Class hour car weapon of victory with a presentation. Presentation on the topic "weapons of victory"

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Story

In the weapons system of any army, small arms have been and continue to be the most massive of all weapons. the issue of improvement small arms in our country, especially Soviet time has been and is being given a lot of attention. Domestic small arms passed the severe test during the Great Patriotic War. High fighting qualities Soviet weapons were recognized by all our opponents. For example, the fascist leadership even demanded that their gunsmiths surpass the rate of fire of a Soviet air machine gun. However, 1800 rounds per minute remained an unattainable goal for German designers.

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Story

The most productive year for new designs was 1943 - the year of a radical change in the Great Patriotic war. Our army has finally consolidated the strategic initiative in its hands. “Soviet weapons, created by Soviet designers, made by Soviet workers, at Soviet factories, from Soviet material,” said a participant in the Battle of Stalingrad, Hero Soviet Union Ya. F. Pavlov, - the best in the world. It is infinitely dear to the heart of every soldier in our army…”

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Nagant revolver

An important feature of the revolver was the sliding of the drum with cartridges on the breech breech before firing, which eliminated the breakthrough of powder gases between the barrel and the drum.

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Maxim machine gun

The legendary weapon of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. After the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the design of the machine gun was improved by the Tula gunsmiths P. P. Tretyakov and I. A. Pastukhov.

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Light machine gun of the Degtyarev system

The RPD was the first Soviet mass-produced machine gun chambered for a new cartridge adopted in 1943, which occupied a position between pistol and rifle in terms of power.

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Automatic rifle of the Simonov system and self-loading rifle of the Tokarev system

During automatic firing from the ABC, a bladed bayonet was used as an additional support, which rotated 90 ° relative to the axis of the barrel. In 1938, the next competitive tests of self-loading rifles took place in the USSR, in which the weapon of F. V. Tokarev won.

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Submachine gun of the Degtyarev system and submachine gun of the Shpagin system

The PPD was an improved version of the V. A. Degtyarev submachine guns of the 1934 and 1934/38 models. PPSh had a simple design and high reliability. This is the most massive sample of automatic weapons during the Great Patriotic War.

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Repeating rifle 1891/30

It was created as a result of the modernization of the famous three-line rifle by S. I. Mosin of the 1891 model. In 1924-1927, significant changes were made to the design of the three-ruler, expressed in the installation of a new sector sight, spring stock rings, a needle bayonet with a stronger spring latch and a simplified chamber configuration.

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Large-caliber easel machine gun of the Degtyarev-Shpagin system

Being a powerful infantry weapon, the DShK was designed to destroy air and lightly armored targets, machine gun nests and enemy anti-tank artillery.

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Rapid-firing aviation machine gun of the Spital and Komaritsky system

This machine gun was used on all pre-war combat aircraft and many machines of the Great Patriotic War period. In terms of its rate of fire, ShKAS surpassed all foreign aircraft machine guns.

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Machine gun of the Goryunov system

In May 1943, the SG-43 replaced the Maxim machine gun of the 1910 model. It was distinguished by the reliability of automation and was reliable in the most extreme combat conditions.

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Dragunov self-loading sniper rifle

Developed in 1958 - 1962. To hit targets, the rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight.

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PM and APS

A feature of the APS is its ability to fire bursts. APS is much more efficient and reliable than, for example, the German "Mauser" M-712 model 1932 - a pistol of a similar class. The PM is in service with officers of the Soviet Armed Forces as a weapon of self-defense. Compared to a pistol, the TT has a higher rate of fire due to the use of a self-cocking trigger mechanism.

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The presentation was made by students of the 10th "B" class: Dmitry Antonyuk and Ilya Dzyurich

View all slides

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Infantry weapons

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This famous rifle faithfully served from 1891 to 1960. During the war years, 12 million of these rifles were produced. Rifle S.I. Mosin

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In military films, they usually show PPSh - 41 with a disk magazine. Decipher the abbreviation. Submachine gun Shpagin model 1941

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M.I. Puzyrev designed in 1941 RPG - 41, which pierced 25 mm armor. Name this weapon. Anti-tank grenade

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For light machine guns, a “survivability” of 10 thousand shots was considered normal, the “survivability” of this weapon was 75-100 thousand shots. Name the gun. light machine gun Degtyarev

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This easel machine gun was invented back in 1883 by an American engineer, however, this weapon also came in handy during World War II. Filled with a tape for 250 rounds, the machine gun aimed at 2.5 kilometers, making up to 300 shots per minute. Machine gun "Maxim"

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Artillery

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On July 14, 1941, a volley of a BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle was heard at the German trains at the Orsha railway station in Belarus. The soldiers affectionately called this gun ... "Katyusha"

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When the head of the artillery department of the Krupp company studied the 76 mm ZIS-3 gun, he exclaimed: “This is a real Masterpiece!” How many shots at a firing range of 13 kilometers could this gun of designer V.I. Grabin? 25 shots per minute

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This gun is designed for mounted firing at open targets, so the barrel of this gun is raised up in a combat position. What is the name of this tool? Howitzer

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By the end of World War II, it was this weapon (for example, MT - 13) that became one of the main types of artillery. mortars

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Personal weapons of the commanders of the Red Army

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By the beginning of the war, this revolver was the personal weapon of most commanders of the Soviet army. Its creator is a Belgian designer - gunsmith Leo Nagant. Name a revolver. Revolver

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In the 1920s, pistols were tested at the test sites: German - Parabellum and Volt, American - Browning and several Russians. The TT pistol was recognized as the best. Name the constructor. Tokarev pistol

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The most powerful tank of World War II is considered to be this heavy tank, which pierces through the armor of the fascist Panther. Named after the leader of the USSR. IS - 2

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The heavy tank KV - 1 was named after the first marshal of the Soviet Union. Name the marshal. Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov

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Which tank has thicker armor: T - 34 - 85, "Tiger" or "Panther"? T - 34 - 85 "Panther" "Tiger" 90 mm. 80 mm. 100 mm.

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Heavy tank KV-1 designer Zh.Ya. Kotin was called a fortress on caterpillars. The tank moved at a speed of 35 km/h and could travel 250 km without refueling, sweeping away everything in its path. How many people made up the crew of this tank? 5 people

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48 - kg shells SU - 152 tore down the towers "Tigers" and "Panthers", for which the fighters nicknamed her "St. John's wort". Name the war machine. Self-propelled installation

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Cars

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Most often, it was this car that was encountered on military roads - GAZ - AA and GAZ - OM - V. What were they called in everyday life? Lorries

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The legendary Katyusha rocket launchers were on this tractor. ZIS - 6

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The light all-terrain vehicle GAZ - 64/67 was created by the designer ... V.A. Grachev

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It was these vehicles that were used for reconnaissance and fire support for infantry. Armored cars

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In 1936, I-16 fighters were sent to help Spain. The pilots valued them for their maneuverability and amazing survivability. Name the designer of these aircraft. N.P. Polikarpov

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What famous pilot tested I-16 aircraft Valery Chkalov

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In the spring of 1944, the German command was forced to send out an order to its pilots: when meeting with this new Soviet fighter, avoid combat. fighter Yak - 3

WEAPON OF VICTORY»

Prepared class. leader 11 M

Aleinikova A.G.

Korocha 2015

Four students of the group are preparing reports on the best examples of Soviet weapons created during the Great Patriotic War.

OBJECTIVES: - to expand the understanding of the Great Patriotic War, to acquaint with the creators of Soviet weapons;

To form a positive assessment of the contribution that home front workers made to the Victory, to cultivate a sense of respect and pride for their people, their country, a respectful attitude towards the older generation;

To arouse interest in military equipment, the desire to strengthen the country's Armed Forces, encourage the study military history to participate in patriotic actions and events.

PREPARATORY WORK:

distribute performances among the students of the group;

prepare a slide film on the topic of the conference.

EQUIPMENT: computer, projector, screen.

Introduction.

Conference on the theme "Weapons of Victory".

2.1. Infantry weapon.

2.2. "The best tank of the second world."

2.3. "Katyusha".

2.4. "Donkeys", attack aircraft, "heavenly slug".

III. Forum “World War II or the Great Patriotic War?”3. Final word.

PROGRESS OF THE EVENT

1. Introduction

The most important, most beloved holiday in our country is approaching - Victory Day. On May 9, 1945, 65 years ago, a legendary military parade took place on Red Square. It was a demonstration of unprecedented combat power, which the USSR managed to achieve during the years of the Great Patriotic War. In just 4 years, during the war, samples of the best weapons in the world were created: rifles, grenades, tanks, planes, artillery mounts... They were developed by our scientists and specialists, they were made at factories by home front workers, mostly women and children. Truly the Great Patriotic War was this war.

According to the remark of the German generals, the Russian soldier of the vsenda was distinguished from the Western by unpretentiousness, endurance, the ability to fight in the most cruel conditions and, at the same time, incredible reliability. These qualities also distinguished the weapons with which our soldiers won the victory.

We dedicate today's conference to the weapons of Victory. The best small arms, the famous "Katyusha", "flying tanks" Il-2 attack aircraft, the most famous tank of the Second World War - T-34 - messages about this legendary weapons guys prepared. I give them the floor.

2. Conference on the theme "Weapons of Victory"

Presenter 1. I will talk about S.I. Mosin's rifle. (slide). Faithfully, she served our soldier from 1891 until the 1960s. almost 60 years old. This rifle was called the "three-ruler". It was distinguished by high reliability and simplicity. Other rifles had 70 or more parts, while the Mosin rifle had only 42. 5 rounds were placed in the clip, they could be both armor-piercing and incendiary. The rifle aimed at 2 km. Such a rifle weighed 4 kg, its length was 1230 mm. In total, during the war years, screw Mosin produced 12 million.

Presenter 2. PPSh-41 submachine gun. (slide). This wonderful weapon was created by the designer Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin: “PPSh-41” means “Shpagin submachine gun of the 1941 model”. The Shpagin machine faithfully served our foot soldiers. It was possible to disassemble the PPSh without a screwdriver - there is not a single screw connection in it. The production of this submachine gun was organized even at ordinary, non-arms factories. For example, at the Moscow Automobile Plant. During the war years, V.I. Stalin (ZIS) produced more than a million PPShs, and in total almost 6 million were produced. At all German factories, almost 6 times less machine guns were assembled during the same time. In military films, they usually show PPSh with a disk magazine. The disk included 70 rounds. Since the spring of 1944, more than convenient vending machines- with carob magazine for 35 rounds. It was possible to fire from a submachine gun both with single shots and bursts - up to 100 rounds / min. WITH effective range 100 - 200 m. PPSh weighed 5 kg.

Presenter 3. TT pistol. (slide). The development of pistols for the Red Army began in the late 1920s. After some time, tests were carried out at the shooting range. Three of our pistols, designed by Korovin, Prilutsky, Tokarev, and three foreign ones - the German "Walter" and "Parabellum" and the American "Browning" were presented. The pistol of the Tokarev system was recognized as the best: it turned out to be the most reliable and compact. The name "TT" - "Tula, Tokarev" was assigned to this pistol. Our commanders went through the whole war with TT. More than 1.7 million Tokarev pistols were produced from the beginning of their production in 1933 until the mid-50s. 50 m, bullet range - up to 1,000 m.

Leader 4 . Manual anti-tank grenades- RPG. They were developed by designers M.I. Puzyrev, M.Z. Polevanov, L.B. Ioffe, N.S. Zhitkikh. They even pierced the 120-mm armor of the vaunted "tigers". Anti-tank grenades weighed a lot: from 700 g to 1.3 kg. A strong and trained soldier threw them at 15 - 20 m.

The hand-held offensive-defensive grenade RGD-33 was invented by the designer M.G. Dyakonov in 1933. When throwing from cover, a special case (“shirt”) was put on the body of this grenade. This increased the radius of fragmentation from 25 to 100 m, and the radius of their lethal action - from 5 to 25 m. When a grenade with a "shirt" exploded, up to 2,400 fragments were formed.

Very popular among the soldiers was manual fragmentation grenade F-1 designed by F.I. Khrameev. Reliable and comfortable, it exploded flawlessly when dropped on hard surface, in mud, snow or water. A lot of fragments hit the enemy within a radius of up to 200 m. Each infantryman tried to stock up on a dozen of these grenades before the battle. They weighed, like the RGD, 600 g, but they were more convenient in the throw and flew at 35 - 45 m.

Leader 1 . In skillful hands, a grenade - formidable weapon. Here is just one example from the chronicle of the Great Patriotic War. Guard Lieutenant Orlov with seven fighters was surrounded. There was nothing to shoot with - the cartridges ran out. The lieutenant ordered the soldiers to hold a grenade in their fist, raise their hands and go towards the enemy, as if surrendering. When the Germans were 20 meters away, the guards threw grenades. Many enemies died, and our fighters broke through the encirclement and went out to their own.

Leader 2 . Degtyarev light machine gun. There is such a thing - "machine gun survivability." After making a certain number of shots, the weapon overheats, loses accuracy and fails. For light machine guns, a survivability of 10,000 shots was considered normal. Such an indicator was, for example, the best German "handbrake" MG-13. And now compare this figure with the one recorded in the "passport" of our light machine gun DP, created by Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev: 75 - 100,000 shots! The DP (Degtyarev infantry) was the best light machine gun of the Second World War in terms of its combat qualities. Here are its technical data: weight - 11.9 kg, magazine capacity - 47 rounds, practical rate of fire - 80 rounds / min., Sighting range - 1,500 m. During the war years, factories produced more than a million of these machine guns.

Presenter 3. Sniper rifles. Every fighter should shoot well, and the most accurate are called snipers. The word came to us from in English and means "sharp shooter". In the Red Army, snipers were trained in special schools. There they were taught not only the ability to hit the target from the first shot, but also the art of camouflage and observation. The sniper's weapon is a rifle with an optical sight. Our snipers fired from two types of rifles. Rifle model 1891 - 1930 loaded one cartridge at a time, aimed at 2 km. Another rifle - model 1940 - was reloaded automatically. The shooter did not waste time reloading and could concentrate on observing the battlefield and finding a target. The magazine of this rifle included 10 rounds.

"THE BEST TANK OF THE SECOND WORLD"

1940 - 1,500 m, she weighed 4.4 kg.

Leader 4 . Machine gun "Maxim". It was invented in 1883 by American engineer Hiram Maxim. Maxims were adopted by the armies of many countries. In 1910, the Tula masters P.P. Tretyakov and I.A. Pastukhov improved this machine gun. Having made more than 200 changes in its design, they reduced the weight of the Maxim by 5 kg. Colonel of the Russian army A.A. Sokolov suggested putting the "maxim" not on a tripod, like the Americans, but on a wheeled machine. The machine gun became more stable, and now it could be easily rolled from one position to another during the battle. The weight of the "maxim" is solid - 66 kg, try to drag it, and then - the wheels, everything is simple. "Maxims" of the 1910 model served well during the Civil War. They also came in handy in the Great Patriotic War. It was a formidable and reliable weapon. Filled with a tape for 250 rounds, "Maxim" aimed at 2.5 km, firing up to 300 shots per minute.

"THE BEST TANK OF THE SECOND WORLD"

Leader 1 . "The best tank of the Second World War" - that was the name of the Soviet T-34 tank. (slide). This tank is quite deservedly called legendary. He was much stronger than the German "Tigers", "Panthers" and "Ferdinands". Even the fascist ideologue of the tank war, German General Guderian, recognized the superiority of Soviet tanks. The T-34 tank was created by the designers of the Kharkov Locomotive Plant under the leadership of Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin in the late 30s. best tank not a single country has ever had a war. With a weight of 26 tons, the T-34 could reach speeds of up to 55 km / h, climb a hill at an angle of 30 degrees, and drive 400 km without refueling. IN tank crew there were 4 people. They hit the enemy with a powerful 76.2 mm cannon and two machine guns. Tankers were protected from enemy bullets and shells by armor 45 mm thick.

Presenter 2. In 1943, the improved T-34-85 entered service. He already weighed 32 tons, his armor was thicker - 90 mm, and a stronger gun - 85 mm. From a distance of half a kilometer, she easily pierced 138-mm armor. But most importantly, its design was incredibly simple, so simple that it allowed for the most complex repairs in the field. The designers of the tank understood that not very competent mechanics would repair it, and not very skilled workers would produce it. Therefore, they tried to make all the main components and assemblies of the machine as accessible as possible. This played a decisive role during the war, when one tank could go into battle several times - after the first damage, it was repaired here and sent back to battle.

Leader 3 . At the same time, the structural simplicity made it possible to establish the production of “thirty-fours” in incredible quantities. Shortly before the encirclement of Paulus' army at Stalingrad, Hitler was told that the Russians could build up to a thousand tanks a month, but he called the informers liars, saying that no one could produce such an amount of armored vehicles. In fact, the German analysts were really wrong - the Soviet industry at that moment produced 2,200 tanks a month, most of which was precisely the T-34. When this whole armada went on the offensive, she easily managed to surround the German army and prevent any attempts to break out of the Stalingrad cauldron.

Leader 4 . At the decisive moment of the Battle of Kursk, when the famous tank battle near Prokhorovka took place on July 12, 1943, another advantage of this vehicle was manifested - its maneuverability and speed. On a huge field near the village of Prokhorovka, about 1,200 tanks met in an unprecedented battle and self-propelled guns.

The fierce fight lasted until late in the evening. Towers flew from the tanks, gun barrels and caterpillars were torn to pieces. Clouds of dust and smoke covered everything around. Hundreds of "tigers", "panthers" and "Ferdinands" burned down on the Prokhorovsky field. Our troops went on the offensive and defeated almost 30 German divisions.

Presenter 1. (reads). “The Soviet tank looked like a soldier, next to whom he fought - an unpretentious, hardy soldier, able to endure all the hardships of war - long exhausting marches on roads and off-roads, fierce cold winter and a hot hot summer, a soldier capable of withstanding the most powerful blows of the enemy, and then inflicting even more terrible blows on him, throwing him kilometer after kilometer to the west. These tanks fought on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War, stormed cities, crossed rivers, and broke through defenses. Steel avalanches of "thirty-fours" in 1942 slammed the lid of the Stalingrad cauldron, in 1943 stopped the German offensive near Kursk, rushed, sweeping away the German defenses, in 1944 onto the Polish plains and, finally, in 1945 filled the streets of Berlin. In those years when it was possible to compare the merits of different tanks visually, for some reason no one had any doubts that this tank was the best in the world. And a column of "thirty-fours" on the street of the German capital - the best of that confirmation ”- this is how a military historian characterizes this tank. During the war years, our plants produced 52,000 T-34 tanks and over 21,000 T-34-85 tanks. In some countries, these machines officially remain in service until now.

Presenter 2. But besides this tank, there were others. There was a family of heavy tanks IS-1, IS-2, IS-3. The letters "IS" are deciphered as follows: "Joseph Stalin". The heavy IS-2 is considered the most powerful tank of World War II. Here it is specifications: combat weight-46 tons, crew - 4 people, armament - 122-mm cannon and three machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber, frontal armor- 100 mm, hull - 120 mm, engine power - 520 Horse power, speed - 40 km / h, cruising range - 180 km.

Presenter 3. And the KV-1 heavy tank was named after the first letters of the name of Kliment Voroshilov, the then minister of defense. It was a real fortress on tracks. A powerful engine of 500 horsepower allowed the 47-ton hulk to develop a very good speed for heavy tanks - 35 km / h. Without refueling, the KV could travel 250 km, sweeping away everything in its path with a cannon (76.2 mm) and three machine guns. The crew (5 people) was protected from enemy bullets and shells by 95-mm armor. Following the KV-1, the KV-2, KV-1S, KV-85 appeared. Each of them had their own advantages. On the KV-2, for example, instead of a 76.2-mm cannon, a powerful 152-mm howitzer was installed, the shells of which smashed the most durable concrete fortifications to smithereens. The KV-1S was 5 tons lighter than the KV-1 and could move at a speed of 43 km/h. This tank played important role in the Battle of Stalingrad. The KV-85 had increased armor protection - up to 100 mm, and the 85-mm cannon of this tank pierced the "foreheads" of the German "tigers" from a distance of 1,000 m.

"KATYUSHA"

Leader 4 . This guards jet mortar became the most terrible and formidable weapon of the Great Patriotic War. The first volley of the Katyusha was made by a bayare under the command of Captain Flerov in 1941 near Orsha. True, they were not immediately called “Katyushas”. They were called BM-13 ("Fighting Machine-13"). But someone noticed that the machines had a factory brand in the form of the letter "k" - the installation was produced at the Moscow plant "Compressor" - that's how the name "Katyusha" was born. And the song about the girl Katyusha was very popular then.

Presenter 1. In one salvo, the BM-13 fired 16 rockets at the enemy. Each projectile weighed 42 kg, and they flew 8.5 km. The Germans really wanted to get at least one "Katyusha", but throughout the war they did not succeed. But in many operations during the war, artillery preparation was carried out by regiments and even brigades of "Katyushas", and this is more than a hundred vehicles, or more than 3,000 shells in one volley. What is 3,000 shells that plow trenches and fortifications in half a minute, probably no one will be able to imagine ... Not a single army in that war could provide such fire. Traditionally, the Katyushas completed the artillery attack: rocket launchers fired a salvo when the infantry was already on the attack. Often, after several volleys of Katyushas, ​​the infantrymen entered the deserted locality or into enemy positions without encountering any resistance.

Presenter 2. It is difficult to imagine what it means to be hit by Katyushas. According to those who survived such shelling, it was one of the most terrible experiences of the entire war. The sound that the rockets made during the flight is described differently by everyone - rattle, howl, roar. Be that as it may, in combination with subsequent explosions, during which for a few seconds on an area of ​​​​several hectares the earth mixed with pieces of buildings, equipment, people flew into the air, this gave a strong psychological effect. When the soldiers took up enemy positions, they were not met with fire, not because everyone was killed - just the rocket fire drove the survivors crazy.

Presenter 3. Here are the lines from the memories German soldier. “Today at 8 o'clock in the morning the Russians opened deadly fire on our positions from guns, mortars and Katyushas. I have never experienced such horror in my life. We were thrown to the bottom of the trenches like a hurricane. We lay, afraid to raise our heads. Many soldiers went mad and beat their heads on the ground. I thought there was an earthquake."

Leader 4 . After the war, "Katyushas" began to be installed on pedestals - combat vehicles turned into memorials. The history of our rocket artillery is closely intertwined with the names of Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, Glushko. But the main designer of the legendary Katyusha is Andrei Kostikov, a man whose name is forever inscribed in the history of the Great Patriotic War.

"Donkeys", Sturmoviks, "Heavenly Slow Walkers"

Leader 1 . Il-2 attack aircraft. “Airplane-soldier”, “flying tank” - this is how the Soviet soldiers proudly called the Il-2 attack aircraft. Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin has been developing it since the mid-1930s. In 1940, a single-seat aircraft was put into mass production, but by the beginning of the war there were few of these attack aircraft in our aviation. Due to the reinforced hull armor, the speed of the Il-2 did not exceed 415 km / h, and German fighters easily overtook it. And there was no shooter who would sit behind and beat off their attacks. This mistake was quickly corrected: in 1942, a two-seat Il-2M appeared with two cannons and three machine guns. The attack aircraft could also carry 600 kg of bombs and 8 rockets. No army in the world had such an aircraft. In 1943, even more powerful machines, the Il-10M, arrived at the front. They flew at a speed of 550 km / h and were armed with 5 guns. For that time it was a superweapon.

Presenter 3. Among the military professions of the Great Patriotic War, the profession of an attack pilot was one of the most dangerous and terrible. They had to work in the most difficult conditions - over the battlefield, at a low altitude, where the plane could even be shot down with a rifle. How dangerous this profession was can be judged at least by the following fact - at the beginning of the war, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded in just 30 sorties. Then, after 1943, this qualification was raised to 80 flights. As a rule, in the assault aviation regiments that began to fight in 1941, by the end of the war there was not a single veteran left - their composition changed completely.

Leader 4 . The fact is that in the IL-2 it was, without exaggeration, a "flying tank". All the vital organs of the aircraft - the engine, cooling system, cockpit and fuel tanks were covered in an armored "bath" made of special aviation armor. This armor turned out to be so strong that at first, until diamond-coated drills were developed, technological holes had to be cast in it - it was impossible to drill them after hardening. This made the IL-2 very tenacious - often the planes returned to the airfield with huge holes in the planes, often without half of the tail, but with a live crew. Many pilots did not die as a result of hostilities - they crashed due to the fact that they flew at too low an altitude with bad weather conditions. They, working at ultra-low altitudes, could destroy targets with greater efficiency. There is a known case when only two attack aircraft were destroyed during a sudden raid on railway station three German echelons - with fuel, ammunition and equipment.

Presenter 1. "Donkeys against the Nazis." In 1936, a fascist rebellion broke out in Republican Spain, a 3-year Civil War. The Spanish fascists rushed to power in Spain, they were helped by the Nazis from Germany and Italy. Hitler sent the Condor Air Legion to Spain to test his new technology in combat conditions. But the Soviet "donkeys" defended the sky of Spain. "Ishak" was the name of the light, maneuverable I-16 fighter, which was created in the design bureau of Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov in 1933 and tested by the famous pilot Valery Chkalov. The I-16 flew at speeds up to 490 km/h - very respectable in those days, was armed with two machine guns and could take up to 500 kg of bombs. The pilots appreciated the I-16 not only for its speed and maneuverability, but also for its amazing survivability. German and Italian planes caught fire and fell from one well-aimed machine-gun burst, and our "donkey", even riddled with bullets, reached its airfield. Our pilots nicknamed the I-16 for endurance and unpretentiousness, and the Spaniards came up with their own name for this fighter - “snub-nosed”.

Presenter 2. Fighter Yak-3. In 1043, the German Focke-Wulf-190 fighter-bomber appeared on the Eastern Front. It was a very serious car, one of the best in that war: speed - 660 km / h, ceiling - 10,500 m, 4 cannons, 2 machine guns. The Nazis hoped that the Focke-Wulf would help them regain the air superiority they had at the beginning of the war. But very soon the German command had to send out an order to its pilots: when meeting with a new Soviet fighter Yakovlev's designs to evade battle! The plane that the Nazis were so afraid of was the Yak-3, which entered our flight regiments in the spring of 1944. In terms of speed and flight altitude, it was not inferior to German vehicles, but it was lighter than them and outplayed them in maneuverable combat. When the French Normandy squadron was formed on the territory of the Soviet Union, the pilots were asked which fighters they would like to fight on. Experienced pilots unanimously answered: "On the Yak-3!" By May 1945, Normandy pilots shot down almost 300 German aircraft, and after the Victory they returned to liberated Paris in their Yaks.

Presenter 4. "Heavenly slug" - that was the name of the Po-2 aircraft. It was not intended for war at all. Designer Polikarpov created it in 1928. Cadets of flight schools could train on a light two-seater car (until 1944, the aircraft was called 6 U-2 - “Training Double”). Po-2 could be an ambulance, agricultural, postal, sports aircraft. And during the war years, he became a night bomber. The speed of the Po-2 is low - only 150 km / h, and unexpectedly this turned out to be its advantage. There were no helicopters then, and the Po-2 did what they were capable of doing. Unnoticed, at low altitude, sometimes even with the engine turned off, he "sneaked up" to enemy positions and with an accuracy inaccessible even to the most top bombers, dropped bombs - up to 300 kg.

Presenter 1. The Germans called Po-2 "Russian plywood" (it was made of wood) and were very afraid. It was difficult to shoot down the "heavenly slug" because of the difference in speeds, the fighters slipped past. And anti-aircraft gunners are used to shooting at aircraft that fly high, and they simply did not have time to aim at the unexpectedly appearing Po-2.

Our soldiers came up with an affectionate nickname for this plane - "corn" - it flew above the ground itself, no higher than corn. During the war, the Po-2 was used to perform various combat missions. He served not only as a light night bomber, but also as a reconnaissance aircraft, a communications aircraft, an orderly, and helped supply partisan detachments. Nearly 100,000 cadets were trained on the Po-2 in flight schools. In total, 40,000 Po-2 aircraft of various variants were produced.

Leader 2 . But not only tanks, Katyushas, ​​infantry weapons, aircraft were weapons that forged the Victory. We must not forget about those who worked in the rear. In many families, in addition to front-line soldiers, there were home front workers. Basically, these are women and children, teenagers. They worked at plants and factories, on collective farms, built fortifications. It is in the spiritual strength, in the unity of the people, that the main weapon that brought Victory to our country lies. Now a student of our group Anisimova Maria will tell about her great-grandmother. (student's story).

III. Forum « Russia is one of the leaders in the production of weapons. Is it good or bad ?»

Classroom teacher. We listened to stories about the weapons that helped our people win the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. IN last years more and more often they began to call the Great Patriotic War the Second World War. But those who survived the war, who fought, who worked in the rear, react very painfully to this replacement. How do you feel about such a change?

(Students speak.)

Is it possible to agree with those who say that the USSR defeated Hitler with "bare hands", only by numbers, and not by skill?

(Students speak.)

Russia is one of the leaders in the production of weapons. Is it good or bad?

(Students speak.)

How do you feel about the military parades in which he takes part Combat vehicles?

(Students speak.)

The children of war are now elderly people, they often have to prove that they are also related to the war. Do you think that they were correctly equated with participants in the war?

Are there children of war among your relatives? Did they have to work in military factories in the rear?

(Students speak.)

IV. Final word

Classroom teacher. The weapons of Victory are tanks, planes, and the famous Katyushas. This weapon was created by engineers and scientists. But the home front workers embodied it in metal - and these were mainly old people, women, and children. Day and night they stood at their machines, suffered hunger, deprivation, lived according to the principle: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” And they contributed to the Victory, every day they brought it closer as best they could. It is in this spiritual strength, in the unity of the people, that the main weapon that brought Victory to our country lies. The Great Patriotic War was a time of suffering and trials, but people of the older generation are proud of their era.

V. Summing up (reflection)

Classroom teacher. Whose story do you remember today? What did you find the most surprising and incredible?

Weapons of Victory Cannons Machine guns Katyusha tanks 1941 - 1945 The work was completed by: Alexander Sidorkin Grade 8 Supervisor: Margarita Valerievna Kulikova computer science teacher MOU gymnasium No. 3 This presentation is built in the form of an electronic encyclopedia. It contains reference materials, videos, interviews with veterans recorded in the museum of our gymnasium. The presentation has a non-linear structure, so the transitions are made through the links IL - 2, T - 34, BM - 13, MO - 4. For Soviet people of the older and middle generations, these combinations of letters and numbers are much more than a simple designation of brands of aircraft, tanks, guns and ships. More, because for 1418 days of the Great Patriotic War, of which each charter prescribes to be counted as three, the life of Soviet soldiers and sailors countless times depended on the engines, armor and weapons of these combat vehicles, on the courage and skill of their crews and crews. By the beginning of World War II, the system of small arms of the Red Army as a whole corresponded to the conditions of that time and consisted of the following types of weapons: personal (pistol and revolver), individual weapons of rifle and cavalry units (magazine rifle and carbine, self-loading and automatic rifles), sniper weapons ( magazine and self-loading sniper rifles), individual weapons of submachine gunners (pistol - machine gun), collective weapons of rifle and cavalry squads and platoons (light machine gun), machine gun units (easel machine guns), anti-aircraft small arms (quadruple machine gun mounts and heavy machine guns), small arms tanks (tank machine gun). In addition, they were armed with hand grenades and rifle grenade launchers. 7.62 - mm submachine gun mod. 1941 PPSh - 41 Shpagin Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17). 04.1897 - 02/06/1952 12.7 mm machine gun DShK - 38 Degtyarev - Shpagin 7, 62 mm light machine gun mod. 1944 RPD Degtyarev 7.62 mm submachine gun mod. 1934 PPD-34 Degtyarev V.A.Degtyarev - an outstanding Soviet designer of small arms anti-tank rifle PTRD - 41 Degtyarev 7.62 - mm pistol mod. 1930 TT Tokarev 7.62 mm rifle AVT - 40 Tokarev 7.62 - mm rifle mod. 1938 SVT - 38 Tokarev F. V. Tokarev - the inventor of the best pistol World War II Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev was born on December 21, 1879 in the city of Tula. In 1901 he was called up for military service. He served in the weapons workshop at the officer shooting school in Oranienbaum. Since 1905, he worked as a mechanic in the workshop at the weapons range. Under the leadership of Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, he began manufacturing a sample of the first Russian automatic rifle. This work was then continued at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant. In 1916 he invented and successfully tested an automatic carbine. Since 1918, Degtyarev headed the experimental workshop of the weapons factory, and then the design bureau of automatic small arms, organized by V. G. Fedorov. In 1924, he began work on the creation of the first sample of a 7.62 mm light machine gun, which was put into service in 1927 under the name DP (Degtyarev Infantry). On the basis of a light machine gun, then aviation machine guns DA and DA - 2, a tank machine gun DT, a company machine gun RP - 46 were created. In 1934, the Degtyarev PPD-34 submachine gun was adopted, which was later developed into the PPD-38 and PPD-40 models. In 1930, Degtyarev developed a 12.7 mm DK heavy machine gun, which, after improvement by Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin, was named DShK in 1938. In 1939, the Degtyarev DS-39 heavy machine gun entered service. During the Great Patriotic War, he developed and transferred to the troops a 14.5 mm anti-tank rifle PTRD and a light machine gun of the 1944 model (RPD) chambered for 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev - four times winner of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1944, 1949). He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders of Suvorov 1st and 2nd degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Red Star and medals. Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev (December 21, 1879, Tula - January 16, 1949, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor, Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service, four times winner of the State Prize of the USSR. Fyodor Vasilyevich Tokarev (June 14, 1871 - June 7, 1968) - Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor (1940), Doctor of Technical Sciences. In 1887, Fedor Vasilyevich entered the Novocherkassk Military Craft School, where he studied under the gunsmith Chernolikhov. In 1891, Tokarev graduated from school with a degree in gunsmithing and was sent as a gunsmith to the 12th Cossack regiment. After graduating from the cadet school (1900), he served in the same regiment as the head of weapons (in the rank of cornet). In 1907, while attending courses at the Officer Rifle School in Oranienbaum, Tokarev saw the first automatic weapon. He immediately determined by natural instinct that this weapon was destined to play an outstanding role, and he really wanted to engage in the design of such systems. In 1908, Tokarev presented the first sample of an automatic rifle based on the Mosin magazine rifle. 1891 Automation operated on the principle of barrel recoil with a short stroke. The artillery committee approved the system, and Tokarev received a War Ministry award. In 1927, Fedor Vasilievich developed the first domestic pistol - a machine gun (automatic) chambered for a revolving cartridge. In 1930, the Tokarev self-loading pistol (TT) entered service, and in 1938 the Tokarev self-loading rifle (SVT-38, later SVT-40). The TT pistol (Tula - Tokarev) was the best pistol of the Second World War. The Tula-Tokarev pistol of the 1933 model is still phenomenally popular all over the world. In 1940, the designer developed a sniper rifle with an optical sight and a high-speed automatic rifle. Invented and manufactured by F. V. Tokarev, automatic weapons favorably differed from others created in our country and abroad. Lightweight and easy to use, it did not malfunction, allowing soldiers to use it in sniper shooting. The merit of Tokarev was that he was the first of the Soviet designers to supply the army with an automatic rifle and an automatic machine gun, paving the way for the further development of the design ideas of gunsmiths with his work. The role of F. V. Tokarev is also great in the development of automatic pistols. His famous "TT" was tested in many battles and was successfully used in the army for several decades. Shpagin submachine guns, along with the famous Grabin ZIS-3 cannons, the famous Koshkin T-34 tanks and the legendary Katyushas, ​​were the most popular and beloved weapons by Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. Georgy Semenovich Shpagin was born in 1897 in the village of. Klyuchnikovo, Kovrovsky district, Vladimir province in a peasant family. In 1916, Shpagin was drafted into the army, he did not end up in combat units, but was assigned as a gunsmith to an infantry regiment. Being inquisitive, Shpagin quickly studied the Nagant revolver, the Mosin three-line rifle, the Maxim easel machine gun, and foreign light machine guns. Skillful hands, ingenuity and initiative of the young gunsmith contributed to the fact that a year later he was transferred to army artillery workshops. His first developments include the design of a ball mount for a paired 6.5 - mm tank machine gun Fedorova - Ivanova. This work served as the basis for Shpagin's later creation of a ball mount for mounting a 7.62 mm DT tank machine gun in tanks, armored vehicles, and armored platforms. In 1924 - 1926 Shpagin actively worked together with Degtyarev on the creation of a light machine gun. Since that time, Shpagin has been entrusted with the development of critical components and new systems of automatic small arms. In 1931, Degtyarev attracted Shpagin to work on the design of his heavy machine gun DK - 32. The Red Army and the Navy received a truly effective and very effective tool in service in 1938 military air defense under the name "12.7 - mm large-caliber machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin model 1938" New machine gun immediately received an excellent rating in the troops. Georgy Semenovich for success in creating new types of weapons and military equipment awarded him the first state award - the Order of the Red Star. Soon he created the famous PPSh submachine gun, which became a symbol of Soviet weapons during the Great Patriotic War. In September 1940, Shpagin presented an original submachine gun to the GAU Artkom, striking with the simplicity and elementary design. In this submachine gun, new design solutions were applied, which largely improved its performance. Along with this, Shpagin managed to achieve exceptionally high production and economic indicators of the new weapon. First of all, this concerned a significant reduction in labor costs for its production. 13.9 kg of metal and from 5.6 to 7.3 - 7.8 (depending on production capacity) machine hours were spent on the manufacture of the Shpagin submachine gun. Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17). 04.1897 - 02.06.1952 In the harsh years of the war, the Shpagin submachine gun was the most faithful friend for our soldiers and a merciless weapon for the destruction of enemies Artillery is one of the three oldest branches of the military, the main striking force of the ground forces of modern armies. Artillery has a diverse classification according to its combat mission, types of weapons systems and organizational and staff structure. Talented artillery designers V. G. Grabin, F. F. Petrov, I. I. Ivanov and many others during the war created new, perfect models of artillery weapons. Design work was also carried out at factories. During the war, factories produced many prototypes of artillery weapons; a significant part of them went into mass production. 2.3. A few seconds of war As of June 1, 1941, the tank fleet of the Red Army consisted of 23. 106 tanks, of which 18 are combat-ready. 691 or 80.9%. In five border watering districts (Leningrad, Baltic, Western Special, Kiev Special and Odessa) there were 12. 782 tanks, including combat-ready - 10. 540 or 82.5% (repair, therefore, required 2.242 tanks). Most of the tanks (11.029) were part of twenty mechanized corps (the rest were part of some rifle, cavalry and separate tank units). From May 31 to June 22, these districts received 41 KB, 138 T - 34 and 27 T - 40, that is, another 206 tanks, which brought their total number to 12. 988 . Basically it was T - 26 and BT. The new KB and T - 34 were 549 and 1 . 105 , respectively. On June 22 and 23, the 3rd, 6th, 11th, 12th, 14th and 22nd mechanized corps of the Red Army entered into heavy fighting in the area of ​​Siauliai, Grodno and Brest. A little later, eight more mechanized corps went into battle. Our tankers not only defended, but also counterattacked. From June 23 to June 29, in the Lutsk-Rovno-Brody region, they fought a fierce oncoming tank battle against the 1st tank group of General E. Kleist. On the left, it was hit from the direction of Lutsk by the 9th and 19th mechanized corps, and from the south of Brody by the 8th and 15th. Thousands of tanks took part in the battle. T - 34 and KB of the 8th mechanized corps badly battered the 3rd German motorized corps. And although the counterattack of the set goal (to throw the enemy across the state border) did not achieve, the enemy’s offensive slowed down. He suffered heavy losses - by July 10 they amounted to 41% of the initial number of tanks. But the enemy was advancing, the wrecked tanks remained in his hands, and the very effective German repair units quickly brought them back into operation. Our wrecked or left without fuel and blown up by the crews remained in the hands of the enemy. Although by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, combat missiles were far from being a novelty in military affairs, their first appearance at the front was a surprise not only for the Nazis, but also for Soviet soldiers and officers. The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and their guidance device. The rocket was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS - 132 projectile for installing the BM - 13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. was inside the cylinder with plumage. Warhead weight - 22 kg. Solid nitrocellulose. Range - 8.5 km. The M - 31 projectile for installing the BM - 31 was 310 mm in diameter, it weighed 92.4 kg and contained 28.9 kg of explosives. Range - 13 km duration of a volley for BM - 13 (16 shells) - 7 - 10 seconds, for BM - 8 (24 - 48 shells) - 8 - 10 seconds; loading time - 5 - 10 minutes; for BM - 31 - 21 (12 guides) - 7 - 10 sec. and 10 - 15 min. The production of BM - 13 units was organized at the Voronezh plant named after. Comintern and at the Moscow plant "Compressor". One of the main enterprises for the production of rockets was the Moscow plant. Vladimir Ilyich. During the war, various versions of the rocket and launchers were created: BM 13 - CH (with spiral guides, which significantly increased firing accuracy), BM 8 - 48, BM 31 - 12, etc. Not a single country in the world had an aircraft, equal to IL - 2 in combat qualities, and not a single aircraft in the world was built in such quantity as IL - 2. This machine went through the entire war from the first to last day . The need for attack aircraft was greater than for any other aircraft, and if 249 Ils were produced in the first half of 1941, then in total during the war years 40 thousand Ilyushin attack aircraft arrived at the front, which from the beginning of 1944 accounted for one third of all combat Soviet aircraft. The designer of the Il - 2 aircraft Serge y Vladi Mirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) The losses of the Il - 2 in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War were very high. Part of the reason for these large losses has to be recognized as design flaws in the aircraft. Despite all its shortcomings, the Il - 2 turned out to be the only aircraft in 1941 that successfully operated against the advancing German units, and especially armored ones. Theoretically, IL - 2 had an alternative. Usually called the armored attack aircraft of P. O. Sukhoi - Su - 6, which in many respects surpassed the Ilyushin aircraft. But the prototype of the two-seat version of the Su - 6 attack aircraft was tested only in the fall of 1943. Its real combat advantages were not obvious, and the limited production capabilities of the Soviet aircraft industry during the war did not allow one more attack aircraft to be put into production without reducing the production of another. Therefore, the Su - 6 did not go into production. Maybe it was a mistake. In the Soviet Army from 1919, first an aircraft mechanic, then a military commissar, and from 1921 the head of an aircraft repair train. Graduated from the Air Force Academy. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky (1926; now VVIA). During his studies at the academy, he built three gliders. After graduating from the academy, he headed the section of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force. Then he worked at the research airfield of the Air Force. Since 1931, the head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI. In 1933, he headed the Central Design Bureau at the Moscow plant named after V. R. Menzhinsky, which later became the Ilyushin Design Bureau, whose activities were associated with the development of assault, bomber, passenger and transport aviation. From 1935 Ilyushin was the chief designer, in 1956-70 he was the general designer. He created his own school in aircraft building. Under his leadership, mass-produced attack aircraft Il - 2, Il - 10, bombers Il - 4, Il - 28, passenger aircraft Il - 12, Il - 14, Il - 18, Il - 62, as well as a number of experimental and experimental aircraft. Ilyushin's attack aircraft during Vel. The Patriotic War formed the basis of Soviet attack aviation as a new type of aviation, closely interacting with ground forces. Il - 2 - one of the mass aircraft of the war period. Sergei Vladimirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) Soviet aircraft designer, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1941, 1957, 1974). THE USSR. A few minutes next to the workers In the classroom defense circle. Actors of the Moscow Maly Theater study the Degtyarev machine gun. September 1941 During the war, 6 new and 3 modernized models of small arms, 7 samples of grenades were put into service. Tests of new models took place not only at the scientific and test range for small arms and mortar weapons in Shchurovo and at the range of the Shot courses, but also directly at the fronts. Prominent scientists and engineers were attracted to work in the bodies of the State Defense Committee and the NKV. They replaced those who had gone to the front. Leningrad. In total, during the war years, Soviet industry produced about 13 million rifles, 6.1 million submachine guns, 1.7 million pistols and revolvers, 1.5 million machine guns of all types, 471.8 thousand anti-tank rifles. For comparison, in Germany during the same period, 8.5 million rifles and carbines, 1 million submachine guns, 1 million machine guns were produced. “Machine guns” during the war were called submachine guns, and until now this inaccuracy in the name often causes confusion. The role of the main automatic weapon of the Second world submachine gun was taken, in general, by accident: considered an auxiliary weapon before the war, during it it turned out to be the simplest and most affordable means of increasing the density of fire. The 1942 Combat Charter of the Infantry (BUP - 42), which embodied the experience of the war, said: "Fire, maneuver and hand-to-hand combat are the main methods of infantry action." The infantry achieved fire superiority over the enemy primarily by increasing the density of rifle and machine-gun fire and mortar fire. If in August 1941 the German infantry division surpassed the Soviet rifle division in terms of the total number of pistols - machine guns and machine guns three times, and in mortars - twice (having, moreover, 1.55 times more personnel), then by the beginning of 1943 this number roughly equalized. At the beginning of 1945, an ordinary Soviet rifle division was approximately twice as large as a German infantry division both in terms of pistols - machine guns and machine guns, and in mortars, with an approximately equal number of personnel of the Soviet machine gunner. Since the battle became more mobile, more mobility was also expected from the infantry. It is no coincidence that since the beginning of 1942, demands have been put forward to lighten various models of small arms. On December 21, 1940, they adopted the “submachine gun mod. 1941 Shpagin (PPSh - 41)." In addition to the wide use of cold stamping and spot welding, PPSh was distinguished by a very small number of threaded connections and press fits. The weapon turned out to be outwardly rough, but the reduction in labor intensity, the cost of metal and time made it possible to quickly replenish the loss and increase the saturation of troops with automatic weapons. If in the second half of 1941 submachine guns accounted for about 46% of all issued automatic weapons, then in the first half of 1942 - already 80%. By the beginning of 1944, the active units of the Red Army had 26 times more submachine guns than at the beginning of 1942. The machine gunner is the son of a regiment with the legendary PPSh Anti-aircraft gunners on the defense of Moscow. In the background you can see the building of the "Government House" on the street. Serafimovich. An anti-aircraft gun on one of the buildings on Gorky Street in Moscow. 1941. To protect against enemy air raids, Soviet troops used 76, 2 mm anti-aircraft guns and 37 mm automatic guns Moskva. Anti-aircraft guns on the Commune Square near the theater of the Red Army. 1941 Howitzers at the firing line. August 1944 In 1943, the Nazi command, planning an offensive on the Kursk Bulge, pinned great hopes on the use of new heavy tanks "Panther" and "Tiger", as well as self-propelled artillery mounts "Ferdinand". In response to this, in the spring of 1943, the TsAKB design team launched work on the creation of a 100 mm anti-tank gun. The 100 mm field gun created by them had good tactical and technical characteristics: firing range - 20650 m, direct shot range - 1080 m, armor-piercing projectile due to the high initial speed (895 m / s) at a distance of 500 m pierced armor up to 160 mm thick, and at 2000 m to 125 mm, and on May 7, 1944, the gun was put into service under the name "100 mm field gun BS - 3 mod. 1944". German rocket launcher 15 - cm - Nebelwerfer 41 . German heavy siege gun that shelled Leningrad. The capture of the village by the Nazi military unit. Self-propelled artillery mounts are coming. Victory parade. June 24, 1945 Soviet tanks on the streets of Berlin. Soviet soldiers often made various inscriptions on the military equipment entrusted to them. Tank column "Dmitry Donskoy", built at the expense of believers. 1943 German heavy tanks knocked out by Soviet soldiers. Guards mortars at the Victory Parade In July 1941 - December 1944, Soviet industry manufactured about 30 thousand Katyusha combat vehicles and over 12 million rockets for them (of all calibers). The first cars were made on the basis of domestic chassis (only about 600 pieces - almost all, with the exception of a few, were destroyed in battle), after the start of Lend-Lease deliveries, the American truck became the main chassis for the BM - 13 (BM - 13 N). "Studebuker" (Studebacker - US 6) - about 20 thousand people cars were supplied by the USA for our "fighting girl". BM - 13 - a combat vehicle with shells of 13 cm caliber - could fire 16 shells within 15 - 20 seconds at a firing range of 8 - 8, 5 km. If you set the same task for cannon artillery, you will need 16 guns, the total weight of which is ten times greater than the weight of one automobile launcher. The speed of the BM - 13 on a good road reached 50 - 60 km / h. Only 1 - 2 minutes were required for its transition from marching to combat position. It took 3-5 minutes to reload after a volley, so in an hour one combat vehicle could make 10 volleys and fire 160 shells. Soldiers charge "Katyusha" The rocket launcher was originally installed until 1943 on ZiS trucks, which, according to the characteristics of the military, were poorly controlled and poorly passable - due to one drive axle! Therefore, cars got stuck in muddy roads, and often failed, which is the reason for the large losses of cars: out of 30,000 cars produced, 20,000 during the entire war died or were blown up by their crews - or captured by the Wehrmacht and the SS! After the start of Lend-Lease deliveries of Studebaker trucks, the car became more or less passable ... weapons - rocket launchers ("Katyusha") In the picture ... Rocket mortar - the legendary "Katyusha. Mortar on the square Preparing for takeoff The very first days of the war showed that IL - 2 turned out to be the best and most necessary for ground troops by plane. In April 1942, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, S. Ilyushin was again awarded the State Prize for the same machine - IL - 2. In the sky IL - 2 . Among the clouds, he looks like a "flying tank". The appearance of IL - 2 on the Eastern Front was a big surprise for the Germans, but the German fighter pilots quickly learned weak spots Ilyushin attack aircraft and learned to deal with it. Attacking the IL - 2, they came from behind from the side and from above, and from close (up to 50 m) distances they shot it with all available weapons with complete impunity, trying to get into the engine, pilot or gas tank that were not protected from above. However, at such a distance, even the armor could no longer protect either the aircraft or the pilot, and the poor rearward visibility and the lack of a rear gunner in the single-seat Il - 2 allowed German fighters to easily take vantage point to attack. I must say that the IL-2 armored hull was designed only for "gliding" strikes from fighter weapons. And in this case, the armor significantly increased the survivability of the attack aircraft compared to aircraft with conventional duralumin skin.

Tokarev rifle The Tokarev self-loading rifle was originally adopted by the Red Army in 1938 under the designation SVT-38, due to the fact that the Simonov ABC-36 automatic rifle previously adopted for service had a number of serious shortcomings. Based on operating experience in 1940, a slightly lighter version of the rifle was adopted under the designation SVT-40. The release of the SVT-40 rifle continued until 1945, in the first half of the war - at an increasing pace, then - in smaller and smaller quantities. The total number of SVT-40s produced was about one and a half million pieces, including about a few pieces in the sniper rifle variant. SVT-40 was used during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1940 and during the Great Patriotic War, while in a number of units it was the main individual infantry weapon, but in most cases only part of the soldiers were issued. The general opinion about this rifle is rather contradictory. On the one hand, in the Red Army, in some places she earned the fame of a not very reliable weapon, sensitive to pollution and frost. On the other hand, for many soldiers, this rifle enjoyed well-deserved popularity for significantly more than that of the Mosin rifle, firepower.

Mosin rifle The magazine rifle of the 1891 model of the year - the main individual weapon of the infantryman - had high combat and service qualities, but its many years of experience combat use urgently required a number of changes to the design. Therefore, the bayonet mount, sighting device were improved, and some changes were used to reduce the complexity of manufacturing. The upgraded rifle was named 7.62 mm rifle model 1891/30. Based on this sample, a sniper rifle, characterized by the presence optical sight, curved handle shape, as well as best quality trunk channel. This rifle model 1891/30 played a prominent role in the Great Patriotic War. Best Soviet snipers destroyed from it during the war years several hundred officers and soldiers of the enemy. Along with the rifle of the 1891 model, the carbine of the 1907 model was subjected to modernization, which after the improvement received the name of the 7.62-mm carbine of the 1938 model. The same changes were made to the design as in the rifle of the 1891/30 model of the year. The new carbine was characterized by: the absence of a bayonet, a shorter length (1020 mm) compared to the rifle of the 1891/30 model, and also a sighting range reduced to 1000 m. The rifle of the 1891/30 model and the carbines created on its basis were widely used along with the new individual automatic weapons in combat operations on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

Degtyarev RPD light machine gun The DP (Degtyarev, infantry) light machine gun was adopted by the Red Army in 1927 and became one of the first samples created from scratch in the young Soviet state. The machine gun turned out to be quite successful and reliable, and as the main weapon of fire support for infantry, the platoon-company link was massively used until the end of World War II. At the end of the war, the DP machine gun and its modernized version of the PDM, created based on the experience of military operations in the years, were removed from service. Soviet army, and were widely supplied to "friendly" USSR countries and regimes, having been noted in the wars in Korea, Vietnam and others. Based on the experience gained in the Second World War, it became clear that the infantry needed a single machine gun, combining increased firepower with high mobility. As an ersatz substitute for a single machine gun in the company link, on the basis of earlier developments, the RP-46 light machine gun was created and put into service in 1946, which was a modification of the DPM for belt feeding, which, coupled with a weighted barrel, provided greater firepower while maintaining an acceptable maneuverability. However, the RP-46 never became a single machine gun, being used only from bipods, and from the mid-1960s it was gradually forced out of the SA infantry weapon system by a new, more modern single Kalashnikov machine gun - PK. Like previous samples, the RP-46 was widely exported, and was also produced abroad, including in China, under the designation Type 58.

Tula Tokarev TT The TT pistol (Tulsky, Tokarev), as its name suggests, was developed at the Tula Arms Factory by the legendary Russian gunsmith Fyodor Tokarev. The development of a new self-loading pistol, designed to replace both the standard obsolete revolver Nagant model 1895, and various imported pistols in service with the Red Army, was launched in the second half of the 1920s. In 1930, after lengthy testing, the Tokarev pistol is recommended for adoption, and the army orders several thousand pistols for military testing. In 1934, according to the results of trial operation in the troops, a slightly improved version of this pistol was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "7.62 mm self-loading pistol Tokarev Model 1933". Together with the pistol, a 7.62 mm pistol cartridge of the "P" type (7.62 x 25 mm), created on the basis of the popular powerful 7.63 mm Mauser cartridge, purchased for the existing in large numbers Mauser C96 pistols in the USSR. Later, cartridges with tracer and armor-piercing bullets were also created. TT pistol arr. For 33 years it was produced in parallel with the Nagant revolver until the beginning of World War II, and then completely replaced the Nagant from production. In the USSR, the production of the TT continued until 1952, when it was officially replaced in service with the Soviet Army by the PM pistol of the Makarov system. The TT remained in the army until the 1960s, and to this day a significant number of these pistols are mothballed in army reserve warehouses. In total, approximately TT pistols were produced in the USSR.

PPSh 7.62 mm Shpagin submachine gun (PPSh), model 1941. The most common automatic weapon times of World War II. An important advantage of the PPSh was the simplicity of its design, which allowed the Soviet industry to organize its mass production in difficult wartime conditions. Automation is based on the use of free shutter recoil. The locking of the barrel when fired is made by the mass of the shutter. The trigger mechanism provides automatic and single fire. To protect the barrel from impacts and the shooter from burns, a metal casing with oval windows is provided. Sector sight, 500 m. Cartridges fed from disk or box magazines, holding 71 and 35 rounds, respectively. To increase the stability of the weapon during firing, a muzzle brake-compensator is used, which is one piece with the barrel casing. Birch stock, carbine type.

The Maxim machine gun The Maxim machine gun was actively used by the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War. It was used by both infantry and mountain rifle detachments, as well as the fleet, and NKVD detachments. During the war combat capabilities"Maxim" tried to improve not only the designers and manufacturers, but also directly in the troops. The soldiers often removed the armor shield from the machine gun, thereby trying to increase maneuverability and achieve less visibility. For camouflage, in addition to camouflage, covers were put on the casing and shield of the machine gun. IN winter time"Maxim" was installed on skis, sleds or on a drag boat, from which they fired. During the Great Patriotic War, machine guns were attached to light jeeps "Willis" and GAZ-64. There was also a quad anti-aircraft version of the Maxim. This ZPU was widely used as a stationary, self-propelled, ship, installed in car bodies, armored trains, railway platforms, on the roofs of buildings. Machine gun systems "Maxim" have become the most common weapon of army air defense. The quad anti-aircraft machine gun installation of the 1931 model of the year differed from the usual "Maxim" in the presence of a forced water circulation device and a large capacity of machine gun belts for 1000 rounds instead of the usual 250. Using anti-aircraft ring sights, the installation was able to conduct effective fire on low-flying enemy aircraft (maximum at altitudes up to 1400 m at speeds up to 500 km/h). These mounts were also often used to support infantry.

PPS-43 Submachine gun Sudayev PPS-43 Caliber: 7.62x25 mm TT Weight: 3.67 kg loaded, 3.04 kg empty Length (stock folded/unfolded): 615 / 820 mm Barrel length: 272 mm Rate of fire : 700 rounds per minute Store: 35 rounds Effective range: 200 meters The PPSh submachine gun, for all its merits, was too bulky and heavy for use in indoor conditions or narrow trenches, for use by tank crews, reconnaissance troops, paratroopers, and therefore in In 1942, the Red Army announced requirements for a new PP, which was supposed to be lighter and smaller than the PPSH, and also cheaper to manufacture. At the end of 1942, after comparative tests for the armament of the Red Army, a submachine gun designed by engineer Sudayev was adopted under the designation PPS-42. The production of PPS-42, as well as its further modification PPS-43, was established in besieged Leningrad, and during the war years about half a million PPS of both models were produced. After the war, the teaching staff was widely exported to pro-Soviet countries and movements, and was also copied a lot abroad (including in China, North Korea). PPS-43 is often called the best PP of the Second World War. Technically, PPS is a weapon built according to the blowback scheme and firing from the rear sear (from an open bolt). Fire mode - only automatic. The fuse is in the front trigger guard and blocks the trigger. The receiver, stamped from steel, is stuck with the barrel shroud. For disassembly receiver"breaks" forward and down along the axis located in front of the magazine receiver. PPS is equipped with a muzzle brake compensator of the simplest design. Sights include a fixed front sight and a flip rear sight, designed for ranges of 100 and 200 meters. Butt folding down, made of steel. PPS used box-shaped sector (horn) magazines with a capacity of 35 rounds, not interchangeable with magazines from PPSh.
Degtyarev and Shpagin machine gun Caliber: 12.7x108 mm Weight: 34 kg machine gun body, 157 kg on a wheeled machine Length: 1625 mm Barrel length: 1070 mm Food: 50 rounds of ammunition Rate of fire: 600 rounds / min Task for the creation of the first Soviet heavy machine gun , designed primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes up to 1500 meters, was issued by that time to the already very experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, Degtyarev presented his 12.7 mm machine gun for testing, and since 1932, small-scale production of a machine gun under the designation DK (Degtyarev, Large-caliber) began. In general, the DK repeated the design of the DP-27 light machine gun, and was powered by detachable drum magazines for 30 rounds, mounted on top of the machine gun. The disadvantages of such a power scheme (bulky and big weight magazines, low practical rate of fire) forced to stop the release of the DC in 1935 and start improving it. By 1938, the designer, Shpagin, developed a belt feed module for the recreation center, and in 1939 the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm Degtyarev-Shpagin heavy machine gun mod of the year - DShK". The mass production of the DShK was launched in the years. They were used as anti-aircraft weapons, as infantry support weapons, mounted on armored vehicles and small ships (including torpedo boats). According to the experience of the war in 1946, the machine gun was modernized (the design of the belt feed unit and the barrel mount were changed), and the machine gun was adopted under the designation DShKM. DShKM was or is in service with more than 40 armies of the world, is produced in China ("type 54"), Pakistan, Iran and some other countries. The DShKM machine gun was used as an anti-aircraft gun on Soviet tanks post-war period(T-55, T-62) and on armored vehicles (BTR-155).