Who is the Kraken? Kraken - a legendary monster from the depths of the sea Who is the Kraken

The legend and myths of the kraken are among the most widespread in the world. Everyone is trying to solve the mystery of his existence. But who is the kraken?

The word itself comes to us from the Scandinavian language - “crabbe”.

In ancient times, science was not so developed, and people used one word to call all creatures more or less similar in appearance. Therefore, Kraken is the general name for all huge squids and octopuses.

But legends describe a single monster that keeps all sailors in fear. Who is he?

Appearance of the Kraken

Despite the terrifying stories, the kraken is a very real creature.

The giant monster has an elliptical body. It can reach about 3-4 meters in length, and more than 100 in diameter.

The color is usually grayish-transparent and shiny. And the body itself is jelly-like, which allows it not to react to external stimuli.

Externally, the kraken resembles an octopus: it has a head and several tentacles, strong and long.

According to legend, one tentacle with a large number of suction cups can destroy a ship.

Like all octopuses, the kraken has 3 hearts: a regular one and a pair of gills that push blood through the gills.

The blood circulating in his body is blue. A set internal organs almost standard: liver, kidneys, stomach. The body has no bones at all, but there is a brain.

The head of the octopus is the center of nerve nodes that controls all functions of the body. Their sense organs - taste, smell, touch, hearing, balance, vision - are well developed. Huge eyes have a complex structure: retina, cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body.

Kraken has one distinctive feature: it has a specific organ whose properties resemble a jet engine.

It works as follows: having filled the cavity with sea water, the gap is tightly closed using cartilaginous buttons, and then the water is pushed out with a powerful jet.

As a result of this manipulation, the mollusk is able to move into the reverse side at a distance of about 10 meters.

The Kraken is also capable of releasing a cloudy liquid into the water when angered. It has a protective function and is poisonous.

It is almost impossible for a person to meet this giant, because it does not surface or does so extremely rarely.

Habitats

Krakens live in the open sea at a depth of 200 to 1000 meters. All oceans are habitats for these mollusks, with the exception of the Arctic Ocean.

According to one legend, it is believed that krakens are guards guarding the untold riches of destroyed ships.

Maybe that’s why it’s extremely problematic to meet them.

According to numerous legends of all peoples of the world, it is believed that the kraken rests at the bottom of the sea until someone wakes it up.

Who is this? Most likely the God of the seas. All sea creatures obey him.

His order is capable of raising the kraken from the bottom and awakening it from its sleep in the name of destroying everything.

There is also a myth that the kraken is controlled by a certain artifact.

In general, he is harmless because he sleeps for centuries and does not harm anyone without orders. But if he is awakened, the power of the kraken will destroy more than one coastline.

Mythical creature or real organism

Yes, the kraken really exists. In the 19th century, the first evidence of this was obtained. Three fishermen from Newfoundland were fishing near the shore.

Suddenly a huge stranded animal appeared on the sandbank. Before swimming up to it, the fishermen peered for a long time, trying to understand whether the creature was moving.

The dead kraken carcass was delivered to science Center, where extensive research has been conducted.

Later, several more huge monsters were found. Scientists assumed that an epidemic or disease was the cause of the death of so many mollusks.

The first researcher of the legendary kraken was Addison Verrill, a zoologist from America. It was he who gave the name to the animal and compiled a detailed scientific description. After this, the giants received official recognition.

Carl Linnaeus thought it wise to place krakens in the order of mollusks. Overall, he was right. These monsters - octopuses - really belong to mollusks. An unusual fact is that the kraken is close relative snails

French zoologist Pierre-Denis de Montfort published his own research in 1802. In them, he proposed dividing the kraken into 2 species: Kraken Octopus, living in the seas of the north, described by Poinius the Elder, and the huge octopus, terrifying on ships living in the south.

Other scientists did not accept this hypothesis, believing that the testimony of sailors was not the most reliable source, since they could mistake volcanic activity or changes in current directions for a kraken.

And only in 1857 were they able to prove the existence of a giant squid - Architeuthis dux, which could serve as the beginning of stories about the Great Kraken.

1852 was the time when a priest from Scandinavia was able to describe the legendary mollusk in detail. Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan and his Natural History of Norway gave the world scope for imagination with a colorful description of the monster's appearance.

Johan Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish zoologist, published a detailed work on krakens in general in the mid-19th century: he collected all the stories, evidence, images and drawings in one book.

And in 1853, he obtained real evidence of its existence - the throat and beak of a giant squid, which, apparently, had been washed ashore.

1861, November - first recorded meeting with existing kraken near the island of Tenerife.

The commander of the ship that collided with the monster obtained only a small fragment of the tail, since the rest of the carcass fell into the water due to gravity.

Legends

It turns out that the kraken is an ordinary mollusk, albeit gigantic size. Where then do the frightening stories about a formidable monster come from? Of course, legends.

Scandinavia. Kraken, in their interpretation, is Saratan, an Arabian dragon or sea serpent. It was about this monster that sailors created legends, the origins of which come from the giant squid carcasses found in the stomachs of sperm whales.

Legends abound with various stories about Viking encounters with the kraken.

One Viking set off on his ship to the British Isles, gathered a crew and took the velva on the road to prophesy the path.

They set off, and as soon as they left the fjord with full sail, a white veil covered the eyes of the velva, and she began to say: “The moment we come to the lands of distant relatives, the ocean abyss will rise and a bloody island unprecedented before will rise, and will descend a military army to the island, and this island will drag us to the bottom, for this is the word of Njorda!”

Naturally, the warriors of the unfavorable prophecy were frightened, but the path could not be canceled. They sailed for several days and nights, and as soon as the sun rose, after these days, the shore became visible on the horizon.

At first the Vikings were overjoyed, all the islands are known and are on the maps, but then the sea foamed, rose and something rose from the water. At first, the sailors thought that it was an island, but since they knew about the danger, they did not set foot on it. And the island continued to rise and soon it was already a sea monster, huge, red, with long rods extending from a huge body.

Coming out of the sea waters, the creature wrapped its tentacles around the ship and began to pull it to the bottom. Fearing for their lives, the warriors took out their swords and cut the creature's tentacles, and then its body into pieces. They managed to escape from death in the depths of the ocean...

Bermuda Triangle. It is believed that the Great Kraken rests in this area, which is why this place has become so mysterious. The disappearances are justified by the existence of a monster that is capturing everyone with its tentacles.

1810, the schooner Celestina, sailing to Reykjavik, noticed a huge luminous object in the water. As they approached, the sailors realized that it was Living being, resembling a huge jellyfish. It was 70 meters in diameter.

An English corvette on a voyage to America rammed a similar monster. Only the ship was able to pass through the giant, as if through jellied meat.

After which, according to eyewitnesses, the kraken died and sank to the bottom of the sea.

Evidence

• 2004 Falkland Islands. The fishermen's trawl caught a squid almost 9 meters long. It was taken to the museum.
• September 2004. Japanese scientists near Tokyo lowered a cable with food for squid and a camera under water, to a depth of about 1 km. The giant monster took the bait, hooking its tentacle onto the hook. For an hour he tried to free himself, and the cameraI was able to take 400 pictures. The giant left without one tentacle, which was subsequently sent for examination.

The image of the Kraken in art

• A. Tennyson, sonnet “Days of the Kraken”
• J. Verne, “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea”
• J. Wyndham, "The Kraken Awakens"
• S. Lukyanenko, “Draft” kraken lived in the seas of the world “Earth-three”
• D. Vance, "Blue World"
• "Pirates of the Caribbean 2: Dead Man's Chest"
• "Clash of the Titans"
• "Lord of the Rings"
• A game Tomb Raider Underworld
• World of Warcraft game
• P. Benchl "The Creature"
• S. Pavlov “Aquanauts”

Huge, creepy krakens have dominated the minds of sailors for centuries. Many believed that this monster was capable of entangling a ship with its tentacles and dragging it into the depths of the sea along with its crew. There were all sorts of tales about these monsters.

They said that the tentacles of the kraken can reach a length of up to one mile... And sailors allegedly often mistook the surfaced kraken for an island, landed on it, lit a fire and thereby woke up the dormant monster, it plunged sharply into the abyss, and the resulting giant whirlpool pulled the ship together into the abyss with the sailors...

The terrible kraken - myth or reality? The kraken was first mentioned in a Scandinavian manuscript around the year 1000, the above-mentioned Olaus Magnus (1490-1557) devoted a lot of space to it in his book, and the Danish naturalist Eric Pontoppidan, Bishop of Bergen (1698-1774), also wrote about the monster ). Although the Kraken is essentially mythical creature, it is believed that the giant squid became its prototype.

“It is difficult to imagine a more terrible image than the image of one of these huge monsters floating in the ocean depths, even more gloomy from the inky liquid released by these creatures in huge quantities; it’s worth imagining hundreds of cup-shaped suckers with which its tentacles are equipped, constantly in motion and ready at any moment to grab onto anyone or anything... and in the center of the interweaving of these living traps is a bottomless mouth with a huge hooked beak, ready to tear the victim apart, found herself in tentacles. Just thinking about it sends a chill through my skin.” This is how the English sailor and writer Frank T. Bullen described the largest, fastest and most terrible of all invertebrates on the planet - the giant squid. With short throws, this ocean giant reaches speeds that exceed the speed of most fish. In size it is quite comparable to the average sperm whale, with which it often enters into a fight to the death, although the sperm whale is armed with very sharp teeth.

The squid's beak is very strong, and its eyes are very similar to human ones - they are equipped with eyelids, have pupils, irises and movable lenses that change their shape depending on the distance to the object that the squid is looking at. It has ten tentacles: eight regular ones and two that are much longer than the rest and have something like spatulas at the ends. All tentacles are studded with suckers. The usual tentacles of a giant squid are 3-3.5 m long, and the longest pair stretches up to 15 meters. With its long tentacles, the squid pulls its prey towards itself and, entwining it with its remaining limbs, tears it apart with its powerful beak.

Until the second half of the nineteenth century, scientists doubted the existence giant squid, and the stories of the sailors were considered the fruit of their unbridled imagination. But for unknown reasons, many dead giant squids began to be found on the coasts and surface of the seas.

True, the monsters found were not always dead. “On October 26, 1873, three fishermen going to small boat, writes E. R. Richiuti in the book “ Dangerous inhabitants seas,” they saw some strange floating object in one of the fiords of Newfoundland, it was a giant squid. The fishermen had to fight it not to the death, but to the death: one of them, not suspecting anything, poked an unknown object with a hook, and immediately the squid’s tentacles flew out of the water, the animal grabbed the boat with a death grip and dragged it under the water. One of the fishermen, a 12-year-old boy, managed to cut off two tentacles of the squid with an ax, and it gave up; The fishermen leaned on their oars and safely reached the shore. The piece of tentacle cut off by the boy remained in the boat, and was later measured: it was 5.8 meters in length.”

The worst encounter between a man and a giant squid was reported in newspapers in 1874. The steamship Strathoven, bound for Madras, approached the small schooner Pearl, bobbing on the water. Suddenly, the tentacles of a monstrous squid rose above the surface of the water, they grabbed the schooner and dragged it under the water.

The captain of the schooner, who managed to escape, told the details of the incident. According to him, the crew of the schooner watched the fight between a squid and a sperm whale. The giants disappeared into the depths, but after a while the captain noticed that a short distance from the schooner, a huge shadow was rising from the depths. It was a monstrous squid measuring about 30 meters. When he approached the schooner, the captain shot him with a gun, and this was followed by a swift attack by the monster, which dragged the schooner to the bottom.

Biologist and oceanographer Frederick Aldrich is convinced that squid even 50 meters long can live at great depths. The biologist proceeds from the fact that all the found dead specimens of the giant squid, about 15 m long, belonged to young individuals with suckers with a diameter of five centimeters, while on many harpooned whales traces of suckers with a diameter of 20 centimeters were found...

Well, in the meantime, you can see the 8.62-meter-long giant squid with your own eyes at the British Natural History Museum. Archie (as the squid was nicknamed) was caught in 2004 by fishermen from a trawler near the Falkland Islands. Fortunately, the fishermen realized that they had caught a unique specimen, froze it entirely and transported it to London. Scientists not only examined the giant, but also prepared it for display. Now Archie, located in a 9.45-meter-long aquarium filled with a special preservative solution, can be seen by all museum visitors.

It is worth noting that when talking about the kraken there is often some confusion; the latter is sometimes considered a giant octopus. However, the reality of giant octopuses has not yet been proven, although there are a number of facts that indicate the possibility of the existence of very large specimens. For example, in 1897, the corpse of a huge octopus weighing about 6 tons was found on the beach of St. Augustine in Florida. This giant had a body 7.5 m long, and tentacles 23 m long, with a diameter of about 45 cm at their base.

In 1986, the crew and passengers of the motor ship Ururi off the Solomon Islands ( Pacific Ocean) were able to observe an octopus 12 meters long that surfaced from a depth of 300 meters. Approximately the same octopus was photographed in 1999. Therefore, it is possible that not only giant squids, but also huge octopuses took part in the formation of the eerie image of the kraken.

Andrey Sidorenko

The Kraken is a mythical sea monster of gigantic size, known from descriptions of Icelandic sailors, from whose language its name comes. Depicted as a huge octopus or squid.

Source: legends and myths of seafarers of different nations

Tennyson's Sonnet

Beneath the thunderous waves
Bottomless sea, at the bottom of the sea
The Kraken sleeps, undisturbed by dreams,
A dream as ancient as the sea.
Millennium century and weight
Huge algae of the depths
Intertwined with whitish rays,
Sunny above him.
Dispelled a multi-layered shadow on it
An unearthly spread of coral trees.
The Kraken sleeps, growing fatter day by day,
On fat sea worms,
Until the last fire of heaven
It will not scorch the Depths, it will not stir up the waters, -
Then he will rise with a roar from the abyss
A sight for the angels... and he will die.

It is known that in the 19th century, two ships belonging to different states with the same names “Kraken” sank, barely having time to leave the port. And the reasons for this circumstance are unknown. They simply weren't there. The ships sank on their own.

It is called Krake, Kraxe, Ankertrold and even Krabbe, but it gained worldwide fame under the name Kraken. It was classified as a cuttlefish, an octopus, and a squid. It should be noted that there is still no consensus on what type of marine life this deep-sea creature should be classified as. Just like there is no general theory of where the giant monster could have come from. Although there are quite a few versions. But does the “giant squid” really exist?

The Great "Kraken".

And it all started with rare attacks by a giant creature on Viking ships that ventured a little further from the shore than usual. The Vikings recalled with horror their battles with a huge monster that captured their ships with its long tentacles. It was the fishermen of Northern Europe who gave the monster the formidable name “Kraken”. And the maritime legends of Scandinavia contain references to a monster capable of twisting and dragging to the bottom a whale one hundred feet long.

Moreover, legends contain many descriptions of the Kraken. And everyone, without exception, says that he is nothing more than a sea monster possessing some kind of superintelligence. He alone lies on the bottom of the world's oceans, waiting for the whole earth to finally sink under water. Then he will become the main one on this planet, and no one will be able to stop him. He alone will enjoy the entire vast and unified space of the “water planet.”

However, despite the fear and danger, there were always a great many who wanted to discover the Kraken's lair. It was, of course, desirable that the owner be absent. The thing is that in the same Scandinavian legends, countless treasures are mentioned that the Kraken collects from the ships it sank. Legends even keep stories about lucky sailors who managed to get small parts of the monster’s wealth from the seabed.

Most researchers are confident that the first written mentions of real existence The Kraken belong to the immortal Homer. It was he who first described in literature the appearance and some of the habits of the terrible monster with 6 heads, Scylla. She lived in a cave in the sea between Italy and Sicily.

Descriptions are found in the chronicles of many more scientists and travelers Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome. The fear of the monster is reflected in the painting and sculpture of the time. Take, for example, the same eight heads of the Lernaean Hydra depicted on a marble slab in the Vatican. They look much more like the tentacles of a huge octopus than the predatory heads of a mythical monster.

But over time, they began to forget about the mysterious Kraken. He was mentioned less and less in stories and remained only in scary stories for children. Its existence was attributed to the rich imagination of sailors from the north. By the 15th century, even sailors finally stopped being afraid of him.

From the myths of Ancient Greece to our days.

But by the middle of the 18th century, the world again remembered the deep-sea monster. And again the ships of the northern countries of Europe fell victim to the Kraken. Only this time there were many more witnesses to the monster’s attacks, and the descriptions were much more detailed. But most importantly, the witnesses themselves belonged to the category of highly respected and revered people, for whom lying was unusual, and whom they were accustomed to trust.

First, the Archbishop of Uppsala (Sweden) Olaus Magnus, known to the world as a chronicler and an excellent historian, wrote a book on the history of the northern peoples. The book was published in 1555, and quite a lot of attention was paid to a certain “mysterious fish” that attacks ships. According to the archbishop's description, the size of the fish resembled a small island rather than sea ​​creature.

Further, the Danish naturalist Bishop of Bergen Erik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (E rik Ludvigsen Pontoppidan) in 1953 published two volumes of a book called “Natural History of Norway” (Bidrag til Norges Naturhistorie). The book contains unique materials on the natural history of Norway. And the Kraken is also mentioned in great detail. Bishop Pontoppidan described it as a crab fish that could easily drag the largest ships to the bottom. “The Kraken is capable of dragging even the largest warship to the bottom. But much more dangerous is the whirlpool that occurs when the animal suddenly plunges into the water.” In addition, the bishop names the Kraken as the main culprit of errors on the map. Since even the most experienced captains mistook the huge body of the animal for an island, they marked it on the map. Naturally, no one subsequently saw this island.

Based on the bishop's book, the world-famous Swedish naturalist and naturalist, as well as a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, Carl Linnaeus (Carolus), included the Kraken in his classification of living organisms. In Linnaeus' book Systema Naturae (1735), this mysterious and elusive sea inhabitant appears as cephalopod from the order of cuttlefish (Sepia microcosmos). It is worth noting that the author excluded the Kraken from the second edition of this book.

However, this did not stop the French zoologist Pierre-Denis de Montfort from making a clear distinction between the northern Kraken (kraken octopus) and the giant octopus of the southern hemisphere in his book “Natural History of Molluscs” published in 1802. De Montfort called the kraken "a colossal sea pulp."

Writers also kept up with the researchers of the world of fauna. Victor Hugo in 1866 mentions something similar to a giant octopus in his novel “Toilers of the Sea”. In 1870, Jules Verne’s book “20 ​​Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” was published, which also describes a giant octopus. Herman Melville releases Moby Dick, where he describes a gigantic fleshy creature 210 meters in length and with a whole tangle of writhing anacondas. And even James Bond in Ian Fleming’s novel “Dr. No” could not avoid meeting a giant sea monster.

Kraken attacks.

While science fiction writers were writing, Kraken wasted no time. Dozens of ships were attacked by the monster. So the British whalers on the ship Arrow in 1768 encountered a small island. The island turned out to be alive and offered serious resistance to experienced sailors. Moreover, the English ship barely managed to avoid sinking and its crew death.

As the sailors said, when the island suddenly began to move and they realized who they were facing, the captain gave the signal to attack. But at that moment, when the harpoon pierced the jelly-like mass, most of the crew members, as if on cue, became dizzy and started bleeding from the nose. At this time, the sea creature was able to climb aboard the ship with its tentacles. The whalers with difficulty managed to snatch the harpoon, with their joint efforts throw the monster back into the sea and escape from its pursuit.

In the logbook of another English ship, the Celestine, there is also a record of a meeting with the Kraken. This happened in 1810 during the flight from Rekjavik to Oslo. The corvette crew noticed an incomprehensible round object in the sea measuring about 50 meters in diameter. Deciding not to tempt fate, the captain of the corvette ordered to bypass it. But this could not be done. The monster's huge tentacles instantly grabbed the sides of the corvette, tipping it onto its left side. Despite the fact that after a long battle with an unknown monster, the team still managed to cordon off the ship, the damage was extensive, and the ship had to return back to the port of departure.

In 1861, the French sailing ship Adecton, on its way from Madeira to Tenerife, was attacked in the same way as the Celestine. But the ship's captain, Buie, and the ship's crew continued the battle until the monster retreated. As a reward, the crew received a part of the giant's tentacle, which was 7 meters long.

The London Times of July 4, 1874 contains references to the schooner Pearl and its battle with a cephalopod monster. On May 10, 1874, “Pearl” was very unlucky. The size of the Kraken that the British encountered almost immediately after leaving the port exceeded the size of the ship itself. After a short battle, the Monster managed to grab the mast with its tentacles, turn the schooner over and drag it under water. Several crew members managed to escape and were able to return to the UK on an unknown how surviving boat.

Where does the Kraken live?

Many do not believe that the Great Kraken is limited to only 30 meters in length. And therefore, in our time there are still enough ridiculous rumors, new myths and quite real facts about the mysterious and powerful Kraken.

One of the American newspapers dedicated to the study of the mysterious animals of our planet at one time devoted quite a lot of space on its pages to the Kraken. Once it contained an interview with one of the cryptozoologists, who said that, according to his assumptions, the habitat of the marine animal is located in the area Bermuda Triangle. It was there that the Great Kraken made its attacks. This, according to the scientist, explains the notorious history of disappearances of sea vessels in this area of ​​the Atlantic.

But the first thing modern seekers of the “Kraken” checked were ancient Viking maps. They are marked with places that should be avoided while swimming, as there was a high probability of encountering a deep-sea monster there. Following the maps, it turned out that giant octopuses are found mostly in Antarctic or Arctic waters at kilometer depths.

Some cryptozoologists believe that the appearance of Krakens is associated with the melting of ice. Giant octopuses, shackled for millennia by many meters of ice, are freed during the melting of ice masses and begin to show their aggression. Scientists also associate the appearance of huge dead monsters washed ashore in the Atlantic Ocean with this natural phenomenon. According to scientists, not all individuals managed to survive imprisonment in ice, and dead individuals were sooner or later transported to the coast in waves North America and Greenland.

Moreover, cryptozoology does not deny the possibility that the giant octopus existed millennia before the first man appeared on Earth. Its appearance on our planet may well coincide with the existence of dinosaurs on it. After a global catastrophe that shook the Earth's ecosystem, the "Kraken" is perhaps the only representative of that time.

There is another version, it is also directly related to Antarctica. It is believed that the world owes the appearance of giant squids to secret Nazi bases, also hidden inside the ice. Nazi Germany scientists' fascination with myths and legends northern peoples generally accepted. And some researchers believe that the creation of a creature similar to the Kraken could well have been provoked by the experiments of the Nazis. Create giant monster from Scandinavian legends, capable of detecting and sinking any ship and submarine, this is quite in the spirit of the research of scientists in Nazi Germany. After Germany's defeat in World War II, all the monsters were released and left to fend for themselves.

Scientists partially confirm some of these versions. Biologists and zoologists agree that the Krakens come from the Arctic and Antarctica. So, from the Arctic, octopuses follow the Labrador Current along the coast of North America. This current obeys some of its own rhythms, but once every 30 years its waters become especially cold, and then Krakens appear. But for the most part, giant squid are found dead in the Newfoundland area. Scientists are not yet ready to say unequivocally what this fact is connected with, with the reaction to warm currents Atlantic Ocean or with the characteristics of the cephalopods themselves and their strange migration.

It is worth noting the existence of several less popular versions. According to one of them, the “Kraken” is an ordinary squid that has undergone a mutation. According to biologists, mutation should not be excluded either, since this theory is quite real. Changes may be related to conditions and habitat. Also, mutation variants in the course of modern experiments should not be excluded.

Several more versions belong to ufologists. According to some of them, the “Kraken” is an alien intelligence that took a fancy to our planet tens of thousands of years ago. According to others, he was deliberately thrown out by aliens in order to poison the quiet existence of humanity at sea. The “Kraken” is also mentioned by ufologists as a guard for underwater alien bases.

Kraken found?!

It is not surprising that for the first time the sea monster was defeated by its native water element. In 1896, the remains of a giant octopus washed ashore were found by two cyclists. The monster's body was discovered by them during a morning walk along the coast in the town of St. Augustine, Florida. The length of the deep-sea giant was slightly less than 30 meters.

The body was examined by the scientific society's president, Dewitt Webb. Having still not determined what species the dead animal belonged to, the doctor sent photographs of it to Yale University biology professor Edison Verrill. Verrill himself became famous for proving the possibility of the real existence of a monster similar in size to the mythical Kraken. Only after re-examining the photographs did Verrill assign the name “o ctopus giganteus” to the then unknown creature, changing his original opinion that it was a squid. But he soon changed this opinion, coming to the conclusion that these were still the remains of a whale.

William Doll from the Washington National Museum no longer agreed with this. Doll, by the way, an equally famous expert on mollusks, insisted that the monster from the Florida coast belongs to the octopus family. Moreover, he arranged a very tough and lengthy correspondence with Verrill on this matter.

But Verrill was supported by zoologist F. Lucas, who literally stated the following: “It looks like whale fat, it stinks like a whale, which means it is a whale.” This very strange argument nevertheless tipped the scales in favor of Verrill’s version, and “o ctopus giganteus” disappeared forever from encyclopedias on zoology. True, at the same time it remained on the pages of most popular books and publications about the animals of our planet.

But still, the first description belongs to the Dane Stensstrup, who observed several giant objects off the coast of Iceland, as well as in the Sound. In addition, Stösstrup described a “sea monk” caught back in the 16th century, whose remains, as it turned out, had been lying in the Copenhagen Museum all this time. It was Stensstrup who assigned the Latin "architeuthis monacus" to Kraken in 1957, the largest squid species studied to date. And here is the official passport of this octopus, whose average length is about 20 meters, according to all the rules of zoology, it was designed by Professor Edison Verrill.

And although the Kraken has finally received the official name “architeuthis dux,” scientists are not sure that it is the largest representative of soft-bodied animals. The whole point is that there is another type of supergiant squid "m esonychoteuthis hamiltoni.” The largest recorded squid of this species reached 13 meters. But, according to researchers, these were just children’s specimens, and according to zoologists’ calculations, an adult should be at least twice as long. But no one has yet managed to pull out such a colossus.

To date, the largest representative found in the hands of researchers while still alive reached 19 meters. It was found immediately after a storm on the coast of New Zealand and was named "a rchiteuthis longimana". And in total, starting from the 18th century, about 80 individuals similar in size were found. This suggests that the Kraken is far from alone. Of course, if the actual dimensions of the “Great Kraken” are measured at 20-30 meters.

No one saw the live "Kraker".

Despite the fact that today the distribution area of ​​giant squids and octopuses covers almost the entire World Ocean, no one has ever seen one alive. All individuals whose length exceeds 20 meters were found exclusively dead.

Moreover, until now no one has been able to photograph the giant in natural conditions. Individuals of this size incredibly manage to avoid even being filmed. Research vessels use modern mid-water and bottom trawls and conduct their searches in various areas of the World Ocean, but without special success. Zoologists are inclined to believe that, like most cephalopods, these squids and octopuses sense the approach of ships. Or they live in areas of deep canyons. But how they manage to distinguish a curious research ship from a fishing trawl that can be sunk remains a mystery.

For the whole centuries-old history humanity has accumulated quite a large number of facts related to this sea ​​creature. But, as before, he remains mysterious and unknown creature With depths of the sea.

Kraken is widely known to modern man according to sea legends preserved from ancient times. Belief in sea monsters can be traced in the epics of most countries of the world that had access to the sea. The giant squid is found in many sources, under many different names. It was he who was once blamed for most maritime disasters.

In the article:

Kraken - appearance and habits of a sea monster

There are two main versions of describing the appearance of this monster. According to the first, it is a giant squid, according to the second, it is an octopus. At the beginning of the 19th century, near Iceland, sailors saw a giant glowing jellyfish, which was also called the kraken. If you believe the entry in the ship's log, its diameter was about 70 m. However, often any large sea monster with tentacles is called a kraken. In rare cases, the kraken resembles a crab, as well as a fish, which brings to mind the legends of - giant fish with a suction cup that stopped ships.

It was only in the 19th century that the French zoologist Pierre-Denis de Montfort proposed to distinguish two types of krakens. The first is the giant squid, which lives in northern waters. The scientist believed that it was precisely such a kraken that Pliny described. The second variety is a giant octopus that lives in the waters of the planet’s Southern Hemisphere.

In all legends without exception, the Kraken is attributed to large sizes. If you believe the legends, appearance Sailors who miraculously survived his attacks described it. Thus, the northern epic claims that the kraken’s back protrudes from the water and can be up to a kilometer in size. Its tentacles are so large that they can cover absolutely any ship. Even the largest warships could not withstand the attack of the kraken.

The size of the giant squid or octopus is so large that sailors of past centuries sometimes mistook it for an island. Stories from sailors have been preserved that describe encounters with a creature of this size. Their plots are similar - the team landed on an island, which suddenly plunged into sea ​​waters. In this case, a whirlpool often formed, dragging the ship along with it. The Kraken was often blamed for the loss of ships and maritime disasters.

The Kraken doesn't break ships for fun. According to the legends, he needs fresh human flesh for food. He ate people who found themselves at sea after the destruction of the ship. Surviving a kraken attack is quite difficult. Legends describe that, like the octopus, it secretes a dark liquid. But the “ink” of the kraken, unlike that secreted by the octopus, is poisonous.

Legendary monster most spends time hibernating at the bottom of the sea. As a rule, at this time part of his body protrudes above the water, forcing sailors to mistake him for an island. Fishermen believed that there were always a lot of fish swimming around the kraken. If you cast a net near it, you can get a solid catch. The Bishop of Bergen explained this by saying that the kraken secretes a huge amount of nutritious excrement that attracts fish.

Kraken in various sources

The most common references to the kraken are found in northern mythology. It is believed that Icelandic sailors were the first people to see this monster with their own eyes. However, it is impossible to call it part of only the northern epic, since giant sea monsters were part of the mythology of many countries - along with other creatures. There are many synonyms for the word "kraken" - crax, krabben, pulp, polypus.

Medieval Europe was no exception. Sailors and travelers have repeatedly described their encounters with this sea monster, which destroys ships with its tentacles. Pirate legends claimed that the kraken held treasures from sunken ships. It acts as an analogue to those living on land.

The first handwritten medieval source describing this monster was the notes of Bishop Eric of Pontoppidan of Bergen, dating back to the mid-18th century. The author recorded oral legends that were widespread among seafarers. He described the appearance of the monster differently than other authors. According to Pontoppidan, the kraken is a cross between a crab and a fish of enormous size, comparable to the size of a small island. As it moved, it formed whirlpools that pulled ships to the bottom.

In addition, the Bishop of Bergen wrote that the harmfulness of the kraken also lies in introducing confusion into the compilation of maps. Cartographers often mistook the huge mollusk for an island and included it in maps. It was not possible to detect such islands a second time.

The giant squid was also known in ancient Rome under the name polypus. Pliny the Elder wrote that he attacks not only on the high seas. Polypus also appeared on sea ​​coasts, where the fish was salted. It was one of the favorite delicacies of seafarers around the world.

According to Pliny, Polypus caused a lot of problems by eating all the salted fish. They tried to bait him with dogs, but he ate them too. Eventually, the giant squid was caught and sent to Lucullus, the proconsul who was known for his love of lavish feasts and delicious dishes. The length of the tentacles of the polypus from Ancient Rome was about 9 meters, and the thickness of the body was comparable to that of a human.

Encounters with the Kraken - sea legends

In the 18th century, the St. Petersburg Bulletin wrote about a huge squid washed up on the coast of Norway. It was discovered by Norwegian sailors. They claimed that this was a real kraken, described in many legends.

In 1774, an English newspaper described the story of Captain Robert Jameson who saw the kraken. Team members confirmed his words. The captain's testimony about this incident was given in court under oath. Robert Jameson spoke about what he encountered during the voyage huge creature. Its length was about 3 kilometers and its height was about 10 meters. The supposed kraken then appeared from the water column, then disappeared again. Eventually, he dived into the depths, causing violent disturbances in the waters. At the place where the sea monster swam, the sailors got a good catch, filling almost the entire ship with fish.

In 1811, an English corvette encountered the kraken while voyaging from Chile to American shores. According to the crew's stories, he suddenly appeared above the water almost in front of the ship's bow - only ten meters from it. Its size was impressive - the sailors compared the creature to an island. At full speed, the ship crashed into the kraken, feeling almost no resistance. The sea monster did not survive the collision with the corvette. His remains sank to the bottom.

Kraken and science

Back in the 18th century, there were suggestions that the kraken could be a particularly large squid or octopus. But until the end of the 19th century, science considered the existence of giant clams to be an invention of superstitious sailors. Skeptics explained the legends about them by volcanic activity, rapid and sudden changes in currents, as well as the appearance and disappearance of small islands - all this is typical of the coasts of Iceland.

However, at the end of the 19th century, the discovery of Canadian sailors proved that the kraken is not only a character scary stories, but also existing animal. They spotted a giant squid firmly perched on the sandbank and helped transport it to the science center. Before the beginning of the 20th century, several more individuals were found washed ashore and floating to the surface of the ocean. It is believed that some disease killed them.

Science does not deny the existence of squids 10-12 meters long. In addition, it is known that octopuses living at great depths reach larger sizes. This is proven by traces of their suckers, discovered by fishermen on the skin of whales and sperm whales. It was large and giant squids that served as prototypes for creating the image of a sea monster that killed sailors.

No living specimen resembling the legendary kraken has ever been caught to date. Museums display those that were found dead. Findings of individual body parts of huge squids is also common. The largest individual caught alive reached 10 m in length. In addition, there is a giant squid that is found in Antarctic waters. It was first described in the 20th century from tentacles found in the stomach of a sperm whale. In the 21st century, scientists filmed videos of giant squids that reached 3-4 m. The existence of giant octopuses has not yet been proven.

Who is the Kraken? This is a mythical sea monster of enormous size, reminiscent in its shape of a giant squid. According to stories, a monster lives off the coast of Greenland and Norway. Its first description was made by Eric Pontoppidan, a bishop, historian, writer and antiquarian. His active creative activity occurred in the first half of the 18th century.

But it should be noted that this venerable and universally respected gentleman never left land. The bishop compiled his description from the stories of sailors, and they, as you know, can tell at least something while sitting at a table in a cozy port tavern.

So, according to the description of Pontoppidan, the sea monster corresponds in size to a floating island. It has huge tentacles. With them he can wrap himself around any ship and drag it to the bottom. When the monster plunges into the depths, a whirlpool appears, representing great danger for ships. Sea monster It takes a very long time to digest food. At this time, it secretes nutritious excrement, which attracts a huge number of fish. Fishermen swim directly above the kraken and return home with a rich catch.

The sea monster was described in 1781 by the Swedish writer Jacob Wallinberg. According to him, when the monster floats to the surface, it releases water from its wide giant nostrils. From this, huge waves begin to diverge in all directions, fading only at a distance of many miles. These waves can cause ships and boats to capsize.

In 1774, a hearing was held in England, at which Captain Robert Jameson and the sailors of his ship testified under oath. They claimed to have seen a large sea ​​creature, whose body length reached several hundred meters and rose 9 meters above the water. It sailed on a parallel course to the ship and either emerged from the water or plunged into the depths of the sea. Having dived once again, the monster disappeared, and the sailors never saw it again.

At the end of the 18th century, the kraken became extremely popular in scientific circles. They imagined him as a creature similar to a giant octopus. The tentacles were equipped with suction cups with spikes on them. However, already at that time there were many skeptics. They argued that no sea monster exists in nature. Underwater volcanic activity is mistaken for it. It is characterized by bubbling water, whirlpools, currents and the appearance of new islands.

The existence of the giant squid was proven in 1857. After this, all experts began to associate the kraken with him. At the same time they were too embarrassed big sizes this inhabitant of the deep sea. However, some cryptozoologists have suggested that giant squids can unite in schools by analogy with small species, which for the most part are schooling.

A large school of giant squid on the surface of the ocean could easily be mistaken for a huge sea monster. Long tentacles and waves diverging in different directions add entertainment value. Thus, we can conclude that no kraken has ever existed in nature. It was created by the rich imagination of sailors, and scientists spent too much time separating fact from fiction.