What are the conditions for long-term planning of a paper plane. Zaripova Ruzilya

Relevance: "Man is not a bird, but strives to fly" It so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The advent of airplanes did not diminish the relevance of the ancient desire ... In modern world aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people travel long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people ... So who built the world's first aircraft and made a controlled flight on it? Who took this step so important for humanity, which became the beginning new era, aviation era? I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Research objectives: 1. To study scientific literature the history of aviation, the history of the appearance of the first paper planes. 2.Make aircraft models from different materials and organize an exhibition: "Our Aircraft"

Object of study: paper models of airplanes Problematic question: Which model of a paper airplane will fly the longest distance and the longest glide in the air? Hypothesis: We assume that the Dart airplane will fly the longest distance, and the Glider airplane will have the longest gliding in the air Research methods: 1. Analysis of the literature read; 2.Modeling; 3. Study of paper airplane flights.

The first aircraft that was able to independently take off the ground and make a controlled horizontal flight was the Flyer-1, built by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright in the USA. The first aircraft flight in history took place on December 17, 1903. The Flyer stayed in the air for 12 seconds and flew 36.5 meters. The brainchild of the Wrights was officially recognized as the world's first heavier-than-air vehicle, which made a manned flight using an engine.

The flight took place on July 20, 1882 in Krasnoye Selo near St. Petersburg. The aircraft was tested by the assistant of Mozhaisky mechanic I.N. Golubev. The device ran up a specially built inclined wooden flooring, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven.

The history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. 1930 Jack NorthropLockheed Corporation

Conclusion In conclusion, I want to say that while working on this project, we learned a lot of new interesting things, made a lot of models with our own hands, and became more friendly. As a result of the work done, we realized that if we are seriously interested in aeromodelling, then perhaps one of us will become a famous aircraft designer and design an airplane on which people will fly.

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane...ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane annews.ru/news/detailannews.ru/news/detail opoccuu.com htmopoccuu.com htm 5. poznovatelno.ruavia/8259.htmlpoznovatelno.ruavia/8259.html 6. ru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothersru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothers 7. locals.md2012/stan-chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/locals.md2012/stan- chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/ 8 stranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modulesstranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modules

Paper plane(airplane) - a toy airplane made of paper. It is probably the most common form of aerogami, one of the branches of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). In Japanese, such an aircraft is called 紙飛行機 (kami hikoki; kami=paper, hikoki=airplane).

This toy is popular because of its simplicity - it is easy to make even for a beginner in the art of paper folding. The simplest airplane requires only six steps to complete folding. Also, a paper airplane can be folded out of cardboard.

The use of paper to make toys is believed to have started 2,000 years ago in China, where kite making and flying was a popular pastime. Although this event can be seen as the origin of modern paper airplanes, it is impossible to say with certainty where exactly the invention originated. kite; as time passed, more and more beautiful designs appeared, as well as types of kites with improved speed and / or lifting characteristics.

The earliest known date for the creation of paper airplanes is 1909. However, the most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop is a co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas while building real airplanes. On the other hand, it is possible that paper airplanes were known as far back as Victorian England.

In the early 20th century, aircraft magazines used images of paper planes to explain the principles of aerodynamics.

In their quest to build the first aircraft capable of transporting a person, the Wright brothers used paper planes and wings in wind tunnels.

On September 2, 2001, on Deribasovskaya Street, to a famous athlete (swordsman, swimmer, yachtsman, boxer, football player, bicycle, motorcycle and auto racer of the early 20th century) and one of the first Russian aviators and test pilots, Sergei Isaevich Utochkin (July 12, 1876, Odessa - January 13, 1916, St. Petersburg) a monument was unveiled - a bronze aviator, standing on the stairs of the house (22 Deribasovskaya St.), in which the cinema opened by the Utochkin brothers - "UtochKino" was located, thought about it, about to launch a paper airplane. Great are the merits of Utochkin in the popularization of aviation in Russia in 1910-1914. He made dozens of demonstration flights in many cities Russian Empire. His flights were observed by future famous pilots and aircraft designers: V. Ya. Klimov and S. V. Ilyushin (in Moscow), N. N. Polikarpov (in Orel), A. A. Mikulin and I. I. Sikorsky (in Kiev) , S. P. Korolev (in Nizhyn), P. O. Sukhoi (in Gomel), P. N. Nesterov (in Tbilisi), and others. “Of the many people I have seen, he is the brightest figure in originality and in spirit” , - the editor of Odessa News, writer A.I. Kuprin wrote about him. V.V. also wrote about him. Mayakovsky in the poem "Moscow-Königsberg":
From drawings
Leonardo saddles,
for me to fly
where I need.
Utochkin was crippled,
so close, close,
a little bit from the sun
hover over Dvinsk.
The authors of the monument are Odessa masters Alexander Tokarev and Vladimir Glazyrin.

In the 1930s, English artist and engineer Wallis Rigby designed his first paper airplane. This idea seemed interesting to several publishers, who began to cooperate with him and publish his paper models, which were quite easy to assemble. It is worth noting that Rigby tried to make not just interesting models, but also flying ones.

Also in the early 1930s, Jack Northrop of the Lockheed Corporation used several paper models of airplanes and wings for testing purposes. This was done before the creation of real large aircraft.

During World War II, many governments restricted the use of materials such as plastic, metal, and wood as they were considered strategically important. Paper has become commonplace and very popular in the toy industry. This is what made paper modeling popular.

In the USSR, paper modeling was also very popular. In 1959, P. L. Anokhin's book "Paper Flying Models" was published. As a result, this book became very popular among modellers for many years. In it, one could learn about the history of aircraft construction, as well as paper modeling. All paper models were original, for example, one could find a flying paper model of the Yak aircraft.
In 1989, Andy Chipling founded the Paper Aircraft Association, and in 2006, the first paper airplane flying championship was held. The incredible popularity of the competition is evidenced by the number of participants. The first such championship was attended by 9,500 students from 45 countries. And after 3 years, when the second tournament in history took place, more than 85 countries were represented in Austria at the final. Competitions are held in three disciplines: the longest distance, the longest planning and aerobatics.

Paper Planes, a children's film directed by Robert Connolly, won the Grand Prix at the Australian film festival CinéfestOz. “This charming children's film will also appeal to parents. Children and adults play wonderfully. And I simply envy the director for his level and talent,” said Bruce Beresford, chairman of the festival jury. Director Robert Connolly decided to spend the $100,000 award on work trips around the world for the young actors involved in the film. The film "Paper Planes" tells the story of a little Australian who went to the world championship of paper planes. The film is director Robert Connolly's debut in a children's feature film.

Numerous attempts to increase the time the paper airplane stays in the air from time to time lead to the taking of the next barriers in this sport. Ken Blackburn held the world record for 13 years (1983-1996) and got it again on October 8, 1998, by throwing a paper plane indoors so that it stayed in the air for 27.6 seconds. This result was confirmed by representatives of the Guinness Book of Records and CNN reporters. The paper airplane used by Blackburn can be classified as a glider.

There are paper airplane flying competitions called Red Bull Paper Wings. They are held in three categories: "aerobatics", "flight range", "flight duration". The last World Championship was held May 8-9, 2015 in Salzburg, Austria.

By the way, on April 12, on Cosmonautics Day, paper planes were once again launched in Yalta. On the Embankment of Yalta, the Second Festival of Paper Airplanes "Space Adventures" was held. The participants were mainly schoolchildren 9-10 years old. To participate in competitions, they lined up. They competed in the flight range, the duration of the aircraft in the air. The originality of the model and the creativity of the design were evaluated separately. The novelty of the year was the nominations: “The most fabulous aircraft” and “Flying around the Earth”. The role of the Earth was played by the pedestal of the monument to Lenin. Whoever spent the fewest attempts to fly around it, he won. The chairman of the organizing committee of the festival, Igor Danilov, told the correspondent of the Crimean news agency that the format of the project was prompted by historical facts. “It is a well-known fact that Yuri Gagarin (maybe, of course, the teachers didn’t really like it, but, nevertheless) often launched paper airplanes in the classroom. We decided to build on this idea. Last year it was more difficult, it was a crude idea. It was necessary to come up with competitions and even just remember how paper airplanes are assembled,” shared Igor Danilov. It was possible to build a paper plane right on the spot. Beginning aircraft designers were assisted by experts.

A little earlier, on March 20-24, 2012, the paper airplane launch championship was held in Kyiv (at NTU "KPI"). The winners of the all-Ukrainian competitions represented Ukraine in the Red Bull Paper Wings final, which took place in the legendary Hangar-7 (Salzburg, Austria), under whose glass domes legendary aviation and automobile rarities are stored.

On March 30, the Mosfilm pavilion hosted the national final of the Red Bull Paper Wings 2012 World Paper Airplane Launch Championship. Winners of regional qualifying tournaments from fourteen Russian cities arrived in Moscow. Of the 42 people, three were selected: Zhenya Bober (nomination "the most beautiful flight"), Alexander Chernobaev ("the farthest flight"), Evgeny Perevedentsev ("the longest flight"). The performance of the participants was evaluated by the jury, which included professional pilots Aibulat Yakhin (major, senior pilot of the "Russian Knights") and Dmitry Samokhvalov (leader of the First Flight aerobatic team, master of sports of international class in aircraft modeling), as well as VJ of TV channel A -One Gleb Bolelov.

And so that you can participate in such competitions,

And to make it easier for you to assemble the airplanes, the electronics company Arrow has released a commercial that shows a working LEGO mechanism that folds and launches paper airplanes on its own. The video was intended to be shown at the 2016 Super Bowl. It took inventor Artur Sacek 5 days to create the device.

The duration of the flight in time and the range of the aircraft will depend on many nuances. And if you want to make a paper airplane with your child that flies for a long time, then pay attention to its following elements:

tail. If the tail of the product is folded incorrectly, then the aircraft will not soar;
wings. The stability of the craft will help increase the curved shape of the wings;
paper thickness. You need to take lighter material for crafts and then your "aviation" will fly much better. Also, the paper product must be symmetrical. But if you know how to make an airplane out of paper, everything will turn out right for you.

By the way, if you think that paper aircraft modeling is tsatski-petzki, then you are very wrong. To dispel your doubts, in the end I will give an interesting, I would say, monograph.

Paper airplane physics

From me: Despite the fact that the topic is quite serious, it is told vividly and interestingly. Being the father of almost a graduate high school, the author of the story was drawn into a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has an educational part and a touching life-political part. The following will be discussed in the first person.

Shortly before the new year, the daughter decided to check her own progress and found out that the physical student, when filling out the journal backdated, instructed some extra fours and the semi-annual grade hangs between "5" and "4". Here you need to understand that physics in the 11th grade is a non-core subject, to put it mildly, everyone is busy with training for admission and a terrible exam, but it affects the overall score. With a groaning heart, for pedagogical reasons, I was refused to intervene - like sort it out yourself. She braced herself, came to find out, rewrote some independent one right there and got a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked, as part of resolving the issue, to register for the Volga Scientific Conference (Kazan University) in the “physics” section and write some kind of report. The participation of a student in this shnyaga is taken into account in the annual certification of teachers, well, like “then we’ll close the year for sure.” The teacher can be understood, normal, in general, an agreement.

The child loaded up, went to the organizing committee, took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me, the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era, for advice. There was a list of winners of past conferences on the Internet (they give diplomas of three degrees), this guided us, but did not help. The reports consisted of two varieties, one was “nanofilters in oil innovations”, the second was “photographs of crystals and an electronic metronome”. For me, the second kind is normal - children should cut a toad, and not rub glasses for government grants, but we didn’t have much ideas. I had to follow the rules, something like "preference is given to independent work and experiments."

We decided that we would make some kind of funny report, visual and cool, without zaum and nanotechnologies - we will amuse the audience, participation is enough for us. Time was a month and a half. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some thought, we decided on the topic - "Physics of a paper airplane." I once spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It was necessary to make a complete practical study of physical orientation and, in fact, write a paper. Next, I will post the abstract of this work, some comments and illustrations / photos. At the end there will be the end of the story, which is logical. If you are interested, I will answer questions with already detailed fragments.

Taking into account the work done, we can apply a coloring on the mind map indicating the completion of the tasks. in green here are points that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas affected, but not adequately developed, red - promising, in need of additional research (funding is welcome).

It turned out that the paper plane has a tricky stall at the top of the wing, which forms a curved zone similar to a full-fledged airfoil.

For experiments, 3 different models were taken.

All planes were assembled from identical sheets of A4 paper. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

To determine the basic parameters, a simple experiment was carried out - the flight of a paper airplane was recorded by a video camera against the background of a wall with metric markings. Since the frame interval for video shooting (1/30 second) is known, the gliding speed can be easily calculated. According to the drop in altitude, the glide angle and the aerodynamic quality of the aircraft are found on the corresponding frames.

On average, the speed of an airplane is 5–6 m/s, which is not so little.

Aerodynamic quality - about 8.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow up to 8 m/s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classic method of such research is the wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself has small dimensions and speed and can be directly placed in a tube of limited dimensions. Therefore, we are not hindered by the situation when the blown model differs significantly in size from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation during measurements.

With a pipe section of 300x200 mm and a flow rate of up to 8 m / s, we need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters / hour. To change the flow rate, you need a motor speed controller, and to measure it, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The velocity meter does not have to be digital, it is quite possible to get by with a deflected plate with angle graduations or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

The wind tunnel has been known for a long time, it was used in research by Mozhaisky, and Tsiolkovsky and Zhukovsky have already developed in detail the modern experimental technique, which has not fundamentally changed.

The desktop wind tunnel was implemented on the basis of a sufficiently powerful industrial fan. Mutually perpendicular plates are located behind the fan, which straighten the flow before entering the measuring chamber. The windows in the measuring chamber are equipped with glass. A rectangular hole for holders is cut in the bottom wall. Directly in the measuring chamber, a digital anemometer impeller is installed to measure the flow velocity. The pipe has a slight constriction at the exit to “boost” the flow, which reduces turbulence at the expense of speed reduction. The fan speed is controlled by a simple household electronic controller.

The characteristics of the pipe turned out to be worse than the calculated ones, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the passport characteristics. The flow boost also reduced the velocity in the measurement zone by 0.5 m/s. As a result, the maximum speed is slightly above 5 m/s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν
V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic) = 250mm = 0.25m
ν (factor (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m2/s
Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it is better to develop an appropriate mounting scheme with markings.

When purging the models, two main parameters were measured - the drag force and the lifting force, depending on the flow velocity at a given angle. A family of characteristics was constructed with sufficiently realistic values to describe the behavior of each aircraft. The results are summarized in graphs with further normalization of the scale relative to the speed.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design is as close as possible to the material - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to the length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft is well aligned and flies smoothly. It is the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than the second model, but more than the third. At high speeds, the wide tail is already beginning to interfere, which previously perfectly stabilized the model.

Model number 2.
Model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not grow enough and the plane really flies like a spear. In addition, it does not stabilize in flight properly.

Model number 3.
The representative of the "engineering" school - the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings do work better, but the drag builds up very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the lack of rigidity of the paper, numerous folds in the toe of the wing are used, which also increases the resistance. Nevertheless, the model is very revealing and flies well.

Some results on the visualization of vortices

If you introduce a source of smoke into the stream, you can see and photograph the streams that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal, we used incense sticks. To increase the contrast, a photo processing filter was used. The flow rate also decreased because the density of the smoke was low.

Also, the flows can be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or with a thin probe with a thread at the end.

Connection of parameters and design solutions. Comparison of options reduced to a rectangular wing. The position of the aerodynamic center and the center of gravity and the characteristics of the models.

It has already been noted that paper as a material has many limitations. For low flight speeds, long narrow wings have best quality. It is no coincidence that real gliders, especially record holders, also have such wings. However, paper planes have technological limitations and their wings are not optimal.

To analyze the relationship between the geometry of models and their flight characteristics, it is necessary to bring a complex shape to a rectangular analogue by the area transfer method. The best way to do this is with computer programs that allow you to present different models in a universal way. After the transformations, the description will be reduced to the basic parameters - span, chord length, aerodynamic center.

The mutual connection of these quantities and the center of mass will make it possible to fix the characteristic values for various types of behavior. These calculations are beyond the scope of this work, but can be easily done. However, it can be assumed that the center of gravity for a paper plane with rectangular wings is at a distance of one to four from nose to tail, for an aircraft with delta wings - at one second (the so-called neutral point).

It is clear that a paper airplane is, first of all, just a source of joy and a wonderful illustration for the first step into the sky. A similar principle of soaring in practice is used only by flying squirrels, which are not of great national economic importance, at least in our lane.

A more practical equivalent of a paper plane is the "Wing suite" - a wingsuit for skydivers that allows horizontal flight. By the way, the aerodynamic quality of such a suit is less than that of a paper plane - no more than 3.

I came up with a theme, a plan for 70%, theory editing, pieces of iron, general editing, speech plan.

She collected all the theory, up to the translation of articles, measurements (very laborious, by the way), drawings / graphs, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

As a result of the work, the theoretical base of the flight of paper planes was studied, experiments were planned and carried out, which made it possible to determine the numerical parameters for different designs and the general relationships between them. The complex mechanisms of flight are also affected, from the point of view of modern aerodynamics.

The main parameters affecting the flight are described, comprehensive recommendations are given.
In the general part, an attempt was made to systematize the field of knowledge based on the mind map, and the main directions for further research were outlined.

The month flew by unnoticed - the daughter was digging the Internet, driving a pipe on the table. Scales squinted, airplanes were blown past theory. The output turned out to be 30 pages of decent text with photographs and graphs. The work was sent to the correspondence tour (only a few thousand works in all sections). A month later, oh horror, they posted a list of face-to-face reports, where ours was side by side with the rest of the nanocrocodiles. The child sighed sadly and began to sculpt a presentation for 10 minutes. They immediately ruled out reading - to speak, so vividly and meaningfully. Before the event, they staged a run-through with timing and protests. In the morning, a sleepy speaker with the right feeling “I don’t remember and don’t know anything” drank at KSU.

By the end of the day, I began to worry, no answer - no hello. There was such a shaky state when you don’t understand whether a risky joke was a success or not. I didn’t want the teenager to somehow get sideways this story. It turned out that everything was delayed and her report fell as much as 4 pm. The child sent an SMS - "she told everything, the jury laughs." Well, I think, okay, thanks at least do not scold. And about an hour later - "diploma of the first degree." This was completely unexpected.

We thought about anything, but against the background of absolutely wild pressure of lobbied topics and participants, getting the first prize for a good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. After that, she already said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than CFM) nailed zombie nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone is so fed up in scientific circles that they unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got ridiculous - the poor child read out some wild scientisms, but could not answer what the angle was measured in during his experiments. Influential scientific leaders turned a little pale (but quickly recovered), it’s a mystery to me why they had to arrange such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good topics. The second diploma, for example, was given to a girl with a model of the Stirling engine, who briskly launched it at the department, quickly changed modes and meaningfully commented on all sorts of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting on a university telescope and looking out for something there under the guidance of a professor who clearly did not allow any outside “help”. This story gave me some hope. In what is the will of the ordinary, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of a predetermined injustice, but a readiness for efforts to restore it.

The next day, at the award ceremony, the chairman of the selection committee approached the winners and said that they were all enrolled ahead of schedule in the Faculty of Physics of KSU. If they want to enter, they simply have to bring documents out of competition. This benefit, by the way, really existed at one time, but now it has been officially canceled, as well as additional preferences for medalists and Olympiads (except, it seems, the winners of Russian Olympiads), have been canceled. That is, it was a pure initiative of the Academic Council. It is clear that now there is a crisis of applicants and they are not eager for physics, on the other hand, this is one of the most normal faculties with a good level. So, correcting the four, the child was in the first line of enrolled ..

Would a daughter pull such a job alone?
She also asked - like dads, I didn’t do everything myself.
My version is this. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on each page and you will answer any question - yes. You know about the region more than those present here and acquaintances - yes. Understood the general technology scientific experiment from the inception of an idea to the result + side research - yes. Did a great job, no doubt. She put forward this work on a general basis without patronage - yes. Protected - ok. The jury is qualified - no doubt. Then this is your student conference award.

I am an acoustic engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from systems engineering in aviation, I still studied later.

© Lepers MishaRappe

In 1977, Edmond Xi developed a new paper plane, which he named Paperang. Its basis is the aerodynamics of hang gliders and it is similar to a stealth bomber. This aircraft is the only one with long narrow wings and working airfoils. The design of Paperang allows you to change every parameter of the shape of the airplane. The design of this model uses a paper clip, so it is prohibited in most competitions in paper aircraft construction.

The guys who created the electric paper airplane Conversion Kit went further. They equipped the paper airplane with an electric motor. Why, you may ask? To fly better and longer! Electric paper airplane Conversion Kit can fly for several minutes! The range of the aircraft is up to 55 meters. Turning in the horizontal plane is done with the help of the steering wheel, and in the vertical plane - by changing the engine thrust. PowerUp 3.0 is a tiny control board with a Bluetooth Low Energy radio module and a LiPo battery connected by a carbon fiber rod to the motor and rudder. The toy is controlled from a smartphone, the microUSB connector is used for recharging. Although the flight control app was initially only available for iOS, the success of the crowdfunding campaign allowed the company to quickly raise money for an additional target - an Android app, so that it will be possible to fly with any smartphone that has Bluetooth 4.0 on board. You can use the set with any aircraft of a suitable size - there will be room for imagination. True, the basic kit on Kickstarter costs as much as $ 30. But... these are their American jokes... By the way, the American Shai Goitein, a pilot with 25 years of experience, has been working at the intersection of children's hobbies and modern technologies for several years.

Peter Sachs, a lawyer and drone hobbyist, made an inquiry about the possibility of using a paper airplane with an attached engine for commercial purposes. His goal was to find out if the agency would extend its jurisdiction to paper planes? According to the FAA, if such an aircraft has a motor installed and its owner has applied for the relevant documents, the answer is a resounding yes. Per the permission granted, Sachs is allowed to launch the Tailor Toys Power Up 3.0, a smartphone-controlled propeller that attaches to a paper airplane. The device costs about $50, has a range of about 50 meters and a flight time of up to 10 minutes. Sachs requested permission to use an airplane to take aerial photographs - there are cameras small and light enough to accomplish this goal. The FAA issued a certificate to Saks allowing him to do so, but it also lists 31 restrictions on the use of this airplane, including:

it is forbidden to fly at a speed of more than 160 kilometers per hour (we are talking about a paper airplane!);
the allowable weight of the device should not exceed 24 kilograms (do you often see such paper airplanes?);
The aircraft must not rise above 120 meters (remember, the maximum flight radius of Power Up 3.0 is 50 meters).

Apparently, the Federal civil aviation makes no distinction between drones and a DIY toy like Power Up 3.0. Agree, it is somewhat strange when the state tries to regulate the flights of paper airplanes?

However, "there is no smoke without fire". The Cicada (Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft) military spy drone project, named after the insect that inspired the invention, was launched by the US Naval Research Laboratory back in 2006. In 2011, the first test flights of the device were carried out. But the Cicada drone is constantly improving, and the developers at the Lab Day event organized by the US Department of Defense presented a new version of the device. The drone, or as it is officially known as the “hidden autonomous disposable aircraft”, looks like an ordinary toy airplane, easily fits in the palm of your hand. About 5-6 drones can fit into a 15cm cube, said Aaron Kahn, senior engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, making them useful for monitoring large areas. Hundreds of such machines will hover over the territories of a potential enemy. It is assumed that the enemy will not be able to shoot down everything at once. Even if only a few units “survive”, it’s already good. They are enough to collect the necessary information. In addition, it flies almost silently, since it does not have a motor (it is powered by a battery). Due to its quietness and small size, this device is ideal for reconnaissance missions. From the ground, a glider drone looks like a bird flying down. In addition, the design of the device, consisting of only 10 parts, came out surprisingly reliable. Cicada can withstand movement at speeds up to 74 km / h, can bounce off tree branches, land on asphalt or sand - and remain unharmed. "Cicada Drone" is controlled with compatible iOS or Android devices. During testing, the drone was equipped with temperature, pressure and humidity sensors. But in conditions of combat operation, the filling can be completely different. For example, a microphone with a radio transmitter or other lightweight equipment. “These are carrier pigeons from the robotic age. You tell them where to fly and they fly there,” says Daniel Edwards, an aerospace engineer at the US Naval Research Laboratory. Moreover, not just anywhere, but according to the given GPS coordinates. Landing accuracy is impressive. On tests, the drone landed 5 meters from the target (after 17.7 km of travel). “They flew through trees, hit the asphalt of the runways, fell on gravel and sand. The only thing we found that could stop them was the bushes in the desert,” adds Edwards. Small drones can track traffic on roads behind enemy lines using a seismic sensor or the same microphone. Magnetic sensors can track the movement of submarines. And, of course, with the help of microphones, you can listen to the conversations of enemy soldiers or operatives. In principle, a video camera can also be mounted on a drone, but video transmission requires too much bandwidth, this technical problem not yet decided. Drones will find application in meteorology. In addition, Cicada has a low cost. Creating a prototype cost the Laboratory a tidy sum (about $ 1000), but the engineers noted that with the establishment of mass production, this price would be reduced to $ 250 per piece. At the Pentagon Science and Technology Show, many people showed interest in this invention, including intelligence agencies.

They can't even do that

On March 21, 2012, a paper airplane of incredible size flew over the American desert of Arizona - 15 meters long and with a wingspan of 8 meters. This mega-plane is the largest paper aircraft in the world. Its weight is about 350 kg, so naturally it would not be possible to launch it with a simple wave of the hand. He was raised by helicopter to a height of about 900 m (and according to some sources, up to 1.5 kilometers), and then put into free flight. The flying paper "colleague" was also accompanied by several real aircraft - in order to record its entire path and emphasize the scale of this, albeit of no practical value, but very interesting project. Its value lies elsewhere - it was the embodiment of the dream of many boys to launch a huge paper airplane. It was invented, in fact, by a child. The 12-year-old winner of a local newspaper themed competition, Arturo Valdenegro, was given the opportunity to realize his design project with the help of the engineering team of the private Pima Air & Space Museum. The specialists who took part in the work admit that the creation of this paper plane awakened a real childhood in them, and therefore the work was especially inspired. The aircraft was named after its chief designer - it bears the proud name of "Arturo - Desert Eagle". The flight of the aeronautical apparatus went well, in planning he managed to develop a speed of 175 kilometers per hour, after which he made a smooth landing in the desert sands. The organizers of this show regret that they missed the opportunity to record the flight of the world's largest paper plane in the Guinness Book of Records - representatives of this organization were not invited to the tests. But the director of the Pima Air & Space Museum, Yvonne Morris, hopes that this sensational flight will help resurrect in young Americans the faded last years interest in aviation.

Here are some more records of paper aircraft construction

In 1967, Scientific American sponsored the International Paper Airplane Competition, which attracted almost twelve thousand participants and resulted in the International Big Book of Paper Airplanes. Art manager Clara Hobza relaunched the competition 41 years later with her own New Millennium Paper Airplane Book. For this competition, Jack Vegas entered this flying cylinder in the class of children's aircraft, which combines elements of glider style and dart style. Then he stated, "Sometimes he demonstrates amazing soaring properties, and I'm sure he will win!" However, the cylinder did not win. Bonus points for originality.

The most expensive paper plane was used in the space shuttle during the next flight into space. The cost of the fuel used to get the plane into space on the shuttle alone is enough to call this paper plane the most expensive.

In 2012, Pavel Durov (the former head of the VK) on the day of the city in St. Petersburg decided to stir up the festive mood of the people and began to launch airplanes made of five thousandth banknotes into the crowd. In total, 10 banknotes worth 50,000 rubles were thrown away. They say that the people are preparing an action called: “Return the change to Durov”, planning to shower the generous media mogul with metal coins of small denominations.

The world record for the longest paper airplane flight is 27.6 seconds (see above). Owned by Ken Blackburn from the United States of America. Ken is one of the most famous paper airplane modellers in the world.

The world record for the flight distance of a paper airplane is 58.82 m. The result was set by Tony Fletch (Tony Flech) from the US state of Wisconsin, May 21, 1985 and is a world record.

In 1992 the students high school teamed up with NASA engineers to create three giant paper planes with a wingspan of 5.5, 8.5 and 9 meters. Their efforts were focused on breaking the world record for the largest paper plane. The Guinness Book of Records has ruled that the aircraft must fly more than 15 meters, but the largest model built, shown in the photo, far exceeded this figure, flying 35 meters before landing.

Paper airplane with the largest wingspan of 12.22 m was built by students of the Faculty of Aviation and Rocket Engineering, at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. The launch took place indoors on May 16, 1995. The model was launched by 1 person, the plane flew 34.80 m from a three-meter height. According to the rules, the plane had to fly about 15 meters. If not for the limited space, he would have flown much farther.

The smallest origami model of a paper airplane was folded under a microscope with tweezers by Mr. Naito from Japan. To do this, he needed a piece of paper measuring 2.9 square millimeters. Once made, the airplane was placed on the tip of a sewing needle.

Dr. James Porter, medical director of robotic surgery in Sweden, folded a small paper airplane using a da Vinci robot, demonstrating how the device provides surgeons with greater precision and dexterity than existing tools.

Project Space Plane. This project was to launch a hundred paper airplanes down to Earth from the edge of space. Each plane had to carry between the wings a Samsung flash card with a message written on it. The Space Plane project was conceived in 2011 as a gimmick to demonstrate how durable the company's flash cards are. In the end, Samsung announced the success of the project even before all the launched aircraft were received back. Our impression: great, some company is throwing airplanes to Earth from space!

At all times, man has sought to break away from the earth and soar like a bird. Therefore, many people subconsciously love machines that can lift them into the air. And the image of the aircraft refers us to the symbolism of freedom, lightness and heavenly power. In any case, the aircraft has a positive value. The most common image paper airplane has small size and is the choice of girls. The dotted line that complements the drawing creates the illusion of flight. Such a tattoo will tell about a cloudless childhood, innocence and some naivety of the owner. It symbolizes the naturalness, lightness, airiness and ease of a person.
All our meetings to one for some reason, keeping in memory.
For this stupid letter, you'll excuse me, for God's sake.
I just want to know how you live without me.

You hardly remember my address on the envelope, of course,
And I'm yours - I remember by heart ... Although, it would seem - why?
You did not give a promise to write, and even remember,
They nodded briefly: "Bye," and waved to me.

I'll finish my letter, I'll fold my paper plane
And at midnight I will go out onto the balcony and let him fly.
Let it fly to where you, missing me, do not shed tears,
And, languishing in loneliness, do not beat the fish on the ice.

As if in a stormy sea with a simple nutshell
My white-winged postman sails in midnight silence.
Like the groan of a wounded soul, like a thin ray of fragile hope,
Which for so many long years, both day and night, shines on me.

Let the gray rain drum on the roofs of the city at night,
A paper plane is flying, because an ace pilot is at the helm,
Carries a letter, and in that letter there are only three cherished words,
Insanely important for me, but, unfortunately, not for you.

Seemingly simple route - from heart to heart, but that's just
That plane, for the umpteenth time, will be carried somewhere by the wind ...
And you, having not received a letter, do not be sad at all,
And you won't know that I love you... That's all...

And sometimes, having played enough airplanes, girls become angels:

Or witches

But that is another story...

Paper airplanes have a rich and long history. It is believed that they tried to fold an airplane out of paper with their own hands back in ancient China and in England during the time of Queen Victoria. Subsequent new generations of paper model enthusiasts developed new variants. Even a child can make a flying paper airplane, as soon as he learns the basic principles of folding a layout. A simple scheme contains no more than 5-6 operations, instructions for creating advanced models are much more serious.

Different models will require different paper, differing in density and thickness. Certain models are able to move only in a straight line, some are able to write out a sharp turn. For the manufacture of different models, paper of a certain stiffness is required. Before you start modeling, try out different papers, select the required thickness and density. You should not collect crafts from crumpled paper, they will not fly. Playing with a paper airplane is a favorite pastime for most boys.

Before making a paper airplane, the child will need to turn on all his imagination, concentrate. When conducting children's holiday you can hold competitions between children, let them launch airplanes folded with their own hands.

Such an airplane can be folded by any boy. For its manufacture, any paper is suitable, even newsprint. After the child is able to make this type of airplane, more serious designs will be within his power.

Consider all the stages of creating an aircraft:

Prepare a piece of paper approximately A4 size. Place it with the short side facing you.
Bend the paper along the length, put a mark in the center. Expand the sheet, connect the top corner with the middle of the sheet.
Perform the same manipulations with the opposite angle.
Unfold the paper. Place the corners so that they do not reach the center of the sheet.
Bend a small corner, it should hold all other corners.
Bend the plane mockup along the centerline. The triangular parts are located on top, take the sides to the center line.

The second scheme of a classic aircraft

This common option is called a glider, you can leave it with a sharp nose, or you can make it blunt, bend it.

propeller plane

There is a whole direction of origami involved in the creation of models of paper airplanes. It is called aerogami. Can be mastered easy way making origami paper airplane. This option is done very quickly, it flies well. This is exactly what will interest the baby. You can equip it with a propeller. Prepare a sheet of paper, scissors or a knife, pencils, a sewing pin that has a bead on the top.

Manufacturing scheme:

Place the sheet with the short side facing you, fold it in half lengthwise.
Fold the top corners towards the center.
The resulting side corners also bend to the center of the sheet.
Bend the sides again towards the middle. Iron all folds well.
To make a propeller, you will need a square sheet measuring 6 * 6cm, mark both of its diagonals. Make cuts along these lines, stepping back from the center a little less than a centimeter.
Fold the propeller, placing the corners to the center through one. Secure the middle with a beaded needle. It is advisable to glue the propeller, it will not spread.

Attach the propeller to the tail of the airplane mockup. The model is ready to run.

boomerang plane

The kid will be very interested in an unusual paper plane, which independently returns back to his hands.

Let's figure out how such layouts are made:

Place a sheet of A4 paper in front of you with the short side facing you. Bend in half along the long side, unfold.
Bend the top corners to the center, smooth down. Expand this part down. Straighten the resulting triangle, smooth out all the wrinkles inside.
Expand product reverse side, fold the other side of the triangle into the middle. Send the wide end of the paper in the opposite direction.
Perform the same manipulations with the second half of the product.
As a result of all this, a kind of pocket should form. Raise it to the top, bend it so that its edge lies exactly along the length of the paper sheet. Bend the corner into this pocket, and send the top one down.
Do the same with the other side of the plane.
Fold up the details on the side of the pocket.
Expand the layout, place the front edge in the middle. Protruding pieces of paper should appear, they must be folded. Details that resemble fins, also remove.
Expand layout. It remains to bend in half and carefully iron all the folds.
Decorate the front part of the fuselage, bend the pieces of the wings up. Run your hands along the front of the wings, you should get a slight bend.

The plane is ready for operation, it will fly further and further.

The flight range depends on the mass of the aircraft and the strength of the wind. The lighter the paper the mockup is made of, the easier it is to fly. But at strong wind he will not be able to fly far, he will simply be blown away. A heavy aircraft resists the wind flow more easily, but it has a shorter flight range. In order for our paper plane to fly along a smooth trajectory, it is necessary that both parts of it be exactly the same. If the wings turned out different shapes or size, the plane will immediately go into a dive. It is advisable not to use adhesive tape, metal staples, glue in the manufacture. All this makes the product heavier, because of the extra weight the plane will not fly.

Complex views

Origami plane

Since childhood, we all know how to quickly make a paper airplane, and we have done it more than once. This origami method is simple and easy to remember. After a couple of times you can do it with your eyes closed.

The simplest and most famous paper airplane pattern

Such an airplane is made from a square sheet of paper, which is folded in half, then the upper edges are folded towards the center. The resulting triangle is bent, and the edges are again bent towards the center. Then the sheet is bent in half, and wings are formed.

That, in fact, is all. But there is one small drawback of such an aircraft - it almost does not soar and falls in a couple of seconds.

Experience of generations

The question arises - which flies for a long time. This is not difficult, since several generations have improved the well-known scheme, and have significantly succeeded in this. Modern ones vary greatly in appearance and in terms of quality.

Below are different ways to make a paper airplane. Simple schemes will not confuse you, but on the contrary, will inspire you to continue experimenting. Although, perhaps, they will require more time from you than the type mentioned above.

Super paper plane

Method number one. It does not differ much from the one described above, but in this version the aerodynamic qualities are slightly improved, which lengthens the flight time:

Fold a piece of paper in half lengthwise.
Fold the corners towards the middle.
Turn the sheet over and fold in half.
Fold the triangle up.
Change the side of the sheet again.
Bend the two right vertices to the center.
Do the same with the other side.
Bend the resulting plane in half.
Raise your tail and straighten your wings.

This is how you can make paper airplanes that fly for a very long time. In addition to this obvious advantage, the model looks very impressive. So play to your health.

Making the plane "Zilke" together

Now it's time for method number two. It involves the manufacture of the Zilke aircraft. Prepare a piece of paper and learn how to make a paper airplane that flies for a long time by following these simple tips:

Fold it in half lengthwise.
Mark the middle of the sheet. Fold the top in half.
Bend the edges of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a couple of centimeters remain to the middle on each side.
Turn over a piece of paper.
Form a small triangle at the top in the middle. Bend the entire structure along.
Reveal upper part by folding the paper in two directions.
Bend the edges so that you get wings.

The aircraft "Zilke" is finished and ready for operation. This was another easy way to quickly make a paper airplane that flies for a long time.

Making a plane "Duck" together

Now consider the scheme of the "Duck" aircraft:

Fold a piece of A4 paper in half lengthwise.
Bend the top ends towards the middle.
Turn the sheet over to the back. Bend the side parts again to the middle, and in the upper part you should get a rhombus.
Bend the upper half of the rhombus forward, as if folding it in half.
Fold the resulting triangle with an accordion, and bend the bottom top up.
Now bend the resulting structure in half.
At the final stage, form the wings.

Now you can make those that fly for a long time! The scheme is quite simple and understandable.

Making a Delta plane together

It's time to make a Delta plane out of paper:

Fold an A4 piece of paper in half lengthwise. Mark the middle.
Turn the sheet horizontally.
On one side, draw two parallel lines to the middle, at the same distance.
On the other hand, fold the paper in half to the middle mark.
Bend the lower right corner to the topmost drawn line so that a couple of centimeters remain intact at the bottom.
Bend the top half.
Bend the resulting triangle in half.
Fold the structure in half and bend the wings along the marked lines.

As you can see, paper airplanes that fly for a very long time can be made different ways. But that is not all. Because you will find several more types of crafts floating in the air for a long time.

How to make a "Shuttle"

Using the following method, it is quite possible to make a small model of the Shuttle:

You will need a square piece of paper.
Fold it diagonally to one side, unfold and fold it to the other. Leave in this position.
Fold the left and right edges towards the center. It turned out to be a small square.
Now fold this square diagonally.
At the resulting triangle, bend the front and back leaves.
Then fold them under the central triangles so that a small figure remains peeking out from below.
Fold the top triangle and tuck it in the middle so that a small top peeks out.
Finishing touches: unfold the lower wings and tuck in the nose.

Here's how to make a paper plane that flies for a long time in an easy and simple way. Enjoy the long flight of your Shuttle.

We make the plane "Gomez" according to the scheme

Fold the sheet in half lengthwise.
Now fold the top right corner to the left edge of the paper. Unbend.
Do the same on the other side.
Next, fold the top so that a triangle is formed. The bottom part remains unchanged.
Bend the lower right corner to the top.
Turn the left corner inwards. You should get a small triangle.
Bend the design in half and form wings.

Now you know that he flew far.

What are paper airplanes for?

These simple aircraft schemes will allow you to enjoy the game, and even organize competitions between different models, finding out who owns the championship in flight duration and range.

Boys (and maybe their dads) will especially like this activity, so teach them how to create winged cars out of paper, and they will be happy. Such activities develop children's dexterity, accuracy, perseverance, concentration and spatial thinking, and contribute to the development of imagination. And the prize will be those made that fly for a very long time.

Launch airplanes to open space in calm weather. And yet, you can take part in the competition of such crafts, however, in this case, you need to know that some of the models presented above are prohibited in such events.

There are many other ways that fly for a very long time. The above are just some of the most effective ones you can do. However, do not limit yourself to only them, try others. And perhaps, over time, you will be able to improve some of the models or come up with a new, more advanced system for making them.

By the way, some paper models of airplanes are capable of making aerial figures and various tricks. Depending on the type of construction, you will need to launch strongly and sharply or smoothly.

In any case, all of the above airplanes will fly for a long time and will give you a lot of fun and pleasant experiences, especially if you made them yourself.

Being the father of a practically high school graduate, he was embroiled in a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has an educational part and a touching life-political part.
Post on the eve of Cosmonautics Day. Physics of a paper plane.

Shortly before the new year, the daughter decided to check her own progress and found out that the physical student, when filling out the journal backdated, instructed some extra fours and the semi-annual grade hangs between "5" and "4". Here you need to understand that physics in grade 11 is, to put it mildly, a non-core subject, everyone is busy with training for admission and a terrible exam, but it affects the overall score. With a groaning heart, for pedagogical reasons, I was denied intervention - like sort it out yourself. She braced herself, came to find out, rewrote some independent one right there and got a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked, as part of resolving the issue, to register for the Volga Scientific Conference (Kazan University) in the section "Physics" and write some kind of report. The participation of a student in this shnyaga is taken into account in the annual certification of teachers, well, like "then we will close the year for sure." The teacher can be understood, normal, in general, an agreement.

The child loaded up, went to the organizing committee, took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me, the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era, for advice. There was a list of winners of past conferences on the Internet (they give diplomas of three degrees), this guided us, but did not help. The reports consisted of two varieties, one - "nanofilters in oil innovations", the second - "photographs of crystals and an electronic metronome". For me, the second kind is normal - children should cut a toad, and not rub glasses for government grants, but we didn’t have much ideas. I had to follow the rules, something like "preference is given to independent work and experiments."

We decided that we would make some kind of funny report, visual and cool, without zaum and nanotechnologies - we will amuse the audience, participation is enough for us. Time was a month and a half. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some thought, we decided on the topic - "Physics of a paper airplane". I once spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It was necessary to make a completed practical study of physical orientation and, in fact, write a paper. Next, I will post the abstract of this work, some comments and illustrations / photos. At the end there will be the end of the story, which is logical. If you are interested, I will answer questions with already detailed fragments.

It turned out that the paper plane has a tricky stall at the top of the wing, which forms a curved zone similar to a full-fledged airfoil.

Three different models were taken for experiments.

Model No. 1. The most common and well-known design. As a rule, the majority imagines it when they hear the expression “paper plane”.
Model number 2. "Arrow", or "Spear". A characteristic model with a sharp wing angle and an assumed high speed.
Model number 3. Model with high aspect ratio wing. Special design, assembled according to wide side sheet. It is assumed that it has good aerodynamic data due to the high aspect ratio wing.
All planes were assembled from identical sheets of A4 paper. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow up to 8 m/s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classical method of such research is the wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself has small dimensions and speed and can be directly placed in a tube of limited dimensions. Therefore, we are not hindered by the situation when the blown model differs significantly in size from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation during measurements.
With a pipe section of 300x200 mm and a flow rate of up to 8 m / s, we need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters / hour. To change the flow rate, an engine speed controller is needed, and for measurement, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The velocity meter does not have to be digital, it is quite possible to get by with a deflected plate with angle graduations or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν
V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic) = 250mm = 0.25m
ν (coefficient (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m^2/s
Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

To measure the forces acting on the aircraft, elementary aerodynamic balances with two degrees of freedom based on a pair of electronic jewelry scales with an accuracy of 0.01 gram were used. The plane was fixed on two racks at the right angle and mounted on the platform of the first scales. Those, in turn, were placed on a movable platform with a lever transmission of horizontal force to the second scales.
Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it is better to develop an appropriate mounting scheme with markings.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design corresponds to the material - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to the length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft is well aligned and flies smoothly. It is the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than the second model, but more than the third. At high speeds, the wide tail is already beginning to interfere, which previously perfectly stabilized the model.
Model number 2.
Model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not grow enough and the plane really flies like a spear. In addition, it does not stabilize in flight properly.
Model number 3.
The representative of the "engineering" school - the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings do work better, but the drag increases very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the lack of rigidity of the paper, numerous folds in the toe of the wing are used, which also increases the resistance. Nevertheless, the model is very revealing and flies well.

Some results on the visualization of vortices
If you introduce a source of smoke into the stream, you can see and photograph the streams that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal, we used incense sticks. To increase the contrast, a photo processing filter was used. The flow rate also decreased because the density of the smoke was low.
Flow formation at the leading edge of the wing.

Turbulent tail.

Also, the flows can be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or with a thin probe with a thread at the end.

I came up with the theme, the plan - 70 percent, theory editing, pieces of iron, general editing, speech plan.
She collected the whole theory, up to the translation of articles, measurements (very laborious, by the way), drawings / graphs, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

I'm skipping the section where general view the problems of analysis and synthesis are considered, which make it possible to construct the reverse sequence - the design of an airplane according to given characteristics.

Taking into account the work done, we can apply a coloring on the mind map indicating the completion of the tasks. Green indicates points that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas affected, but not adequately developed, red - promising, in need of additional research (funding is welcome).

We thought about anything, but against the backdrop of a completely wild pressure of lobbied topics and participants, getting the first prize for a good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. After that, she already said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than CFM) nailed zombie nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone is so fed up in scientific circles that they unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got to the ridiculous - the poor child read out some wild scientisms, but could not answer what the angle was measured in during his experiments. Influential scientific leaders turned a little pale (but quickly recovered), it is a mystery to me why they had to arrange such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good topics. The second diploma, for example, was given to a girl with a model of the Stirling engine, who briskly launched it at the department, quickly changed modes and meaningfully commented on all sorts of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting on a university telescope and looking out for something there under the guidance of a professor who clearly did not allow any outside "help". This story gave me some hope. In what is the will of ordinary, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of a predetermined injustice, but a readiness for efforts to restore it.

Would a daughter pull such a job alone?

She also asked - like dads, I didn’t do everything myself.
My version is this. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on each page and you will answer any question - yes. You know more about the region than those present here and your acquaintances - yes. I understood the general technology of a scientific experiment from the inception of an idea to the result + side studies - yes. Did a great job, no doubt. She put forward this work on a general basis without patronage - yes. Protected - ok. The jury is qualified - without a doubt. Then this is your student conference award.

I am an acoustic engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from systems engineering in aviation, I still studied later.

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