Monsoons are stable winds. What are monsoons and trade winds in geography? See what "Monsoons" are in other dictionaries
We invite you to go on an unusual journey. Let us follow the winds of the seasons today. “Mausim” - in Arabic - season, time of year, this is where the word “monsoon” comes from. Winds of the seasons that blow from opposite directions in winter and summer.
Let's first Let's look at the situation in the summer: There is a lot of sun and it heats the land to a greater extent. But why? Everything is not so complicated, firstly, water has the property that it is difficult to heat and difficult to cool. Water, of all substances, is the most difficult to heat, so it is said that its heat capacity is equal to unity. The volumetric heat capacity of air is equal to 0.000307, i.e., to heat the air it is necessary to apply 3257 times less heat than is required for water. Conversely, it is 3257 times easier to cool air than water.
Plus, water, unlike land, is also transparent, which means Sun rays penetrate into the water column and warm it up, not just the surface layers.
So, we settled on the fact that in the summer the sun heats the land more than the ocean. Therefore, the air over land is heated and rises, leaving behind an area low pressure. Above the ocean, the air is colder and, therefore, located closer to the ground, and here an area of high pressure arises. That's almost all!!! A holy place is never empty and cold air is directed from the ocean to land to fill the “empty” space. Or in other words, high pressure forces air into areas of lower pressure.
Why is the air humid in summer? Here, too, everything is simple, it came from the ocean, and there is plenty of water there :) In the summer, under the influence of the sun, it evaporates and saturates the air.
Now let's consider what happens in winter. There is little sun here and it doesn’t play important role. But again, everything happens thanks to the amazing properties of water discussed earlier. Behind long summer, the water has absorbed a lot of heat, and in winter it begins to slowly release it, while the air over land cools down almost as soon as the sun goes away. Therefore, now, all the air over the ocean is heated due to the heat accumulated in the water, and the air over land without the sun cools down.
And again, where the air is warm, the pressure is low, and where it is cold, the pressure is high. And the wind blows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Those. in our case, in winter monsoon winds they blow from the land into the ocean, and I think it’s clear why they are dry :-).
For a better understanding, also watch the video: “Why does the wind blow?”
Monsoon climate areas.
Summer monsoons come from the sea and bring with them rain and dampness; in winter, the wind blows from the land and gives dry and clear weather.
India is classic monsoon territory. This has long been a natural phenomenon known to sailors, because the correct change of winds was very important for navigation.
What does spring mean to us? Awakening of nature, rebirth. The onset of the rainy summer monsoon carries the same significance on the Indian mainland. Many poets have sung this season in their works. In addition to India, the South Asian monsoon also covers Indochina, and then China.
And finally, the Australian monsoons cover the northern part of Australia and the Malay Archipelago. These are the areas of the monsoon country.
Modern Russian physical map of the world with sea currents. Among other things, you can find the monsoon current that goes around India.
And now, we invite you to get acquainted with wet and variable-humid monsoon forests.
Permanently wet forests. Huge humidity and always hot temperature air. Vegetable and animal world very rich. These forests are impenetrable jungles, with several layers of plants that never shed their leaves. Animals usually small sizes, since large individuals could hardly make their way through difficult areas. For humans, these forests also pose a challenge. Even today you can find places untouched and unexplored by us.
Variably moist forests. Precipitation does not occur all year round, but only during the rainy season. Plants have to shed their leaves to protect themselves from excess evaporation. Animals also have to adapt, so the diversity of flora and fauna here is inferior to the constantly humid forests.
Unfortunately, these forests are increasingly threatened by our civilization. And restoring their previous appearance takes a lot of time. Therefore, it is worth thinking again about how to preserve this wonderful splendor of nature.
And finally, I suggest watching a video film: BBC: Natural World. Monsoon / Natural World. Monsoon.
The general circulation of the atmosphere includes trade winds, moderate westerly winds, eastern (katabatic) winds of the polar regions, and monsoons.
Wind occurs due to differences in atmospheric pressure. Since there are relatively constant belts on Earth, their prevailing winds(also called constant, predominant, dominant or predominant).
Moving with steady winds air masses move in a certain order. They also create a complex system of air currents on a global scale. It is called the general circulation of the atmosphere (from the Latin word circulation- rotation).
Between the earth's atmospheric pressure belts, relatively stable prevailing winds, or winds of predominant directions, are formed.
Trade winds
Among the constant winds, the most famous are trade winds.
Trade winds - winds that are stable throughout the year, directed from tropical latitudes to equatorial latitudes and generally having an eastern direction.
Passes are formed in the heat thermal zone and blow from an area of high pressure around 30° N. w. and 30° S. w. towards the equator - areas with lower pressure (Fig. 31). If the Earth did not rotate, then the winds in the Northern Hemisphere would blow exactly from north to south. But due to the rotation of the Earth, the winds deviate from the direction of their movement: in the Northern Hemisphere - to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left. This phenomenon is called the Coriolis effect, named after the French scientist, and it manifests itself not only in relation to winds, but also, for example, sea currents and erosion of the corresponding banks large rivers(in the Northern Hemisphere - right, in the Southern - left).
Trade wind of the Northern Hemisphere - north- Eastern wind, and the trade wind of the Southern Hemisphere is southeast.
The trade winds blow at a fairly high speed, approximately 5-6 m/s, and weaken, converging near the equator - a calm zone is formed there. The trade winds over the Ocean are particularly constant. This was noted by sailors of the past who sailed on sailing ships and were very dependent on the winds. It is believed that the name "passat" comes from the Spanish vientedepasada, which means “wind favorable to moving.” Indeed, during the time of the sailing fleet, they helped to travel from Europe to America.
Western winds of temperate latitudes
From the high-pressure area of the hot zone, winds blow not only towards the equator, but also in the opposite direction - towards the temperate latitudes, where the low-pressure belt is also located. These winds, like the trade winds, are deflected by the Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect). In the Northern Hemisphere they blow from the southwest, and in the Southern Hemisphere they blow from the northwest. Therefore these winds are called westerly winds of temperate latitudes or western transfer(Fig. 31).
We constantly encounter the western transfer of air masses in our latitudes in Eastern Europe. With westerly winds, sea air of temperate latitudes most often comes to us from the Atlantic. In the Southern Hemisphere, latitudes where westerly winds form over the gigantic continuous surface of the Ocean and reach enormous speeds are called “roaring co-fate winds.” Material from the site
Eastern (katabatic) winds of the polar regions
Eastern (katabatic) winds of the polar regions blow towards low pressure belts of moderate latitudes.
Monsoons
Stable winds are often classified as monsoons. Monsoons occur due to unequal heating of land and ocean in summer and winter. The land area is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, the monsoons are well expressed here on the eastern coasts of Eurasia and North America, where in the middle latitudes there is a significant contrast in the warming of land and ocean. A special type is the tropical monsoons, which dominate South and Southeast Asia.
Unlike other prevailing winds, monsoons are seasonal winds. They change direction twice a year. The summer monsoon blows from the ocean to the land and brings moisture (rainy season), and the winter monsoon blows from the land to the ocean (dry season).
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Prevailing winds at the equator
What are monsoons? in what directions do they blow?
What are constant winds called?
They helped make the journey from Europe to America, they are called
On the map, mark the trade winds and the west winds of the temperate latitudes.
Questions about this material:
Already from the middle of the 17th century. seafarers were aware of general outline patterns in the zonal structure of prevailing winds in the World Ocean. Modern science provides an explanation for this pattern in the zonal structure of atmospheric pressure over the Earth's surface (§8).
Rice. 17. Trade winds
Sailors have long known winds that are stable in their constancy or change directions: trade winds, monsoons, breezes, etc.
Trade winds- these are the stable winds of the tropics, northeast in the northern and southeast in the southern hemispheres, blowing on the side of the subtropical center of action of the atmosphere facing the equator (Fig. 17). The speed of the trade winds is low - on average 5–8 m/s earth's surface. The conditions for the distribution of atmospheric pressure change little in the tropics, so the trade winds have great directional stability. However, during the season, the subtropical center of atmospheric action may undergo certain changes. Thus, usually one anticyclone is formed over each ocean of both hemispheres in the subtropics. On daily weather maps there may be more of them - often two, sometimes three over each ocean; over the South Pacific - up to four. As a result, the trade winds of both hemispheres can change the above directions. The migration of the centers of subtropical anticyclones can have a similar effect on the direction of trade winds. Therefore, trade winds in the same place can change the northeast direction to the east and southeast, then again to the northeast, etc.
Monsoons– seasonal winds, most pronounced and stable in tropical latitudes, arising due to ocean-land thermal heterogeneity. Monsoons, like all other air currents on Earth, are associated with cyclonic activity. The tropical monsoon regime consists of a seasonal change in the position of subtropical anticyclones and equatorial depression. The stability of the monsoons is associated with a stable distribution of atmospheric pressure during each season, and their seasonal change– with fundamental changes in the distribution of pressure from season to season. The total baric gradients change direction sharply from season to season, and along with this the direction of the prevailing winds also changes.
If there is an ocean on both sides of the equator, then the seasonal shifts of the subtropical center of action of the atmosphere are small and the monsoons do not develop much, for example, over the Pacific Ocean.
Another thing with continents. Over Africa, for example, Atmosphere pressure varies greatly from January to June. An area of high pressure dominates over the central regions of Africa in summer, and the crest of the Azores anticyclone in winter; over southern Africa in winter there is also an anticyclone, and in summer there is a deep depression. In this regard, the direction of pressure gradients over the coast tropical Africa from season to season it changes sharply over a wide zone, which is the cause of monsoon winds here.
The monsoon circulation is especially pronounced in the Indian Ocean basin, where seasonal changes Hemispheric temperatures here are amplified by the vast continent of Eurasia north of the equator, warmed in summer and greatly cooled in winter. The winter monsoon in the Indian Ocean is called the northeast monsoon, and the summer monsoon is called the southwest monsoon. In eastern China and Korea, the winter monsoon is northern or northwestern, and the summer monsoon is southern or southeastern. This depends on the structure of the pressure field and the direction of the isobars and, consequently, the direction of the pressure gradients (Fig. 18).
Breezes– reversible winds of the coasts of seas and oceans, having a semi-diurnal periodicity of direction changes. Breezes are especially pronounced over the coasts in the zone of subtropical anticyclones, where they are observed in all seasons of the year. In temperate and high latitudes, breezes are observed only in the warm season. For example, on the Black, Azov and Caspian seas, breezes are observed from April to September.
Breeze circulation is explained by the restructuring of the pressure field day and night over land and sea. Thermal heterogeneity of sea and land leads to a change in the direction of baric gradients and, consequently, to a change in wind direction (Fig. 19).
The speed of the sea breeze is slightly higher than the speed of the coastal breeze and is 3–5 m/s (in the tropics up to 8 m/s). Breezes are especially pronounced in clear, windless weather, which is typical for the central regions of anticyclones. Breeze circulation covers a layer of the troposphere up to 1–2 km vertically and extends deep into the sea or land to tens of kilometers from the coastline. Sea breeze decreases by 2–3° average temperature air and increases humidity by 10–20%.
Bora– strong and gusty wind blowing from low mountains to the side warm sea. Bora belongs to the so-called katabatic winds, associated with the flow of cold dense air masses along the slopes of mountains towards the sea.
Winds similar to the Novorossiysk and Novaya Zemlya Bors are known in many other seas of the World Ocean: the Baku Nord on the Caspian Sea, the Mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France, the North Sea in Gulf of Mexico(Mexico, USA), etc.
The bora is caused by the passage of a cold front through the coastal ranges. Cold air it abruptly passes over low mountains (the wind especially intensifies on the passes) and falls in a dense stream towards the nearby warm sea.
In straits, narrows, fiords when sailing along the coast, at capes, ends of islands, etc., there may be features of the wind regime associated with the coastal (angular) effect. These features are described in detail in the hydrometeorological sketches of the sailing directions.
When powerful cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds form, which is possible in conditions of particularly strong instability of air masses, vertical vortices of small diameter can arise. Emerging vortices over the sea are called tornadoes, and over land - blood clots (in the USA - tornadoes). A tornado has the appearance of a dark cloud column several tens of meters in diameter (a tornado is up to 100–200 m), descending in the form of a funnel from the lower base of the cloud to the surface of the water or land. Wind speeds in a tornado reach 50–100 m/s and, with a strong vertical component, can cause catastrophic destruction. Proximity atmospheric fronts can stimulate the process of tornado formation, especially in continental tropical air (in the USA in marine tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico).
Scheme of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
The Earth's atmosphere is in constant motion. Air currents differ in both speed and direction. Close interaction with the underlying surface, the properties of which quickly change in time and space, leads to the fact that the instantaneous picture of atmospheric movement turns out to be unusually complex.
The construction of average daily, seasonal and long-term synoptic maps allows us to identify general (predominant) patterns of atmospheric movements. System of macroscale air currents over the globe is called the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Identification of the main patterns of general atmospheric circulation is the scientific basis for both long-term and short-term weather forecasts.
It has now been established that the reason for the stable, persistent features of the general circulation of the atmosphere is zonality in the distribution of pressure (§ 8) and the associated cyclonic activity on the planet.
Zonal transports manifesting themselves in the troposphere are characterized by predominant easterly winds in the tropical zone (trade winds), westerlies in temperate latitudes, and again easterly winds in subpolar and polar latitudes (Fig. 20).
Questions for self-control:
1. Causes of wind. What is a pressure gradient? Explain its components.
2. What forces influence the characteristics of the pressure gradient?
3. What are geostrophic and gradient winds?
4. What is the essence of the Beaufort scale?
5. What types of air flows do you know?
6. What are they? local winds?
7. What is the peculiarity of the wind distribution on the globe?
SOUTH AMERICA I. In terms of its position relative to the equator, South America most closely resembles... 1) North America3) Australia
2) Africa 4) Antarctica
II. South America is being washed...
1) Indian Ocean from the west, Atlantic - from the east
2) Atlantic - from the east, Pacific - from the west
3) Quiet - from the east, Atlantic - from the west
4) Atlantic - from the east, Indian - from the west
III. In the central part of South America intersects...
1) Northern Tropic
2) Equator
3) South Tropic
4) The Antarctic Circle
IV. In places where the South American platform is uplifted,...
1) lowlands
2) plateaus
3) high mountains
4) medium-high mountains
V. The greatest contrast and variety of relief is observed in...
1) South America
3) Australia
4) Antarctica
VI. The most intense action of the Earth's internal forces manifests itself within...
1) Brazilian plateau
2) Guiana Plateau
3) Andes mountains
4) Amazonian lowland
VII. Most low temperatures July is typical... mainland
VIII. Moisture on most the mainland comes from... the ocean
2) Atlantic
3) Indian
4) Arctic
IX. Humid air is brought to most of the continent...
2) monsoons
3) trade winds
4) westerly winds of temperate latitudes
X. Formation of large river systems contribute... mainland
1) soils and vegetation
2) vegetation and climate
3) climate and terrain
4) relief and fauna
1. What number on the map indicates Cape Agulhas?A) 1 B) 2 C)3 D)4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point of Africa?
A) 16° S 3°E
B) 10° N 51°E
B) 51° N 11 east
D) 16° N 3° W
3. What type of climate is indicated by shading on the map?
A) Subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) Tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion can be drawn about the climate of Africa based on the fact that the continent is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives large amounts of heat all year round
B) Africa is in the zone of trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climate zones
D) All of the above conclusions
6. Which researcher contributed huge contribution to the study of Africa - discovered Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker B) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Drakensberg Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. In southern and eastern Africa more than in northern:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. B subequatorial belt Northern Hemisphere Africa precipitation:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) In winter D) In September and March
10. In tropical latitudes South Africa There is more rainfall along the east coast than along the west coast because:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) cold currents cool the air and promote the formation of precipitation
C) Monsoons occur in the southern hemisphere in summer.
D) Trade winds bring moist air from the Indian Ocean
11. Most deep river Africa, deep throughout the year, does not form a delta, it is:
A) Nile, B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. Which lake is the deepest in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savannah zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria
1) below normal;
b) 760 mmHg; 2) normal;
c) 860 mmHg; 3) above normal.
Difference between the highest and lowest air temperature values
called:
a) pressure; b) air movement; c) amplitude; d) condensation.
3. The reason for the uneven distribution of solar heat on the Earth’s surface
is:
a) distance from the sun; b) spherical;
c) different thickness of the atmospheric layer;
4. Atmospheric pressure depends on:
a) wind force; b) wind direction; c) air temperature differences;
d) relief features.
The sun is at its zenith at the equator:
The ozone layer is located in:
a) troposphere; b) stratosphere; c) mesosphere; d) exosphere; e) thermosphere.
Fill in the blank: the air shell of the earth is - _________________
8. Where is the least power of the troposphere observed:
a) at the poles; b) in temperate latitudes; c) at the equator.
Arrange the heating stages in correct sequence:
a) heating the air; b) sun rays; c) heating of the earth's surface.
At what time in the summer, in clear weather, is the highest temperature observed?
air: a) at noon; b) before noon; c) afternoon.
10. Fill in the blank: when climbing mountains, atmospheric pressure..., for every
10.5 m at….mmHg.
Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Narodnaya. (Find the height of the vertices at
map, take the blood pressure at the foot of the mountains as 760 mm Hg)
The following data was recorded during the day:
max t=+2’C, min t=-8’C; Determine the amplitude and average daily temperature.
Option 2
1. At the foot of the mountain, blood pressure is 760 mm Hg. What will the pressure be at an altitude of 800 m:
a) 840 mm Hg. Art.; b) 760 mm Hg. Art.; c) 700 mm Hg. Art.; d) 680 mm Hg. Art.
2. Average monthly temperatures are calculated:
a) by the sum of average daily temperatures;
b) dividing the sum of average daily temperatures by the number of days in a month;
c) from the difference in the sum of temperatures of the previous and subsequent months.
3. Match:
pressure indicators
a) 760 mm Hg. Art.; 1) below normal;
b) 732 mm Hg. Art.; 2) normal;
c) 832 mm Hg. Art. 3) above normal.
4. Cause of uneven distribution sunlight along the earth's surface
is: a) distance from the Sun; b) the sphericity of the Earth;
c) a thick layer of the atmosphere.
5. Daily amplitude is:
a) the total number of temperature readings during the day;
b) the difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures in
during the day;
c) temperature variation during the day.
6. What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure:
a) hygrometer; b) barometer; c) rulers; d) thermometer.
7. The sun is at its zenith at the equator:
8. The layer of the atmosphere where everything happens weather conditions:
a) stratosphere; b) troposphere; c) ozone; d) mesosphere.
9. A layer of the atmosphere that does not transmit ultraviolet rays:
a) troposphere; b) ozone; c) stratosphere; d) mesosphere.
10. At what time in the summer in clear weather is the lowest air temperature:
a) at midnight; b) before sunrise; c) after sunset.
11. Calculate the blood pressure of Mount Elbrus. (Find the height of the peaks on the map, blood pressure at the foot
Take the mountains conditionally for 760 mm Hg. Art.)
12. At an altitude of 3 km, the air temperature = - 15 ‘C, which is the air temperature at
Earth's surface:
a) + 5’C; b) +3’C; c) 0’C; d) -4’C.
Answer the question) Very necessary) 1. how people discovered and studied the earth 2. Continents. Parts of the world 3. Name and show the major ones on the maplandforms
4.What does the geography of continents and oceans study?
5. Hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans
6. determine geographic coordinates extreme points Australia
7.history of the discovery of Antarctica
8.describe the major river systems of South America on a map
9.describe climatic zone
10. Regularities of the geographical envelope
11. Systematic belts of the earth
12. determine the geographic coordinates of the extreme points of continent Africa
13history of discovery and research Central Asia
14characterize the Arctic Ocean
15Determine the extent of Africa from north to south
16climate maps, features of the distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the earth
17reserves of Africa
18Describe the Amazon River
19physical and geographical characteristics of the Pacific Ocean
20value of natural resources (mineral, climatic, water, land, biological)
21show seas inhabiting continent Eurasia
22main types of air masses and their influence on climate
23necessity international cooperation in the use of nature
24description of the Nile River according to plan
25 constant winds and conditions for their formation
26characteristics of southern European countries
27describe the population of mainland Australia
28waters of the world's oceans
29features of nature in Great Britain
30determine the geographical coordinates of Italy
31natural areas of Africa
32future of the oceans
34determine the geographic coordinates of the extreme points of the Eurasian continent
35originality organic world Australia
36current formations and their types
37description of Italy according to plan
38change in the nature of the continent South America influenced by human performance
39characterize any natural area
40determine the length of the Australian mainland from west to east in kilometers
41maps - the second language of geography
42inland waters of Eurasia
43determine the geographic coordinates of the extreme points of the continent of South America
45nature of Antarctica
46relief features of Australia
47seas washing the continent of North America
48development of the earth by man
49continental and oceanic crust
50show on political map
51features of the nature of Antarctica
52change of nature under the influence economic activity person
53characteristics of the Don River according to plan
54natural complexes of land and ocean
56modern exploration of the continent of Antarctica
57show large lithospheric plates on the map
58role of the atmosphere in the life of the earth
59features of geographical oceania
60characteristics of a learned traveler (optional)
61climatic zones of the earth
62location of mineral deposits on the South American mainland
63characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean
64geographic shell our common Home
65relief of the oceans
66describe geographical position mainland South America according to plan
The greatest amount of precipitation falls in a) equatorial latitudes b) polar latitudes c) temperate latitudes d) tropical latitudes........ Which ofAre the listed winds constant? Write the answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order. a) monsoons b) breezes c) westerly winds d) trade winds...
Reasons for air movement
Atmospheric air is in constant and continuous movement. The movement of air can be upward, in which it rises up, and downward, in which the air goes down. There is another movement - horizontal.
Definition 1
Horizontal air movement is called wind.
Air movement depends on atmospheric pressure and temperature. In addition to these main reasons, the movement is influenced by friction on the surface of the Earth, meeting with any obstacle, and the deflecting Coriolis force. In the Northern Hemisphere, due to this Coriolis force, air currents are deflected right, in the Southern Hemisphere – left.
Note 1
Air flow it always moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
Any wind has its own direction, strength and speed, which depends on pressure. If the pressure difference between two neighboring territories is large, the wind speed will increase. On average, the long-term wind speed at the Earth's surface reaches $4-9$ m/s, sometimes $15$ m/s. Stormy winds blow at speeds up to $30$ m/s, with gusts up to $60$ m/s. Tropical hurricanes reach $65$ m/s, and in gusts they reach $120$ m/s.
In addition to meters per second, kilometers per hour, wind speed is also measured in points on a scale Beaufort from $0-13$. From speed the wind depends on it force which shows dynamic pressure air flow onto any surface. Wind force is measured in kilograms per square meter.
The side of the horizon from which the wind blows determines its direction. To indicate its direction, eight main directions are used, i.e. four main sides of the horizon and four intermediate ones. The direction of the wind will be related to the pressure and deflection force of the Coriolis. Winds are very diverse in their origin, meaning and character.
Temperate latitudes are characterized by westerly winds, because the westerly transport of air masses dominates there - these are northwestern, western and southwestern winds. In the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, this area occupies vast areas. The winds of the polar regions blow from the poles to moderate latitudes, i.e. to areas of low pressure. In the Arctic, northeast winds blow clockwise, while in Antarctica, southeast winds blow counterclockwise. Antarctic winds are faster and more stable. In tropical latitudes, trade winds dominate.
Constant winds
Note 2
Constant winds blow throughout the year in one direction from areas of high to low atmospheric pressure. These include trade winds, westerly winds, Arctic and Antarctic winds.
Definition 2
Trade winds- These are constant winds of tropical latitudes, blowing from 30 parallels towards the equator.
The name of this constant wind was given by the Spaniards, calling it “Viento de pasada”, which means “wind favorable for moving”. Trade winds blow at a speed of $5-6$ m/s, and cover a layer of air with a height of $15-16$ km. Powerful ocean currents are associated with them - in Atlantic Ocean Antillean Current and Brazilian Current, in Pacific Ocean Mindanao and the East Australian, Mozambique Current in the Indian Ocean. The area of the planet blown by trade winds has a peculiar climate - mostly partly cloudy. warm weather with little rainfall. On land, this climate contributes to the formation of deserts and semi-deserts. In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds are directed from the northeast, and in the Southern Hemisphere from the southeast to the equator.
Definition 3
Western winds- These are constant winds of temperate latitudes blowing from the tropics to the 60th parallel.
Tropical air normalizes the temperature of temperate latitudes and makes it favorable for human life. Temperate latitudes are where warm and cold air masses meet. Warm air masses come from the tropics, and cold air masses come from the polar regions. As a result of their contact, cyclones and anticyclones. Myself temperate zone is an area of low pressure, so quite strong air masses come here. The western transfer of air masses dominates here, half of them are formed in the north, and the other half are formed in the east, and they all blow in the same direction. westward. In general, westerly winds soften the weather - the summer will be cool with possible rain. Winter will be accompanied by thaws and heavy snowfalls. The north wind will bring cold, and the south wind will bring warmth. The east wind is less predictable - it can be either warm or cold, but large quantity There will be no precipitation either in summer or winter.
The polar type of climate forms two zones - Arctic and Antarctic. Polar air masses will be constant for this area of the planet for all year round. Arctic The polar wind blows quite strongly at moderate latitudes in a clockwise direction. It blows only in a southerly direction and comes to the northern coast of Eurasia and North America. Along with this wind comes a sharp cold snap. In the Southern Hemisphere, the polar wind is called Antarctic and blows only north counterclockwise, moving towards temperate latitudes. The wind is very strong and cold.
Seasonal winds
Definition 4
Seasonal are called periodic winds, the direction of which varies by half of the year.
One of these winds is monsoons.
Definition 5
Monsoons- These are winds that change their direction depending on the time of year.
Monsoons are persistent and cover vast areas. Their stability is related to the distribution of atmospheric pressure during each season. The cause of monsoons is the different heating of land and water throughout the year, which means that there is a winter monsoon and summer. When the monsoons change in spring and autumn, the stability of the wind regime is disrupted. winter monsoon blows from land to sea, because during this period the continent is cold, which means the pressure above it will be high. In summer, when the land warms up, the pressure becomes lower and moist air from the ocean moves to land - this summer monsoon. Dry, partly cloudy winter weather changes in summer to rainy weather.
In different areas of the planet, the nature of atmospheric circulation will be different. This determines the differences in the causes and nature of the monsoons, therefore they distinguish extratropical and tropical monsoons.
Extratropical Monsoons are typical for temperate and polar latitudes. The result of their formation is different pressures over land and sea according to the seasons of the year. As a rule, extratropical monsoons form on Far East, Northeast China, Korea.
Monsoons of tropical latitudes due to the fact that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres heat and cool differently depending on the seasons. This leads to the fact that according to the seasons of the year, atmospheric pressure zones relative to the equator shift to the hemisphere in which given time summer and trade winds penetrate there. The trade wind regime is replaced for the tropics by the winter monsoon. This change is facilitated by the westerly flow of air in a zone of low atmospheric pressure at the equator, which moves along with other zones. Tropical monsoons are persistent in the northern Indian Ocean.
On the coasts of seas and oceans, winds are formed, called breezes. These winds have local significance and during the day they blow from sea to land, and at night they change their direction to the opposite - from land to sea. As a result, a distinction is made between day and night breezes. During the daytime, land heats up faster than water and low atmospheric pressure is established above it. Over the water during the same period, the pressure will be higher because it heats up much more slowly. As a result, air from the sea begins to move to land. At night, low pressure is observed over the water, because it has not yet cooled down, and the air will move from land to sea.
The onshore breeze will change to a sea breeze shortly before noon, and the sea breeze will become onshore in the evening. Breezes can form along the shores of large lakes, large reservoirs, and rivers. From the coastline they penetrate tens of kilometers onto land and are especially frequent in summer period in clear and calm weather.
