targets, primarily guided weapons, will one way or another be detected at a short distance. As the experience of local wars testifies, their carriers, apparently, will only soar above the radio horizon for an extremely short period of time to clarify the location of the ship they are attacking and launch their missiles. Therefore, the defeat of carrier aircraft by longer-range anti-aircraft systems seems unlikely. But sooner or later, missiles launched by aircraft will approach the target of attack. And here all the advantages of one of the most advanced domestic anti-aircraft systems"Dagger" - short reaction time, high fire performance, multi-channel, effective action of the warhead in an adaptive mode of use against targets of various classes.
Anti-aircraft missile system "Dagger" is a multi-channel, all-pod, autonomous short-range anti-aircraft missile system capable of repelling a massive attack of low-flying anti-ship, anti-radar missiles, guided and unguided bombs, airplanes, helicopters, etc.
The lead developer of the complex is NPO Altair (chief designer is S. A. Fadeev), the anti-aircraft missile is the Fakel design bureau.
Ship tests of the complex began in 1982 on the Black Sea on a small anti-submarine ship, Project 1124. During demonstration firing in the spring of 1986, 4 cruise missiles P-35. All P-35s were shot down by 4 Kinzhal air defense missiles. The tests were difficult and missed all deadlines. So, for example, it was supposed to equip the Novorossiysk aircraft carrier with the Kinzhal, but it was put into service with “holes” for the Kinzhal. On the first ships of Project 1155, one complex was installed instead of the required two.
Only in 1989, the Kinzhal air defense system was officially adopted by large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155, on which 8 modules of 8 missiles were installed.
Currently, the Kinzhal air defense system is in service with the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, a nuclear-powered missile cruiser"Peter the Great" (Project 1144.4), large anti-submarine ships Project 1155, 11551 and the newest patrol ships of the Neustrashimy type.
The Kinzhal air defense system is offered to foreign buyers under the name Blade.
In the west the complex received the designation SA-N-9 GAUNTLET.
The complex uses a remote-controlled anti-aircraft missile 9M330–2, unified with the Tor land missile system, or the 9M331 missile defense system of the Tor-M complex. The 9M330-2 is made according to the canard aerodynamic configuration and uses a freely rotating wing unit. Its wings are foldable, which made it possible to place the 9M330 in an extremely “compressed” TPK with a square section. The missile launch is vertical under the action of a catapult with further declination of the missile by a gas-dynamic system, with the help of which in less than one second, in the process of rising to the launch altitude of the main engine, the missile turns towards the target.
The detonation of a high-explosive fragmentation warhead is carried out at the command of a pulse radio fuse in close proximity to the target. The radio fuse is noise-resistant and adapts when approaching the water surface. The missiles are placed in transport and launch containers and do not need to be checked for 10 years.
The Kinzhal air defense system is equipped with its own radar detection equipment (module K-12–1), providing the complex with complete independence and operational actions in the most difficult situations. The multi-channel complex is based on phased array antennas with electronic beam control and a booster computing complex. The main operating mode of the complex is automatic (without the participation of personnel), based on the principles of “artificial intelligence”.
The television-optical target detection devices built into the antenna post not only increase its immunity to interference in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, but also allow personnel to visually assess the nature of tracking and hitting targets. The radar equipment of the complex was developed at the Kvant Research Institute under the leadership of V.I. Guz and provides a detection range of air targets of 45 km at an altitude of 3.5 km.
The Kinzhal can simultaneously fire at up to four targets in a spatial sector of 60° by 60°, while up to 8 missiles are aimed in parallel. The reaction time of the complex ranges from 8 to 24 seconds depending on the radar mode. In addition to the missile defense system, the fire control system of the Kinzhal complex can control the fire of 30-mm AK-360M assault rifles, finishing off surviving targets at a distance of up to 200 meters.
The 4S95 launcher of the Kinzhal complex was developed by the Start design bureau under the leadership of chief designer A.I. Yaskin. The launcher is below deck and consists of 3–4 drum-type launch modules, each containing 8 TPKs with missiles. The weight of the module without missiles is 41.5 tons, the occupied area is 113 square meters. m.
